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PËRMBAJTJA

ABSTRAKTI ....................................................................................................................................... 2

 FJALËT KYÇE ................................................................................................................................... 2

 HYRJE ................................................................................................................................................ 3

1. METODOLOGJIA........................................................................................................................... 3

2. DISKUTIMI

2.1 EMËRTIMI................................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 HISTORIA................................................................................................................................. 5

2.3 KLASIFIKIMI I VITAMINAVE ............................................................................................. 6

2.4 LLOJET E VITAMINAVE ...................................................................................................... 6

2.5 FUNKSIONI I VITAMINAVE ................................................................................................

2.6 BURIMI I VITAMINAVE ....................................................................................................... !

2. ROLI I SE"ILËS VITAMINË NË ORGANI#MIN E NJERIUT .......................................... 1$

2.! SHKA%ET E MUNGESËS SË TYRE DHE EFEKTET ANËSORE ..................................... 13

3. KURIO#ITETI RRETH VITAMINAVE ...................................................................................... 15

4. PËRFUNDIMET............................................................................................................................. 2$

5. LITERATURA................................................................................................................................ 21

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Abstrakti

D&'()* +,-&/0)& +,' ) '**' ,& )07 & '()& 8&' & )'+,&. K80 &'() + 977')&:0 +& ;9*) 8* '**' ,& ')*8'0 &)'< )' & '()&< ,+'0) ,& 7708&' & '()&<&0,8& ,& )+ & '() 0):*= & 8&)>'. N -' &'() ')*8'0,& :8',*+,'> &,&

:8)*' -)(&+0)& ? >,& ' ,& ) '**' + =@>7 & '()& ,& + > ' *)) *'0 ->)

:8&& & *-/ ')> & 8&)>'.

Abstract

S/&'9/ )08&/' + 90) '*+ * ',&) )07& &&)(*( 79&. T,+ )08&/' '*77( +,0+ ,*' *)&

'*+ * ,*7&+ *:< @>7: ',&< ',&) ,+'0)( * '(&+< * ',&) 70/*'0 ',& ,>*

 @0(. I ',+ '*+- *7+0 /0&)+ ',& * ',:+ ',*' +,0>7 @& -0 90) ',&) +/0&)( *+ '*+

* ,0 /* & :&' ',& ,& ',&( *)& ',& 0)'( ',& ,>* @0(.

Fjalët kyçe: '*< -00 0):*-< @>)< *:+'< &9&-'&' *+0)& &'8.

Keywords: '*< 0):*/ /00>< +0>)/&+< &9/&/&+< +& C &99&/'+ &//.

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2. Diskutimi:

2.1 Emërtimi

V'**' &)'0,& +*+ +,-)08+ + *) ' &)' 7*' 0+& =@>7>&+' .+,. V'** A R&'07<

A-+&)09'07. P) *)+(& +& )&8 8 '*& 8* =@>7>*) &,& '** 0+& @)&* 8 '*&

 8* =@>7>*) '** ' '8&)* -* &,& &)'& & >)* .+,. '** B1< V'** B2< &'8.

 

F8*7* '* 8& :* 98*7* 7*'& V'*8&' ,& '&) @0-- * )@)+' ')0:8&-.

P0) 80 ' :8',* '**' )@*8 ')0:8&. K'0 )@)8& 0):*-& -* +,> 9>-+0& '

)(+,&.

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2.2 Historia

V7&)* & 8 >+,? ' /*-'>*) ) ' )>*8'>) +,&' +,' 80,>) &,& *)* +& ' &'9-0,&+,

'**'. E:8'*' & 7*+,' & +& ' >+,?(&)' ) '&- 8 &)+0 0 ' ,08 ' +,)0,&8

8 +>8& & 80,>) '* ' 8&' +,-*-'>*) :* *:+* & 8 '* A. G8*' 9>' ' +,&->77'

' 1!' ,& 977' ' +,&->77' ' 1' < )0) +'>&& 7&808 +,-&/'*)' ' =070 ,& '

&'9-0 8 >) ' /*-'>*) '**+,.

 N 1!!1< -)>):> )>+ N-07* L> @) 8 )9> ? 8 >+,? *'()*7 + ?>+,' >,&' '

 )@*8 )&; )@)+' -)(&+0) ' 80,>)* + )0'&*'< -*)@0,)*'&' ,& -))*' < 0) &,& +*+

' 0:7* ' +>@+'*/*& ' *80,>)* ',&7@+0)& ) 8&'. M&:8',*'< -0-7>=0&' & '8 > ,0,

 0+,' :* +* +,-&/'*) ' '8&)< ->) *'* >- +, :8&8& ' ))0,0 )&=>7'*'&' & '8. N8

)(+, +,'& +& * -+,'& )0)>) +*,*)0=< )+* +* +'>8>&+ ' '8&) -+, )0)>) 7*-'0=' /7*' )@*8 +*+ ' 0:7* ' '*+ B.

 N A= L0)&< -> 0)= )*9>*) @*), +,'& >+,? -)(&+0) )@*+,-' -7*++ + &+&<

 @&)@&) '& + )&=>7'*' >:&++ + '*+ B1. N ' 11$< -07&-+ *) '**&

+,'& =07>*) :* +,-&/'*) 8*0&= U&'*)0 S>=>-< /7 *))' ' 8&)) 8 -07&-+ ? +,-),&'

>8 ,& & @0'0 -' =@>7 8 )&+' +,-&/0)& 8*0&=&.

