CHIMIE11P1-Book72dpi

7/23/2019 CHIMIE11P1-Book72dpi

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20/120

(Protons and Neutrons)UduOM UudoH cK WOU UuJL Uud u s UOKL ULKF oI bFUud WK uL dO c bFU uM q Ub WOL vK

d r dH c dOH WOIOI c WK s q U dBMF u qUduOM XOL dBMF u q WuAL dO ULO s b uUNM nAJU pU rUF U UduOM u d s UU bFWK b YO UH ozUb u uOKd dBM c s UOKLdBM c WO WuM WUFL qLud WK s qOKI d duOMcK WOU_ UuJLK UuL qJA sO ULMO UH ozUb uOKd

ud s qJ WKJ WOzUdNJ WMA w b sOb V pc dL UEM V p dJ duOM

Wc WKJ

cK WOU UuJLK uLqJA

WE

WuM ULO uwK UL

1

0n duO

1

1H+ ud0

-1UO ozU

4

2He UH ozU

9

4Be4

12

6 C1

0 n2

42 0-1 e

1

1 p

W??u?? W??U??F?? V????u dBM c qL

UH ozUb

R

++

B11

5


21/120

UNK cK WOU_ UuJ* s q WM b

Wc WIObWOzUdNJ WMAWKJ

uuW bdW WK bud

x

[

x

[[ duOx[[

dJx[x[[

c bF vL c u w uuL Uud b UIU Xc w UduOM Uud b uL WOL vK `KD UL (Z)

S tOK UM (A)wKJ bFUc bF wKJ bF UduOM b

UL b wKJ bFK uJ lu q R

WOzUOLOJ dUMF

wzUOLOJ uK UL b u s UN lOL U wzUOLOJ dBMFc lOL wMF b u s KDB S c b vK bLF dBMFKb dUMF lOL WdF s ULKF sJL bc bF fH UN cr UNM qJ bu YO = Z udMOOL v = ZsObON sWeOKU tL s jM dBMF e uI sJL t UU eWLbI dUMF iF u sOd b d s U uJs u t UNCF UNUd b UL s WOMO UNzUL s U

WOdF WGK

r dBMF e WUJ uJ dBMF qOL vKL WIdD ULKF vK (Z)c bF VJ ULMO ed U vK vK (A)wKJ bF VJ

wQ UL (AZ X )U qH27

13Al 52

24Cr 40

20Ca 23

11Na

19

9 F32

16S31

15P28

14Si

YK WOCWOL q s YW????????O d???UMF s qoze WCH V???c

uuB

b v udU

WM W?????? V???? tK v dJ

R


22/120

WHK WOK bQ WFOD w(= Z) uOM U du UudU uOM U dzUE q w

22

10Ne

21

10Ne

20

10Ne

qWOKJ Ub w XHK W uOM dzUE XE oU??? UL wWO WK_U `{u u UL dBMF s dOFK d WId dN pc jI

sOuduO

U Uud bFUU UdJ b uJ WUFL c wUNUdJ s d UdJ U dBM bIH UbM (Z)c bF

qL UU Uu `B d UdJ X U Uu Uu `BsOL vK vK WUML U l{u WJL uIHL UdJ b

wQ UL UdJ pK b UU vK UNI YO dBMF

F , O2

, Ca2

q w UduOM UdJ Uud b b UwQUL

40

20Ca

2 ? 168O2 3517CI

WUF 3517CI q UdJ_ b Uud b

=Z-A UduOM b=WM qL VU u:168O2 UdJ b Uud b

=Z - AUdOM b WM qL u:4020Ca2 ?

() UdJ b Uud b = Z - A UduOM b


23/120

UduO Uud vK u WIOb VUML ed V U UdJ

u(=Z)

t c dBMF S dUMF b v dEMUq

ZnsOUdBM =UduOM b Uud b=A

UdJ b - Z =WMA WLO =

65

30Zn

2 VuL sOU u w WuKDL WIOb S c

Wc qJu?????????d????J???? W???K?????? d???????????? v???????????K??? U????L????K????F???? o????H???? W??????????????K???? V??????????????? v?????????????????K?? [ U?????????????W??K????J?? U???O???D??? U???N??? b????????????W???L???O???I??? c????? v????? W?????? d????? d??B??M??

