2014 - Chuyên đề 01 - Cấu tạo nguyên tử

7/27/2019 2014 - Chuyn 01 - Cu to nguyn t

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LP BI DNG VN HANGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORGNg Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: [email protected]

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CHUYN 01:NGUYN T- BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

----------- o O o -----------

Chng cu to nguyn t c nghin cu ngay t u chng trnh PTTH. Cc mng kin thc vnguyn t s l c s l thuyt gip cho vic nghin cu cc phn tip theo nn c ngha c bit quan

trng trong vic nghin cu ton b chng trnh ha hc ph thng. y l chng l thuyt kh nht, cnhiu khi nim tru tng nn khi hc cng nh khi ging dy th c hc sinh v gio vin u cm thy cnhiu kh khn khi tip cn.

Hn na, s lng cu hi lin quan trong cc thi C H trong nhng nm gn y chim t ltng i cao.Mt khc l mng kin thc hc t lp 10, nn i vi cc em hc sinh 12 thng hay chquan v thng quni.

gip cc em hc sinhc c mt ci nhn khi qut v d ghi nh nht, thy gi ti cc embi vit ny. Hi vng rng vi bi vit ny s gip cho cc em c th nm vng kin thc ca chng nymt cch tt nht qua s c c kt qu cao trong cc k thi.

c c mt cch nhn tt v vn ny, trc tin thy xin cp ti mt s vn kh

MT S NI DUNG KH TRONG CHNG CN CH 1. S chuyn ng ca cc electron:

Chng ta cn lu n tnh cht chuyn ng ca cc ht vi m. N khng tun theo cc nh lutca vt l c in. Hng ngy chng ta tip xc vi cc hin tng v m nn thng nhn th gii vi m

bng con mt v m. Ta c th m t th nghim v dng chuyn ng ca ht vi m v v m hiu cs khc nhau v dng chuyn ng ca hai loi ht ny. T hiu c v sao khng ni n qu o caelectron trong nguyn t m ch ni n xc sut c mt ca n v tr ny hay v tr khc. (nn dng tranhv m t th nghim).

C hc lng t cho php xc nh s phn b mt xc sut c mt ca electron trong nguyn tng vi cc trng thi khc nhau. Trn c s hiu ng c im ca ht vi m s gip hiu c khi nimobitan nguyn t.2. Khi nghin cu ht nhn nguyn t:

Ta cn ch n s ht khi lng khi tng hp ht nhn nguyn t t nhng proton v ntron. S

ht khi lng ny l ng kt nn c s gii phng mt nng lng rt ln. Nng lng ny c thot rakhi cc ht vi m lin kt vi nhau trong ht nhn nguyn t.3. Khi hnh thnh khi nim ng v:

Cn phn bit hai khi nim khi lng nguyn t v s khi


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a. Khi lng nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ha hc l gi tr trung bnh gia lng % ca tt c cc dngng v ca nguyn t cho.

b. S khi l khi lng c trng ca 1 ng v c th.Ta cn ni r rng ng v c hu ht tt c cc nguyn t, do du hiu ca nguyn t khng phi ltrng lng nguyn t hay s khi m l in tch ht nhn nguyn t. T gip hiu ng nh nghanguyn t ha hc theo thuyt cu to nguyn t.4. Khi nim Obitan:

y l khi nim kh, cn phi gii thch nhiu nn chun b hnh v l gii.

Cn xut pht t hnh v mu hnh tinh nguyn t ca Bo, Rzepo m t mt cch h thng quan nimv chuyn ng ca electron lm c s cho vic hnh thnh khi nim obitan.VD: Dng hnh v obitan nguyn t hidr m t dng chuyn ng ca electron v hnh thnh khi nimobitan nguyn t hidr. Nguyn t c 1 electron. Electron ny c th c mt trong vng khng gian bao

quanh ht nhn, dng hnh cu ng knh 10

A

Ch :

Khi s dng hnh v obitan nguyn t Hidro cn ni r mi chm trn hnh khng phi tng trng cho mtelectron m m t kh nng c mt ca 1 electron duy nht ca nguyn t Hidro.Cn gii thiu thm obitan nguyn t ca mt s nguyn t khc hc sinh nm c hnh dng ca ccobitan s, p,nh ngha obitan chnh l s m t

phng php biu din obitan ca chc lng t c tnh cht gn ngnhng ph hp vi trnh nhn thcca hc sinh ph thng.5. Lp v phn lp electron :T khi nim obitan cn xc nh: trong

nguyn t, mi e c mt mc nnglng ring ph thuc vo lc tng tcca din tch ht nhn v e cc v trkhc nhau, khu vc khc nhau. Nidung ny l c s hnh thnh khinim, phn lp electron.a. Lp electron:T d kin thc nghim xc nh:- Cc e gn ht nhn nht th lin ktvi nhn cht ch nht, trng thi bn nht, kh tch khi nguyn t nht nn c mc nng lng thp nht.- Nhng e xa nhn hn d tch khi nguyn t, chng c mc nng lng caohn v e xa nhn nht cmc nng lng cao nht, d tch khi nguyn t nht. Chnh nhng e ny qui nh tnh cht ha hc canguyn t.- Gii thiu s phn b e theo mc nng lng gii thiu cc lp e.


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b. Phn lp: Ni dung phn ny ch yu dy theophng php tin nn cn chun b bi din ging theologic cht ch hc sinh thy c tnh hp l trong s cng nhn kin thc a ra. + T ni dung : cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau thuc cng 1 lp m xc nh:- Cc e c cng mc nng lngxp vo 1 phn lp.- Mt lp electron c nhiu phn lp.- S phn lp bng s th t ca lp.+ Cho hc sinh tnh s phn lp ca cc lp electron v lu cch biu th k hiu s lp, phn lp electron,

ngha ca cc k hiu .+ S v dng obitan trong mt phn lp: s v dng obitan ph thuc vo c im ca mi phn lpelectron, khng ph thuc vo s th t ca lp, ngha l d lp no s obitan v dng obitan ca mi

phn lp l nh nhau.+ S dng hnh v gii thiu hnh dng v s nh hng khng gian ca m my electron: s, p, d, f+ M t s phn b electron trong mt obitan v k hiu dng m t trong mi obitan6. c im ca electron ngoi cng:

Ni dung ny c th s dng trit phng php m thoi hon thin kin thc cc bi trc vgip hc sinh nm c ni dung c bn ca bi.T bng vit sn :

+ Cu hnh electron ca 20 nguyn t u vo mt mt

+ Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng l: C, Si, Ge, Sn, PbGio vin a ra h thng cu hi dn dt i n ni dung cn nm c :

+ S electron ti a lp ngoi ca cc nguyn t.+ S electron lp ngoi cng ca kh him, kim loi, phi kim.+ Cc nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng: c th l kim loi hoc phi kim.

+ Cc electron lp ngoi cng hu nh quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t.+ ngha ca vic nm c s phn b cc lp electron, s lp electron lp ngoi cng.* i vi cc em hc sinh

Cng nhn thnh phn cu to nguyn t gm cc loi ht proton, ntron, electron vn dng:-Tnh khi lng nguyn t (theo l thuyt)

- Hiu khi nim ng v tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca cc nguyn t t gii thchv sau trong bng h thng tun hon ngi ta ghi khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l mt s rt l.- Cng nhn tnh cht chuyn ng ca electron hiu khi nim obitan.- Cng nhn s th t ca lp electron bng s phn lp (vd: lp th nht c 1 phn lp l 1s, lp th hai c2 phn lp l 2s 2p lp th n c n phn lp. Ch t lp th 4 n lp th 7 ch c 4 phn lp), selectron ti a trong mt obitan vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t.- Cng nhn s trng lp: S th t nguyn t = in tch ht nhn

S th t chu k = s lp electronS th t phn nhm chnh = s e lp ngoi.

Cng vn dng:

- T v tr nguyn t trong HTTH cu to nguyn t.- Bit tng s cc ht trong cu to nguyn t xc nh nguyn t.

Nhng vn thc mc v chuyn ny, ccem c th tham gia vo websitehttp://hoahoc.org trao iti:+ Chuyn v nguyn t:http://www.hoahoc.org/forum/forums/nguyen-tu.92/+ Chuyn v bng tun hon: http://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.89/

Trong qu trnh bin son mng kin thc ny, chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt. Tirt mong s nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc em hc sinh cng nh ca cc bn ng nghip gnxa , qua ti liu ny ca ti s ngy cng c hu ch hn na ti cc em hc sinh cng nh l ti liutham kho dnh cho cc bn ng nghip.