 N ' 112< @0-+' 07*- "*+) F>- =070 ' 88' -07&-+ ' -)0&7&&'&& ,&

 )00=0 ? -07&-+ ' ?>,&8 '* :* *&' 8&'+0)& < ',>,&' +& > +>:8&)>* :* M*

 N&)&+'& 8 - ,& 7&>&+ @0-+ B)+'07 U&)+'(. N 13$ P*>7 K*))&) +?*)0

+')>-'>) & +*-' ' @&'*/*)0'&& < *)**),+8* -)(&+0)& & '*+ A. K*))&) ,& N0)*

H*0)', -09)>* =@>7 & A7@&)' S=&' G():( ' */' *+-0)@- ,& -* , 8

-0')@>' ' )++, - & 97*+< & /7* ;0 &'9- & 7*-'097*+. P) ,&'&'

& '()& @ -*)0'&0'< 97* ,& '* A ,& B2 < ' ( *'* 0) Ç N0@&7 K

' 13 .

 N ' 131< A7@&)' S=&' G():( ,& 8 +'>>&+ J0+&, S)@&7( (+,>* +& */ ,&>)0/

+,'& 9*-' '** " < ,& ,* 8 0+') ",*)7&+ G7& K:< /7 )00 *-''&' & +*8 *' C 

+-0)@>'-. N ' 13< S=&' G():( 9'0 Ç N0@&7 F=070:8 0+& M8&-+ )

=@>7 & '8 . N ' 143< E*) A&7@&)' D0+( ,& H&)- D* 9'>* Ç N0@&7

F=070:8 *0 M8&-+ ) =@>7 & '()& ' '*+ K ,& +')>-'>) & '8 --&. N ' 16<

G&0):& *7 9'0 Ç N0@&7 + @*+,-> & R*:*) G)*' ,& H*7* K&99&) H*)'7& )

=@>7 & '8 ? '** A > ' *)) 8&+ )&8'))&8' 8 )0;&+ 9=070:8- .

2.3 Klasifikimi i vitaminave

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V'**' 8* ' -7*+9->*)* +*+ *-''&'' ' '()& @070:8-& ,& --& < 80 +*+ +')>-'>)+ +

'()&. K+,'>< ;0 '* )&9&)0,&' 8 >) ' -00&& '*&) ? ' :8',* ')&:08

*-''&' @070:8- '& 7,>) & 8 '* ' &;*'. V'**' +*+ &9/0' 8* '

-0&)'>&+, 90) *-'& '& '*+ ')> ,& +,&+, ,&) -0&)'0,& 8) '8&').

V'**' 8* ' *)* ( :)>& ' ')&'+,& >8 ,& ' ')&'+,& (())*.

I. T ')&'+,& >8 V'** " ,& B /07& 8* 7&,'++,' ' *@+0)@>&+,& :* &' ')>0)&.

T)> 8&)>' >- > ' )>*8 '**' & ')&'+,& >8< -+,'> ? *))8* & '()& '0)& +,' &

00+0+,& ) ' 70'+>*) &08*'. V'** B12 @ )8*+,' :* -( ))&:>77.

II. T ')&'+,& (())* A< D< E ,& K &))& :* >+,?&' ):8',+ ,& *'0 '

(()+,&' &/*'. A'0 > ' )>,& 7; ) 8 -0, ' :8*' -+,'> ? *))8* & '()& 8 0= ' &'& +,' & 8*9'>&+,&.

 

2.4 Llojet e vitaminave

D&) '* 8* &'9->*) 13 7708& A< "< D< E< K + ,& ! ' :)>' B. G)> B /07& )9+,

T,** B1< R@097* B2< N*/& B3< A/ P*'0',&/ B5< P()0* B6< B0'&

B< A/ 907- B ,& "(*/0@*7** B12.

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E-=+'08 5 7708& ' )(+,& ' V'*+ D D1< D2< D3< D4 ,& D5< 0) D2 ,& D3 8* ' &''

7708& ? ')> ( > ' )0). K>) )&' '** D ):8',+ )&9&)0,&' D2 ,& D3

0+& -0@ ' (8*&.

2.5 Funksioni i vitaminave

V'**' 8* ' 00+0+,& ) ))'8& ,& =,77 0)*7 ' 8 0):*= +,>?&7=0) .

D>-& )0)>) 90)*/0 :8&&'- ' ')*+,:>*) :* ))' & '8< 8 9&'>+ 9770 ' =,770,&'<

0&' & -0/&''< :* 7' >+,?(&+& ? *@+0)@0. A -)-0 +* '** ,& &)*7&

' 8& ' )*+, +*+ ' /*-'>*)*. K'0 7 >+,?(&+& 7&,'+08 )&*-+0&' --& ?

 )0,08 &,& )@)+ ' '8&) )&; '**& ? &08'& ) 7->) < -0/-*' ,& >+->8'.

 N+& -* *:+ +&)0=& 8 0+& +,> :* -'0 )@)+'< 8 98& > ' +,9*?&' 8

+>8&. E,& *:+ ' 0:7* > ' +,-*-'08 ' ' ),&)+, .

P) 8&+ ' *,&< '**' &))& :* >+,?&'< 0) +* &))& ,& & ()* ' '8&)*. P)

+,&@>77 < -)00):*=*' =0)) 80,>) =*-0+,' + 970)+ :>' )0,08 '* K ,&

 @0'< )-0, ? 8 90) & '*+ D +'&'=0,&' 7->) & , & :8*'+& *70)&

*'()0)& >7')*8077/ ' &77'. N8&)=' > ' )0,08 +* '** -> )9+,,&' '** A<

 )0,>*) :* /*)0'&& @&'* < ,& */ :* *0*/ ')'09*.

P*+ ))'8* ,& =,77 8* )9>>*)< '** @&'&' 7* >+,?(&+& ',&7@+0)& ) )@*8'8&

& +,0+, ' ?&7=*&< && ,& 0):*&& ? )@8 8 0):*= +,>?&7=0)&. A'0

:8',*+,'> >+0 8 90) +,>?&7=0)& ) ' )0)>) () &9-*+& &&):8' --&

? +:>)0 :* >+,? ? ,*< ,& ) ' ,>*) )0;&+& ' )(+,& )0'&*'< -*)@0,)*'&'<

,& (()*' ? 8* ' &08+,& ) 9)(*))8& ?&7=0)&.

