1

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2012 /2013

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4

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.

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5

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.

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.

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6

7

∗

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)("The Structure of Scientifique Revolution"1962

"Paradigm"

1.

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"

: "

) ...

.

.

∗

. " " 1 .200261.

8

" " "Paradigms"

(1.

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.

.

1 : .( : ) 199222.

9

.

.1

"" .

.

"Historicism"

"Empericism"

"Behaviouralism"

1132.

10

"Modernism"

.

"Post-Behaviouralism"

"

.

1990

" "

""

"APSR"

""""

"Democratization"

"Post-Modernism".

""Rationalchoice"

11

""HowardWiarda

) :2007 (

...1.

.

2 .

.

.

) (:

1 HowardWiarda,ComparativePolitics:ApproachesandIssues,USA,NewYork:Romwman&LittelfieldPublishers,2007,p253.

2 : . :1998294.

12

.

:.

) :

.

"")(

)

(1 .

David

Easton""

.

:

.

:

1195.

13

.

:

.

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)-–2002(

.

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1998(

14

.

.

.

.

01-""ToddLandman: :)

2005(..(Issuesandmethodsincomparativepolitics:Anintroduction)

.

.

" "WiardaHoward

02-(NewdirectionsinComparativepolitics,1991).

03-(Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptionsinpoliticalscience,2005).

04-(Comparativepolitics:approachesandissues,2007).

"Indigenousmodels"

.

15

.

" BarbaraGeddes

: ) :

1991(

05-(ParadigmsandSandCastles:TheoryBuildingandResearchDesigninComparative

Politics).

"

1 .

06-(GoodinRobertandHans-DieterKlingemann,ANewHandbookofPoliticalSciences,

1996).07- (Mansfield D. Edward and Richard Sisson, The Evolution of Political Knowledge:Democracy,Autonomy,andConflictinComparativeandInternationalPolitics,2004).08-(KopsteinJeffreyandMarkLichbach,Comparativepoliticsinterests,identities,andinstitutionsinaChangingglobalorder,2005).09- (Munck Gerardo and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method in ComparativePolitics,2007).10-(KesselmanMarkandJoelKriegerandWilliamJoseph,IntroductiontoComparativePolitics.2009).11-(McCormickJohn,ComparativePoliticsinTransition,2010).12-(IshiyamaJohn,ComparativePoliticsPrinciplesofDemocracyandDemocratization,2012).

-(PrzeworskiAdamandHenryTeune,Thelogicofcomparativesocialinquiry,1970).13

1 BarbaraGeddes,ParadigmsandSandCastles:TheoryBuildingandResearchDesign inComparativePolitics,USA,UniversityofMichiganPress,2006,p06.

16

14-(Ragin Charles, The comparative method: moving beyond qualitative andquantitativestrategies,1987).15-(Pennings Paul, Hans Keman and Jan Kleinnijenhuis, Doing Research in PoliticalScience:AnIntroductiontoComparativeMethodsandStatistics,2006).

:

.

:

-)(

17

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07. " "

08.

09.

10.

11.

12.

:

-""

18

-

.

-

-

.

: " " "Epistem"

""Logos"

.

"Epistemology""Wissenschaftslehre""Epistemologia"

"Epistémologie"

) (...

)

"Gnoséologie""Epistémologie"

"Gnoséologie".

19

:

"

" "

)2013(.

:

.

:

"Cross-temporaltheoritical"

.

20

.

"cross-time(temporal)"

"cross-

comparative vertical"

):(

"APSR".

.

:

" "

1948"

"1953"APSA"

21

.

." "

.

"Macro-politics"

:

.

22

" "" "" "

"

"

.

.

.

23

24

ConceptualandMethodologicalFrameworkofComparativePolitics

1 .

.

.

2 .

1 : . :200507 .2 :199810.

25

"

"KarlMarx ) :

(1.

.

.

.

1 :- : )-2011245.

26

TheFieldofComparativePolitics

1 .2.

3

∗

:

4

1 : :200127.2 . :200818.3 :

200519.∗1948

.( ) :

1949

4 PatrickH,O’Neil,KarlFields,andDonShare,Casesincomparativepolitics.3rdedition,London,NortonandCompanyLtd,CastleHouse,2010,p02.

27

1...

2.

-

3.

:

.

4

5

6.

1 TheEncyclopediaofpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),USA,Associateeditors,TheassistanceoftheAPSA,CQ(CongressionalQuarterly)Press,WashingtonDC,2011,p1301.2 Howardwiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience.USA,RoutledgeOxon,2005,p05.3 LimC.Timothy,DoingComparativePolitics:AnIntroductiontoApproachesandIssues,USA,LynneRienner.2006,pp.04-05.

42003 :www.kotobarabia.com185.5 :198717.6 : : 2002

99.

28

1

TheScopes

.

∗.

:

.

.

1 : :199817.

∗Empericism :

1. AFewDefinitionsofComparativePolitics

"

. ." (Wiarda2000,p7)

"

" (Wilson1996p4).

. : "...

" (Lane1997,p.2).

... .

) ( )

) ( .(

" (Mahler2000,p.3).

Source:Limc.Timothy,op.cit,p12.

29

1.

:

-

.....

.( )

:

)

.(

2 :

) .(

.

:

.

3 .

1 : : ) :199215 .

2 : :200565.

3 :200766.

30

:

.

.

1.

.

.

.

.

2.

.

1 :200117.2 GeorgeMct.Kahin,GuyJ.Pauker,andLucianW.Pye,ComparativePoliticsofNon-WesternCountries,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.49,No.4(Dec.,1955),p1029.

31

:

) ( .

.

.

.

.1

1 David D.Laitin, Comparative Politics: The State of the Subdiscipline, Comparative Politics, unpublished PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation,APSA,(September2000),p07.

32

.

)) ( .(

1 .

)

: ( )

(...

:Inter-DisciplinaryStudiesIntra-and

" " "

.

:

. .....

2 .

"""

∗ .

1 Jerry McBeath, and Jonathan Rosenberg, Comparative environmental politics, The Netherlands, Dordrecht,publishedbySpringer,2006,p03.

2 : :200013.∗

. .

33

"Inter-disciplinarystudies""Intra-

disciplinary studies"

1.

""

""

""

""""Claude Shannon

.2.

.

3 .

.

.

.

.

.1 :340.2341 .326.

34

1 .

2 .

3

.4

" " Laura Luehrmann

5.

1HowardWiarda,ComparativePolitics:ApproachesandIssues,USA,NewYork:Romwman&LittelfieldPublishers,2007,p233.

218.3LauraLuehrmann,ComparativePoliticsoftheThirdWorld:LinkingConceptsandCases,2ndedition,LynneRienner,2007,p08.

419.5 Ibid,p09.

35

:TheComparaisonStudies

1 .

2 .

.

.

3.

"Comparativists"

"Causal

theories"

4.

1 LimC.Timothy,op.cit,p20.2 LauraLuehrmann,op.cit,p04.3 JohnMcCormick,ComparativePoliticsinTransition,SixthEd,USA,WadsworthCenterStreetBoston,2010,p01.4 Mark Kesselman, and others, Introduction to Comparative Politics, USA, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt PublishingCompanyBoston,NewYork,2009,p07.

36

" "

1 .

2 .

3.

PurposesofComparaison

" "AdamPrzeworski

.

4.

5.

1 : : 200170 .2 :201093.331.

4 SartoriGiovanni,Biencomparer,malcomparer,Revueinternationaledepolitiquecomparée,Vol.1,No.1,1999,p21.5RodHague,andMartinHarrop,ComparativeGovernmentandPolitics:AnIntroduction,6thEdition,USA,NewYork,PalgraveMacmillanHoundmills,Basingstoke,2004,p70.

37

01.

1044source:SartoriGiovanni,ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,TheAmericanP.S.R.Vol.64No.4,1970,p

" "JohnMcCormick :

--

------

1.

" "Todd Landman

""Giovanni Sartori2.""Timothy Lim

∗Heterogeneouscontexts :∗∗Homogerieouscontexts :)Thekind (

1 JohnMcCormick,op.cit,pp.02-03.2 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,2ndEdition,UK,RoutledgeLondon,2005,p04.

Heterogeneous contexts∗

)Homogerieous contexts∗∗

)

Countrybycountry

( )

1-

2-

3-

1

2

1-

2-

3-

38

) 1.

LevelsofComparaison

2.

1 LimC,Timothy,op.cit,pp.21-22.2120.

( )

)1( :

)2( :

)

)1 ( :

)2(

)1( :

)2(

.

02.

Source:TimothyC.Lim,DoingComparativePolitics:AnIntroductiontoApproachesandIssues.Op.cit,p23.

39

cross-temporal

cross-spational

spatiotemporal

across-regimes

across-states

across-regions

across-societies

across-institutions

cross-cultural ... :

03.

:

.

1.

2.

" " ToddLandman

1 RodHague,andMartinHarrop,op.cit,p71.2 ThomasM.Magstads,UnderstandingPolitics:Ideas,Institutions,andIssues,NinthEdition,USA,WadsworthChannelCenterStreetBoston,2011,p16.

40

1.

" "

2 .

""Giovanni Sartori

3.

.

1 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction.2ndEdition,op.cit,p.p37.2 Ibid,p51.3Sartori Giovanni,ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.64,No.4,(Dec,1970),p1046.

41

.

.

"Positivists"1

1 Oren Ido, CanPolitical ScienceEmulate the NaturalSciences?TheProblemof Self-DisconfirmingAnalysis,Polity,NortheasternPoliticalScienceAssociation,Vol.38,No.1,(January,2006),p74.

42

TheFrameworkofMethodology

""RenéDescartes1.

2 .

.

3.

:

4

1 : ) ( :1985165.2 :199931.377.4 :199019.

43

"Methodology"

1 .

.

"Methodological Approach"

.

"ResearchMethod" .

.

.

2.

TheMethodsofResearch

( ) ∗"Logos"

1 :197705.255.∗Logos :

44

1.

" " Lijphart

2.

.∗

3

4

5

01.

Source: Lijphart Arend, The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research, Comparative Political Studies,vol.8,no.2(July1975),p162.

1 SartoriGiovanni,ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p1033.2116.∗

... : : : ......

3 RobertK.Yin,Casestudyresearchdesignandmethod,3rdedition,USA,SagepublicationsthousandOaks,California,2003,p01.4JohnMcCormick,op.cit,p07.5 MarkKesselman,andothers,IntroductiontoComparativePolitics,op.cit,p09.