Mi gp xin gi v: E_mail:[email protected] in thoi: 0979.817.885hoc 0936.717.885Mt ln na chn thnh cm n !TP CH HA HC & TUI TR

http://hoahoc.org
http://hoahoc.org/http://hoahoc.org/http://www.hoahoc.org/forum/forums/nguyen-tu.92/http://www.hoahoc.org/forum/forums/nguyen-tu.92/http://www.hoahoc.org/forum/forums/nguyen-tu.92/http://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.89/http://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.89/http://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.89/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.89/http://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.89/http://www.hoahoc.org/forum/forums/nguyen-tu.92/http://hoahoc.org/


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MT S IM L THUYT TRNG TM

1: THNH PHN NGUYN T

Ht nhn nguyn t gm: Ht nhn nguyn t v v nguyn t bao quanh ht nhn+ Ht nhn nguyn t tm ca nguyn t cha:

+) Ht proton (p) mang in tch (1+) v c khi lng 271,67.10p

m kg

(1 vC)

+) Ht ntron (n) khng mang in v c khi lng 271,67.10n

m kg

(1 vC)

+ V nguyn t bao quanh ht nhn cha:

+) Ht electron (e) mang in tch m (1-) v c khi lng 319,11.10e

m kg

(1

1840vC) (qu

nh)

Cn ghinh: 271,67.101 kvC g *Slc v cc mc tm ra cc ht cbn:S tm ra electron: Do nh bc hc Thomson tm ra nm 1897.S tm ra proton: Tm ra nm 1906 - 1916.

S khm ph ra ht nhn nguyn t: Rutherford tm ra nm 1911.S tm ra ntron: Do Chatvich tm ra nm 1932.

*Kch thc nguyn t:* Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc nhau, nhng ni chung u rt nh v nh

nht l nguyn t H (ngtu

d = 10

A ) vi 10

A = 10-10 m.

+ ng knh ht nhn khong 10-40

A .

+ ng knh electron khong 10-70

A .

2: IN TCH S KHI CA HT NHN

* Ht nhn gm proton mang in tch dng (1+), v ntron khng mang in, hai loi ht ht ny ckhi lng gn bng nhau v xp x bng 1 vC.

* Ht nhn c kch thc rt nh nhng hu ht khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn.

KLNT KLHNNT = ( Z + N ) vC viZ: so proton

N : so notron

in tch ht nhn Z = tng s ht proton (P) = tng s ht electron (E)S khi ht nhn A =tng s ht proton (P) + tng s ht ntron

Cn ghi nh:

+ Vi cc nguyn t c Z < 83 th ta lun c: 5244,182

125

1 Z

N

+ Trong cc php tnh gn ng th ta c th chp nhn nguyn t khi (khi lng ca nguyn t) skhi ca ht nhn.+ K hiu nguyn t X: A

ZX (trong Z l in tch ca ht nhn;A l s khi v X l k hiu ca nguyn

t)

3: NG V - NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH

+ ng v : cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng Z, khc N cng Z, khc A.

+ Nguyn t khi trung bnh (ca cc nguyn t c ng v ) :100

...bBaA

M

(trong a v b ln lt l t l ca cc ng v v BZ

X ; A v B ln lt l s khi ca cc ng v)


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4: LP - PHN LP ELECTRON

+ Lp electron: tnh t ht nhn tr ra s c 7 lp electronV nguyn t

S TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Tn gi K L M N O P Q

S e ti a 2 8 18 32 32 32 32+ Phn lp electron:Mi lp electron c chia ra thnh nhiu phn lp. C 4 loi phn lp l: s, p, d v f

Phn lp 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4fS e ti a 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14

* Cc e xa ht nhn lin kt vi nhn km cht ch. * S electron ti a trong 1 lp: S e ti a trong lp th n l: 2n2* S lng orbital trong 1 lp: Lp th n c n2 orbital.


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c thm: Obitan nguyn t

1. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn tTrong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh htnhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh no. Gi s chng ta c thchp electron ca nguyn t hidro mt thi im no , nu chngta li chp nh mt thi im tip theo th electron s mt v trkhc.

Nu chng ta chng hng triu bc nh thu c sao cho ht nhntrng nhau th hnh nh thu c bng cch lp ghp c th ging nhmt m my c to thnh t mt s rt ln cc du chm, mi duchm biu din mt v tr ca electron xung quanh ht nhn. i vinguyn t hidro, s chuyn ng ca electron c th hnh dung nhmt m my tch in m. V mt l thuyt, khng c ng bin rnt ca m my tch in, nhng thc t c th v thnh mt mtcong bao quanh hu nh ton b in tch ca m my.2. ObitanVng khng gian bao quanh ht nhn nguyn t cha hu nh ton b in tch ca m my c gi lobitan nguyn t. Tuy nhin, mt in tch khng ng u trong khng gian ny. Mt cc du chmdy c hn gn ht nhn, chng t cc electron thng xuyn gn htnhn hn l xa ht nhn.My electron ca nguyn t hidro trng thi c bn hu nh tp trung trong mt vng khng gian c dnghnh cu ban knh trung bnh 0,053nm.Obitan nguyn t l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt (xc sut tm thy)electron khong 90%.3. Hnh dngobitan nguyn tDa trn s khc nhau v trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t, ngi ta phn loi thnh cc obitan s,obitan p, obitan d v obitan f. Hnh dng ca cc obitan nh sau:Obitan s c dng cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t.

obitan s

Obitan p gm 3 obitan px, py, pzc dng hnh s 8 ni. mi obitan c s nh hng khc nhau trong khnggian, chng hn obitan pxnh hng theo trc x, obitan py nh hng theo trc y

3 obitan p


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5 obitan d 7 obitan f

Obitan d v f c hnh dng phc tp hn.4. S obitan nguyn t trong mt phn lp electron biu din obitan mt cch n gin ngi ta cndng vung nh, c gi l lng t. Mt lng t ng vi mt AO. Mi AO cha ti a 2 electron.

Phn lp s: Ch c 1 obitan, c i xng cu trong khng gianPhn lp p: C 3 obitan px, py, pznh hng theo cc trc x, y v z.Phn lp d: C 5 obitan, nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.Phn lp f: C 7 obitan, nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.

5: CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T

1) Mc nng lng ca cc lp v phn lp:Do c s chn p v mc nng lng khi in electron vo cc lp v cc phn lp => th t v mc nnglng (quy tc Kleckowskihay nguyn l vng bn) t thp n cao nh sau:


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1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4 p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p...

1s

2s

3s

4s

5s

6s

7s

3p

2p

4p

5p

6p

7p

3d

4d

5d

6d

4f

5f

W

R(K )

(L )

(M )

(N )

(O )

(P )

(Q )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

W

R1s

2s

3s

4s

5s

6s

7s

3p

2p

4p

5p

6p

7p

3d

4d

5d

6d

4f

5 f

(K )1.

(M )3.

(N )4 .

(L )2 .

(O )5 .

(P )6 .

(Q )7 .

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4 d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p. ..

2) Cu hnh electronCu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.

Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau:- S th t lp electron c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3).

- Phn lp c ghi bng ch ci thng s, p, d, f.- S electron trong mt phn lp c ghi bng s pha bn phi ca phn lp (s2, p6), cc phn lp khngc electron khng ghi.

Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t gm cc bc sau:Bc 1:Xc nh s electron nguyn t.Bc 2:Cc electron c phn b ln lt vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng ca nng lng trong nguynt (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s3d4p 5s) v tun theo quy tc sau:-phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron;-phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron;-phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron;-phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron.Bc 3.Vit cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau (1s2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d4p 5s).

V d 1:Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn tN (Z=7):1. Xc nh s electron: 8.2. Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng trong nguyn t: 1s22s22p4.3. Cu hnh electron l: 1s22s22p4.

4. Theo lng t.

V d 2:Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Fe (Z=26).1. Xc nh s electron: 26.2. Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng trong nguyn t:

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6.

3. Vit cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau:1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2. Hay vit gn l [Ar] 3d64s2.

V d 3 : C (Z=6) trng thi c bn l: 1s22s22p2 hay :

Cu hnh e trng thi kch thch: Khi nguyn t c cung cp nng lng, cc cp e ghp i b

tch ra thnh e c thn v chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn.V d : C trng thi kch thch :

trng thi ny cc nguyn t rt khng bn, chng d tham gia lin kt ha hc.


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Cu hnh electron ca ion :Khi nguyn t mt bt hoc nhn thm electron tr thnh ion.* i vi 20 nguyn t u ( Z 20 ) th CH e trng vi mc nng lng.