T)> ( )0) '**' ;0 ' :8*' )0;&+&& @0--& 0)*7& 8&'+0)&. M*))8* & '**&

' )&-0*>*)* :* >+,?&' ,0 7+, & &&):8+ :* ')> ( ,& ,0

 )0;&+&' & ))'8&+ ,& ):8&&)' ' &&.

V'**' &' >- ;7)08 &&):8.V'**' ,08 -0&)' & >+,?&& &&):8 )

' /7 ')> -* &08 ) ' ?)>*) :)0,'< *-' ,& +,&'+,. K+,'> ? 8&)=' ?

*)) 8 &' ' *@*7*/>*) >&' ' >*8 :* 70,8* ,& 9&-+0& ' +,&+,'* )*7& ,&

 @*-'&)*7& )**8 *))8* & '**& ,& &7&&'& ' '8&) >&' ' ,08 )>*8'8& &

&&):8+ + &08+,&. V'**' 8* 07&->7* ' 0:7* 80)0'&-&< ? @*+,-0,& & &=*'

9>-+0 & '()& + -*'*7=*'0) ) 9>-+0 & ) ' 0):*='.

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P)*< '**' 8* 07&->7* +,> ' )++,&< *8& ' *=&+>&+,& ) &'*@07= &

8&)>'. P) 9*' ' -&?< 0):*= ( >- +,' :8&8& ' -)808 *'0< () ? ' -&

0):*=< >,&' ' *)) :* 8&+ 8*+,'< ..', :* >+,?&'. N &)>, )0)&

+,' +,> & )++,& ? '* ))+08 ,& 90)/08 >'&'< ? ' > ' @)0,& :*

)>+&' ,& ) -' ,08 '**'.

2.6 Burimi i vitaminave

 itami!a A C :8&&' @ ' :8',* '&- >+,?&' +,'*=0)&< '&- &=*< +'0*->< 8*',< :8*7.

itami!a "1 C :8&&' '&- +, ->?< ?>+,'< &+,->< )',)* '&:)*7&< 0)= < @>-*< ' @*),' &

&=+ ,& &)&' & :8&7@)*.

itami!a "2 C :8&&' -)(&++,' '&- 7/*< -0+< ?>+,'< 8*',< )',)*'< &=*< &+,->< @*8*&'<

&+,-*'< -)>,*'< 9*)*' & ->:>777' &'8.

itami!a "# C :8&&' '&- -*)0'*'< --)->< +&/*'< 80,*< )0>-'&' :* :)>) 70'< *'*'&' ,&

0*'&'.

itami!a "$ C :8&&' '&- ',8&))=*'< 9*+>7&' & =&=*< &=*< -)>,*' ,& *))*'.

itami!a "% C :8&&' '&- )',)*'< @***< *'*'8*< :8&7 &''< &+,->< 7*8',*< *))*'< 0)= ,&

+*)*< +&/ & &)&' + 7>7&7*-)*.

itami!a "& C :8&&' '&- 0)=< &+,->< +,< =*)=**'&'< +'0*->< 9)>'*' & ',*'* &'8.

itami!a "' C :8&&' '&- +*?< @)0-07< 7*-)*< +'0*->< *+*)*:'< 7*-)*< )',)*'< 70< -<

 0)'0-*77&' ,& 7(7&+,')(,&'.

itami!a "12 C :8&&' '&- >+,?&' & )&8*),8& +,'*=0)& 7;*< &='< &+,->< + &,& :8&&'

*8* & @))+< &:8',*' +'>&' ' )&8* ')&:>* +& &,& +* >+,?& & )&8*),8& @0)&

 8* ' *+>)* & -' '* + *,*)< +* 7708& ' )',)*&< +>+*< 7*8',*< +08* &'8.

itami!a ( C :8&&' &;*)+,' '&- *:)>&'< 7>7&+,')(,&' ,& 0*'&'. M& '* " 8*

 0+*;)+,' ' *+>)* &' 8>:0)& 3$5$ :1$$:< - !$ : ,& 7*-)* 5$ :< 0) &,& +,&:*<

+&/< )&,=*< +*?< *0-*0< &'8. D0=* '0)& & -+,77>*) +,' 5$6$ : ' ) ' ))'>)'.

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itami!a D C :8&&' '&- :8*7< 7;*< +* '& &+,?+, A):,&< S:0@)0< S*)&7&< S*70<

K*)-*7&/*' & &'' . 

D)'* & &77' +,' & )++,& )> & '*+ D. G8&&' +*+

' 0:7* '&- *):*)*< &=* ,& + +,>' :8&&' *8)*' & &+,->' ,& &+,? '

)(+, $.$1 -1$$:< &= $.$$2 :1$$: &'8. D0=* '0)& & )*-0*>*) RDA +,' )

98' ,& :)*' +,'*'=*& 1$ Q:. D0=* '0)& RDA ) ' ))'>) +,' 5 :. D0=*' ' 7*)'*

+& *'0 ' )*-0*>*)* 8* '0-+-&.

itami!a ) C :8&&' +*+ ' 8*9'>&+,& '& &)&' & :8&',& 8&+,7&< 7&:>&'< *))*'< /&)&*7&'

'&:)*7&. G8&&' '&- 7*8',*< 9*)*' & 7>7&&77'< :)>)< *8 7>7&&77'< &)&' &'8. M& ' *+>)* 8*

9*)*' & :)>)'< 0)=< *@>->< &)&' & 97&'< 7*8',' &'8. D0=*' & &08+,& '0) ) ' ))'>) +,'

1$15 :< )+* ) 9&)* 1 :.

itami!a K  C :8&&' '&- +*?< 7*-)*'< 0*'&'< &)&' & :8&',& 8&+,7&< 7>7&7*-)*< 7;*<

9*+>78* & ',*'< @=&7&' ,& -*))0'*. N8 98 1 8&/ -* &08 ) 1$ Q: '< * 3 8&/ -* &08

 ) 15 Q: '< * 46 8&/ -* &08 ) 2$ Q: '< * 1$ 8&; -* &08 ) 3$ Q: '.