45

TheComparativeMethod

"Macro/micro-politics" :

-1 .

2

3.

4 ."Lijphart

5 :∗" TheodorMeckstroth

6.

7

∗∗"Measurement"

176.260.

3 Arend Lijphart, Comparative politics and comparative method, The American political science review, Vol. 65,Issue.3,(Sep,1971),p682.

493.5Ibid,p682.

∗ArendLijphart .

6ArendLijphart,TheComparable-CasesStrategyinComparativeResearch,ComparativePoliticalStudies,vol.8,no.2(July1975),p159.7 DavidCollier,Thecomparativemethod,inAdaW.Finifter,ed,Politicalscience,ThestateofdisciplineII,Washington,DC,Americanpoliticalscienceassociation,(1993),p105.

∗∗

.

46

1.

" " Almond

Gabrial

2

" AdamPrzeworski

" "HenryTeune3 .

" " DoganMattei " " DominiquePelassy

.

4.

1117.2106.

3 AdamPrzeworski,andHenryTeune,Thelogicofcomparativesocialinquiry,USA,RobertKriegercompany,Florida,1970,p31

4 : ) : :199622.

02 .

50 20

Source:ToddLandman,op.cit,p24.

04..

Source: Paul Pennings, Hans Keman and Jan Kleinnijenhuis, Doing Research in Political Science: An Introduction toComparativeMethodsandStatistics.Secondedition,UK,SagePublicationsLtdLondon,2006,p46.

47

:ResearchsQuantitativeandQualitative

1.

2.

3 .

1 TheEncyclopediaofpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1400.2 JasonSeawright,and JohnGerring,CaseSelectionTechniques in Case Study research:AMenuofQualitative andQuantitativeOptions,PoliticalResearchQuarterly,Vol.61No2,(June2008),p304.3 RaginCharles,Thecomparativemethod:movingbeyondqualitativeandquantitativestrategies,USA,universityofCaliforniapress,1987,p13.

1" " :

2 : / :

3 :

4 : :

5 :

6

7 :

8 :

9 :

10 : :

05.

,p229.vol.14,(2006)PoliticalAnalysis,JamesMahoney,ATaleofTwoCultures:ContrastingQuantitativeandQualitativeResearch.:Source

48

1.

:)(TheApproachs

2.

. ...

∗Palato

" " ∗∗Francis baconKarl Marx

" " B.F

Skinner∗∗∗1" .

1 GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers,op.cit,pp.1406-1409.2116

∗)Palato428-348 (∗∗Francisbacon)1561-1626 :(

∗∗∗B.FSkinner)1904-1990 (

49

"McCormick2

( )

........................

................

..

..............

.... ..........

............

03 .

Source:WiardaHoward,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience.USA,RoutledgeOxon,2005.P30.

:

"Approach"

1 Thomas M. Magstads, Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. Ninth Edition, Wadsworth ChannelCenterStreetBoston,USA,2011,pp.57-71.2JohnMcCormick,op.cit,pp.11-20.

50

.

Perspective :

.∗"Perspectivism"

.

" "

EmanuelKant

1.

Variables :

∗19

.( )161.

51

1

2 .

3

06.

Source:HagueRodandMartinHarrop,ComparativeGovernmentandPoliticsAnIntroduction.Op.cit,p84.

UnitsofAnalysis :

"Macro-politics"

-4

5 .

∗

1 ToddLandman, IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:An Introduction,ThirdEdition,PublishedintheUSAandCanadabyRoutledge,2003,pp.18-19.2 Richard Snyder, and James Mahoney, The Missing Variable: Institutions and the Study of Regime Change,ComparativePolitics,vol.32,no.1,(October1999),p119.

321-22.4 LimC.Timothy,op.cit,p05.5ThomasM.Magstads,op.cit,p18.

∗.

52

.

:LevelsofAnalysis

1 .

"Micro-analysis"

"Macro-analysis"

2 .

3 .

1 :2005405.2 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,secondEdition,op.cit,p18.3 EvanS.Lieberman,NestedAnalysisasaMixed-MethodStrategyforComparativeResearch,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.99,no.3,(2005),p441.

07 .

Source:Paulpenning,op.cit,p28.

53

TheTheoryinComparativePolitics

:

1.

.

.

:TheoryThe

:2"

"Braithwaite ":

1 : : ) 199755-56.2 EncyclopediaofPhilosophy,(DonaldM.Borchert,andothers),2ndedition,(Vol.09),USA,ThomsonStarLogoandMacmillanReference,PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,2006,p413.

54

1 .

2

3 .

4.

5

1 :200615.288.312.

4 International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (William A. Darity, and others), 2nd edition, (Vol.08), USA,Thomson,StarLogoandMacmillanReference,PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,2008,p343.

5459.

55

1

.

.

"Meta-theory"

2"Globalcontext".

.

.

:

3 .

1 :1996130.

2 :2008430.3 DenisMonière,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,Canada,Montréal:Québec,Amérique,Éditeur(UnecollectiondéveloppéeencollaborationaveclaBibliothèquePaul-Émile-Bouletdel'UniversitéduQuébecàChicoutimi),1987,p19.

56

:

."Normative theory"

1

2

3 .

"Empiricaltheory"

4

"Deductive""Inductive"∗

∗∗

5 .

"Narrowgaugetheory""Middlerangetheory"

"Partial theory""General theory"

1 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,thirdEdition,op.cit,p16289.

3 MonièreDenis,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,Canada,LesÉditionsdel'Universitéd'Ottawa,CollectiondesSciencessociales,1976,p50.4 TheEncyclopediaofpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p502.

∗

∗∗

.5 ToddLandman,Issuesandmethodsincomparativepolitics:AnIntroduction,secondEdition,op.cit,p15.

57

:GeneralTheory

1

" "∗AugusteComte

2.

"Systemic study"3

.

.

" " KarlDewich

1920

:

19204 " " .F.L Palak

" " AlfrodWeber5

1 :1999271.∗)1798-1852 (“”.“”:.210.317-18.480.581.

58

.

" " DavidEaston)1953(

...

Framework""Conceptual " " .

:

1 -.

2 -.

3 -.

4 -.

5 -1.

04.

1 DenisMonière,etJeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,pp.21-23.

59

:

1.

:

2

3

4

.

1 MonièreDenis,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,op.cit,p116.2AtulKohli,Theroleoftheoryincomparativepolitics:ASymposium,WorldPolitics,vol.48,no.1,(October1995),p1.3 KemanHans,Comparingpoliticalsystems:Towardspositivetheorydevelopment,(WorkingPapers,PoliticalScience,No.2006/01,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam),p12.4 SheldonS.Wolin,Politicaltheoryasavocation,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.63,no.4,(December1969),p1065.

60

1

2

3.

.

:

.

1 James Mahoney, Toward a unified theory of causality, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.41, No4/5, (April/May2008),p412.2 Gerardo L. Munck, The regime question theory Building in Democracy Studies, World Politics, vol.54, (October2001),p121.3 Harry Eckstein, Regarding politics essays on political theory, stability, and change. USA, University of Californiapress,BerkeleyandLosAngeles,1992,p131.

61

"RationalChoiceTheory"

1

2

3 .

approachs""TheCultural

4

Sydney Verba

AlmondGabrial ( ) Theciviccultur)1963(5 .

analysis""TheStructural

6

.

1 ToddLandman,Issuesandmethodsincomparativepolitics:AnIntroduction,secondEdition,op.cit,p224.2 DebuGandhi,RationalChoiceTheoryinPoliticalScience:MathematicallyRigorousbutFlawedInImplementation,Critique:Aworldwidejournalofpolitics,(Spring2005),p81.3 Lance Lindauer, Rational Choice Theory, Grounded Theory, and Their Applicability to Terrorism. Pittsburgh:CarnegieMellonUniversity,TheHeinzJournal,Vol.9,Issue.02,p05.4 ToddLandman,ibid,p224.5 HarryEckstein,ACulturalistTheoryofPoliticalChange,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.82,No.3,(Sep.,1988),p789.6WilliamT.Bielby,andRobertM.Hauser,StructuralEquationModels,AnnualReviewofSociology,Vol.3,(1977),p139.

62

:)

.

1

2 .

3

.

1 Marcus Kurtz, Understanding peasant revolution: From concept to theory and case, Theory and Society, vol.29,no.93,(2000),p95.2JohnG.Gunnell,TheFoundingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation:Discipline,Profession,PoliticalTheory,andPolitics,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.4,(November2006),p482. 3 CalhounCraig,ExplanationinHistoricalSociology:Narrative,GeneralTheory,andHistoricallySpecificTheory,AJS,Vol.104,no.3,(November1998),p856.

63

SystemicTypologies

"Uniformalisation"

"Model"

"Theoriticalmodel""Paradigm" .

:TheModel

1 "KaplanAbraham :

( ) ( ) ( ) )

) ( ) 2

3.

1469.2 EncyclopediaofSociology,(BorgattaF.Edgarandothers),SecondEdition,USA,(UniversityofWashington,Seattle),RhondaJ.V.Montgomery,ManagingEditor,(UniversityofKansas,Lawrence),MacmillanReference,animprintofTheGaleGroup,NewYork,2000,p2023.

316.

64

) (1 .

" " Howard Wiarda

:

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-2.

) (

3.

:TheoriticalModel

1954 " " AlfredTarski

"Mathematical structures"

" " Abraham Robinson4

1( ) 200814.

2 Howardj.Wiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience,op.cit,p25.315.

4 EncyclopediaofPhilosophy,(DonaldM.Borchert,andothers),2ndedition,op.cit,(Vol.06),p301.

65

.

1

2

"3

1 Karl W. Deutsch, On Communication Models in the Social Sciences, ThePublic OpinionQuarterly, Vol.16,No.03,(Autumn,1952),p357.2TimButhe,TakingTemporalitySeriously:ModelingHistoryandtheUseofNarrativesasEvidence,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.96,no.03,(Sep,2002),pp.482-483.3 DavidEaston,Anapproachtotheanalysisofpoliticalsystems,WorldPolitics,Vol.09,No.03,(Apr,1957),p384.

5 .

66

:TheParadigm

"Paradigm"""

Thomas Kuhn∗

."

1.

:

" "

2 .

3

4.

5

∗ThomasKuhn :1922 " "

1951" ( ) 1962 .