YO WM c U qJA w sOL(Mass Spectrometer)WU w WuL Uu_ s We v dBMF s WOL qu r

fOUMG wUL UNKB p bF wzUdN UL UNU rO WUGWMA WKJ V

WKJ UOD UN uL qJA

WMOF dO c sQ

WMOF U

UdJ bB

Uu_ UfOUMG

Uu_ We

U n_ Uu_

U qI_ Uu_

V Uu_ qB

20Ne+21Ne+

22Ne+

dozUNe+

Wc WKJB

c wKJ bF U??I?? wFOD d??B??M??F??UN W??c?? WKJ U??b??

bu

rKF q


24/120

w??K????J?? b????F???? U???b??? U???I??? d??O??E??M??K??

t Wc WKJ

rKF q

65

oU U* sWOHO 5???? W???? Z????M????dBMF Wc WKJ U

WHK* dzUE s U

R

v 42HeWK W sO uOKON UG Wc WKJ U WKJ UOD UN b U

[U 126C

.4

2He WK V

[ 4

2HeWK 12

6CWK q

[x 126CWK 42HeWK [ [ x[

dzUE s dBMFK Wc WKJ U[ U udJK Wc WKJ k WH dUMFK b b v UdE

c V UL [ U w??? u???????u??????? t????????? U??????????? v?????K????? U????????? u?????d?????J?????K????? W?????U?????O?????F????? W????K????????J???? d???????????????? w???? d?????zU?????E????? W?????????? u????d????J????K???? W????I????O????I???????? j???? ????I???????? u??????d?????? W??????O??? v????K???? W???F???O??????D???WLOI s d udJK Wc WKJ uJ vWKOI dzUEM u YO 14

6C 13

6C 12

6C

t dzUE u U w dBMFK Wc WKJ U WId UO s b p `O{u W{dHL WUOFw UL w UL

[ UN du 6529Cu , 6329CuUL sdOE WO vK WFOD w UM dBM bu U[ U 63Cu WK b ULNM q WK bb bF wu vK [

UMK Wc WKJ V ..[ U 65CuWK ULMO ..u WxtK Wc WKJ w 63CuWLU q

[x[ [

u Wx

tK Wc WKJ w65

Cu

WLU[x[ [

Cu WLU 63Cu WLU U???????MK W??????c WKJ[ [

[


25/120

U??ud b q UduOM b

[ [ x [x W????KJ uL [ [ [ W??????KJ d?????????

dc WUM WUD WOL U

x[

r rG u

r x [ x[

rG x[ r x[ x x

WU v WKJ u%

uLL U uM WK uI sJL qN UduOM Uud vK c u uuI c W b WIOb WOLKF U ZzU XMO UduO Uud s tu UL wKJU WFuL UNK sOduO sOud u uOKON u S p `O{u

[ U WOIOI UNK sO w [ [x [ x WKJ kH uU l c oH nOJ [ bI WKJ w Ud UM

WOUJ s UHU p ()sUAM rUFK WOM WdEM WUu WKJ w dH c ULKF dWO WUFL VWUD WKJ sO u

uC Wd rG WuL WKJ u WUD YO

`O{u WUD s WKzU WOL ZM UO dOG WK bI S xWKzU uC Wd _w UL dE p

uIHL WKJ WLO V [ U udJ dOE WK XLK UbF Q ULK WUM WUD WOL V r UNUduO UNUud s b u UM

udJK c


26/120

TUJ ux[

xxrG x[

u x[ rG x[

u

x [x WKJ d d WIdD u x[ x [x[

jd WU

WU Uud sO bb dUM lu U????MS U WHKL dUM WNUAL UMA _uM q??? b dOG eO w uB UN

uM dI ULKF d nOJ r oW WUD U s dOH U UL UOU du dO R c s WOUA WU

WKJ WFuL uM WK sO dHK WUJL WUD WOL vK oH bI UNUuJ v uM pOJHuM j WU `KDB UNUuJL WOIOI

S rGJ bu WKJ x WLO iuF sUAM WUF v udU u x wDF WU v U s rG u s WUM WUD

[ U tu WK XLK 2512Mgu j WU V U

UduOM b U???ud b q[x +([x W????????KJ uL

[

[ [ W????????????KJ d????????rG x[ [

x[x[ u??????M j WUu x[

s?? r??????G?????? wu v?? u WKJs uKO u??O??K?? W??O??zU??d??N??J?? W??U??D??WU wDG WOLJ c??W??? U???D??? s?????? s???O???D??????K???uM s bebL

rKF q


27/120

dUMFK wKJ bF uM j WU sO WF qJA sO

(A)wKJ bF

(Mev)jd

WU

dI d_ dUMF u

Fe5626

H21

U23892

uM j WU dBMFK wKJ bF sO WF qJAb_ dUMFK dI d uJ uM qJA s `C

b UduOM b sO WIO W UM ULKF bIF WOKJWHOH dIL dUMF rEF u ku YO dIL uM w UudUduOM b b r Uud UduOM s U b vK uW v qB v dIL qI_ dUMF w Uud b U

c dI dO dBMF u `B p bF r qJA sO UL [ w qQ qN UEL cN wUA dOH rbI s ULKF sJL rUL c w plOL uM WU

W???????U uJ UJ dUMF rr U??????