 N:* 0+,* 1524 8&; 0=* +,-0 &) & 6$ Q: '. P) ' ))'>) 0=* )(+,0 :* !$ Q:

' '&- @>))*'< ,& 65 Q: ' '&- :)*'.

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2.7 oli i se!ilës vitaminë në or"ani#min e njeriut 

V'**' 8* 07&->7* 0):*-&< & *'() ,&'&)0:8&&. A'0 >- 8* 0):*=' &&):8< 0)

 8* ' *=&+>+,&< +&+& *)) 8&+ +,> )0;&+& &=*'-&. M 0+,' 0 )&

'**' -)(&+0)& ,& )07 & '()& 0):*=..

itami!a A -* - ' *, +,-. 

 N8 >:&+ & '*+ A > ' )00-08&90)& 9&'*7&< &)@) ,& +&+@7'&' *8 9&-+0&&.

itami!a "1 M>:&+* & +*8 +,-*-'0 )0@7&& ++'& &)0)< =&) ,& **)*' ')&'+.

S'0*' +,9*?& & *0)&-+< ' 8&77*< >:&+ )?&)< '*--*). +,' & &08+,& ) '

 )0,>*) &&):8 & -*)@0,)*'&&. F>-+0&' ',&&70)& '& T*&+ 8*& &'*@07=

-*)@0,)*'&&< =,77 0)*7 0):*='< &)/ >7+& &)0)& ,& +'&=* &

*/&'7-07&+. T** -0@0,&' & *&0=&')90+9*' ATP< & )* '& &=&+

'*&90+90-*=< >-& ,&& '*&)090+9*'< 8& -0&=& & )&&++,& ?& 8,&' &

&) -0-*)@0+7*=&.

itami!a "2 *  T :8',* ?&7=*' & -* )@)8& & '()&. M>:&+* & +*8 +,9*?&' & +,?&'+&

>+->8' & :08+< +(& + ,& 7*+*)'8&& ' @>=&. D>,&' ) ' @*8'>) +,&' ' 70' 7->)<

',08'< +(' ,& >-0=*'. N 9*-'< >- *)* >:0 &' '0. V&)0 &,& )&*-+0&'

--& ) ' )0,>*) &&):8. M&)) 8&+& & +,>& )0;&+& '& ')>' &/*&)+,' &) '& 90)>*)

&&):8& :* >+,?&' & ))'8& & 9&8&& ,& & @*)&*8'8& & && ')>0)&.

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itami!a "$ */ *'0'&- G8&&' ' :8',* &'. K* )07 ' )++, &'*@07= &

&&):8+. M>:&+* & +*8 *9&+'0,&' & 70,8& 9=-& ,& *:8>+. A80 +,'0 )&=+'&/ *8

9&-+0&&< +,' 8 )08& & +,&'' ' 7->)+ +,' +,> & )++,& ) +,-@ ?&7=0)

)*+'&' & +,&8*& ,& ' 7*:0+8&&.

itami!a "% K80 '* &)) 8&+ &'*@07= )0'&-< >:&+* & +*8 ? 0, ))*77<

-*)*-'&)=,&' & )0@7&& &)0)&< *& &'8.  Ë+,' )&->)+0) 8 &=& +,> ' )++,&

&'*@07= ,& 97>&/0 *9'+ & 0):*=' ) ' )0)>) )0'&*'. A80 ;7)0

:7>-0=& & )&=&)>*) ,& )0,0 */&. T& :8',* -&'0 )0/&+& & ')> 8*& '& 00+0+,& &)

))'8&< 90) & :8*->' ,& @)08'8& ->&) 9&-+0&&. N& '& &)'&'& & '*& B6

&->'0,& ') -00& '& :8*+,& P)0-+*< P)0-+*7< ,& )0-+**. P)0-+*

&)) 8&+& -)(&++,' & &'*@07= & *0*/&&< 0) &,& & &'*@07= & -*)@0,)*'&&

,& '& (()*&. A80 &+,'& & &08&+,& &,& &) 90) & ,&0:70@&+.

itami!a "&  L>* )07 ' )++, &'*@07= & :7>/&&< 7&& ,& )0'&*& :*

0):*=. M>:&+* *9&+'0,&' & 90)* *&&< &)&+0< ,@8& >+->7*)& &'8 .

itami!a "' */ 907- M>:&+* +,-*'0 */*) ' +,)*& ' ,@& )*+'& &-+')&& ,&

*&. B< +; +,' )0>*) +,-&/)+,'< 7>* 8 )07 ' )++, ) +,*:& & +,90)&&

:8&&'-& '&- 9&'>+ & () ' &;*' ' +,'(77+ ->))=0)&. P**)++,' +& &-*= '8

&)' *-''&' & @)08'8&+ + 9&'>+' >- +,' +?*)>*) 70'++,' +,' & ?*)' +& */ 907-

+,' 8 9*-'0) ',&7@+0) ) +'&= & ADN+ ,& ' )0'&*&< ) 90) & ,&0:70@+ ,&

@ ' :8',* ' +,')&+*& +,> &7-*'& +; 8* *'0 &@)0*7&.

itami!a "12 *  N ):8',+ >:0 ')++,' @0' @0)&< >:&+* & +*8 +,-*-'0 *&<

 )0@7&& & >-0= & :08+. V'** B12 &)) 8&+& & '& :8',* )0/&+&' &'*@07-& '&

0):*=' ,& 7>* 8& )07 &/*&)+,' '& )&&++,& & +'&=& & >-7&0)0'&*&. A80 &+,'& &

00+0+,& &) =,77< 90) & ?&7=*& &'&7*7& ,& &) @*8'8& & 9>-+0' 0)*7 '&

&@)**& 0)*7& &7-&. "*0-0@*7** +,&))0,&' & ( -0&=* &'7-0@*7**

+,&)) ,00/+'&&+ & &'0& ,& &0-+*&0=7-0@*7** +,&))