* i vi cc nguyn t c Z > 20 th CH e khng cn trng vi nng lng nn khi vit CH e phi ch:

- Vit cu hnh e theo nng lng trc.- Sp sp li theo th t tng lp.

TD: Vit CH e ca 26Fe. Ta lm nh sau:- Vit CH e theo nng lng: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6- Sp xp li CH electron: 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

* i vi ccnguyn t nh: Cr, Cu, Pdc ngoi l i vi s sp xp cc electron ngoi cng (v cs chuyn sang mc bo ho v bn bo ho).

- Mc bo ho: (n-1)d9ns2 (n-1)d10ns1( nhvy s thun li hn v mt nng lng)TD: CH e ca 29Cu: 1s

22s22p63s23p63d94s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1

- Mc bn bo ho: (n-1)d4ns2 (n-1)d5ns1( nhvy s thun li hn v mt nng lng)TD: CH e ca 24Cr: 1s

22s22p63s23p63d44s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1

c thm:Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn belectron trong nguyn t1. Nguyn l Pau-li- Trn mt obitan c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiunhau xung quanh trc ring cami electron.-Nu c mt electron trong mt obitan th ta biu th bng mt mi tn i ln.-Nu c hai electron trong mt obitan th ta biu th bng mt mi tn i ln v mt mi tn i xung.

a) 1 electron c thn b) 2 electron ghp i2. Nguyn l vng bn

trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng tthpn cao.V d:

Nguyn t hidro (Z=1) : 1s1. Electron ny chim obitan 1s :Nguyn t nit (Z=7) : 1s22s22p33. Quy tc Hund

Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l tia v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.V d:

Nguyn t nit (Z=7) c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p3, cc electron c phn b vo cc obitan nh sau:

ng SaiS phn b electron vo cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon

6: C IM CA ELECTRON LP NGOI CNG

Lp e ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t:Lp electron ngoi cng bo ho hoc gi bo (2e vi He v 8e vi kh him khc) bn vng.Lp electron ngoi cng c 1, 2, 3e l cc kim loi (tr H, He, B), d nhng e to cation. Lp electron ngoi cng c 5, 6, 7e thng l cc phi kim, d nhn e tr thnh anion.Lp e ngoi cng c 4e : C, Si l cc phi kim ; Ge, Sn, Pb l cc kim loi.


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CHNG II. BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun honC 3 nguyn tc:1. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.2. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh 1 hng gi l chu k.3. Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh

nhau c xp thnh mt ct gi l nhm.

II. Cu to ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc1. nguyn tMi nguyn t ha hc c xp vo mt ca bng, gi l nguyn tS th t ca nguyn t bng shiu nguyn t canguyn t .2. Chu k

Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng ccng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn

tng dn.S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron trong nguyn t.Chu k thng bt u bng mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng mt kh him (tr chu k 1,chu k 7).Cc chu k 1,2,3 c gi l cc chu k nh.Cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 c gi l cc chu k ln.3. Nhm nguyn t

Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau, do c tnhcht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh 1 ct.

Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm c s electron ha tr bng nhau v bng s th t ca nhm(tr 2 ct cui ca nhm VIIIB).Khi nguyn t- Khi cc nguyn t s : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA (nhm kim loi kim) v nhm IIA (nhm kimloi kim th).- Khi cc nguyn t p : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm IIIA n nhm VIIIA (tr He).Nhm Abao gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p.- Khi cc nguyn t d: gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm B.- Khi cc nguyn t f: gm cc nguyn t xp hai hng cui bng.Nhm Bbao gm cc nguyn t d v nguyn t f.


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7: S BIN I TUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN TCA CC NGUYN T HA HC

Ta thy, u mi chu k l nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns1. Kt thc mi chu k lnguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t l ns2np6(tr chu k 1).- Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A c lp i lp lisau mi chu k => Chng bin i tun hon.

- S bin i tun hon v cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch htnhn tng chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.Mt s nhm A tiu biua) Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him (gm cc nguyn t : He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn).c im:- C 8 e lp ngoi cng (ns2np6) (tr He c 2), l cu hnh bn vng.- Phn t gm mt nguyn t, u trng thi kh.Tnh cht:- Hu nh Khng tham gia cc phn ng ha hc, tr mt s trng hp c bit.

b) Nhm IA l nhm kim loi kim (gm cc nguyn t : H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs).c im:- C 1e lp ngoi cng (ns1) nn d nhng 1e to cu hnh bn ca kh him.- Trong cc hp cht, kim loi kim ch c ha tr 1.Tnh cht:Kim loi kim l nhng kim loi in hnh.- Tc dng vi oxi to thnh oxit baz tan trong nc.- Tc dng vi nc nhit thng to thnh hidro v hidroxit kim mnh.- Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc to mui.c) Nhm VIIA l nhm halogen (gm cc nguyn t : F, Cl, Br, I, At).c im:- C 7e lp ngoi cng (ns2np5) nn c khuynh hng nhn thm 1e to cu hnh bn ca kh him.- Trong cc hp cht vi nguyn t kim loi, cc nguyn t halogen c ha tr 1.

- dng n cht, cc phn t halogen gm hai nguyn t: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.Tnh cht:- Tc dng vi kim loi cho mui.- Tc dng vi hidro cho ra cc kh.- Hidroxit ca nhng halogen l nhng axit.

8: S BIN I TUN HON TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim- Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d mt e tr thnh ion dng.

Nguyn t cng d mt electron, tnh kim loi ca nguyn t cng mnh.- Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d thu electron tr thnh ion m.

Nguyn t cng d thu electron, tnh phi kim ca nguyn t cng mnh.1. S bin i tnh cht trong mt chu kTrong mt chu k, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t yu dn, ngthi tnh phi kim tng dn.Gii thch:Trong mt chu k t tri qua phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn nhng s lp electron ca cc nguyn t bngnhau do lc ht ca ht nhn ln cc electron lp ngoi cng tng lm cho bn knh nguyn t gim nnkh nng d nhng electron gim dn, ng thi kh nng thu electron tng dn.

2. S bin i tnh cht trong mt nhm ATrong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t mnh dnng thi tnh phi kim yu dn.


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Gii thch:Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, in tch ht nhn tng nhng ng thi s lp electronca cc nguyn t cng tng lm cho bn knhnguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng nhanh v chimu th nn kh nng d nhng electron ca ccnguyn t tng ln, ng thi kh nng thuelectron gim dn.

Xesi l nguyn t kim loi mnh nht.Flo l nguyn t phi kim mnh nht.3. m ina) Khi nim m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho khnng ht e ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh linkt ha hc.

Nh vy, m in ca nguyn t cng ln thtnhphi kim ca n cng mnh. Ngc li min ca nguyn t cng nh th tnh kim loi can cng mnh.- Trong mt chu k, khi i t tri qua phi theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, gi tr phi m in cacc nguyn t ni chung tng dn.- Trong mt nhm A, , khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng ca in tch ht, gi tr m in ca ccnguyn t ni chung gim dn.Kt lun:Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng dn ca in

tch ht nhn.

II. Ha tr ca cc nguyn tTrong mt chu k, i t tri qua phi, ha tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi tng ln ltt 1 n 7.Ha tr ca cc phi kim trong hp cht vi hidro gim t 4 n 1.

S bin i tun hon ha tr ca cc nguyn t

S th t nhm A IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

Hp cht vi oxiNa2O

K2O

MgO

CaO

Al2O3

Al2O3

SiO2

SiO2

P2O5

P2O5

SO3

SO3

Cl2O7

Cl2O7

Ha tr cao nht vi oxi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hp cht kh vi hidroSiH4

GeH4

PH3

AsH3

H2S

H2Se

HCl

HBr

Ha tr vi hidro 4 3 2 1

III. Oxit v hidroxit ca cc nguyn t nhm ATrong mt chu k t tri qua phi tnh baz ca cc oxit v hidroxit tng ng yu dn, ng thi tnhaxit tng dn.


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S bin i tnh axit -baz

Na2O

Oxit bazMgO

Oxit bazAl2O3

Oxit lng tnhSiO2

Oxit axit

P2O5

Oxit axit

SO3

Oxit axit

Cl2O7

Oxit axit

NaOH

Baz mnh (kim)Mg(OH)2

Baz yuAl(OH)3

Hidroxit lng tnhH2SiO3

Axit yuH3PO4

Axit trung tnh

H2SO4

Axit mnhHClO4

Axit rt mnh

IV. nh lut tun hon

Trn c s kho st s bin bi tun hon ca cu hnh electron nguyn t, bn knh nguyn t, m inca nguyn t, tnh kim loi v tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t ha hc, thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp chtca chng, ta thy tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc bin i theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng, nhngkhng lin tc m tun hon.Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh chtca cc hp cht to nnt cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

c thm: Nng lng ion haNng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch electron th nht ra khinguyn t trng thi c bn.