UdI

Ru???L?????? X???????? w?? W???u???_ u????

r u bb s s

rKF q

(n)

Ud

uOM

b

np

(p)Uud b

n

p [

dIL dUMFK Uud b UduOM b sO WF qJA

dJ uOK dI:MevXu

TUJ Xu dJ ux[


28/120

ULK wuuO dLF aQ bUI c ULKFuOuO s WUM wUF UAM q b WuJL dUMF b sO qJA w UOUO UNKOL r b

Ud v uuKuOuO UN d1 w wUF UAM q b buJL dBMFZAUF ut

1/2

238UWM x[

234

Thu [234

PaWIO [234

UWM x[

230ThWM x[226

RaWM x[222

Rnu [218

PoWIO [

214PbWIO [214

BiWIO [214

PoWOU x[210

PbWM [210

Biu [210

Pou 206

PbdI

wuuO' aQ wUF UAMUud UdJ w WOz e s uJ c s uJ UL UM sO bFR bF c w dOG XU bu dBMF w Uud b dc b UduOM `B UNS XdJ v b Uud UMH{ S _ dBMF s UUL nK dBM uJ v

WOzUOLOJ UNUH vK dc d dOOG cN uJ UJ c w UduOM b dOG U UL uKUMH{ L UI sOM UL UdI vK wUU c WK vK p dR UL wU UdNE

WFA dI dO `B UNS uOUu v b UduOWIdD Wd b p S b w UL bb dOE uJO lA dOE qLC UbMnB tOL `B se US dOEM L{ Wd s dOF sJL UN RM ULKFK sJLiG bu dOEMK WU dH c Q dc V

t

1/2nBM dL dHdF U WOK_ WOLJ

bL bWEK pK w dOEM p s WFAL c b vK jI bLF t WOzb WOLJ s dEM


29/120

c bF

w

KJbF

-

-

-

-

-

-

v uOuO u c bF wKJ bF sO WF qJA

u lAL udK wHBM dLF S b s dNE ULdBMF c s x[ b u UMb UM{d S WMse l ud L{ sO b S

lA dBM s WOIL WOLJWOK_ WOLJx

d??L??F?? d???J??? b???? Y??O??lAL dBMFK wHBM

lA dBM vK UL se

t1/2

x

se lud s b u L{ bWM sedLF dJ bwHBM

Ra b xWOIL

wIL eWRas

Ra b xWOL

wL e WRas

[[[[[[[[[

wHBM dL d b l lA dBM L{ sO WFK UOUO UL qJA qL UL

lAdBMsw

I*e'W

nBM dL d bwHBM dL d b l lA dBM L{ sO WF qJA


30/120

wLA UEM w d_ VuJ iF _ dL ULKF b bVuJ c lOL sO VuJ pK s XFL UMO W sw WIdD c Xb UdI WM uOK [ wu cM XuJ bUU uJ s sOd e UA q dO WK s WU

WuO tPAM WU UM d_ sU_ U duO UL uB w

ud vK u U d b U Ud

V Ud v ud b W u s U Ud lOL U{dH dB pK dL

WM udK wHBM dLF ud

WOK_ WOLJ x ud s WOIL WOLJ q WOK_ ud WOL dH

WOIL WOLJ uJ VM uL YO x ud s

x

UNM WM x t

1/2x dB dL

YK WOCW??O??H??O?? s?????? Y??????????UAM d??U?? b??????dL bb w wUF

UL


31/120

bu WK

WO s qJ uBI* {

dJ ? jNL WF WOMuKH dUE Wc WKJ c bF ? dzUEM

td bF UI s u WK hIM ULMO UNK e bb( s WFD bB UbM pU qK WKJ kH uU l ZzUM c UF q

WO{d q vK b U j u WdEM WOzd UO{dH d

U* c UMU w WuI dO UO{dH

jN* WF UOKL X nO

WLOI uD w dO WU UNM

WK UN ULO s uJ ?