&'7*707-0&=&+ A & +>-+7-0&=* A.

itami!a ( V&'' & -+*8 '*& >- 8* =@>7>*) 70'++,'. L>* )07 ',',8& & ,&->)' :*

0):*=< 0-+ & +* *0*/&& & +,> )0;&+& ' '8&)*. A80 +,' 8 '* & /7*

&)) 8&+ 8 >) +,> ' *, )&*-+0&+, &'*@07-&. Ë+,' 8 *'0-+>&+ ,& 90)/0

++'& >'*). G8',*+,'> &+,'& ',&&70)& & 90) ,& @*)&*8'8& & && 7,&+&<

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+,&)' '& 7*:&&< +,&&'' '& +,'< '& ,&@&& ,& '& :8',& ')>'. %&)0 8& 7,8& & 90)'&

+ +*++& +& @077+,& '& '*+ " ?& :8&&' & ')> ,& +,&&'' '& =&)&+< '& ))*,8&& '& +*8

,& >78&+ +& ))&=->' *8 +* -*/&)&&. A80 7*):0 &)& & +(.

itami!a D N,0 )',',8& :* 0):*= ' -*7;>' ,& 90+90)'< + ,& 90)/ &

-0/-*&. M>:&+* & +*8 +,-*-'0 90)* )*-'=. E+,' 8 ))&:>77*'0) &'*@07=' ' -*7/>'

,& -' () +,' ',&7@+0)& ) &)*7= & ) ' +-&7&'' '0. N8 +*+ & '&)' &

'*+ D '&- ' ,&8' ;0 -*7/9- & 0):*&&. A80 +,&)@& &) &)',',8& & -*7/>'

:* >+,?&' ,& :8',*+,'> ,0 & >& & -*7/>' ,& 90+90)' & ')>. D>-& @*+,-&>>*)

& -*7/>< -0 & ))'8& ,& +,&&' & -0/-*& ,& '& ,&@&& :8',*+,'> & +,&&' &

&)*& ,& '& >+->8&. V'** D &+,'& 8& 07&->7& & /7* 9*0)=0 *+0)@ ',',8& ,&

&'0 &7 & -*7/>' ,& 90+90)' ?& &)9*?&+08& 2 )&8 &)@&)&+& -)(&+0) '& ' -0/-0).

itami!a ) M>:&+* & +*8 +,-*-'0 )0@7&& ' >+->8& ,& +,' 8 *'0-+>&+. M>:&+* &

+*8 7,&' & ' >+,?(&)' & -&?. E+,'& 8& :* '**' @*=&. S'>&' ')&:08& +& ->) '** E

&+,'& & +*+ 80 '& 8*9'>&+,& & ')>< ))&=-> *8 *'*->' '& =&)&+ ,& -*/&)&& &+,'& & *,<

,& 90)0,& :8',*+,'> &)& & +(. M& -*7 & -0,&+< ->) -80 :8&8& *=,0< > '& 7

,& =,770,& /))&:>77& &)0)& ?& -08& '&- +('&< ++'& &)0) ,& >+->8'< 0+& '& +,-*-'08&

*&. V'** E '0-09&)070 -* + ',&7@ 8& *-+0 *'0-+*' ,& &) -&'& &+,'& +,>&

)&&++,& >-& * @)08'>) :* &&' & )*-*7&& '& 7)*. N&),( & )0/&+&' & )*)' '&&&< &+,'& 8& :* 9*-'0)&' & ))&:>77' '& -0*:>7' '& :8*->'.

itami!a K G8&&' -)(&++,' '&- @' +,' & )++,& )0;&+ & ->*:>7' ' :8*->' .

M>:&+* & +*8 +,-*-'0 ,&0)*:8. Ë+,' +,> & )++,& ) -0*:>7< +& >:0

))&=-0 ,&0))*:8. M>:&+* & +*8< :8',+&+< +,' & ))*77 ,& &)9-0,&' &' ->+,'&

 *'070:8-&< ) +,-*- ' *@+0)@' ' -&? ,& ')*8'&& ' :8*'* & *'@0'-. A80 &+,'& &

&08+,& &) 90) & )0'&*& ,& & &):8&:8+,& &) -+8& & :8*->'. V'** K &+,'&

8& 9*-'0) +,>& )&&++,& &) =,77 0)*7 '& )0/&+' '& -0*:>7*/0' '& :8*->'< +&+&

&),( & +'&=& & )0')0@&+ & /7* &+,'& 8& )0'&& ',&7@&+0)& &) )0/&+ & -0*:>7*/0'<

,& '& 9*-'0)&& VII< I< .

V'** K :8&&' & *'()& & +* 90)* '& ?>*8'>)* ' K1'.K2'.K3' '& /7*' )(+,08&

:* 8&)*'8&')* +,>& *- :* ** +')>->'>)0)&.

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2.$ %&ka'et e mun"esës së t(re )&e efektet anësore

T :8',* '**' -* -*)*-'&)+'- ' &)08 +*+ ' 0:7*< *-+*7+,' &) 1$$

7:)* '. M&:8',*'< >:&+* & 8 '*& )&>-'0 +,&8'+ & )0/&+&& &'*@07-&

+&/9-&< ' /7 &)) 8&+& '** ? >:0. E9&-'&' --& ' 8 >:&+& ' :8*' '

'**& -0,< ? ?>,& &,& +)0* & &9/'' ' '**&< > ' 8& +,> ' )*

70* &)+0* +,'&'&' & *)9)* @&'& -'* ' &90)&& &0*'*7&< ' &)@)+<

 **9'++< 0&+*& &0)&< >'&'' '& 0@'< *8& &) ,& '&- &-8* +& *'* >- -* +*+ '

8*9'>&+,& '**+,.

