Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Chng 1 : NGUYN TI. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t

Kt lun : thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t gm:Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t gm cc ht proton v ntronV nguyn t gm cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn

Electronme= 9,1094.10-31 kgqe= -1,602.10 -19 C k hiu l eo qui c bng 1-Proton Ht proton l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t,mang in tch dng, k hiu pm= 1,6726.10 -27 kgq= + 1,602.10 -19 C k hiu eo, qui c 1+Ntron Ht ntron l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t, khng mang in , k hiu n.Khi lng gn bng khi lng proton

II.Kch thc v khi lng ca nguyn t1- Kch thcNguyn t cc nguyn t c kch thc v cng nh, nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc nhau.n v biu din A(angstron) hay nm(nanomet)1nm= 10 -9 m ; 1nm= 10A1A= 10 -10 m = 10 -8 cm2- Khi lngKhi lng nguyn t rt nh b, biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t, p, n, e dng n v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu u (vc)1u = 1/12 khi lng 1 nguyn t ng v cacbon-121u = 19,9265.10 -27 kg/12

= 1,6605.10 -27kg III-Ht nhn nguyn t

1. in tch ht nhnProton mang in tch 1+, nu ht nhn c Z proton th in tch ca ht nhn bng Z+Trong nguyn t : S n v in tch ht nhn = S p = S eV d : nguyn t Na c Z = 11+ ngt Na c 11p, 11e 2. S khiL tng s ht proton v ntron ca ht nhn A = Z + NV d 1: Ht nhn nguyn t O c 8p v 8n A = 8 + 8 = 16V d 2: Nguyn t Li c A =7 v Z = 3 Z = p = e = 3 ; N = 7 - 3 =4Nguyn t Li c 3p, 3e v 4nIV- Nguyn t ha hc Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 1

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

1.nh nghaNguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhnV d : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng Z l 8 u thuc nguyn t oxi, chng u c 8p, 8e2.S hiu nguyn tS n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t (Z)3.K hiu nguyn t S khi

AZ X

S hiu nguyn tV d : Na2311 Cho bit nguyn t ca nguyn t natri c Z=11, 11p, 11e v 12n (23-11=12) V - NG VCc ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi ca chng khc nhauV d : Nguyn t oxi c 3 ng v O168 , O

178 , O

188

Ch : - Cc nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t c th c s khi khc nhau- Cc ng v c tnh cht ha hc ging nhauVI- Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ha hc1- Nguyn t khiNguyn t khi ca 1 nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn tV khi lng nguyn t tp trung nhn nguyn t nn nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi (Khi khng cn chnh xc)V d : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca P bit P cZ=15, N=16 Nguyn t khi ca P=312- Nguyn t khi trung bnhTrong t nhin a s nguyn t ha hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v(c s khi khc nhau) Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v .

100

bYaXA +=

X, Y: nguyn t khi ca ng v X, Ya,b : % s nguyn t ca ng v X, YV d : Clo l hn hp ca 2 ng v Cl3517 chim 75,77% v Cl

3517

chim 24,23% nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l:

5.35100

23,24100

77,75 +=A

VII- Cu hnh electron nguyn t

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 2

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

1.S chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t:-Cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh trong khu vc xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t khng theo nhng qu o xc nh to nn v nguyn t.- Trong nguyn t: S e = s p = Z

2.Lp electron v phn lp electrona.Lp electron:

- trng thi c bn, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao (t gn ht nhn ra xa ht nhn) v xp thnh tng lp.- Cc electron trn cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau

-

Th t lp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Tn lp K L M N O P Q

b.Phn lp electron:- Cc e trn cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau- Cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch ci thng : s, p, d, f,- S phn lp = s th t ca lp

V d: + Lp th nht (lp K,n=1) c 1 phn lp :s+ Lp th hai (lp L,n=2) c 2 phn lp : s, p+ Lp th ba (lp M,n=3) c 3 phn lp :s, p, d+ Lp th t (lp N,n=4) c 4 phn lp: s, p, d, f- Cc electron phn lp s gi l electron s, tng t ep, ed,

c. Obitan nguyn t :L khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron l ln nht ( 90%) k hiu l AO.Trn 1 AO ch cha ti a 2 electron c gi l electron ghp iNu trong 1AO cha 1 lectron c gi l e c thnNu trong AO khng cha e c gi l AO trng.