Nng lng ion ha c tnh bng kJ/mol.

Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, lc lin kt gia ht nhn v electron lp ngoicng tng, lm cho nng lng ion ha ni chung cng tng theo.Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, khong cch gia electron lp ngoi cng nht nhn tng, lc lin kt gia electron lp ngoi cng v ht nhn gim, do nng lng ion ha nichung gim.


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DNG 1: BI TP V THNH PHN CA NGUYN TCu 1:Ht nhn ca hu ht cc nguyn t do cc loi ht sau cu to nn A. electron, proton v ntron B. electron v ntronC. proton v ntron D. electron v protonCu 2:Mt nguyn t c c trng c bn bngA. S proton v in tch ht nhn B. S proton v s electronC. S khi A v s ntron D. S khi A v in tch ht nhn

Cu 3:Nguyn t ha hc bao gm cc nguyn t:A. C cng s khi A B. C cng s protonC. C cng s ntron D. C cng s proton v s ntronCu 4:iu khng nh no sau y l sai ?A. Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to nn bi cc ht proton, electron, ntron.B. Trong nguyn t s ht proton bng s ht electron.C. S khi A l tng s proton (Z) v tng s ntron (N).D. Nguyn t c cu to nn bi cc ht proton, electron, ntron.Cu 5:Pht biu no sau y khng ng?A. Nguyn t c cu to t cc ht c bn l p, n, e.B. Nguyn t c cu trc c kht, gm v nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t.

C. Ht nhn nguyn t cu to bi cc ht proton v ht ntron.D. V nguyn t c cu to t cc ht electron. Cu 6:Mnh no sau y khng ng ?(1) S in tch ht nhn c trng cho 1 nguyn t (2) Ch c ht nhn nguyn t oxi mi c 8 proton.(3) Ch c ht nhn nguyn t oxi mi c 8 ntron (4) Ch c trong nguyn t oxi mi c 8 electron.A. 3 v 4 B. 1 v 3 C. 4 D. 3

Cu 7:Chn cu pht biu sai :1. Trong mt nguyn t lun lun c s prtn = s electron = s in tch ht nhn2. Tng s prton v s electron trong mt ht nhn gi l s khi3. S khi A l khi lng tuyt i ca nguyn t4. S prton =in tch ht nhn5. ng v l cc nguyn t c cng s prton nhng khc nhau v s ntronA. 2,4,5 B. 2,3 C. 3,4 D. 2,3,4

Cu 8:Cho ba nguyn t c k hiu l Mg2412

, Mg25

12, Mg

26

12. Pht biu no sau y l sai ?

A.S ht electron ca cc nguyn t ln lt l: 12, 13, 14 B.y l 3 ng v.C.Ba nguyn ttrn u thuc nguyn t Mg. D.Ht nhn ca mi ngt u c 12 proton.Cu 9:Chn cu pht biu sai:A. S khi bng tng s ht p v n B. Tng s p v s e c gi l s khiC. Trong 1 nguyn t s p = s e =in tch ht nhn D. S p bng s eCu 10:Nguyn t Al27

13 c :

A. 13p, 13e, 14n. B. 13p, 14e, 14n. C. 13p, 14e, 13n. D. 14p, 14e, 13n.

Cu 11:Nguyn t canxi c k hiu l Ca4020

. Pht biu no sau y sai ?

A. Nguyn t Ca c 2electron lp ngoi cng. B. S hiu nguyn t ca Ca l 20.C. Canxi th 20 trong bng tun hon. D. Tng s ht c bn ca canxi l 40.Cu 12:Cp pht biu no sau y l ng:1. Obitan nguyn t l vng khng gian quanh ht nhn, xc sut hin din ca electron l rt ln (trn90%).

2. m my electron khng c ranh gii r rt cn obitan nguyn t c ranh gii r rt. 3. Mi obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron vi chiu t quay ging nhau.4. Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s c phn b trn cc obitan sao cho cc electron c thn l

ti a v cc electron phi c chiu t quay khc nhau.5. Mi obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron vi chiu t quay khc nhau.

A. 1,3,5. B. 3,2,4. C. 3,5, 4. D. 1,2,5.


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DNG 2: TM S P, E, N, S KHI A -VIT K HIU NGUYN TLU :Ngt X c s ht ( p, n,e ) nhn thm a electron Ion Xa-c s ht l ( p, n, e + a)Ngt Y c s ht (p, n, e) nhng (cho) b electron Ion Yb+c s ht l ( p, n, e - b)

Cu 13:Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht l 40 .Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s htkhng mang in l 12 ht .Nguyn t X c s khi l :

A. 27 B. 26 C. 28 D. 23Cu 14:Trong nguyn t mt nguyn t A c tng s cc loi ht l 58. Bit s ht p t hn s ht n l 1ht. K hiu ca A l

A.K

38

19 B.K

39

19 C.K

39

20 D.K

38

20 Cu 15:Tng cc ht c bn trong mt nguyn t l 155 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s htkhng mang in l 33 ht. S khi ca nguyn t lA. 119 B. 113 C. 112 D. 108

Cu 16:Tng cc ht c bn trong mt nguyn t l 82 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s htkhng mang in l 22 ht. S khi ca nguyn t lA. 57 B. 56 C. 55 D. 65

Cu 17: Ngt ca nguyn t Y c cu to bi 36 ht .Trong ht nhn, ht mang in bng s ht khngmang in.1/ S n v in tch ht nhn Z l :A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D.15

2/ S khi A ca ht nhn l :A . 23 B. 24 C. 25 D. 27

Cu 18:Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 49, trong s ht khng mang in bng53,125% s ht mang in.in tch ht nhn ca X l:

A. 18 B. 17 C. 15 D. 16

Cu 19:Nguyn t nguyn t X -c cu to bi 36 ht, trong s ht mang in gp i s ht khngmang in. in tch ht nhn ca X l:

A. 10 B. 12 C. 15 D. 18Cu 20: Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c 122 ht p,n,e. S ht mang in trong nhn t hn s ht khngmang in l 11 ht. S khi ca nguyn t trn l:

A. 122 B. 96 C. 85 D. 74

Cu 21:Nguyn t X c tng s ht p,n,e l 52 v s khi l 35. S hiu nguyn t ca X lA. 17 B. 18 C. 34 D. 52

Cu 22:Nguyn t X c tng s ht p, n, e l 28 ht. K hiu nguyn t ca X lA. X16

8B. X19

9 C. X10

9 D. X18

9

Cu 23:Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 13. S khi ca nguynt l:

A. 8 B. 10 C. 11 D. Tt c u saiCu 24:Tngs ht mang in trong ion AB43- l 50. S ht mang in trong nguyn t A nhiu hn s ht

mang in trong ht nhn nguyn t B l 22. S hiu nguyn t A, B ln lt l:A. 16 v 7 B. 7 v 16 C. 15 v 8 D. 8 v 15

Cu 25:Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht p,n,e l 140, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khngmang in l 44 ht. S khi ca M ln hn s khi ca X l 23. Tng s ht p,n,e trong nguyn t M nhiuhn trong nguyn t X l 34 ht. CTPT ca M2X l:A. K2O B. Rb2O C. Na2O D. Li2O

Cu 26:Trong phn t MX2c tng s ht p, n, e bng 164 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s htkhng mang in l 52 ht. S khi ca nguyn t M ln hn s khi ca nguyn t X l 5. Tng s ht

p,n,e trong nguyn t M ln hn trong nguyn t X l 8 ht. Tng s ht p, n, e trong nguyn t M ln hntrong nguyn t X l 8 ht. S hiu nguyn t ca M l:

A. 12 B. 20 C. 26 D. 9


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DNG 3: XC NH NGT KHI TRUNG BNH, S KHI, % CC NG VDng 1: Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh.- Nu cha c s khi A1; A2. ta tm A1 = p + n1; A2 = p+ n2; A3 = p + n3- p dng cng thc :A =

100

...A332211

xAxAx trong A1, A2, A3 l s khi ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3

x1, x2, x3 l % s nguyn t ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3

hoc A =321

332211...A

xxx

xAxAx

trong A1, A2, A3 l s khi ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3

x1, x2, x3l s nguyn t ca cc ng v 1, 2,3Dng 2: Xc nh phn trm cc ng v-Gi % cang v 1 l x %% ca ng v 2 l (100 x).