UdGU 5bON WK V Wc WKJ bu dJ WK V

wUF UAMU uBI* { YO s UNMO U lA uOu s UB UUF u d

uN sOQ vK bI WUHM WKJ WMA

dBMF fHM dzUE q9 WOU ud 234

92X , 230

90X , 232

90X , 235

92X

dBMF fH dCU fO dBMFK e qLX

YO s UNu c 5 U

WUJ WKJ? r dDI nB


32/120

UL [=Wc tK 63Lis [vK wFOD uOOK u Wc WKJ V [=Wc tK73Lis [vK u

wFOD uOOK

=WctK13

6C [=WctK12

6CvK wFOD udJ u [U wFOD udJK Wc WKJ XLK [

WFOD w sdOEM s q u W V

YO s Wu* WF_ jN* WF 5 U

WKJ ? WOzUdNJ WMA ozUb bB

WJ* UdJ b V UdJ UIU ZM WMU UdNJ XLK uu X[UbI WM qL r w

WKJ UOD UN s UNOK uB( - WOU VM

[ 2210Ne 4018Ar [ 168O 2210Ne [ 126C 168O Wc buU 4018Ar WK b

w b' qL b b'U UMOF

rddBMF redUud bUdJ bUduOM bwKJ bF

uu2311Na40KuJOKOubO

20Ne2dU


33/120

wQ U2 q w WOB WU e u dz l{

w wHB dL wd bF lA dBM s WOIL WuL WM [ [

wIL S lA dBM s r x vK u XU UuNB s d VKB bM WOHB UL l bF dBMF c s

rGK rGK[ rGK [ rGK WOHBM UL_ b S lA dBMF WOK_ WOLJ s [ vK u U Wd b ?

dBMF p vK d w

uOuO UU w Ud ud u d-

d bF dOG UMO se WFA U sWOI* WOLJ 5 WF rdU `{

b wHB dLUU L{ WFA U L{ se U ?

UA bF vI b u q s r Uu [U 234Th? wHBM dLF Uu [tb

UNM q WHO d WOzd e UMO WKJ UOD UN' UDO UDDr

n?B [ tK X??????LK rr u????d WU V?? . o dJ rr

x dD


34/120

WOzUOLOJ UU( wzUOLOJ qUH

b???????u

NO3

Mg2

Ag Cl


35/120

wzUOLOJ qUH qBH

u v u uL s dOJU nu w tdOG d s uO UMLU w qQL gbr u c vK ULKF oK b bb UHB wQ qJA VOdU WHK dWOzUOLOJ UH

WOzUOLOJ WUFL VJ nO tu U UBU tKOL sJL nO wzUOLOJ qUH b nOJU uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ c WuL

vKqUH b WOHO dF

WOu_ UdL mO VJ Wu WUFL wzUOLOJ qUH s dF

UL w WOzc sOu dF WOzUOLOJ UH u eOL

qUH b WOHO

buK U suJ (Cl2) uKJ (H

2) sObON U qUH qL c qJA qQ

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V (HCl)sObON

H2(g)

+ Cl2(g)

2HCl(g)

sObON buK U U uKJ U l sObON U qUH ()qJAHCl

(g)suJ ? uKJ l sObON qUH Wb bu sObON UF

Cl2(g)

Cl2(g)

Cl2(g)

?


36/120

d dUM v Xu WKUHL uL dOG qqUH WO dBM q b dOG q

VOd U VUG w u iF UNCF l uL qUH bM b U

j suJ WKUHL uL sO jd dJ p uJ UN c s UH p VB WUM uL sO bb b S pc WKUHL uL w uu sJ r uAuU ZuM w dBMF p b U WKUHL uL w dBM

UL kH

sOe U sO e l sObON s Ue qUH LwQ UL UL s

H-H + O=O H-O-H

H-H H-O-H

WIU WUFL vK UM R

Ub U d w jd UUb U XuJ w jd U

r sO_ sO jd pc sObON sO jd bb j UNM b QA WKUHL uL hzUB XH pc Udbb hzUB uA v UL UL Vd w sO_ sObON sO

WUM ULK

suJ v R sO_ s dO WOL uu UOL U d RWO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V UL U udJ bO wU

CH4(g)

+ 2O2(g)

CO2(g)

+ 2H2O

(g)+WU

XuJ w jd d w jd s=O? WIU WUFL s

U d???? s ZUM VNKUOL

WE

d?????R????? b??????? U?????M?????q????U????H???????? b???????????? v??? ??K?????