(TheEssentialTension)(SelectedStudiesinScientificTraditionandChang)(TheCopernicanRevolution).

1199.2 : : ) 1992221.

3 EncyclopediaofSociology,(BorgattaF.Edgar,andothers),op.cit,p2024.4 RobertE.Goodin,andHans-DieterKlingemann,ANewHandbookofPoliticalScience,PublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork,1996,p104.5 EncyclopediaofSociology,(BorgattaF.Edgar,andothers),op.cit,p2027.

67

.

1.

2.

"Paradigm"

"Side-by-sidecomparison"∗FerdinanddeSaussure

∗∗(Syntagme)"Paradigm"

3

4.

" " 5.

118.259.∗(1857-1913)FerdinanddeSaussure :

:signifierconceptualsignified

--.∗∗Syntagme :.

3 AngèleKremer-Marietti,Leparadigmescientifique,cadresthéoriques,perception,mutation,UniversitédePicardie,AmiensGrouped’ÉtudesetdeRecherchesÉpistémologiques,Paris.4WilliamA.Darity,andothers,InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,2ndedition,op.cit,(Vol.06), p125.

562.

68

StructureofParadigm

" " " " " 1:

1-Conceptual element :

2-Theoriticalelement :

3-Rulesofinterpretation :2

"Paradigmaticembracement"3.

4-Puzzlingelement :

5-Ontologic Predictive :

4 .

5 .

163Robertholt,and JohnRichardson,CompetingParadigmsincomparativepolitics,inRobertholtandjohnturner,themethodologyofcomparativeresearch.

264.3 Akindele S.T. and Olaopa O.R., A critical assessment of the issue of a macro-paradigmatic influence, Nigeria:ObafemiAwolowoUniversity,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,Ile-Ife,OsunState,JournalSocialScience,vol.10,no.2,(2005),p89.

465.521.

69

" "

MichelFoucault)("Displacement"

""

. " "

) "L'ArchéologieduSavoir") (

1""

.

""

."

."

." "

ParadigmInComparativePolitics

" "

RobertT.Dahl :

"Atom""Proton"

1( : ) :1987155.

70

1 .

"ChilcoteRonald"TheoriesofComparative

Politics:TheSearchforaParadigm"

Rober T. HoltJohn Tuner"The Methodology of Comparative

Research"

Robert Holt Richardson John"Competing

paradigms in comparative politics"Billy Hardgrave "Comparative

Politics:Thequestforatheory"2.

( ) "Hierarchy"

:

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

3 .

1 GerardoL.MunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,USA,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2007,p135.2 AkindeleS.T,andOlaopaO.R,Acriticalassessmentoftheissueofamacro-paradigmaticinfluence,op.cit,p91.3 Stephen Toulmin, Return to politics Perestroika and Post-paradigmatic Political Science, Review essay, Politicaltheory,Vol.31No.6,(December2003),p836.

71

Summary

72

73

Epistemologicalexaminationoftheknowledgeanditsroleincomparativepolitics

... ) :

... ) 1 .

.

:

2.

1) 06 :1979234-235.

2 :199330.

74

.

"Field"

"Science"

.

.

"Positivism""Relativism"

:

.

:.

.

.

75

Politicalstudieswithinthedynamicofscientificknowledge

" "∗EmilDurkheim:"

...

"1

2.

3 .

4 .

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1 KeuthHerbret,ThepphilosophyofKarlPopper,UK,CambridgeUniversitypress,2005,p04.2 BasvanFraassen,LogicandthePhilosophyofScience,JournaloftheIndiancouncilofphilosophicalresearch,vol.27,no.02,(2011),p45.

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1 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(ThomasGeorgeKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1313.2 EncyclopediaofSociology,(EdgarF.Borgattaandothers),SecondEdition,op.cit,p822.

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1 EncyclopediaofPhilosophy,(DonaldM.Borchertandothers),op.cit,vol.03,p82.2259.3213.

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1 EncyclopediaofSociology,(EdgarF.Borgattaandothers),SecondEdition,op.cit,p251.

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122.266.315.

4 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(WilliamA.Darity),2ndedition,op.cit,vol.03,p.p547-548.

123

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3 EncyclopediaofSociology,(EdgarF.Borgattaandothers),SecondEdition,op.cit,p2192.4 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(WilliamA.Darity),2ndedition,op.cit,vol.02,p579.5 TheEncyclopediaofpoliticalscience,(ThomasGeorgeKurian,andothers),op.cit,p503.

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1 Shu-YunMa,PoliticalScienceat theEdgeof Chaos?TheParadigmatic ImplicationsofHistorical Institutionalism,InternationalPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.28,No.01,(2007),p69.2 Thomas Schramme, On the Relationship between Political Philosophy and Empirical Sciences, Analyse & Kritik,(Stuttgart),vol.30,(2008),p616.3RogersSmith,ShouldWeMakePoliticalScienceMoreofaScienceorMoreaboutPolitics?,PS:PoliticalScienceandPolitics,Vol.35,No.02,(Jun,2002),p201.

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127

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7 JohnGunnell,TheFoundingof theAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation:Discipline,Profession,PoliticalTheory,andPolitics.AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November,2006),p479.

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1 GunnellG.John,HandbooksandHistory:IsItStilltheAmericanScienceofPolitics?,InternationalPoliticalScienceReview/Revueinternationaldesciencepolitique,Vol.23,No.04,(Oct.,2002),p341.

...

.......

129

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131

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" " ...

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"2.

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132

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"

:.

:)(.

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1 RobertE.GoodinandHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,p310.2 vanBiezenIngridandDanieleCaramani,(Non)ComparativePoliticsinBritain,UniversityofBirmingham,Politics,VOL.26,no.01,(2006),p29.

133

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" " Platon " )

Aristotle)

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:

" "** " "

" " Isocrates

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1JohnT.Ishiyama,op.cit,p07.** :431404

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3 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(WilliamA.DarityJr.),op.cit,vol.06,p326.4 Ibid,p327.

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...

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... (2.

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136

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2 .

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" " " :

∗∗

1 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1085.∗

2 .185.3186.

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198396.∗

Anarchism

323∗∗AristocracyAristoskratia .Tymocracy

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3 : :199484 .

138

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158-

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18915 .

6 .

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8 .

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185.286.

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7 Aristotle,Politics,bookfour,part02,(TranslatedbyBenjaminJowett),Batochebooks,Kitchener,1999,p82.8110.

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4 DonaldS.Lutz,PrinciplesofConstitutionalDesign,CambridgeUniversityPress,TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK,2006,p.p08-13.

140

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2.

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" " :∗Cicero " " Polybius "

6Tacitus

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1 JeanBlondel, The Central Role of ComparativePolitics in Political Analysis, Nordic Political Science Association,ScandinavianPoliticalStudies,Vol.28,No.02,(2005),p186.2 Pierre Favre, La connaissancepolitique comme savoir légitimeetcomme savoir éclate Les enseignementsobjetspolitiquesdanslesfacultésfrançaisesalafindesannées70,Revuefrançaisedesociologie,Vol.24,No.03,(Jul–Sep,1983),p.p498-499.3 LandryRéjean,Lestraditionsderechercheensciencepolitique,RevueQuébécoisedesciencepolitique,Politique,n.23,(hiver,1993),p07.4 EdwardD.MansfieldandRichardSisson,TheEvolutionofPoliticalKnowledge:Democracy,Autonomy,andConflictinComparativeandInternationalPolitics,USA,TheOhiostateuniversitypress,Columbus,2004,p01.5 HarryEckstein,RegardingPoliticsEssaysonPoliticalTheory,Stability,andChange,op.cit,p60.

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3.

Jean Bodin)1529-1596(

4

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" " MontesquieuCharles-Louis)1689–1755(

" 6 " "

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1189.2 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p987.3 JohnT.Ishiyama,op.cit,p10.4 RodHagueandMartinHarrop,ComparativeGovernmentandPolitics:AnIntroduction,op.cit,p07.5 ThesocialscienceEncyclopedia.(AdamKuperandJessicaKuper),op.cit,p1435.6 GerardoL.MunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p84.

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3

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1 RobertE.GoodinandHans-DieterKlingemann,ANewHandbookofPoliticalScience,op.cit,p60.2 :198605.3 : ) :197925.4191.

5 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1670.6 KarlMannheim,op.cit,p242.

749.8193.

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149

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"" Max Weber3 ) 1905(

4 " "

5

" " Weber )1904

19051917 (

"Post-Historicism"

19 " ") Wilhelm Roscher :

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1878 " ") (Woodrow Wilson : :

1895 " ") (HenryMaine :18611874) ("

EdwardJenks :19001919(

")JohnSeeley :1896 " ") (Oppenheimer :1914(6

1 Ibid,p10.2 MonièreDenis,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,p38.3 JeffreyHaynes,RoutledgeHandbookofReligionandPolitics,USA,RoutledgeTaylor&FrancisGroup,2009,p176.4 MaxWeber,TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,(TranslatedbyTalcottParsons),Routledge,LondonandNewYork,Taylor&Francise-Library,2005,p21.5 FursethIngerandPålRepstad,Anintroductiontothesociologyofreligion:classicalandcontemporaryPerspectives,GreatBritain,AshgatePublishingLimitedGowerHouse,2006,p36.6 HowardWiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience,op.cit,229-234.

150

: " ") Arthur Bentley :

1908()"M.Maciver :1926( " "):BeardCharles

191019121913(

" ")James Bryce :1921( " ") W.C. Macleod :

19241921()"KatlinSays :1930()"Laski

:Harold191719191925

:1948(1 " ")Herman Feiner :

1932( " ")Carl Friedrich :1937(

" ")Edward Sait :1938(2 .

.

3.

1 Ibid,p241.221.360.

151

" " LawrenceLowell

) 1897 (

1 .

" ") :

Carl J. Friedrich19261937"Herman

Finer1935() " "LeoStrauss " " ArendtHannah

" Henry Ehrmann" Otto Kirchheimer " " Paul Lazarsfeld

" "Neumann Sigmund " " Karl Deutsch " " Loewenstein " "

William Ebenstein " " Mario Einaudi " " Herman Finer " " John Herz

" "FranzNeumann " " HenryKarl (

")

"Max Horkheimer" Theodor Adorno " "Herbert Marcuse

" " Erich From(1933

2 .

" " Joseph LaPalombara ):

" "Sigmund Neumann

3.