V'**' >,& &) +,&&' '0& ,& >,&' ' *)) & @077- )&8 '()&< 0) ) *'* &)+0*< '

/7' -* 9*' ' 8&'08 8 8&+ ' *+>) ' 7*&''< 8*9'0 &' ' -0+>08 8 &' ' *+>) ,& 70' *)&'&. Ë+,' & *'()+,& ? ) &)+0*' ? >- -* -' 9*'< :8)*' )(+,08<

?09' &,& ) *'* ? >*8 :* *'070:8 ' )* + -*/&) *0 *0)&-+*. M*8& ,& )*+' +&

 @,&' 98*7 ) ->+,'& ' /*-'>*)* 9=070:8-& + +,'*'=*< 7*-8* &'8. V'**' & *))* ()

*)'9/*7& 8* ' &'()>&+,&< -'0 )*+'&< 0) &,& ' +,0?)>*)* & 8 &' ' *+>).

S,&8*' & *)* ?& ,& )&< & >:&+& '& '*&+ B2< 8*& +* '& /*)* & *&' & :08&+. S'0*

'& '8&)*< 7*:& ,& *80+8& & :8>,&< -)>*)8& ,& +->?8& '& +(&. K&'0 +,&8* > '& ,& )&

 @)&* +* '&& ,& &+,'& & -&+,77>&+,& '& 0+ 7,&' @*+ 0)&.

 N& &):8',&+ >:&+& '& '*&+ B6 -* '&- *'* 8&)&= ?& &)0) 7*/& ->&) )&>*'=&+<

'>@&)->70=' 0+& '&+0' '& 7*)'& '& :8*->'. S'0*' 8*& 7*:& & :08&< &)&+0< ))'< &-=&&

,& :*8&,&)& ,& *7/ 08& &) /7 +,-*-'0 ,@8&.

M>:&+* & '*&+ " & ')> > '& ,&' )& @)&* 3 C 4 8*&&. D*770,&' ?& -* 0&+& &

+,&) & 7*:&&< 70,8& ')>0)&< ))8&,8& :8*-> :* +, ,&@&&< ,@8& :8>8&+, ,& 8&

:8>& 80 )&,*'+,&. V'** " &+,'& 8& 9*-'0) )&&++,& & 90) & 7,8&& '& -)(?&=>*)*

'& -077*:8&' ,& >:&+* & '*&+ " @& ?& -077*:8& 0+ '& 8&'& & :8&8& '& +,)&,&

9>-+0 & '8 /&'>&+. 

S,>/* & 8&)=& & 80, '* " ) 0@' & +*8 90)/ & >'&''. K80 '*

> ' +,'08 ?&7=*' & @*),* ' :8*->' -+,'> >-& ))+>*) *9'+ & ')>' '>*8 ' +,*:

:)< 9'0,8& ,& 9&-+0&' '8&)* @*-'&)*7&. P0)< '** " > :8',*+,'> ' ,08 +& >*

:* +')&+ -)0- *0 +')&+ '&)>*). K80 '* 0+&0 )@)+ *'+')&+>&+ ,& > '

,08 '>)' '>*8 )0, & +&)0'0'< 8 &>)0')*+&'>&+ ? -* &9&-' ?&'+>&+.

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P*8*9'>+,&)* & '*&+ B1 +,9*?&' ->) *))8* & >+,?' &+,'& & *&)+,'*'&+,&<

 **89'>&+,&)* & )&& +,-*-'0 +&>8& & @&)@&)'< & /7* -*)*-'&)=0,&' :* /))&:>77&

'&+'*7& ,& &>)0*' &)9&)-&.

P*8*9'>&+,&)* & '*&+ B6 &+,'& & )*77& '& 8&)='< +&+& *80 &+,'& & &),*>) +,>& '&-

>+,?&'. M&:8',*'&< *8*9'>&+,&)* & -&+*8 '*& > '& +,-*-'0,&' :* @*)*'< + +, :8*'&

8&-' & =0*=< ,)*7*=*< 0+& -0')*/&'&' ?& &))& :* :08*. P*8*9'>&+,&)* & +*8

> '& +,-*-'08& *& +&)0@7*+'-&< &)*''< -&70=& ,& +'0* &>)070:8-&< + +, &>)'

 &)9&)- ,& /0>7+0&. M>:&+* & -&+*8 '*& K A'*0= +,9*?&' & =:8*'8& & -0,&+ +&

-0*:>7' '& :8*->'.

A/ *'0',&/< *0 )(+,& & 80,>) '** B5< ,0 *@+0)@ & '**& '8&)* '

&08+,& ) +,&' 0'*7. P)&; '8&)*+, :8',*+,'> ,0 ')> '>*8 &'*@07= &

 )0'&*& ,& (()*& ' /7*' 8* ' &08+,& ) 9>-+0 ' )977' ' ')>)' ,& ))&:>77

' +0'. A/ *''0',&/ 09)0 0@ *'+')&+ >-& )00>*) )0, & 0)&&)9)&+<

+&)0'0 ,& 0*&+< ? ' :8',* 7>9'08 '&+0 ,& +,?&'+.

M>:&+* & '*&+ D & ')>< +8&77 0@&+ >+->7*)& ,& 0+))'8& '& -0/-*&< *& ,&

9&-+0& & -**7&' & 9)(&*))8&+. D>-& > ))'>) 9&8*< ,&' )& &90) -0/-*&< +&+& *'0

 8*& '& *9>?+,& &) '& @*8'>) &+,& & '8. P0) ->) >:&+* & +*8 &+,'& & *+* & '& &,* +8&77

0@&+ '& -0/-*& >-& +,-*-'>*) -&+,'> ,&@8&. N& -&'0 )*+'& ))&=-> &) ',(&)8& '& -0/-*& &+,'&

& *,. M>:&+* & '*&+ D & &'& & +,0?&)>*) & 8& &-+0=/0 80 '& 8*9'>&+,& &

&77 & ))&=&' UV )00-0 R*-'= '&- 9&8&' ,& O+'&0*7*/* '&- '& ))'>)'.