UNMwzUOLOJU d uK dOG

V uJ d W w dOG


37/120

WOu_ Ud* mO

VdL suJ w WKb t b dBMF u sO We mOB WOzUOLOJ UdL s d]F

UdLK WOzUOLOJ mOB WU w U vd WOzUOLOJ WUFL w mOB c b wzUOLOJWu u_ WM uJ b dH U VdLK WOKJ WMA UOzUdN WUF uJ WOu_WOu UuL bF s U dUMF Uu jI b s U uJ Uu_ WU UuLL iF u b sO UL UUL dUMF Uu iF u b sO

UULWOu_

UUL dUMF iF Uu u b

u_WMAr

LiuOONauuKuOUuRbubOCsueOMg2uOOMGCa2uOUSr2uOAdBa2uUAl3uOMOLFbuKClbuKBrbOd

IbuHbbOO2bOS2bOdN3bdOP3bOHu

UUL WOu_ UuL* iF u b

WuLLWMAr

NH4uOu

CH3COOuUUO

MnO4UMGMdO

CNbOUOClO

3uKHCO

3WOMObO UudNO

3dNO

2Xd

ClOXuKuOOHbObOClO

4 uKdOClO

2 XuKSO

4

2Ud

SO32

XOdCO

3

2Uud C

2O

4

2UCr

2O

7

2 UdJCrO

4

2 UdSiO

3

2 UJOKOPO

4

3

UHu


38/120

UA

tO UdH d v w b qIVdL rtGOtULF s

Ag Br

duB w b uU UdWUM UF_ w buOUu dNaHCO3uuB XuKuO

Mg(OH)2WbL W_ WUM w qb

bze bFL W{uL WUFL

sObU UMOF RuOML_ buK uOOMGL bd WO UdL mO V

uuB Uud uOu_ UHu uOUu bOds q qUH s ZUM VdL WGO r U

sO uOAd uKH uOUJ

II

UM UO_ sOdOM uuBbObON IIIdJ

WOzUOLOJ WUF* wzUOLOJ qUH qOL hOK q s WOzUOLOJ WUFL b

vK ULU p WbUOEH qUH s dOF q s WUM uL WKUHL uL UL WdF

s dOF q s WUM WKUHL uL mO u WdF l rN UNKBH WKU UNGO Uu VJ udU qUH

sOLO vK ZuM UO vK UHL l{ UdWUM WKUHL uL s q WU WdF

WUFL WuL p UL kH uU Ud W VJ YO t rN u l{u qUH d UO

eK YO VcL bUL qUF jGC d

d UN dUMF iFUL bQ rW sUM b??b???? w??U???A???d???J???rd dUMF c W vdBMF r bF wU IIIbb bO L

Fe2O

3tGO

U s dOF rW???U???F???L??? w????? u??????L?????? WO udU WOzUOLOJ

VK s

qzU lU g wzU uK aq


39/120

uOUJ UudJ W????F???? U?????b??????????????? U???U???b??? W???U???M??? w???? u??? ?????? U??? ??D?????L?????

UdO

d W bM sOU WKB uOUJ Uud qK UwU U VKB uOUJ bO suJ WO uDU uI Wu WUF WUJ udJ bO

q

wQ UL qUH qL WOEH WUF WU

uOUJ Uud uOUJ bO udJ bO wU

U q WU UO l ud UH_ b UOU

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

WUFL wd w dBM q b UL p WUFL Wu UU

CaCO3(s)

CaO(s)

+ CO2(g)

sO WIU WUFL sWUFLK d_ dD WUFLK sL_ dD

=Ca b = Ca b=O b =O b=C b =C b

Wu UN k WUFL w oObU

wUU UdO jG{ d?? ? s??? qUH d??? WU UFWO uB vK WUFL `B

CaCO3(s)

CaO

(s)+ CO

2(g)

sO wMF e

bOu b?????B??L??

w dO bOA U????nBM v???? s??O??D????K??pJH U w{UL dIu???O??????U???J??? U???????u???d???

dU

rKF q

rKF q


40/120

p r UOu_ U U sOdOM sObON U qUH RWUFL V.bU qUF bb b jGC sOU

qUH cN WuL

uuB Uud Ue WUM w bl UNeL pUFu???O??????U???J??? U????u????d????s???O????????? q????? ????d?????????