1 GerhardLoewenberg,The InfluenceofEuropeanÉmigréScholarsonComparativePolitics,1925–1965,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p597.2 Ibid,p599.3 Ibid,p601.

152

-ASSA)American Social Science Association :(

18651903

APSA1 .

-PSQ)PoliticalScienceQuarterly :(1886

-AHA)AmericanHistoricalAssociation :(

-PSSA)Professional Social Science Associations :(

19 .

-APSA)American Political Science Association :(

1903 "Tulane""NewOrleans,Louisiana",

" "FrankGoodnow2003

) " "Charles Merriam " "

WoodrowWilson " " AlmondGabriel " " LasswellHarold " " Charles

Beard " " Dahl Robert " " David Easton " " Heinz Eulau " "

Samuel Huntington" Theodore J. Lowi " " Shklar Judith " "

VladimerOrlandoKey " " CarlFriedrich(37

... )

) :TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview

PerspectivesonPoliticsPS:PoliticalScienceandPolitics(2.

-APSR)American Political Science Review( :

19062006

1 John Dryzek,Revolutions Without Enemies: KeyTransformations in Political Science,AmericanPolitical ScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p488.2 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(DarityA.William,andothers),op.cit,vol.01,p101.

153

-SSRC)Social Science Research Council :(

1923APSACharles

Merriam1949 " " 1 .

:ComparativePolitics/ComparativePoliticalStudies/PS:PoliticalScience

andPolitics/journaloftheoriticalpolitics/PerspectivesonPolitics/Comparative

Social Research/American Journal of Political Science /Comparative Social

Research/ComparativeResearchMethods/

" "

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1250.2488.3) 294.

154

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19231940

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)

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: " "V.O. Key " " David Truman " " GosnellHarold)

1937( " " MyronWeiner " " LucianPye " " AveryLieberson

182.281.3 :22.

4 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(DarityA.William,andothers),op.cit,vol.06,p312.

155

" "Herbert Simon " "Gabrial Almond " " Herman Pritchett1

"LasswellHarold) 1930 (

: )r=P}d}p(

(privateemotionsdisplaceduponpublicobjectsandrationalizedintermsofpublicinterestequalspolitics)

) : = (.

)

1948 : (1936(2 .

+ ( ) + :

08 .

,n.23,(1993),p10.PolitiqueRéjeanLandry,Lestraditionsderechercheensciencepolitique,:Source

3.

:

1 MichaelT.HeaneyandJohnMarkHansen,BuildingtheChicagoSchool,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p589.2 GabrielA.Almond,WhoLosttheChicagoSchoolofPoliticalScience?,PerspectivesonPolitics,Vol.02,No.01(Mar,2004),p92.

354.

156

1-

1.

2-:.

3-–:

.

4-:2.

5-:

.

6-:

.

7-:.

3.

""RoyMacridis

1-

2- ) James

Shotwell : ) Frederick OggHarold Zink and :

) Fritz Marx ) :John Ranney and

Gwendolen Carter ) :Daniel Witt :

1 JeanLeca,Lasciencepolitiquedanslechampintellectuelfrançais,Revuefrançaisedesciencepolitique,Vol32,No4,(Année,1982),p659.

222.324.

157

:

) Arnold Zucher :

) GuetzevitchMirkine :1.

3-

) Karl Friedrich :

1938) (Herman Finer :

1932 ) (MauriceDuverger :

1954(2.

4-:

... 3.

5-

:JohnMarriott,ArthurKeith,JamesBryce,

Ivor Jenning, Harold Laski, Frank Goodnow, W.A. Rodson, Abbott Lowells,

Woodrwo Wilson,Joseph,Barthelemy

) ::Robert Scalapino

) :BarringtonMoore :) (AlexInkeles :

) :MerleFainso4.

5 .

6.

1 HowardWiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience,op.cit,p126.2 Ibid,p128.3 PatrickO'Neil,Essentialsofcomparativepolitics,USA,NewYorkandLondon:W.W.NortonCompany,2004,p05.4 Bernardsusser,Approachestothestudyofpolitics,USA,Macmillan,1992,p24.5 MonièreDenis,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,p40.

6207.

158

1.

1925 -19291939 -19411952 -1954

6731%

4621

1607

2110

1507

2311

2511

2210

5123

5123

0905

0405

0402

0402

%29 76

25 67

16 44

13 34

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14 36

18 47

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%43 182

28 116

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19 80

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07 29

07 28

07 28

05 24

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04 15

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218100%262100%418100%

09.)USA(Source: Waldo Dwight, Political science in the united states of America. USA, UNESCO, the United NationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,1956,p38.

120.

159

1939 -19411952 -1954

3716%

3214

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10.) USA(

Source:WaldoDwight,op.cit,,p42

-

Cybernetic

Burgess

Bentley,Lasswell

11.

Source:MonièreDenis,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,p43.

160

)(

Thescientificstages

( ) " "

" " KarlMarx " " MaxWeber " "

VilfredoPareto " " GaetanoMosca " " RobertMichels

" " EcksteinHarry " " DavidApter " " Robert

Dahl" Seymour M. Lipset" Karl Deutsch " " Gabriel Almond

" "David Easton " " Sidney Verba...

"Reabuild""Reinvigorate"1.

)1723–1790()1772–1823()1806–1873(

1776.1817.

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1848 /1852.1867 .

1905 /1914.1923.

)1848–1923( )1858–1941( )1876–1936(

:1915.1923.

:1915.

12.

GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p34.Source:

1 Mark Lichbach, and Alan Zuckerman, Comparative politics: rationality, culture, and structure, 2nd Ed, USA,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversitypress,NewYork,2009,p03.

161

" " "SSRC"

" " 1.

"Behaviouralism"

2.

:Behaviouralism )1921–1966(

1 HarryEckstein,RegardingPoliticsEssaysonPoliticalTheory,Stability,andChange,op.cit,p103.2HayColin,TheInterpretiveApproachinPoliticalScience,PoliticalStudiesAssociation,BJPIR,VOL.06,(2004),p143.

162

1962)(

""RobertDahl

1961

.1.

:

1949 " "

"DahlRobert"DavidTruman

2.

"DwightWaldo :

:

1 Robert Dahl, The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.55,(December,1961),p770.2 LoïcBlondiaux,Lestournantshistoriquesdelasciencepolitiqueaméricaine,Politix,Vol.10,No.40,(année,1997),p13.

163

1.

"

"FrankKent1928 : )

"HerbertTingsten1937 )

:

"

CharlesMerriam1925 ) :

) " V. O. Key"David Truman

"Gosnell Harold"Gabrial Almond"Lasswell Harold"

HerbertSimone .("""GeorgeCatlin

""Cornell2.

3

"DavidTruman " :

... 4.

1 Ibid,p14.2 RobertDahl,op.cit,p763.

3248.4 RobertDahl,op.cit,p768.

164

1.

"Lazarsfeld Paul)

1940("RobertLane)1959(

)Lasswell,CantrilMcClosky,Adorno,Almond,Lipset, ... (

2.

3.

"Behaviorism"

" " B.Watson)

1913(

" " Skinner.B.F"

166.2 RobertDahl,op.cit,p769.

368.

165

"Behavioralism"

" " Graham Wallas1908

)

" " 1CharlesMerriam .

BehaviorismBehavioralism

2.

" "

1-

2-3.

3-

"Quantification"

...

4-

5-

4.

1 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1559.2 DavidEaston,PoliticalScienceintheUnitedStates:PastandPresent,InternationalPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.06,No.01,(1985),p137.3 Ibid,p138.4 Ibid,p139.

166

6-"Pure science"

7-

1.

:

)–(:

.

2 .

3.

1 Ibid,p140.258-59.3 ) .2007

05.

167

1.

2

3.

1 LeeSigelman,TheCoevolutionofAmericanPoliticalScienceandtheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p476.2 JacquesDonnedieu De Vabres, LaSciencepolitique contemporaine,Revuefrançaisede sciencepolitique,Vol.02,No.02,(Année,1952),p389.3 OrenIdo,CanPoliticalScienceEmulatetheNaturalSciences?TheProblemofSelf-DisconfirmingAnalysis,op.cit,p74.

09.10.

11 .12.

APSR19062006 )100 .(

AmericanPoliticalScienceLeeSigelman,TheCoevolutionofAmericanPoliticalScienceandtheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview.Source:469.-),p.p468,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006wRevie

168

:

1.

" "

BernardCrick

"scientism"2.

1 JamesDruckmanandDonaldP.Green,TheGrowthandDevelopmentofExperimentalResearchinPoliticalScience,op.cit,p629.2 AdcockRobertandMarkBevir,TheHistoryofPoliticalScience,Politicalstudiesreview,Vol.03,(2005),p01.

13.APSR19062006.

Source:DruckmanN.JamesandDonaldP.Green,op.cit,p628.

169

(... )

1.

2 .

" " Gabriel Almond

1-

2-

3-

3

4 .

1 AkindeleS.T.andOlaopaO.R,op.cit,p89.2 Ibid,p90.3 GabrielAlmond,andStephenJ.Genco,Clouds,Clocks,andtheStudyofPolitics, WorldPolitics,vol.29,No.04,(July1977),p497.4 JohnGerringandJoshuaYesnowitz,ANormativeTurninPoliticalScience,op.cit,p103.

170

∗

1.

)

" " ThomasKuhn

" "KarlPopper

2 .

3.

∗ The"ChicagoSchool"referstoCharlesMerriamhimself,HaroldGosnell(1896–1997),HaroldLasswell(1902–78),LeonardWhite(1891–1958)andQuincyWright(1890–1970).ThelabelisalsoextendedtograduatestudentstrainedatChicago,suchasGabrielAlmond(1911-2002 ) V.O.KeyJr.(1908–63),DavidTruman(1913–2003),andHerbertSimon (1916–2001), who holds the distinction of being the only political scientistever awardeda NobelPrize, ineconomics.1 StanleyHoffmann,Tendancesde la sciencepolitique auxÉtats-Unis,Revue française de sciencepolitique,Vol.07,No.04,(Année,1957),p920.2 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p61.3 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1303.

171

"Operationalization process"

1 .

:

2.

1) 20200870.

269.

:

-

-.

-.

:

-.

-.

-.

-

-.

-:

-

-

14.

82.

172

1950 " " RoyMacridis

" "

19501960

1 .

" " GabrielAlmond

2 .

3.