-Lp phng trnh tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh gii c x.Dng 3: Xc nh s khi ca cc ng v- Gi s khi cc ng v 1, 2 ln lt l A1; A2.- Lp h 2 phng trnh cha n A1; A2giih c A1; A2.Cu 27:nh ngha v ng v no sau y ng:A. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s ntron, khc nhau s prton.B. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s ntron, khc nhau s prtonC. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s prton, khc nhau s ntronD. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s proton, khc nhau s ntronCu 28:Trong dy k hiu cc nguyn t sau, dy no ch cng mt nguyn t ha hc:

A. 14 156 7

;A B B. 16 17 188 8 8

C ; ;D E C. 56 5626 27

G ; F D. 20 2210 11

H ; I

Cu 29:Oxi c 3 ng v 168O,

17

8O,

18

8O s kiu phn t O2c th to thnh l:

A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

Cu 30:Trong t nhin H c 3 ng v: 1H, 2H, 3H. Oxi c 3 ng v 16O, 17O, 18O. Hi c bao nhiu loi

phn t H2O c to thnh t cc loi ng v trn:A. 3 B. 16 C. 18 D. 9

Cu 31:Nit trong thin nhin l hn hp gm hai ng v l N147

(99,63%) v N157

(0,37%). Nguyn t

khi trung bnh ca nit lA. 14,7 B. 14,0 C. 14,4 D. 13,7

Cu 32:Nguyn t X c hai ng v, c t l s nguyn t ca ng v I v II l 27/23. Ht nhn ca X c35 proton. ng v I c 44 ntron, ng v II c nhiu hn ng v I l 2 ntron. Nguyn t khi trung bnhca nguyn t X l

A. 79,2 B. 78,9 C. 79,92 D. 80,5

Cu 33:Nguyn t Cu c hai ng v bn l Cu6329

v Cu6529

. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54. T

l% ng v Cu6329 , Cu65

29ln lt l

A. 70% v 30% B. 27% v 73% C. 73% v 27% D. 64% v 36 %

Cu 34:Khi l-ng nguyn t trung bnh ca Brm l 79,91. Brm c hai ng v, trong ng v 35Br79

chim 54,5%. Khi l-ng nguyn t ca ng v th hai s l:A. 77 B. 78 C. 80 D. 81

Cu 35:Nguyn t Bo c 2 ng v 11B (x1%) v10B (x2%), ngt khi trung bnh ca Bo l 10,8. Gi tr ca

x1% l: A. 80% B. 20% C. 10,8% D. 89,2%

Cu 36:Ngt X c 2 ng v , t l s ngt ca ng v 1, ng v 2 l 31 : 19. ng v 1 c 51p, 70n vng v th 2 hn ng v 1 l 2 ntron. Tm ngt khi trung bnh ca X ?Cu 37:Clo co hai ong v la 35 37

17 17;C l C l . T le so nguyen t cua hai ong v nay la 3 : 1. Tnh nguyen t

lng trung bnh cua Clo.Cu 38:ng c 2 ng v Cu63

29; Cu

65

29, bit t l s nguyn t ca chng ln lt l 105 : 245. Tnh ngt

khi trung bnh ca Cu ?


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DNG 4: TM NGT V VIT CU HNH E CA NGT- C IM E CA LP, PHN LPTm ZTn nguyn t, vit cu hnh electronCu 39:Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:

6C ,

8O ,

12Mg ,

15P ,

20Ca ,

18Ar ,

32Ge ,

35Br,

30Zn ,

29Cu .

- Chobit nguyn t no l kim loi , nguyn t no l phi kim, nguyn t no l kh him? V sao?- Cho bit nguyn t no thuc nguyn t s , p , d , f ? V sao?

Cu 40:Ba nguyen t A, B, C co so hieu nguyen t la 3 so t nhien lien tiep. Tong so e cua chung la51. Hay viet cau hnh e va cho biet ten cua chung.Cu 41:a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s 24p4 . Hy vit cu hnhelectron ca nguyn t X.

b) Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s electron cc phn lp p l 11. Hy vit cu hnh electronca nguyn t Y.Cu 42:Mt nguyn t X c s hiu nguyn t Z =19. S lp electron trong nguyn t X lA. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 6

Cu 43:Nguyn t ca nguyn t nhm c 13e v cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p63s23p1. Kt lun no sauy ng ?A. Lp electron ngoi cng ca nhm c 3e.

B. Lp electron ngoi cng ca nhm c 1e.C. Lp L (lp th 2) ca nhm c 3e.D. Lp L (lp th 2) ca nhm c 3e hay ni cch khc l lp electron ngoi cng ca nhm c 3e.Cu 44: trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca nguyn t c s hiu bng 7 c my electron c thn ?A. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 1

Cu 45:Mc nng lng ca cc electron trn cc phn lp s, p, d thuc cng mt lp c xp theo th tA. d < s < p. B. p < s < d. C. s < p < d. D. s < d < p.

Cu 46:Cc nguyn t c Z 20, tho mn iu kin c 2e c thn lp ngoi cng lA. Ca, Mg, Na, K B. Ca, Mg, C, Si C. C, Si, O, S D. O, S, Cl, F

Cu 47:Nguyn t M c cu hnh electron ca phn lp ngoi cng l 3d7. Tng s electron ca nguyn tM l:

A. 24 B. 25 C. 27 D. 29Cu 48:Electron cui cng ca mt nguyn t M in vo phn lp 3d3. S electron ha tr ca M l

A. 3 B. 2 C. 5 D.4

Cu 49:Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp s l 6 v tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 6.Cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau y?

A. Oxi (Z = 8) B. Lu hunh (Z = 16) C. Flo (Z = 9) D. Clo (Z = 17)Cu 50:Mt ngt X c tng s e cc phn lp p l 11. Hy cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sauy?

A. nguyn t s. B. nguyn t p. C. nguyn t d. D. nguyn t f.Cu 51:Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn tY c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. X v Y l cc nguyn t:

A. Al v Br B. Al v Cl C. Mg v Cl D. Si v Br.

Cu 52:Nguyn t nguyn t X c e cui cng in vo phn lp 3p1. Nguyn t nguyn t Y c e cuicng in vo phn lp 3p3. S proton ca X, Y ln l-t l:

A. 13 v 15 B. 12 v 14 C. 13 v 14 D. 12 v 15Cu 53:Electron cui cng ca nguyn t nguyn t X phn b vo phn lp 3d6. X l

A. Zn B. Fe C. Ni D. SCu 54:Mt nguyn t X c 3 lp. trng thi c bn, s electron ti a trong lp M l:

A. 2 B. 8 C. 18 D. 32

Cu 55:Mot nguyen t co Z la 14 th nguyen t o co ac iem sau:A. So obitan con trong trong lp vo la 1. C. So obitan trong la 6.

B. So electron oc than la 2. D. A, B eu ung.Cu 56:Phn t X2Y3c tng s ht electron l 50, s e trong ngt X nhiu hn trong nguyn t Y l 5.Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, vit cu hnh e ca X, Y?


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DNG 5: VIT CU HNH E CA ION XC NH TNH CHT CA NGUYN T

1. T cu hnh e ca nguyn tCu hnh e ca ion tng ng.- Cu hnh e ca ion dng : bt i s e phn lp ngoi cng ca ngt bng ng in tch ion .- Cu hnh e ca ion m : nhn thm s e bng ng in tch ion vo phn lp ngoi cng ca ngt.2. Da vo cu hnh e, xc nh cu to nguyn t, tnh cht ca nguyn t.

-Lp ngoi cng c 8 e ngt kh him-Lp ngoi cng c 1, 2, 3 e ngt kim loi-Lp ngoi cng c 5, 6, 7ngt phi kim-Lp ngoi cng c 4 e c th l kim loi, hay phi kim.

Cu 57:Hy vit cu hnh electron : Fe , Fe2+ , Fe3+ , S , S2- , Rb v Rb+. Bit : ZFe = 26 ; ZS= 16 ; ZRb

=

37.

Cu 58:Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ngt, ion sau : Al (Z = 13); Al3+; Fe ( Z= 26); Fe2+; Br ( Z= 35); Br-?Cu 59:Cho bit st c s hiu nguyn t l 26. Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe2+ l:

A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d6

C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d4

Cu 60:Cu trc electronno sau y l ca ion Cu+.