M>:&+* & V'** D +,'0 )&=+'&/ *8 +>7+< & /7* *+ ))' ))&=-> *8 *@&''.

V'** D >:&+ -0 -0')077 ' :7>-0=+ 8 9*-'0) '8&') +,&&' -*)0*+->7*).

 N>- ,& )& +,-*-'*)&' &) >:&+ & '*+ D< 0) 9*8'0)' &&' 8* 0+:)* &>+,?&& ' >,>)* ,& >:&+* & *-''&'' 9=- ):8',+. T ))'>)' ,& 98' ' /7' -*

&' ' *)9) 8* + +,>' ))&=-. F*-'0)' '8&) ? @8 ' 8& ))&=- ) >:&+ '

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TV< >-& 7>*8'>) &0 708)* *0 &,& >-& ?)>*) *)* -08>'&)'.

 N8&)=' & ))&=- ' 7*)' ' ' ?&' & S)0 ' M>:&++ + V'*+ D 8* +,&+, *'* ?

>*8 :* 08 ;))&:>77 '8&') +->) +>8* *>'0>'*)&< +>8* & =&)+< 0+'&00)0=*<

,@8& -)0-& ,& 70:+,'< ,& +* -*/&). S'0*' ) +* :* -'0 ;))&:>77& > '

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>7& >-& *)) +>7&&' =&+>&+ ' V'*+ D *0 >-& :) +,> >+,?& &

'* D.

S>8&' '8&)* +->) R&>*'= ,& O+'&00)0=* S>8& & E+,')*& > ' -&?+0,&

+,> >:&+ ' '*+ D ')>. H(0/*7/&/ '&'*(< +,' 8 :8&8& ' /7 ')> -* *- +*+ ' -*7/>' ) +,-*- ' >:&++ + '*&+ D ,& +,-*-'0 )&97&-+& &>)070:8-& '&8&'

*-'&< +*= ' &-')&'&'&& >*)& ,& -@& ,& 7*):>'< & :8',*+,'> &,& :);& '

>+->8&. "*7/')07< 90)* & '*&+ D ? ')> 8>*8 )0)< 7>* )07 -(; )@*8'8& & +,>

++'&&& ' 0):*&&.

#. Kurio+itete rret, -itami!a-e:

M>&' ?& '**' '& +'&'=0,& :* &'& ')> (& < * ;7)08& &&):8 *'0 ,& * '& +,&0+,

'**'

 N& *- )*+'& 0.V'** K&+,'& )0,>*) :* +* @*/'&)& '& )*+,& & 0):*= &

8&)>'-)0970)*. F&8&' & 0)+*7>) >- & -*& -&'& 7708 @*/'&)& )**8 *'0 -&)-08& *))8&

'*& K &)+* -80 @*/'&)& '& 97708& '& ))'&'. V'** D ,& */* B3 >&' :8',*+,'> '&

 )0,0,& :* 0):*=< 0) & +*+)* '& 0:7* -&+,'> ?& +&)+, 7 &08* & *))8&+ +& '()& :*

))>:& '& 8*+,'&. V'**' &'& >- /7)08& &&):8.V'**' ,08& & -0&)' &

>+,?&& & &&):8 '& /7& ')> & &08' '& ?&)08& :)0,'&< *-' ,& +,&&'+,&.K&+,'> ?&

8&)&=' ?& *)) 8& &'& '& *@*7*/>*) >&' '& >*8& :* 70,8* ,& 9&-+0& '& +,&+,'*

)*7& ,& @*-'&)*7& )**8 *))8* & '**& ,& &7&&'&& '& '8&)& >&' '& ,08& &

)>*8'8& & &&):8+& +& &08+,&. V'**' >- -*& 7&)* -*70)-& ,& >- 8*& @>) &&:8&<

+0?09'& '**' ,08& ')> '& &)0) 0+& '& 7&+,08& &&:8& )&=&'& & >+,?&. D+*

'** >&' '& -&& 8& @>7&+& +,&?&) & /7* > '& 8* 1 -*70) 0+& 2 *-+>.

P&)+& +,&+, :8&8& '**' & &)@&)&+' -0=&'-&

V'** A< E ,& *',&07 8*& +,>& '& )&&++,& &) +,&&' & 7&->)&+. V'** A

 &))&+0 )&:8&&) & ?&7=*& '& 7&->)&+. V'** E ,0 & @)08'8& ->&) &9&-'&&

&:*'& '& ))&=&& >7')* 07&'< )&>-'0 +->?8& :* &0= ,& @* 7*:&+,')& &

7&->)&+.P*',&07 + &)*' */' *',0',&- @* 7&->)& 7*): ',*)8&+< ?&'&+0 97**/0

,& +,'0 +,-&7? ,& ,077&+& & 970->'.

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- P&)+& *07&+,&'&' ,& 0+,* @ 55 8&/ -&)-08& & +,>& '** +& '& ))'>)'

V&'& )0/&+ ))'8&+ '&- *07&+,&'&' &+,'& 8& -0,& ->) ')> -&)-0 & +,>& &&):8-*70) + ,&

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8& *07&+,&' -0+>0 +*+)* & '& &,* >+,?&+, *+ * ,* +* ,&)& & '& &,& 8*+,'&

*-'&& ,& +00+ ->) -80 &'& &+,'& & &->87@)>*) +,' '**& >- &+,'& &08+,&. P0)<

.?.+. 8& *07&+,&' &+,'& 8& ,&:&+ -&? +&7&-' &) 8& -0,& '& :8*'& < &))& & +0)' *0

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78*' *))8* +>7&&'*)& & '**& &+,'& & -&+,77>&+,&.