ZeL WKB uuB Uud sO qUHK Wu WUF V buK uK suJ puKbON iL uK ludJ bO wU U UL uuB

WOu_ UF*

w b WFOD w dL w u WOzUOLOJ UH s dObuK uK jK bM b U UH c vK WK_ s wzU jV uJ v R c wzUL WCH d uK wzUL uuB

WO WUFLU dOG c s dOF sJL iONaCl

(aq)+ AgNO

3(aq)AgCl

(s)+ NaNO

3(aq)

WUFL vL??? cN WKUH U???e qL UNQ WUFL c??? b???

UO b???M sJ W???Oes qJ??? w???zUdNJ q???Ouu???uB b???uK w???uKUN WUu WCH d sOqJA w sOLUL w UMQ sOUL sOUW???UFL W???U s???JL p???c

w qJA vK WIUW??? U??O?? U??N?? q??J??A??u??K????L??K?? w? ??zU???d???N???J??? q???O???u??????

Na(aq)

+Cl(aq)

+Ag(aq)

+NO3 (aq)

AgCl(s)

+Na(aq)

+NO3 (aq)

rKF q


41/120

bu dEM XMF u WKUJ WOu_ WUFLU WIU WUFL vLUNQ WUFL wd vK bu dM Uu uuB Uu s s dFL WUFL `B UNc UUB sJL c WKUH dO b

wQ UL qUHAg

(aq)+ Cl

(aq)AgCl

(s)

uJ sO qJA WOUB WOu_ WUFLU WUFL c vL

oU qUH w WCH buK s V

uuB buK uK v WCH d uK WU{ WOAgClV uJ qJA

d wzUL uuB buK wuK UMe u o U vK UM

wQ UL WOe WUFL uJ UMFu uOUuNaCl

(aq)+ KNO

3(aq)NaNO

3(aq)+ KCl

(aq)

WO WOu_ WUFLU UNM dOF sJLNa+

(aq)+Cl

(aq)+K

(aq)+NO

3 (aq)Na

(aq)+NO

3-(aq)+

K+(aq)

+Cl-(aq)

UNM o r t sO WUFL wd s WKULL Uu_ UB bMwzUOLO qUH b r t UM UMMJL tOK w

UH WCH d uuB buK wuK o UL p sOuOUu d uuB buK wuK sO UMJL p sJ r ULMOw bU buI s WuL ULKF l{ R c s WU ULwQ U UNM WOzc buIXOL UL w WOu_ uL WOz s RM

YK WOCUb w Y

uOUu d


42/120

bu w WOzc sOu n??d??F?? d??O??G???? d??O??G???? W??O??H??sOuI WuLWOzc vK uI pb sO ww w Wzc WOu_ ULUL w UNUu eOd uJ

dQ d u [

UL w Wz NO3

,C2H

3O

2,ClO

3,ClO

4 lOL

UL w Wz Na ,K ,Cs ,Rb ,NH4

lOL Ba2 ,Hg

2

2,Ca

2,Pb

2 Ud UMU Wz UdJ lOL

Ag ,Pb2 ,Hg22 bOU UMU Wz Cl ,Br ,I lOL UM??????U W????????z d????????O CO

3

2 ,PO4

3,S2 ,SO

3

2 lOL WuKI eKH UuNH

4

bObO UMU Wz dO bOU_ bObON lOL Ba2 ,Sr2 ,Ca2 WuKI eKH bOU

Wz v WO Ud* nM U* w u* WOz bu vK ULU RWz dO

AgClO4

AgNO3

PbCl2

Ba(OH)2

Ca(OH)2

Na2SO

3CaSO

4K

3PO

4Li

2S FeS

VOd UH b RM sJL buI c vK ULUbObO uK l FeCl

3)(III)bb buK uK e bM L

w uM vK WOe WUFLU p qOL sJL (KOH)uOUu

FeCl3(aq)

+ 3KOH(aq)

3KCl(aq)

+ Fe(OH)3(s)

w qJA vK WIU WUFL WU sJL WOzc bu v udU

Fe3

(aq)+3Cl (aq)+3K (aq)+3OH (aq) Fe(OH)3(s)+3K (aq)+3Cl (aq)

qB WUFL wd vK uuL WNUAL Uu_ UB bMWO WOUB WUFL vK

Fe3(aq)

+ 3OH(aq)

Fe(OH)3(s)

bb bObO UO WOIM w b III

dA

rKF q


43/120

iL uK uuB UO uK jK s ZUM qUHK WOu WUF V UpuKbON

wU WOu_ UNGOB WUFL VJ q

H(aq)

+ Cl(aq)

+ Na(aq)

+ CH3COO

(aq)Na

(aq)+ Cl

(aq)+ CH

3COOH

(aq)