A. 1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

3d

9

4s

1

. B. 1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

3d

10

.C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d9. D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1

Cu 61: Cu2+c cu hnh electron l:A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s2 B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d9 D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d8

Cu 62: Ion X2- v M3+ u c cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p6. X, M l nhng nguyn t no sau y ?A. F, Ca B. O, Al C. S, Al D. O, Mg

Cu 63:Dy gm nguyn t X, cc ion Y2+ v Z-u c cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p63s23p6 l:A. Ne, Mg2+, F- B. Ar, Mg2+, F- C. Ne, Ca2+, Cl- D. Ar,Ca2+, Cl-

Cu 64: Cation R+c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn tR

A.1s22s22p5 B.1s22s22p63s2 C.1s22s22p63s23p1 D.1s22s22p63s1

Cu 65: Ion M3+

c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3d5

. Vy cu hnh electron ca M lA. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d8 D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s24p1

Cu 66:Cu hnh e ca ion Mn2+ l : 1s22s22p63s23p63d5. Cu hnh e ca Mn l :A.1s22s22p63s23p63d7 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2

B.1s22s22p63s23p64s24p5 D.1s22s22p63s23p63d34s24p2

Cu 67: Chobit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X : 1s22s22p63s23p4 ; Y : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 ; Z :1s22s22p63s23p6. Nguyn t no l kim loi ?

A. X B. Y C. Z D. X v Y

Cu 68:Cho cc nguyn t c s hiu tng ng l X (Z1 = 11), Y (Z2 = 14), Z (Z3 = 17), T (Z4 = 20), R (Z5= 10). Cc nguyn t l kim loi gm :

A. Y, Z, T. B. Y, T, R. C. X, Y, T. D. X, T.Cu 69:Cu trc electron no sau y l ca phi kim:(1). 1s22s22p63s23p4. (2). 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2. (3). 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3.

(4). [Ar]3d54s1. (5). [Ne]3s23p3. (6). [Ne]3s23p64s2.

A. (1), (2), (3). B. (1), (3), (5). C. (2), (3), (4). D. (2), (4), (6).

Cu 70:Cho cc cu hnh electron sau:a. 1s22s1. b. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. c. 1s22s22p63s23p1

d. 1s22s22p4. e. 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2 f. 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2

g. 1s22s22p63s23p5. h. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5 i. 1s22s22p63s23p2

j. 1s22s22p63s1. k. 1s22s22p3. l. 1s2.

a, Cc nguyn t c tnh cht phi kim gm:A. ( c, d, f, g, k) B. ( d, f, g, j, k) C. ( d, g, h, k ) D. ( d, g, h, i, k).

b, Cc nguyn t c tnh kim loi :A. ( a, b, e, f, j, l). B. ( a, f, j, l) C. ( a, b,c, e, f, j) D. ( a, b, j, l).


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CHUYN 2: BNG TUN HON V NH LUT TUN HON

DNG 1: T CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T V TR TRONG BTHLu :- T cu hnh ion => cu hnh electron ca nguyn t => v tr trong BTH

( khng dng cu hnh ion => v tr nguyn t )- T v tr trong BTHcu hnh electron ca nguyn t+ T s th t chu k => s lp electron => lp ngoi cng l lp th my

+ T s th t nhm => s electron ca lp ngoi cng ( vi nhm A) cu hnh electron.Nu cu hnh e ngoi cng : (n-1)da nsbth nguyn t thuc nhm B v :

+ nu a + b < 8 S TT nhm = a + b.+ nu a + b = 8, 9, 10 S TT nhm = 8.+ nu a + b > 10 S TT nhm = a + b 10.

Cu 71:Nguyn t A c Z = 18,v tr ca A trong bng tun hon l:A. chu k 3, phn nhm VIB B. chu k 3, phn nhm VIIIA

C. chu k 3, phn nhm VIA D. chu k 3, phn nhm VIIIB

Cu 72:Nguyn t R c Z = 25,v tr ca R trong bng tun hon l:

A. chu k 4, phn nhm VIIA B. chu k 4, phn nhm VBC. chu k 4, phn nhm IIA D. chu k 4, phn nhm VIIB

Cu 73: Nguyn t A c mc nng lng ngoi cng l 3p5. Ngt B c mc nng lng ngoi cng 4s2.Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong BTH ?Cu 74:Xc nh v tr ca cc ngt c mc nng lng ngoi cng l :A. 3s23p5 B. 3d104p6 C. 4s23d3 D. 4s23d10 E. 4s23d8

Cu 75:Cho 3 nguyn t A, M, X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng (n = 3) tng ng l ns1, ns2 np1,ns2 np5. Pht biu no sau y sai ?

A. A, M, X ln lt l cc th 11, 13 v 17 ca bng tun hon. B. A, M, X u thuc chu k 3 ca bng tun hon.C. A, M, X thuc nhm IA, IIIA v VIIA ca bng tun hon.

D. Trong ba nguyn t, ch c X to c hp cht vi hiro.Cu 76: Anion X3-c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. V tr ca X trong BTH l:A. th 15, chu k 3, phn nhm VA B. th 16, chu k 2, phn nhm VAC. th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm VIIA D. th 21, chu k 4, phn nhm IIIB

Cu 77: Ion X2+c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p6. V tr ca X trong bng tun hon (chu k, nhm) lA. Chu k 3, nhm IIA B. Chu k 2, nhm VIA

C. Chu k 2, nhm VIIA D. Chu k 3, nhm IA

Cu 78: Ion Yc cu hnh electron 1s22s22p63s23p6. V tr ca Y trong bng tun hon (chu k, nhm) lA. Chu k 3, nhm VIIA B. Chu k 3, nhm VIA

C. Chu k 4, nhm IA D. Chu k 4, nhm IIA

Cu 79: Cation X+ v anion Y2-u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. V tr ca cc nguyn ttrong BTH l:

A. X c STT 19, chu k 4, nhm IA; Y c STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA

B. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA; Y c STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA

C. X c STT 19, chu k 4, nhm IA; Y c STT 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA

D. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA; Y c STT 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA

Cu 80:Nguyn t Y c Z = 22.a. Vit cu hnh electron ngt Y, xc nh v tr ca Y trong BTH ?

b.Vit cu hnh electron ca Y2+; Y4+ ?Cu 81:Ngt A chu k 5, nhm IA, nguyn t B c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4p5.

a. Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B ?b.Xc nh cu to ngt, v tr ca ngt B ?c. Gi tn A, B v cho bit A, B l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him ?


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DNG 2: XC NH 2 NGUYN T K TIP TRONG CNG 1 CHU K HOC CNG NHM-Nu A, B l 2 nguyn t nm k tip nhau trong 1 chu kZBZA = 1-Nu A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc 1 nhm A v 2 chu k lin tipth gia A, B c th cch nhau 8, 18 hoc 32nguyn t. Lc ny cn xt bi ton 3 trng hp:

+ Trng hp 1: A, B cch nhau 8 nguyn t : ZBZA = 8.+ Trng hp 2: A, B cch nhau 18 nguyn t : ZBZA = 18.

+ Trng hp 3: A, B cch nhau 32 nguyn t : ZBZA = 32.Phng php : Lp h phng trnh theo 2 n ZB, ZA ZB, ZACu 82:A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc cng 1 phn nhm v thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong BTH. Bit ZA + ZB =32. S proton trong nguyn t ca A, B ln lt l:

A. 7, 25 B. 12, 20 C. 15, 17 D. 8, 14

Cu 83: A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc cng 1 phn nhm v thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong BTH. Tng s protontrong ht nhn 2 nguyn t l 30. A, B l nguyn t no sau y?

A. Li v Na B. Na v K C. Mg v Ca D. Be v Mg

Cu 84:A va B la hai nguyen to thuoc cung mot phan nhom chnh va hai chu ky nho lien tiep trong

he thong tuan hoan. Tong so p cua chung la 32. Xac nh so hieu nguyen t va viet cau hnh e cua A, B.Cu 85:A va B la hai nguyen to thuoc cung mot phan nhom chnh va hai chu ky lien tiep trong he

thong tuan hoan. Tong so ien tch hat nhan cua chung la 24. Tm so hieu nguyen t va viet cau hnh e

cua A, B.

Cu 86:A va B la hai nguyen to ng ke tiep nhau mot chu ky trong he thong tuan hoan. Tong so p

cua chung la 25. Xac nh so hieu nguyen t va viet cau hnh e cua A, B.

Cu 87:C va D la hai nguyen to ng ke tiep nhau mot chu ky trong he thong tuan hoan. Tong so

khoi cua chung la 51. So ntron cua D ln hn C la 2 hat. Trong nguyen t C, so electron bang vi so

ntron. Xac nh v tr va viet cau hnh e cua C, D.DNG 3: XC NH NGUYN T DA VO PHN TRM KHI LNGLu : i vi phi kim : ho tr cao nht vi Oxi + ho tr vi Hidro = 8-Xc nh nhm ca ngt R (S TT nhm=s electron lp ngoi cng=ho tr ca ngt trong oxit cao nht )

-Lp h thc theo % khi lng MR .