" " :Abraham Kaplan

" "LasswellHarold ) 1950(" "DavidTruman

)1951 " " (David Easton : )

1953" (Lindblom Charles " " Robert Dahl)

1953( " " Karl Deutsch )

1953(

1 HowardWiarda,ComparativePolitics:ApproachesandIssues,op.cit,p255.2 GabrielAlmondandPowell,G,Bingham,comparativepolitics:ADevelopmentalapproach,USA,Boston:littlebrown,1966,p02.3 Ibid,p06.

173

" " Robert Dahl

APSR1961 )

" " Heinz Eulau)1963 " " (

DavidEaston)1965(1 .

"SSRC"

"Northwestern""

"Hanskohn" " " "1952

" " "

"CommitteeonComparativePolitics" " " 1954

19632.

3.

4

"Politicalsystem""Functions"

.

5.

1 JoshuaBerkenpas,TheBehavioralRevolution?”HistoryandMythinAmericanPoliticalScience,(unpublisherPaperpresentedonthePanel“PublicKnowledge:HistoricalPerspectivesontheDisciplineandItsPublics”,attheWesternPoliticalScienceAssociation’sannualmeetinginPortland,March2012),p04.2 HarryEckstein,RegardingPoliticsEssaysonPoliticalTheory,Stability,andChange,op.cit,p103.

308.4 GerardoMunck,andRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p43.

508.

174

:1

""Super-national2.

) " "1955(

" " BrownBernard : )1961(

)

1960" (JamesColeman"AlmondGabriel3

∗"AreaStudies".

"

) :Pye Lucian :

1962) (JosephLaPalombara :

1963()Dankwart RustowRobert ward :1964(

)ColemanJames :1965) (Pye LucianSidney Verba :

1965(4) : .Rostow

Walt Whitman : :1960) (Pye Lucian :

1966) (LevyMarion :1966) (LipsetSeymour :

:1959 : /

1959) (David Apter :1965) (Weiner

1 HowardWiarda,Rethinkingpoliticaldevelopment:Alookbackwardoverthirtyyears,andalookahead,Studiesincomparativeinternationaldevelopment,vol.24,No.04,(winter1989-90),p65.2 FryerA.K.Politicalscienceasascience,PapehsandproceedingoftheroyelsocietyofTasmania,(VOL.99),p131.

306.∗)Areastudies(

" "1958" ) AAS (1941) AAASS(19481957

) LASA) (MESA (1966.4257.

175

Myron :1966 /1966(

)Inkeless,A : :1964.(

"Developmentalism"

1.

48

135

Lipset1959;Cutright 1963;Cutright andWiley1969;Dahl1971;Jackman1973; Bollen1979;Helliwell 1994; Burkhart and Lewis-Beck1994;Boix 2003 ;BoixandStokes2003;Przeworskiand,Limongi1997;Przeworski2000

: :

)

0623Lerner1958;Neubauer1967;Landman1999,2006;MainwaringandPerez-Liñan2002

Lerner :

.

)

0437De Schweinitz 1964; Moore 1966;Rueschemeyer1992

Waisman 1989; Putnam 1993; Holm 1996;Kaviraj1996;MoonandKim 1996 :

.

13 . ) 1958–2003(Source:ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction.3ed,op.cit,127.

2 .

1 HowardWiarda,Iscomparativepoliticsdead?Rethinkingthefieldinthepost-ColdWarera,ThirdWorldQuarterly,Vol.19,No.05,(1998),p937.2 HansKeman,Comparingpoliticalsystems:Towardspositivetheorydevelopment,(Working&unpublishedPapers,PoliticalScienceNo.2006/01,DepartmentofPoliticalScienceVrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam),p08.

176

1.

2 .

"Weberian-Parsonianconcepts"

–

) 1963" " " (3.

"Biology"

4 " " TalcottParsons)

:1951 (

"PoliticalFunctions"5 .

" " " "

" " 6.

1 Mark Blyth, “Great Punctuations: Prediction, Randomness, and the Evolution of Comparative Political Science,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.100,no.04(November2006),p493.

2 : :200010.3 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p44.4 DenisMonière,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,op.cit,37.

564.6RobertGoodinandHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,p73.

177

" "

1 .

" " " E. Meehan" :

" " 2 " " " " .

RobertMerton " " MarionLevy

" " BronislawMalinowski " " 3RadcliffeBrown.

" "

"Cybernetics"

4

:

1-

2-

3-

4-5.

"Structure""Function"

1 DavidEaston,Anapproachtotheanalysisofpoliticalsystems,WorldPolitics,Vol.9,No.03,(Apr,1957),p383.2 DenisMonière,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,op.cit,p140.3 GabrielAlmond,ADevelopmentalApproachtoPoliticalSystems,WorldPolitics,Vol.17,No.02.(Jan,1965),p184.

4102.5 :69.

178

" "

" "

1 .

) " "SeymourLipset " "

Daniel Bell " " Alain Touraine " " Philip Selznick " " Edward Shils

" "ConversePhilip " " RalfDahrendorf " " ArthurKornhauser(

"Primordialism"2.

)1960) (

1963 (3

"Mid-range theories"

Lipset) 1959 (

"Socioeconomic"

"Metatheories"4.

1 :1981109.2 RobertGoodinandHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,p384.3 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p44.4 Ibid,p45.

179

1 .

1.

2.

3.

4.2.

:–Post-Behaviouralism)1967-1988(

.

1258.2 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1302.

180

" "

" " 1 .

." "

.") ""LeoStrauss ("∗

""

2 .

:

3

4 .

" " SheldonWolin

" "

1) 370.∗LeoStraussClaud levi

strauss2 John Dryzek,Revolutions Without Enemies: KeyTransformations in Political Science,AmericanPolitical ScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p490.3 MichaelT.Gibbons,Hermeneutics,PoliticalInquiry,andPracticalReason:AnEvolvingChallengetoPoliticalScience,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p564.4 Ibid,p565.

181

:

"Methodism"1 .

" " Peter Winch)

1958 ( ) (

" " Wittgenstein " "

2.

""""

"""."

" ""3.

" " Leo Strauss

) Nerow

4 ." "

.

" "

1 WolinS.Sheldon,op.cit,p1064.2 MichaelT.Gibbons,op.cit,p565.3 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p489.

4 :116.

182

. :

" ")"

"DavidEaston(""

"

""Garceau Oliver1953

) .(

" "1953

" :"""Gunnell John" "

." "

:SimonMerriamHerringApplebyLaswwellGosnellEldersveld.

" "" "JamesBryce

GeorgeSabine) 1937(1 .

"System"

"Thetransformations"2

" " 3.

1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p489.204 :199925.326.

183

1984" "

)(

") "1908 (" Pandelton Herring )

1929(" "1953

" " ." "

" "

1949" """

" "

"APSA"

." "

" ""MerleFainsod

""

.

) ("APSA"

1968" ""

""APSA") ("

""APSA"1.

" """

" " :

" "" " ." "" "

""

""" "

"APSA"1903

" :"2.

1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p489.2 Ibid,p489.

184

1 .

:

-

-

- :

-

2.

3 .

"Jargon")4 .""

"""""" ""

" " .

""" ""

"" ""

119.204 :1989197.3 : : : )199660.

4 JeanMeynaud,introductionàlasciencepolitique,Paris:LibrairieArmandColin,2édition,1961,p147.

185

"" "1.

" "

.

.2.

"."

" " :ChristianBay "Bernard Crick"

DavidRicci "3

" "

4.

.

.

" "HannahArendt

" "Eric Voeglin" "Leo Strauss

.

1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p490.2 Ibid,p490.3 ChristianBay,politicsandpseudopolitics:ACriticalEvaluationofSomeBehavioralLiterature,Americanpoliticalsciencereview,vol.59,no.01(March1965),p40.4 MichaelKenny,HistoryandDissent: BernardCrick’sTheAmericanScienceofPolitics,AmericanPolitical ScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November,2006),p549.

186

"Zoologists"1

" "

." "Robert

Dahl

2 .

) (

) (

.

""

.

)(

(

""3.

" "" "

" """

"Review"

" ""APSA"" "

.

"Oliver Garceau" "1951Review

1955" : "

AngusCampbell" "JamesC.Davies" "SamuelEldersfeld " "

1 LeoStrauss,Whatispoliticalphilosophy?,NewYork,Freepress,1959,p90.2 GerardoL.MunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p12.3 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p490.

187

HeintzEulau" . . "V.O.Key" "AveryLeiserson" "Warren

Miller" "WilliamRiker" "1HerbertSimon.

2.

3

4.

"

" .

1967APSA:"PeterBachrach"

ChristianBay"TheodoreLowi"Michaelbrent"AlanWolfe"

SheldonWolin5APSA.

" ""

"

1 Idem,p490.2286.

3 Encyclopedia of Govermnent and Politics, (MaryHawkesworth and MauriceKogan),USA, Routledge, Taylor andFrancisGroup,2002,p34.4 Ibid,p35.5 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p490.

188

:1.

" " 1961

2

" "

.

"

"

""3.

"APSA"

." ""Theodore

Lowi " "Ira katznelson

." ""APSA"

1968

" ."" """

"APSA"1969"

"" "" "4.

" "

.APSA

""

""" "Eulau

APSA1972" :APSA" .

1 Idem,p490.2 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1284.3 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p491.4 Idem,p491.

189

"" "Austin Ranney

"APSA"""1.

" "Lowi"

"

" "APSA

" ") ("NewPolitical

Science"115

." "

""

""

") "

"("2.

.

3.

4 .

1-

1 Idem,p491.2 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p491.3 GabrialAlmond, SeparateTables: SchoolsandSects inPolitical Science, PS:political scienceandpolitics, vol.21,no.04,(April1988),p840.4 JohnGunnell ,TheFoundingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation:Discipline,Profession,PoliticalTheory,andPolitics,op.cit,p485.

190

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

"Politicizationoftheprofessions"1.

2.

" "

1 DavidEaston,The NewRevolution in Political Science,American Political ScienceReview, vol.63, no.04, (1969),p1052.2 WolinSheldon,op.cit,p1080.

191

1.

2

" "1966"

3 .

4 .

"Micro-politics"5.

" "

127.2 JamesMcCAuley,AnIntroductiontoPolitics,StateandSociety,USA,California,SAGEPublications,2003,p177.

3) 281.4284.5476.

192

1.

:

2.

1286-287.2 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,2ndEdition,op.cit,p249.