WO WOUB WOu_ WUFL vK qB WUFL wd vK WKULL Uu_ UB bMH

(aq)+ CH

3COO

(aq)CH

3COOH

(aq)

UO (NH4NO

3)uOu_ d s WOzU qOU jK bM qUH b lu q U

Pb (CH3COO)

2Ud

WO WUFLU luL qUH qOL sJL q

2NH4NO

3(aq)+ Pb(CH

3COO)

2(aq)2NH

4CH

3COO

(aq)+ Pb

(NO

3)2(aq)

w qJA vK qUHK WOu_ WUFL WU sJL WOzc bu v udU

2NH4 (aq)

+2NO3 (aq)

+Pb2

(aq)+2CH

3COO

(aq) 2NH

4 (aq)+2CH

3COO

(aq)+Pb

2

(aq)+2NO

3 (aq)

wUU w Uu_ c s o r t k WUFL wd s WKULL Uu_ UB bMwzUOLO qUH b

UL w sQ WHOF{ WOe U s U ZUM uJ q V uJ UNUB UH UM sF UH c iF dF WOu WUFL UC UNKOL sJL UH c UU tH UL uJ

w UL w dEM


44/120

uK puKbON iL uK jK s ZUM qUH s dOFK WOu WUF V UuuB bOd

WO WOu_ WUFLU qUH c s dOF sJL q

2H(aq)

+ 2Cl(aq)

+ 2Na(aq)+S

2

(aq) H

2S

(g)+ 2Na

(aq)+ 2Cl

(aq)

WO WOUB WUFL vK qBM UUB sJL

2H(aq)

+ S2

(aq)H

2S

(g)

sJL UH s uM c w UL l dO qJA qUH U UNu b uJ UHUMw UL w `{u u UL WOU WOu WUF WU

sOKUH s sOOU sOKUH qL WKU WOu WUF V WOzc bu v udU R

bK qUuOUJ d uK uuB Uud uK e

uuB bObO uK du eOd puKbON iL uK e du eOd


45/120

UH u

w bU UN d w WOHOJ WdF bF WOzUOLOJ UHU?M dF u WNUAL d_ UH ZuM RM UNLN

WO u_

Combination U% UH v rI bb U suJ d sOU U w

WO WK_ w `{u u UL Vd suJ sdBM U%

1- S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)2- 2Na

(s)+ S

(s)Na

2S

(s)

3- Ca(s)

+1

2O

2(g)CaO

(s)

u WKUHL dUMF b XE pKF WIU UFL s q ww b pS eK eK v WKUHL uL nMB UMeK sdBMF uJ d UNCF w eK l eK b UH iF

WO UH s qL Wu WUF V ReK l eK

eK l eK uOML_ b

w U* w UL bb Vd suJ Vd l dBM U%

SO2(g) + 12 O2(g) SO3(g)

WO WK_ w UL Vd l Vd U% ?

1- CO2(g)

+ CaO(s)

CaCO3(s)

2- SO3(g)

+ H2O

(g)H

2SO

4(l)

3- Na2O

(s)+H

2O

(I) 2NaOH

(aq)

u?????SO

2 U??????????? W??R????L?? U???G??? b???w w??C??L???? d??D??L?? s??

WOUMB oUML

i??F?? b????O????U????

UL w WKLL eKHULMO UbU uK ZMe??K???? iF b??O??U??u??K???? Z????M?? U???L??? w???

UOCL

rKF q


46/120

qUH q9 WIU Vd l Vd U% UH k

eK bO l eK bOUL l eK bO

UL l eK bO WO UH s qL Wu WUF V R

(CaO)w dO l UL qUH (NO

2) sOdOM bO wU l UL qUH

Decomposition qK UHUOUWO UH 1- 2NaCl

(l)

wzUdN qOK 2Na

(s)+ Cl

2(g)

2- 2H2O

2(l)2H

2O

(l)+ O

2(g)

3- (NH4)

2Cr

2O

7(s)Cr

2O

3(s)+ 4H

2O

(g)+ N

2(g)

4- CaC O3(s)

CaO(s)

+ CO2(g)

5- 2NaHCO3(s)

Na2

CO3(s)

+ H2

O(g)

+ CO2(g)

UU UNM ZMO b UL qUH b UM WIU UFL s kqK WOKL U WU v U UO_ VK w d

Displacement U_ jO UH UUVd w UUA q d dBM q jOA dBM UNO q UH w

WO WUF WUFL w u UL pc UF dO_ dBMF dO UA + BY B + AY

c b sJL wzUOLOJ UAM WKK vK WOKL bLFWO WK_ w UL UNUd s dUMF iF dOC w UH s uM

buK ZMO puKbON iL uK l sOU qUH sObON U sOU

Zn(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)