S,>& '& 0+,>*) -*& 8& '&)&+ '& 0:&7 8*& * )&'&& &) *'& /-* *'* ,*& . K80 0 '&

',0'& +& -0+>08& 8& &'& '& *)9&). D+* ->+,'& '& '8&)* + )0@7&& &'*)&< :8&8* 9*/*)&<

*0 +* +&>8& '& '8&)* +,0?&)>&+& + ,& )&* & *9'&++& ',',&+& '& =0))&& & -&'& 0+,& @&8&

?& '**' '& 8&& '& )&-0*>&+,& & -&'& 0+,& &) '& *+>) 8& +,&&' '& )&. M0+,*' &

8&')* -*& 8& &7 '& >7&' '& '*&+ D *+ *'0 &7&08& :* &'* +* >+,?& ?& -*& -&'&

'*& + ?>&+,'< &=* &'8. P0 -&+,'> >&+* ?& '* )0,08& &'& '*& D & 0):*=&

&+,'& & *-&' *+ ,&' +& ))&=&' & &77' 8*& 8& 9*-'0) I )&&++,& & -&'& )0/&+ ,& -80 0+,&

+,&=0 +,>& *- -0,& & &77.K&+,'> ?& 8& +,' '*&+ D &+,'& &08+,& &) 8&

+,&&' '& )&. M&?&&+& '** D &+,'& '0-+-& & +*+ '& &,* 4$$UI & '& >- >,&' -*7>*).

A >,&' '& *)) '** ->) 8& & &'&

G8&8* & *)& ?& &)/*-'0,&' & 977 & 8& 90)>7& &'& &+,'& '& &)/*-'0,&' +* &+,'& +*+* '0)& &

-*70)*=,' ?& 8> 0 '& &)) &) '& &)@*77>*) &)>,& & &'&+.

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-*70).

- K&)-08& &-*&'&' +,0?&) & '**

P0. P&)0) +* &-*&'&& >&' '& )+, @*7*/& '*-& & 0):*=& >-&

)(+,>*) >&+& & *@+0)@' < &)0)' *0 )>*8'8&+ +& '**&.P.+,. -0')*/&'&' 0)*7&

)&>-'08& */ 907- < &0/* ,& -07&+')** )&- '*& B12 < =0*/ )&-

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-&'0 >,&' '& -&+,770,& & 8&->.

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"9*)& &+,'& &9/&+* '*0=& ,& /9*)& +,-*-'0 *80

M>:&+* '*0=& -7-+,' 8& +* +&>8& +&/9-&. P+,. D&9/&+* & '*&+ " +,-*-'0

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'*&+ D< &77*:)* :* >:&+* & '*&+ B2 D>,&' '& ',&-+0,&' -&'> +& ?& '& +,-*-'0,& -&'0

+&>8& >,&' ?& &9/&+* '& =:8*+& &) 8& -0,& '& :8*'&. L& '& &)@7&, &,& 8& ,&)& +&

/9*)& ->+,'&+, > '& 8* >:&+& '*0=&

• U+,?(&)8* & *)9&) ,& & -*70) & *- +& 1!$$ -*70).

• P*@*7*/ >+,?' +00+ *'0 +')-' &:8&'*)*&.

•  N8&)&=' & )0@7&& &'*)&< )0'&=* &'8.

• I80)*/*< **'* *0 ,& &)&+0.• T& 0)+*7>)' )&*'>)&.

• F&8&' ,& *07&+,&'&' & &)>,& & ))'8&+ +& +,&8'&.

• G)*'& +,'*'=** ,& & >+,? & :8.

• M0+,* @ 55 8&/.

• D>,*)&+' ?& -&)-08& & +,>& +& 5$ '*& " .

• G)*'& ?& *)) -0')*/&'& &) 8& -0,& '& :8*'&.

• P)0@7&&' :8&+'&.

• A7-007+'&' ,& &)0) &) 8& -0,& '& :8*'& &-*&'&&.

S')&+ &+,'& 8&+& & +,&&'+,& & 8&'&+ +0& '& &)'+,&< 0) +')&+ '&&)' > '& +,-*-'08

 )0@7&& + &0/0*7& *+,'> &,& 9=-&. S')&+ > '& -0')@>08 & =0:&7 '& )0>-''&''<

+&>8&+ +& =&)&+< 70,8&+ ,& &)0=&+ -)0-&. S')&+ '&)>*) :8',*+,'> +,-*-'0 ?& ')>) 8>*8

'& 7)08 -0)'=07< 8& *'&)& --& ?& -0')@>0 & +,' '& &+,&+.

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E,& +& '**' ,& &)*7&' >- > '* &708& +')&+< *'0 +& *-> > '& )&>-'08&

&9&-'&' & '8 & ')> ,& &8& '>*8. 

S')&+ +,-*-'0 )(+,& )&7*/0&' &'*@07-& + ,&

=0:70 -07&-+ & '**& B ,& '* ".

M>:&+* & '*+ B< +,-*-'0 &)0=& ,& =&). D+* -07&-+& ' '**& B

 )@*8 &,& '* "< )**8 )0) '()& +,' &*7 ) 7) :* +')&+ ,& ))&:>770

&->7@) +,&'+0).

P)&; -+*8< '**' B B1< B2< B6< B< B12 8* ' &08+,& ) 7) & &&):8+ ? &

*)) & * ' >+,?'< )**8 8* ' )++,& ,& >,&' *)) ))&:>77+,'.

S,>/* & 8&)=& & 80, '* " ) 0@' & +*8 90)/ & >'&''. P0)< '** "

> :8',*+,'> ' ,08 +& >* :* +')&+ -)0- *0 +')&+ '&)>*). K80 '* 0+&0

 )@)+ *'+')&+>&+ ,& > ' ,08 '>)' '>*8 )0, & +&)0'0'< 8

&>)0')*+&'>&+ ? -* &9&-' ?&'+>&+

  1 gjëra/ të cilat du,et t0i di!i ër -itami!at ja!ë:

1 *em+eratura 

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