- Phn lp s c 1 AO hnh cu.- Phn lp p c 3 AO hnh s 8 ni cn i.- Phn lp d c 5 AO hnh phc tp.- Phn lp f c 7 AO hnh phc tp.

3.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp , mt lp:a.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp :

Phnlp s

Phnlp p

Phnlp d

Phnlp f

S e ti a 2 6 10 14Cch ghi S2 p6 d10 f14

- Phn lp s electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.

b. S electron ti a trong mt lp : Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 3

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Lp Th t

Lp Kn=1

Lp Ln=2

Lp Mn=3

Lp Nn=4

Sphnlp 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4fS e ti a ( 2n2) 2e 8e 18e 32e

- Lp electron s e ti a gi l lp e bo ha.Th d : Xc nh s lp electron ca cc nguyn t :4.Cu hnh electron nguyn t a.Nguyn l vng bn- Cc e trong nguyn t trng thi c bn ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao.- Mc nng lng ca : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d...- Khi in tch ht nhn tng ln s xut hin s chn mc nng lng gia s v d hay s v f.+ Lp : tng theo th t t 1 n 7 k t gn ht nhn nht +Phn lp: tng theo th t s, p, d, f.b. Nguyn l pauli:Trn 1obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron v c chiu t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.c. Qui tc hun :Trong cng mt phn lp cc electron in vo cc obitan sao cho s lectron c thn l ln nht.e. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:- Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electrron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.- Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron :

+ STT lp e c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3. . .)+ Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng s, p, d, f.+ S e c ghi bng s pha trn bn phi ca phn lp.(s2 , p6 )

- Mt s ch khi vit cu hnh electron:+ Cn xc nh ng s e ca nguyn t hay ion. ( s e = s p = Z )+ Nm vng cc nguyn l v qui tc, k hiu ca lp v phn lp ...+ Qui tc bo ho v bn bo ho trn d v f : Cu hnh electron bn khi cc electron in vo phn lp d v f t bo ho ( d10, f14 ) hoc bn bo ho ( d5, f7 )

- Cc bc vit cu hnh electron nguyn tBc 1: in ln lt cc e vo cc phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng.Bc 2: Sp xp li theo th t cc lp v phn lp theo nguyn tc t trong ra ngoi.Bc 3: Xem xt phn lp no c kh nng t n bo ho hoc bn bo ho, th c s sp xp li cc electron cc phn lp ( ch yu l d v f )V d: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t sau

+ H( Z = 1)+ Ne(Z = 10)+ Cl(Z = 17) 1s22s22p63s23p5

+ Fe, Z = 26, 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

+ Cu ( Z = 29); Cr ( Z = 24)-Cch xc nh nguyn t s, p, d, f:

+ Nguyn t s : c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s. Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 4

14N7

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Na, Z =11, 1s22s22p63s1

+Nguyn t p: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp p.Br, Z =35, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

Hay 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5

+ Nguyn t d: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp d.Co, Z =27, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7

Hay 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2

+ Nguyn t f: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp fc. Cu hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u(sgk)d. c im ca lp e ngoi cng:-i vi nguyn t ca tt c cc nguyn t, lp ngoi cng c nhiu nht l 8 e.- Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh n tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t.

+Nhng nguyn t kh him c 8 e lp ngoi cng (ns2np6) hoc 2e lp ngoi cng (nguyn t He ns2 ) khng tham gia vo phn ng ho hc .+Nhng nguyn t kim loi thng c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng.Ca, Z = 20, 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 , Ca c 2 electron lp ngoi cng nn Ca l kim loi.+Nhng nguyn t phi kim thng c 5, 6, 7 e lp ngoi cng.O, Z = 8, 1s22s22p4, O c 6 electron lp ngoi cng nn O l phi kim.+Nhng nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng c th l kim loi hoc phi kim. Kt lun: Bit cu hnh electron nguyn t th d on tnh cht ho hc nguyn t.

PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CHNG 1I-Mt s im lu khi gii ton chng nguyn t.T