Gi s cng thc RHa cho %H%R =100-%H v ngc li ADCT :R

M

H

MaRH

%%

. gii ra MR.

Gi s cng thc RxOy cho %O %R =100-%O v ngc li ADCT :R

Mx

O

MyRO

%

.

%

. gii ra MR.

Cu 88:Ngt X c ho tr 1 trong hp cht kh vi hiro. Trong hp cht oxit cao nht X chim 38,8% khilng. Cng thc oxit cao nht, hiroxit tng nga ca X l :A. F2O7, HF B. Cl2O7, HClO4 C. Br2O7, HBrO4 D. Cl2O7, HCl

Cu 89:Hp cht kh vi hidro ca ngt c cng thc RH4, oxit cao nht c 72,73% oxi theo khi lng, Rl :

A. C B. Si C. Ge D. Sn

Cu 90:Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R l RO3. Hp cht kh ca R vi hiro c 5,88 % hiro v khi lng.Tm R.

Cu 91:Oxit cao nht ca R l R2O5. Trong hp cht kh vi hiro, R chim 82,35 % v khi lng. Tm R.Cu 92:Hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R l RH4. Trong oxit cao nht ca R c 53,3 % oxi v khilng. Tm R.Cu 93:Hp cht kh vi hiro ca ngt R l RH2. Trong oxit cao nht, t l khi lng gia R v oxi l 2 :3. Tm R.


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DNG 4: XC NH NGUYN T DA VO PHN NG HA HC- Tm 2 kim loi A, B k tip nhau trong cng phn nhm chnh.

TmhhKL

hhKL

n

mA MA < A < MBda vo BTH suy ra 2 nguyn t A, B.

Cu 94:Cho 4,4 g hn hp 2 kim loi kim th k cn nhau td vi dd HCl d cho 3,36 lt kh H 2(ktc). Hai

kim loi l:A. Ca, Sr B. Be, Mg C. Mg, Ca D. Sr, Ba

Cu 95:Cho 34,25 gam mt kim loi M( ha tr II) tc dng vi dd HCl d thu c 6,16 lt H2( 27,3oC,

1atm). M l: A. Be B. Ca C. Mg

D. Ba

Cu 96:Ho tan hn hp gm 2 kim loi kim k tip nhau vo nc c dd X v 336 ml kh H2(ktc).Cho HCl d vo dd X v c cn thu c 2,075 g mui khan. Hai kim loi kim l:

A. Li, Na B. Na, K C. K, Rb D. Rb, Cs

Cu 97:Ho tan hon ton 6,9081 g hn hp mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA vo

dd HCl thu c 1,68 lt CO2(ktc). Hai kim loi l:A. Ca, Sr B. Be, Mg C. Mg, Ca D. Sr, Ba

Cu 98:Cho 10,80 g hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA tc dng vi ddH2SO4 long d. Cht kh thu c cho hp th hon ton vo dd Ba(OH)2d th thu c 23,64 g kt ta.Cng thc 2 mui l:A. BeCO3 v MgCO3 B. MgCO3 v CaCO3 C. CaCO3 v SrCO3 D. SrCO3 v BaCO3

Cu 99:Cho 10 (g) mt kim loi A hatr II tc dng ht vi nc thu c 5,6 (l) kh H2(kc). Tm tnkim loi .Cu 100:Cho 17 g mt oxit kim loi A ( nhm III) vo dd H2SO4va , thu c 57 g mui. Xc nhkim loi A? Tnh khi lng dd H

2SO

410% dng ?

Cu 101: Cho 0,72 (g) mt kim loi M ha tr II tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d th thu c 672 (ml)kh H2(kc). Xc nh tn kim loi .Cu 102:Ha tan hon ton 6,85 (g) mt kim loi kim th R bng 200 (ml) dung dch HCl 2 (M). Nutrung ha lng axit cn 100 (ml)dung dch NaOH 3 (M). Xc nh tn kim loi trn.Cu 103:Cho 0,88 g hn hp 2 kim loi X, Y ( nhm IIA ), 2 chu k lin tip tc dng vi dd H2SO4long thu c 672 ml kh (ktc) v m gam mui khan.

a. Xc nh 2 kim loi X, Y ?b. Tnh m gam mui khan thu c ?

Cu 104: Cho 11,2 g hn hp 2 kloi kim A, B 2 chu k lin tip vo dd 200 ml H2O c 4,48 lt kh

(ktc) v dd E.a. Xc nh A, B ?

b. Tnh C% cc cht trong dd E ?c. trung ho dd E trn cn bao nhiu ml dd H2SO4 1M ?

Cu 105:Nu ha tan hon ton 1,16 (g) mt hiroxit kim loi R ha tr II cn dng 1,46 (g) HCl.a. Xc nh tn kim loi R, cng thc hiroxit.

b. Vit cu hnh e ca R bit R c s p bng s n.Cu 106:Ha tan 20,2 (g) hn hp 2 kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip thuc phn nhm chnh nhm Ivo nc thu c 6,72 (l) kh (kc) vo dung dch A.

a. Tm tn hai kim loi.b. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO42 (M) cn dng trung ha dung dch A.


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DNG 5: SO SNH TNH CHT CA 1 NGUYN T VI CC NGT LN CNCc i lng v tnh

cht so snhQuy lut bin i

trong 1 chu k

Quy lut bin itrong 1 nhm A

Bn knh nguyn t Gim dn Tng dnNng lng ion ho ( I1) Tng dn Gim dn m in Tng dn Gim dnTnh kim loi Gim dn Tng dnTnh phi kim Tng dn Gim dnHo tr ca 1 ngt trongOxit cao nht

Tng t I VII = chnh s th t nhm = s elp ngoi cng

Tnh axit ca oxit v hiroxit Tng dn Gim dnTnh baz ca oxit v hiroxit Gim dn Tng dnTrc tin : Xc nh v tr cc ngtso snh cc ngt trong cng chu k, trong 1 nhm kt quLu :Bit rng bn knh cc ion c cng cu hnh electron t l nghch vi ZCu 107:Trong chu k, t tri sang phi, theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn:

A.Tnh KL tng,tnh PK gim B. Tnh KL gim, tnh PK tngC.Tnh KL tng, tnh PK tng D.Tnh KL gim, tnh PK gim

Cu 108:Trong 1 chu k, i t tri sang phi, theo chiu Z tng dn, bn knh nguyn t:A.Tng dn B. Gim dn C. Khng i D. Khng xc nhCu 109:Bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t : Na, Li, Be, B. Xp theo chiu tng dn l:A. B < Be < Li < Na B. Na < Li < Be < B C. Li < Be < B < Na D. Be < Li < Na < B

Cu 110: m in ca cc nguyn t : Na, Mg, Al, Si. Xp theo chiu tng dn l: A. Na < Mg < Al < Si B. Si < Al < Mg < Na C. Si < Mg < Al < Na D. Al < Na < Si < Mg

Cu 111: m in ca cc nguyn t : F, Cl, Br, I .Xp theo chiu gim dn l:A. F > Cl > Br > I B. I> Br > Cl> F C. Cl> F > I > Br D. I > Br> F > Cl

Cu 112:Cc nguyn t C, Si, Na, Mg c xp theo th t nng lng ion ho th nht gim dn l :A. C, Mg, Si, Na B. Si, C, Na, Mg C. Si, C, Mg, Na D. C, Si, Mg, Na

Cu 113:Tnh kim loi gim dn trong dy :

A. Al, B, Mg, C B. Mg, Al, B, C C. B, Mg, Al, C D. Mg, B, Al, CCu 114:Tnh phi kim tng dn trong dy :

A. P, S, O, F B. O, S, P, F C. O, F, P, S D. F, O, S, P

Cu 115:Tnh kim loi tng dn trong dy :A. Ca, K, Al, Mg B. Al, Mg, Ca, K C. K, Mg, Al, Ca D. Al, Mg, K, Ca

Cu 116:Tnh phi kim gim dn trong dy :A. C, O, Si, N B. Si, C, O, N C. O, N, C, Si D. C, Si, N, O

Cu 117:Tnh baz tng dn trong dy :A. Al(OH)3 ; Ba(OH)2; Mg(OH)2 B. Ba(OH)2; Mg(OH)2; Al(OH)3

C. Mg(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; Al(OH)3 D. Al(OH)3; Mg(OH)2; Ba(OH)2

Cu 118:Tnh axit tng dn trong dy :A. H3PO4; H2SO4; H3AsO4 B. H2SO4; H3AsO4; H3PO4C. H3PO4; H3AsO4; H2SO4 D. H3AsO4; H3PO4 ;H2SO4