)

-

.

1940-1960

)

.(

1970-1980

)welfarestate(. ) .(

1990)eclecticism :

)

:

. )

.(

14 : .

Source: ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,3ed,op.cit,p304.

193

" "

" " 1

1-

2-

3-

4-.( ).

5-.( ).

6-.( ) .

7-2.

3

4 .

5.

1 KrestinRenwickMonroe, Contemporary empirical political theory,USA, Berkeley: University of California press,1997,p74.2 Ibid,p75.3 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p70.4 DavidEaston,PoliticalScienceintheUnitedStates:PastandPresent,op.cit,p142.5 AldoPonce,TheBehavioralist Empireand itsEnemies. University of Connecticut, (unpulished paper: sheds lighton thereasonsthatexplainthedissatisfactionsbecauseofthebehavioralistdominancewithinAmericanpoliticalscienceacademia),p06.

194

" "

Susane Jacobitti

1 .

" ")

Nicos Poulantzas:1968") (Ralph Miliband:

1969(2.

" ") James March "Johan Olsen :

1984 " ") (ReinTaagepera "MatthewShugart

1989 " ") (Bernard Grofman "Arend Lijphart : :

1984(3

4.

1259.2 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(DarityA.William,andothers),op.cit,vol.06,p313.3 JohnIshiyama,ComparativePoliticsPrinciplesofDemocracyandDemocratization,op.cit,p21.4 Ibid,p22.

195

1.

2 .

" ") ::PadgettJohn

1980 " ") (Kjellberg Francesco :1975 (

" ") Everett Robinson :

1976 " ") (WrightWilliam :1971 (

" ") Skowronek Stephen : :

1982 (") March James ": Johan Olsen

:1989) (EvansPeter,DeitrichRueschemeyer,

Theda Skocpol: :1985 (3 .

)

4.

1 JeffreyKopsteinandMarkLichbach,op.cit,p09.2 André Lecours, L’approche néo-institutionnaliste en sciencepolitique : unité ou diversité?, Politique et Sociétés,Montréal,vol.21,n.03,(2002),p03.3 James March and John P. Olsen, The new institutionalism: organizational factors in political life, The AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.78,no.03,(Sep1984), p734.4MellenImmergut,TheTheoreticalCoreoftheNewInstitutionalism,Politics&Society,Vol.26,No.01,(Mar1998)p05.

196

)

1 .

2 .

LipsetSeymourSteinRokkan)

1967 (

) Samuel

Huntington :1968) (Giovanni Sartori :

1 PetterHallandRosemaryC.R.Taylor,Politicalscienceandthreenewinstitutionalism.Politicalstudies,vol.XLIV,(1996),p936.2 Ibid,p950.

( )

)

...

Elster: /.BuchananandTullock:

/.Riker:

Perrow: Lowi:

)

.(

)

)

( )

15 . :Source:MellenImmergut,TheTheoreticalCoreoftheNewInstitutionalism,Politics&Society,Vol.26,No.01,(March,1998),p18.

197

1976) (Lijphart Arend : :

1968) ( Philippe Schmitter Gerhard Lehm-bruch :

1979) (StepanAlfred : :1978 /Linz

Juan :1968) (Guillermo O’Donnell :

:1973()Skocpol Theda :

1979(

)Binder Leonard : :1971) (Charles Tilly :

1975(1 :

2.

3

" "

4 .

5

" "6.

1 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p47.2 Ibid,p49.3 JamesFarrJacobandHackerNicoleKazee,ThePolicyScientistofDemocracy:TheDisciplineofHaroldD.Lasswell,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p584.

4 : : )199313–15.5HowardWiarda,Rethinkingpoliticaldevelopment:Alookbackwardoverthirtyyears,andalookahead,Studiesincomparativeinternationaldevelopment,vol.24,No.04,(winter1989-90),p72.6 Ibid,p75.

198

)MigdalJoel : :-

1988(1 .

) ... LaitinDavid : :

1986(∗) Horowitz Donald :1985(

)Castoriadis Cornelius :1984) (Eckstein Harry :

1975) (BatesRobert :1981) (PopkinSamuel :

:1979) (O’Donnell & Schmitter Philippe

Guillermo : :

1986(2 .

)3 .

1971 :

)198319801985( :

)1986198319831986(4 .

5.

1 Frances Hagopian, Political Development, Revisited, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.33, No.6/7, (August/September,2000),p896.

∗Yuroba :2 Ibid,p890.3 SamuelHuntington,TheChangetoChange:Modernization,DevelopmentandPolitics,ComparativePolitics,vol.03,(April,1971),p317.4 Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, Political economy approach of democracy transition, Comparativepolitics,vol.29,no.03,(Apr,1997),p269.5 GerardoMunck,TheregimequestionTheoryBuildinginDemocracyStudies,op.cit,p121.

199

.

1.

" " JuanLinz)

1978(2"Small-N

comparisons "

3∗.

"Ethnocentrism"

4.

1 : :1993175.

2 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p50.3 Ibid,p51.

∗) :Neil Smelser :1976) (Przeworski and Teune :1970) (1970) (1971) (GeorgeHeiss :

1979.(4 :308.

200

) (

SecondScientificTendency

1 .

" "

"Areastudies"

) ∗

2 .

"

3.

1 Gerardo Munck, and Richard Snyder, Debating the Direction of Comparative Politics: An Analysis of LeadingJournals.(Thisunpublishedpapercontributestoongoingdebatesaboutthedirectionofcomparativepoliticsthroughananalysisofnewdataonthescope,objectivesandmethodsofresearchinthefield,aswellasontheprofileoftheauthorswhowrite,andthejournalsthatpublish,articlesincomparativepolitics.Theresultsoftheanalysis,andthearguments,areasfollows.Comparativepoliticsisarichanddiversefield),(December15,2005),p01.

∗) fieldofAmericanpolitics :(

2 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p52.3 Ibid,p53.

201

:)1989–2000(

) (

: " ")KennethArrow :

1951 " ") (DuncanBlack :1958 " ") (AnthonyDowns :

1957 " ") (WilliamRiker :1962(

):JamesBuchanan&GordonTullock1962(1

""" : ""

" .

" "

""

" "2.

:

3

" "

4.

1 DebuGandhi,RationalChoiceTheoryinPoliticalScience:MathematicallyRigorousbutFlawedInImplementation,op.cit,p81.2 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p491.3 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1423.4 JamesMahoney,DebatingtheStateofComparativePolitics:ViewsfromQualitativeResearch,ComparativePoliticalStudies,vol.40,no.01,(January,2007),p35.

202

:

1

2

3

4

5.

"

" " "

" ") SchattschneiderElmer " " V.O.Key, Jr. " "

PendletonHerring () " "Buchanan James(

" " MancurOlson

1990 ") (

"Peter Ordeshook :1990 " ") (William Riker :

1990(6.

"gametheory""axiomatic

theory"

:7.

1 John Harsany, Rational choice models of political behavior vs. functionalist conformist theories, World politics,vol.21,no.04,(Jul,1969),p515.2 ThomasMagstads,op.cit,p17.3 LiseRakner,RationalChoiceandtheProblemofInstitutions:ADiscussionofRationalChoiceInstitutionalismandItsApplicationbyRobertBates,(WorkingPaper,Chr.MichelsenInstitute,Norway),1996,p04.4 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,thirdedition,op.cit,p318.5 MichaelGibbons,op.cit,p569.6 RobertGoodin,andHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,85.7 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1424.

203

:

" " Geddes Barbara

: )

1991 (

1.

"Decentralized

approach, based on microfoundations"2 .

3 .

" "RobertBates)

1981 /1987(4 .

"

) Downs1957 /Olson1965 (

Hechter, Bates, Laitin, Rosenbluth) PrzeworskiAdam

:1991(5.

1 RobertBates,Comparativepoliticsand the rational choice,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview, vol.91,no.03,(Sep,1997),p699.2 Ibid,p702.3 JonesBryan,Boundedrationality,AnnualReviewPoliticalScience,vol.02,(1999),p03.4 Jan-ErikLane,ComparativePoliticsTheprincipal–agentPerspective,USA,Routledge,Abingdon,2008,p23.5 RobertGoodin,andHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,388.

204

APSR35%

19921952

1.

AJPSAPSRJOP

% % % %

)Qualitative(36.6611.824.7117.9

)Quantitative(4293.34588.24195.312892.1

45100%51100%43100%139100%

16.) 1989-2004(.

AJPS) =AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience / (APSR) =AmericanPoliticalScienceReview / (JOP) =JournalofPolitics(.

Source:MahoneyJames,DebatingtheStateofComparativePolitics:ViewsfromQualitativeResearch,op.cit,p34.

AJPSAPSRJOP

% % % %

9173244.436.84426

2547.21520.8613.64627.2

1935.82537.73579.57946.7

53100%62100%44100%169100%

17.) 1989-2004(.

AJPS) =AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience / (APSR) =AmericanPoliticalScienceReview / (JOP) =JournalofPolitics.(

Source:MahoneyJames,DebatingtheStateofComparativePolitics:ViewsfromQualitativeResearch,op.cit,p34.

2 .

1 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p62.2 MargaretLevi,TheEconomicTurninComparativePolitics,op.cit,826.

205

)Laver Michael :

1999()Laver Michael, Norman Schofield : :

1990()SchofieldNorman : :1995()CoxGary :

:1997()Geddes

Barbara : :1994(

)Fearon James & David Laitin :1996()HechterMichael :

1988(

:1.

2

3 .

83%

)29(

17%

)06(

37%

)13(

40%

)14(

23%

)08(

18.2004) 35 : ) (11 .(

Source: DavidMarshandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Politics,VOL.24,no.03,(2004),p160

86%

)12(

14%

)02(

33%

)04(

33%

)04(

33%

)04(

19.2004 )14 : ) (05.

Source: DavidMarshandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Op,cit,p160.

1 Ibid,p833–834.2 GeorgeTsebelis,Nestedgames:rationalchoiceincomparativepolitics,USA,UniversityofCaliforniaPress,BerkeleyandLosAngeles,1990,p18.3 RobertBates,Areastudiesandthediscipline:Ausefulcontroversy?,PS:PoliticalScienceandPolitics,vol.30,no.02,(Jun,1997),p168.

206

:

"APSA"

1.

EJPRAPSRPolStud

197019901980197019901980197019901980

/

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060604

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181719

171630

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100%100100100%100100100%100100

20.) 1970-1990.(

EJPR=)ResearchEuropeanJournalofPolitical( /APSR=)AmericanPoliticalScienceReview /(PolStud=)PoliticalStudies.(

Source: Pippa Norris, Towards A More Cosmopolitan Political Science, European Journal of PoliticalResearchvol.30,no.01,(Spring,1997),p10.

"BarbaraGeddes

( ) ( )

2"Margaret Levi

1 PaulKellstedtandothers,ThePoliticalMethodologist:Newsletterof thePoliticalMethodologySection,AmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation,Vol.15,No.02,(Winter2008),p05.2 George Thomas, The Qualitative Foundations of Political Science Methodology, Perspectives on Politics, ReviewEssay,Vol.03,No.04,(December,2005),p856.

207

1.

2.

1( .AJPS)AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience(

97 %03%12.5 %73 %04 %10%

2(APSR)AmericanPoliticalScienceReview(

97 %03%15 %61 %11 %13%

3(Bjps)BritishJournalofPoliticalScience(

25.5 %47.5%12 %64 %06 %18%

4( .PS)PoliticalStudies(

19 %81%12.5 %73 %04 %10%

21.) 1975-1979(

Source:MarshDavidandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Politics,VOL.24,no.03,(2004),p162.

-3.

1 GerardoMunck,GameTheoryandComparativePolitics:NewPerspectivesandOldConcerns,WorldPolitics,vol.53,no.02,(January2001),p175.2 Ibid,p863.3 MichaelGibbons,op.cit,p567.

208

1 ( .AJPS)AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience(

97 %03%15 %56 %06 %23%

2 (APSR)AmericanPoliticalScienceReview(

92.5 %07.5%

21 %46 %20 %13%

3 (Bjps)BritishJournalofPoliticalScience(

44 %56%09%63 %11 %17%

4 ( .PS)PoliticalStudies(

19.5%80.5%06 %38%31 %25%

22.) 1997-2002(

Source:MarshDavidandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Politics,VOL.24,no.03,(2004),p163.

.

.

04%

20%31 %

.

:

209

)Brady Henry & David Collier : :

2004()VerbaSidney : :

1994()Bennett Andrew, & Alexander George :

2005(1.

2 .

( ) "Whogetswhat,when,and

how?" )

"Whatmakeswhodowhat,when,andwhy andhowdoeseach

actinresponse?"3.

4.

5.

1 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p54.2 MargaretLevi,op.cit,p835.3 Ibid,p837.4 ElinorOstrom,NewHorizonsinInstitutionalanalysis,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.89,no.01,(Mar,1995),p178.5 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p62.

210

:–) 2001-2013(

"

) "(") "

(1 .

"Purescience":

1994 " " IanShapiro " " DonaldGreen

: )

1994 ("Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of

Applications inPoliticalScience"

"

2 .

3.

4.

1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p487.2 Donald Green, and Ian Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in PoliticalScience,USA,NewHavenandLondon,YaleUniversityPress,1994,p32.3 PetterHall,TheDilemmasofContemporarySocialScience,boundary2,vol.34,no.03,(Fall,2007),p10.4 MargaretLevi,op.cit,p838.

211

1.

:

) ("Perestroika

movement"

2.

2000 " "

"Mr. Perestroika"

APSA

APSR3 .

" " ThedaSkocpol

" "ScottJames " "SigelmanLee

" "

MonroeKristenRenwick4 .

5.

" " Gregory Kasza

APSR " "

1 :339.2 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(WilliamA.DarityJr.),op.cit,vol.06,p314.3 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p55.4 MonroeRenwickKristen,ShakingThingsUp?Thoughtsabout theFutureofPoliticalScience,PS:Politicalstudies,(June,2002),p181.5 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1285.

212

"

APSA

Kasza

" " StevenBrams

" " " David Brunori

" " HeinzEulau19691.

: " "

" "

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

) 1963 ;Almond &

Verba /Inglehart;1977,1990,1997 /Barnes;1979 /Verba,Nie&Kim;1978 /

Norris;1999,2000 /2001Dalton; /2000Pharr&Putnam;.(

7-"Interdisciplinaryresearch"2.

∗

1 StephenBennettEarl, “Perestroika”Lost:WhytheLatest “Reform”Movement inPoliticalScienceShouldFail,PS:politicalstudies,(June,2002),p177.2 Ibid,p178.

∗48.

213

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-1.

1967

" "

"Shapiro""Green"

2.

" " StephenEarlBennett

Kasza"robots" " " Bennett

"apocalypticphraseology"

3 .

" " DavidLaitin

" "

1 StephenToulmin,op.cit,p836.2 DonaldGreen,andIanShapiro,op.cit,p46.3 StephenBennettEarl,op.cit,p178–179.

214

1 .

" " " " Bent Flyvbjerg2001

: )

2001(2 " " .Flyvbjerg " " Laitin

3.

.

.

4 .

5 .

6.

1 DavidLaitin,ThePerestroikanChallengetoSocialScience,PoliticsandSociety,vol.31,no.01,(March2003),p163.2 :

(BentFlyvbjerg,MakingSocialScienceMatter:WhySocialInquiryFailsandHowItCanSucceedAgain(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001).3 Bent Flybjerg, A Perestroikan Straw Man Answers Back: David Laitin and Phronetic Political Science, Politics &Society,Vol.32,No.03,(September2004),p399.

4134.5177.6214.

215

23 .

1 .

1880-1920

2 .1921-

1966

3 .1967-

1988

4 . 1989 ...

1. .

.

-

.

-

.

2.1 .

)Metatheory(

2 .

)Mid-rangetheories(

-.

.

.

.

3..

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.

.

4.1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

.

.

.

/

) (

5.

1 .

2 .

.

: :

216

):(

1.

2"Teleology".

115.2 VonMisesLudwig,Theoryandhistory,USA,LudwigvonMisesInstitute,Auburn,Alabama,2007,p240.

6.1.

2 .

)Valuesofcomparativists(

Whig )

19

1929

1969

:

11....

Source:MunckL.GerardoandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics.USA,theJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2007,p.p38-39-40.

217

.

( ) 1 .

2 .

3.

.

" " Charles Ragin2000

1 BentFlybjerg,FiveMisunderstandingsAboutCase-StudyResearch,QualitativeInquiry,Vol.12No.02,(April,2006),p.p241–242.

2293.3294.

218

1"

"Cioffi-Revilla2.

12

3.

1 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,ThirdEdition,op.cit,p306.2 Ibid,p307.3 Storm Elliot, Pedagogical Perestroika in Comparative Political Science, Critical Intersections in Education: AnOISE/UTStudents’Journal,vol.01,no.01(winter,2013),p30.

219

Summary

" "

: "1

.--

""

.

" """" "

" "

"."

.

2.

" " Criticism " " Crisis

3.

1 JohnForrester,OnKuhn’sCase:PsychoanalysisandtheParadigm,CriticalInquiry,vol.33,(Summer,2007),p818.2 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p492.

3 : : ) :198914.

220

221

" "

" "

222

.

" "

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"

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223

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1990

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" " Flyvbjerg " " Laitin

. " " Charles

Ragin .

225

.

01 .

-

02.

03. " "

" "Susane Jacobitti"

"1967

226

04." "

.

05.

.

06.

07.

-"

" "

" "

227

08. " " BarbaraGeddes

"

" "

" " WiardaHoward1989

" " "

09 .) " " " "

10 .

( )

228

.

229

230

01.15

02.16

03. 17

04.24

05.25

06.29

07.30

08.133

09.

) USA(136

10.) USA (137

11.137

12.138

13. ) 1958–2003 (153

14. :170

15. :174

16.

) 1989-2004(182

17.) 1989-2004(182

18.2004) 35 : ) (11

183

19.2004) 14 : ) (05183

20.

) 1970-1990(184

21

)1975-1979(185

22.

) 1997-2002(186

23.193

231

232

01.22

02.24

03.27

04.36

05.43

06.TomasKuhn82

07.KarlPopper91

08.106

09. /145

10.145

11.145

12.145

13.APSR

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14.149

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University Dr.

Taher moulay

-Saida- Algeria

Faculty of law and political science

Department of political science

And international relations

DissertationfortheobtainmentoftheMaster'sDegreeinPoliticalScience

andInternationalRelations

Specialty:Comparativepolitics

Elaboratedbythestudent:Supervisedby:

BelakhdarTaifourDr.AbdellaliAbdelkader

Thejurymembers:

- Prof.DrTachmaBoumedienne…………...…President

- Dr.AbdellaliAbdelkader…………….……..……Reporter

- Prof.DrSerrierAbdellahRabah………………Member

- Dr.HaroucheNourddine…………………………Member

2012/2013

Comparative Politics:

Dimensions of the epistemological undulations over the dynamic of

construction and deconstruction of knowledge

259

ABSTRACT

hisstudyaimstryingtotackletheevolutionofthefieldofcomparativepoliticsbyfocusing on the role of methodological approaches, particular scientific andquantitative tendencies in Political Studies in this field, by linking between

differentparadigmsweredominantindifferentstagestimeofevolution,these"modelsguiding"wasnaturaloutcomesofepistemological juncturesoccurredin the fieldasaninterpretation's "Thomas Kuhn" of how rises and evolves of the knowledge, whichdisagree with the pattern before the twentieth century,which was considered to thatdevelopment takes patternal accumulation and continuation, while the newinterpretation put forward by this author believes that evolution Do not get onlythrough cognitive revolutions successive and separate from each other, and the mainreasonthishappensisthe"crisis"thatoccurwithinthecommunityofscientificresearchthat had been agreed on the principles and scientific rules formalize that community,andthiscrisisisduebytheinabilityofthe"paradigms"prevailinginfindingappropriatesolutionstotheproblematicsthatoccuronthefield.

It wasnecessary to study and discuss interpretations philosophyof science on thedevelopmentofknowledge,particularlyscientificknowledge,inordertoknowtherealsiteofthedevelopmentwitnessedbythefield,duringtheperiodextendsfromthefirstcomparativestudyofscientificexperimentalofpoliticalsystemsandconductedbythethinker Greek "Aristotle" and passing different periods and successive stages closelyassociatedextentintellectualmaturityofthehumanmind,inspiteofthedelayedbenefitvarious social sciences, including political science from the methods used by variousnatural sciences, and it was not because of the uses in itself, but because of lack ofunderstanding of social scientists and politists of the real dimensions underphenomenon of humanity as a whole, and political phenomenon in particular, inadditiontotheinabilityofthesescientiststodevisescientificmethodsfromtakingintoaccount theprivacyofpoliticalphenomenon,mostof themethodshasborrowedfromthe sciences, which achieved successes at the level of results and in terms of thecredibilityoftheprediction.