Cu 119:Tnh baz tng dn trong dy :A. K2O; Al2O3; MgO; CaO B. Al2O3; MgO; CaO; K2O

C. MgO; CaO; Al2O3; K2O D. CaO; Al2O3; K2O; MgO

Cu 120:Ion no c bn knh nh nht trong cc ion sau:A. Li+ B. K+ C. Be2+ D. Mg2+

Cu 121:Bn knh ion no ln nht trong cc ion sau :A. S2- B. Cl- C. K+ D. Ca2+

Cu 122:Cc ion c bn knh gim dn l :

A. Na

+

; Mg

2+

; F

-

; O

2-

B. F

-

; O

2-

; Mg

2+

; Na

+

C. Mg

2+

; Na

+

; O

2-

; F

-

D. O

2-

; F

-

; Na

+

; Mg

2+

Cu 123:Dy ion c bn knh nguyn t tng dn l :A. Cl- ; K+ ; Ca2+ ; S2- B. S2- ;Cl- ; Ca2+ ; K+ C. Ca2+ ; K+ ; Cl- ; S2- D. K+ ; Ca2+ ; S2- ;Cl-


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BI TP TNG HP TRONG CC THI I HC, CAO NG

Cu 124:(H A 2007) Dy gm cc ion X+, Y-v nguyn t Z u c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p6 l:A. Na+, Cl-, Ar. B. Li+, F-, Ne. C.Na+, F-, Ne. D. K+, Cl-, Ar.

Cu 125:(H A 2007) Anion X- v cation Y2+ u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. Vtr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l:

A. X c s th t 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII); Y c s th t 20, chu k 4,nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II).

B. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VI); Y c s th t 20, chu k 4,nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II).

C. X c s th t 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII); Y c s th t 20, chu k 4,nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II).

D. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII); Y c s th t 20, chu k 3,nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II).

Cu 126:(H B 2007) Trong mt nhm A (phn nhm chnh), tr nhm VIIIA (phn nhm chnh nhmVIII), theo

chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t th

A. tnh phi kim gim dn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn. B. tnh kim loi tng dn, min tng dn.C. m in gimdn, tnh phi kim tng dn. D. tnh kim loi tng dn, bn knh ngt gim dn.Cu 127: (C 2007) Trong t nhin, nguyn t ng c hai ng v l 6329Cuv

6529Cu. Nguyn t khi

trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. Thnh phn phn trm tng s nguyn t ca ng v 6329Cu lA. 27%. B. 50%. C. 54%. D. 73%.

Cu 128:(C 2007) Cho cc nguyn t M (Z = 11), X (Z = 17), Y (Z = 9) v R (Z = 19). m incacc nguyn t tng dn theo th tA. M < X < Y < R. B. R < M < X < Y. C. Y < M < X < R. D. M < X < R < Y.

Cu 129:(C 2008)Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. S htmang in ca mt nguyn t Y nhiu hn s ht mang in ca mt nguyn t X l 8 ht. Cc nguyn t Xv Y ln lt l

A. Fe v Cl. B.Na v Cl. C. Al v Cl. D. Al v P.Cu 130:(H A 2008) Bn knh nguyn tca cc nguyn t:3Li, 8O, 9F, 11Na c xp theo th ttngdn ttri sang phi l

A. F, O, Li, Na. B. F, Na, O, Li. C. F, Li, O, Na. D. Li, Na, O, F.

Cu 131:(H B 2008) Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kimt tri sang phi l:A. P, N, F, O. B.N, P, F, O. C. P, N, O, F. D.N, P, O, F.

Cu 132:(H B 2008) Cng thc phn tca hp cht kh to bi nguyn t R v hiro l RH3. Trongoxit m R c ho trcao nht th oxi chim74,07% v khi lng. Nguyn t R lA. S. B. As. C.N. D. P.

Cu 133:(C 2009) Mt nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 52 v c s

khi l 35. S hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X lA. 18. B. 23. C. 17. D. 15.

Cu 134:(H A 2009)Nguyn tca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns2np4. Tronghp cht khca nguyn t X vi hiro, X chim 94,12% khi lng. Phn trm khi lng cangt Xtrong oxit cao nht lA. 50,00%. B. 27,27%. C. 60,00%. D. 40,00%.

Cu 135:(H A 2009) Cu hnh electron ca ion X2+ l 1s22s22p63s23p63d6. Trong bng tun hon ccnguyn tho hc, nguyn t X thucA. chu k 4, nhm VIIIA. B. chu k 4, nhm IIA.

C. chu k 3, nhm VIB. D. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.

Cu 136:(H B 2009) Cho cc nguyn t: K (Z = 19), N (Z = 7), Si (Z = 14), Mg (Z = 12). Dy gm ccnguyn t c sp xp theo chiu gimdn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l:

A.N, Si, Mg, K. B. K, Mg, Si, N. C. K, Mg, N, Si. D. Mg, K, Si, N.


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Cu 137: (C 2010) Cho 9,125 gam mui hirocacbonat phn nght vi dung dch H2SO4 (d), thuc dung dchcha 7,5 gam mui sunfat trung ho. Cng thcca mui hirocacbonat lA.NaHCO3. B. Ca(HCO3)2. C. Ba(HCO3)2. D. Mg(HCO3)2.

Cu 138:(H A 2010) Cc nguyn t t Li n F, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn thA.bn knh nguyn t tng, min gim. B.bn knh nguyn t v min u tng.C.bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng. D.bn knh nguyn t v min u gim.

Cu 139:(H A 2010)Nhn nh no sau y ng khi ni v 3 nguyn t:26

13X,55

26Y,26

12Z?A. X v Z c cng s khi. B. X, Z l 2 ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ho hc.C. X, Y thuc cng mt nguyn t ho hc. D. X v Y c cng s ntron.

Cu 140:(H B 2010)Mt ion M3+

c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 79, trong s ht mang innhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 19. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l

A. [Ar]3d54s1. B. [Ar]3d64s2. C. [Ar]3d64s1. D. [Ar]3d34s2.

Cu 141:(C 2011) ho tan hon ton 6,4 gam hnhp gm kim loi R(ch c ha tr II) v oxit can cn va 400 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Kim loi R lA. Ba. B. Be. C. Mg. D. Ca.

Cu 142:(H A 2011)

Khi

l

ng ringca

canxi kim loi

l 1,55 g/cm3. Gi

thit

rng, trong tinh

th

canxi cc nguyn t l nhng hnh cu chim 74% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Bn knhnguyn t canxi tnh theo l thuyt l

A. 0,185 nm. B. 0,196 nm. C. 0,155 nm. D. 0,168 nm.

Cu 143:(C 2012)Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tngsht proton, ntron, electron l 52. Trong htnhn nguyn t X c s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in l 1. V tr (chu k, nhm) ca Xtrong bngtun hon cc nguyn t ha hc lA. chu k 3, nhm VA. B. chu k 3, nhm VIIA.C. chu k 2, nhm VIIA. D. chu k 2, nhm VA.Cu 144:(H A 2012)Nguyn t R toc cation R+. Cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng ca R+

(trng thi c bn) l 2p6. Tng s ht mang in trong nguyn t R lA. 10. B. 11. C. 22. D. 23.

Cu 145:(H A 2012) X v Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt chu k, hai nhm A lin tip. S protonca nguyn t Y nhiuhns proton ca nguyn t X. Tng sht proton trong nguyn t X v Y l 33.

Nhn xt no sauy v X, Y l ng?A. n cht X l cht kh iu kin thng.B. m in ca X lnhn m in ca Y.C. Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Y ( trng thi c bn) c 5 electron.D. Phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t X ( trng thi c bn) c 4 electron.

Cu 146:(H B 2012)Nguyn t Y l phi kim thuc chu k 3, c cng thc oxit cao nht l YO3. Nguynt Y to vi kimloi M hp cht c cng thc MY, trong M chim63,64% vkhi lng. Kim loi M lA. Zn. B. Cu. C. Mg. D. Fe.

Cu 147:(C 2013) trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca nguyn t X c 4 electron lp L (lp thhai). S proton c trong nguyn t X lA. 7. B. 6. C. 8. D. 5.

Cu 148:(H A 2013) trng thi cbn, cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Na (Z = 11) lA. 1s22s22p53s2. B. 1s22s22p63s1. C. 1s22s22p63s2. D. 1s22s22p43s1.

Cu 149:(H B 2013) S proton v s ntron c trong mt nguyn t nhm ( 2713Al) ln lt lA. 13 v 14 B. 13 v 15 C. 12 v 14 D. 13 v 13

2014 - Chuyên đề 01 - Cấu tạo nguyên tử

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