Andevenmadesomeof thebranchesofsciencesocial,psychologicalandeconomicsuccessesof certain thanks to thedevelopmentofplatforms for certainscientific takeinto account the specificity of each phenomenon, but the political science branches,includingthefieldofcomparativepoliticsdidnothaveashareintheconclusiveresultsregarding political studies and political realities in world, which created a lastingdebatesbetweensupportersofthetrendsofscientificandbetweentheorientationsofsupportersofthetendenciesof"Criterialvalues",andalthoughthedominantofboththetwoparadigmsonthefieldforcertainperiods,butwerenotabsolutedominant,thereisalwayspoliticalscientistswhorejectbeingmisledbytherulesofspecificresearchunderthe domination of a research groups on the field, which make the field exposed topermanentrevisions,whetheratthelevelofthemethodsorthelevelofresearchtopicsandtheoriticalapplications.

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There is no doubt that the Criterial values is the one who dominated the fieldthroughout the previous phase of the behavioral model, and like the rest of PoliticalStudies,whichwasfoldingunderthepoliticalandethicalphilosophy,butthebehavioralsubtraction,whichbeganwithinthetwentiethcenturyanddominatedonthefieldafterthe Second World War created new directions in comparative studies, in particularmethodological approaches of the scientific trends. In spite of the strong criticism itsuffered this model in the seventies and eighties but it returned again with "rationalchoice"inthenineties,butthistimeitdidnothavethesamestronginfluenceleftbythebehavioral model, and the reason for that limited the pioneers of this trend of newscientific theories derived from the field of "micro-economic" and overgrowth inempiricalapplicationsofmathematicalmodels,makingthemexposedtocriticismintheearly stagesof thebeginning as the book (thepathologiesof rational choice) in1994,andendingwiththeanti-movementtothistrend(perestroikaofpoliticalscience).

followsfromtheforegoing,theparadigmsresultingfromthemethodologicaltrendsrepresentedintwoparadigms,thefirstisthe"Criterialvalues"intheformofqualitativestudies, which required the field since its inception and throughout the stages ofdevelopment, the second is the "empirical model" with its scientific and quantitativetendency, it is clear the model who finds a quasi-Scientific's revolution is the lattermodel,becausethecognitive'sshockcausedbythisscientificorientedandthesizeofthedebate and the controversy that surrounded about it and still further, the behavioralmodelandthesecondscientifictendencyareformedadifferencesarticulatedbetweentheconstructionof knowledgeprevailing before them,and thedeconstruction rolebytheseformsofmethodologicaltrends,andinparallelwiththatshouldnotbeoverlookedreactiontothestrongtrendofthesetwotendencies,whatpostBehaviouralismandtheperestroika of political science were played an important role in not giving theopportunitytothesemodelsinordertoreachthefinalstagesofaparadigmasasenseof"ThomasKuhn",onthecontrary,itmadethefieldasawholeisgoingoninacrisis,andthere is no complete circle in the field as he went to many of the authors. As if themodels and anti-models have become intractable pattern in the field of comparativepolitics.

Thisstudywaslaunchedfromthefollowingproblematic:

- To which extent the epistemological undulations (manners and scientificmethods in the political researchs)played a role in the process of buildinganddismantling to the structure of knowledge in the field of comparative politicsaccording to the patterns of continuation, circumvolution and cognitiveestrangement ? And how moved from the fields of theoretical and normativeknowledgetothefieldsofscientificknowledgewithinthecompetingparadigms?

The study confirms the validity of the first hypothesis (the scientific revolution ofknowledge as interpreted by "Thomas Kuhn" that played an important role inestablishingthegroundrulesformethodologicalframeworksandtheoreticalapproachsinthefieldofcomparativepoliticsandthisiswhatleadstoestrangementandtobuildanew knowledge), which is really What happened with the behavioral movement andwith the second scientific revolution in the field in 1990, has developed research

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methods and changed many approachs has been development of the other, alsoexpanded the agendas of research, but that it iswith respect to a partial rupture thestudyprovedthatitisnottrueasaglobaltruth,thematterhere,thenatureofthefieldknowledge belongs to the Social Sciences, a science experience has shown theimpossibilityofevolutionaccordingtothepatternofestrangementandseparationtotalforthepreviousstudies,becausetheaccumulationofknowledgeplaysanimportantroleinthisfield,byacenturiesofstudiesanddevelopment.

With regard to the second hypothesis notion that: (accumulation of knowledge,whichsettlesforaperiodoftimeandthattakesalineupwardandascendinginthefieldof comparative politics is a result of the expansion of the research programs ofquantitativeandqualitative studies, andnot asa resultofundergoing theprincipleoftherevolutionandtheestrangementofknowledge,thisiswhatleadstothedisassemblyof knowledge and re-installed, where it owns a mechanism her new susceptibilityinterpretation and analysis of a new political phenomena), the study confirms thishypothesisinsomepointpostBehaviouralismandintherestofthestagesthatfollowed,asthefieldexpandsconsiderablytothepointoffearinwhichscholarsofcomparativepolitics from disintegration and dispersion unit systematically and objectively,especiallythe latterduetothemassiveexpansionthe field,which ispaidthemtosaidabout "the islands theory" in order to keep the field on its cohesion. However, thisassumptionisincorrectifdroppedonthestageofBehaviouralism,therewasnosuddenspurtinevolution,andstructuralfunctionalandcommunicationapproachsaswellastofocusresearchonparticularperspective,aperspectiveof"Developmentalism",featuresarepredominant,whichprintedthe field in thisperiod,andeven in termsof trying toapplyscientificrigorwassearchfora"generaltheory"isthemostimportantscientifictrendsinthisperiod.

Thethirdhypothesisargument:(trendsrelatedthescientific tendencieshasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofthefieldandearnedtheresultsofitsresearchmorecredibilityasaresulttomethodologyrigorous;ifthisistrueisthereapossibilitytocancel theorientationsof the"Criterialvalues"?Or thePoliticalStudies in this fieldrequirehiringbothtwothetrends?),ontheonehandthattheorientationsofscientifictendencieshasplayedan important role in thedevelopmentof the field, it is true thestudyproved thatbyhighlighting thevariousquantitativeandempiricalmethodsandemploy the theoretical models in each of the phase Behaviouralism and the secondscientific tendency, which employed various theories of rational choice andmathematical quantitative, and other methods of scientific research. The assumptionthat thesemethodsearned the researchsof the field amorecredibility, it is incorrect,many of the results in terms of explanation or prediction was wrong, for example,linkingdemocracyoccurrenceto theeconomicdevelopment.That isnottrue inall thecountrieswhichbecomedemocratic,thisprovesanythingitshowstherelativisminthepoliticalconcepts,evenifsubjectedtoscientificmethodsinthestudy.

The fourth hypothesis argument: (unlike political philosophy in political science,which is reviewing its role gradually, it has gained the field of politics comparativeimmunity against cracking and collapse grace to the conflict and competition thatgovernsitsparadigms,andhasanabilitytoadapttomovementscountermeasuresand

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even with the epistemological revisions), the study has confirms this hypothesis, andevidence that the field is evenup to this date (2013) is still of particular importancewithin the fields of political science, grace to the methodological topical pluralismadvocatedbythelastanti-scientificmovement.

It isnoteworthythateverymovementcounterto thosescientific tendencies,as thepost-Behaviouralismandtheperestroikaofpoliticalscience,theyadvocatedtheneedofnot to neglect qualitative studies and not domination imposed by a specific searchgroupsonthefield,andnorfortheexclusionthesupportersofthescientifictendency.Themostimportantresultofthestudyisthatthemethodologicaltendenciesiscreatestheparadigmsinthefieldofcomparativepolitics,andnotthetopicaltrends,inaddition,Topicsstudiedbyscholarsofcomparativepoliticsthroughouttheevolutionofthefieldwere not the subject of controversy and debate sharp, even though there were somedifferenceswastakingonTraditionalStudiesasstudiesstilldonottakeintoaccountthechangesandgrowthofthedynamicfactors,oritsnaturewaswesternandnarrow,butthe real debates was about the shortcomings and the domination of the character ofnormative studies, in addition to being accused the theory Interests and it wasdescriptiveandnotacomparativestudies,thislastdebateistheonewhochangedtheformofthefielddramatically.Andtheconceptof"crisis"intheparadigmsinthefieldofcomparativepoliticsdidnotoccurattheleveloftopicalresearchs,but"crisis"occurredat the level of methods of researchs. Underwent the dynamic of construction anddeconstructionofknowledge in the field to the twomethods in termsof research, thefirstmethodisthewayofdeductive waspredominantinEuropeanStudies.ThesecondwaytosearchisthewayofinductivethatcharacterizedAmericanStudies.

The modern economics is the first Newtonian social science. Its successfulcolonizationofpoliticalscienceimpliesthatpoliticalsciencehasalsobeen Newtonized.Apart from the atomistic nature of methodological individualism, the rational choiceschoolisalsoNewtonianinthesensethatitaimsatreducingthecomplexpoliticalworldinto a few simple laws; the Behaviouralism and rational choice are the two majorscientificapproachesincontemporarypoliticalscience.TheysharetheNewtonianbeliefin discoverable regularities, testable theories, quantitative data, and positivistmethodologies. However, to a large extent such scientificity of political science isborrowedfromotherdisciplines,mainlyeconomics.Overall,thisdisciplinehasnotyetfound its Newton. Because the persistence in tracking the literatures of the field ofcomparative politics leads to the conclusion diversity, plurality, division, competitionand conflict between the scholars of this field, especially with the feedback andcontroversyontheissuesofmethodologyandspecificresearch,andthiswasawaytobalanceandevolutionwithinresearchgroups,andallattemptstocancel thisdiversityand plurality was rejected, and the absence of flexibility in the understanding ofdevelopmentsbothwithinthesegroupstofindingsolutionstoproblematicsonpoliticalrealitywasfailure.

Key words: comparative politics, epistemology, paradigms, scientific revolutions,accumulationofknowledge,normativeandempiricaltrends,methodologicalpluralism.