ZnCl2(aq)

+ H2(g)

uOu U??d??J?? qKtb sJL c dU

UdK uLM

uuL CO2

U?? WUG UdAL w????WOKJ U s cR

UNMO od s

s s??O??b??O??N?? U???? U??????uK l sOU qUH

sObON buK

U

H2(g)

HCI(aq)

Zn

rKF q


47/120

(IIUM d U WCH d w WCH UJ UM WCH

Cu(s)

+ 2AgNO3(aq )

Cu(NO3)

2(aq)+ 2Ag

(s)

w WeKH dUMF iF wzUOLOJ UAM WKK qL VOd wQ ULOjO UH RM w bU w WOzUL qOUL

UH s qL wzUOLOJ UAM WKK vK UL R

WUFL UNb sJLL WOzUOLOJMg

(s)+ HCl

(aq)

K(s)

+ H2O

(I)

Mn(s)

+ CuSO4(aq)

Ag(s)

+ CuSO4(aq)

e* UH UF

U WKUHL UdL sO Uu_ U UNO r UH wWO WUF WUFL w UL bb Ud

AX + BY AY + BX

wQ UL U b v UH c rI

PrecipitationVOd UH

uOUu bObO uK wzUL III

bb buK uK jK bMsuJ VU bObON u l b VuL bb u S wzULU Uu qH Vd UL w Wz dO U w III bb bObOWU buK Wu uOUu Uu qJ vK uKL w vI uOUu buK

FeCl3(aq)

+ 3KOH(aq)

3KCl(aq)

+Fe(OH)3(s)

s UMb UbM qOBH s wA VOd UH UM r b cWOu_ UFL

IIUM Ud U CuSO

4.5H

2O WOzUL

sOU UNu e uK

Li>Cs>Rb>K>Ba>Sr>Ca>Na>Mg>Al>Mn>Zn>Cr>Fe>Ni>Pb>H2>Cu>Ag

rKF q


48/120

e* UH UA

_ uL

buK uK II

bb Ud uK uu bObOd uK uuB Ud uK uU buK II UMU VOU III bb buK uK uOML_

qLF uD

Ud uK sr v uuB bObO s r n{ k U II bb

buK uK s r v uuB bObO s r n{ k U II UM

Ud uK s r v uU buK s r n{ k U uuB

d uK s r v uuB bObO r n{ k U uOML_

buK uK s r v uuB bObO r n{ k U III bb

s q w V uJ XE p b oU UAMK pzd bFwzUOLOJ qUH b bR UL WHK uQ WIU UH

WIU U s q w qUH WUF V R

NeutralizationUF UHUNu b uJ bU iL sO UH s uM c bUd ZMO uuB bObO l pOdJ iL qUH L UL

wQ UL UL uuB

H2SO

4(aq)+ 2NaOH

(aq) Na

2SO

4(aq)+ 2H

2O

(l)

b????O???????? b????O???? W???d???D???I??? u????u????B????u????e?? X??? l?? q??U??H????wKUM u??U??B?? U????Ub v?? WU{U

d dO

sO WF c dc

WOUd WOdF U I II III IV V VI VII VIII

IX X

rKF q


49/120

UL uOUu d ZMO uOUu bObO l pdOM iL qUH

HNO3(aq)

+ KOH(aq)

KNO3(aq)

+ H2O

(l)

U oKD UH?b puKbON iL uK l uOUJ Uud qUH bMZMO iL w sObON u q uOUJ u qO e iL ZMO uOUJ u q sObON u q uOUJ buK

UL udJ bO wU U ZMO Wd qK c pOudJ

CaCO3(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)

CaCl2(aq)

+ H2O

(l)+ CO

2(g)

buK `K ZMO uuB bObO l uOu_ buK qUH pcWO WOzUOLOJ WUFL tMO UL UOu_ U UL uuB

NH4Cl

(s)+ NaOH

(aq)NaCl

(aq)+ H

2O

(l)+ NH

3(g)

b sO ULMO dL w UOu_ U dOC WO sO qJAeL UH s UNU sJL w UG vK WK d??u???? U???O???u???_

v???K??? d????????????????????L????? w????????w??zU??L?? U??N??u??K???? W????O??uOu_ bObOUNWIU Wz UN w W???F??? U??b??????

WUMB uOUJ bObObO uKuuB

VN

uOu buK

NH3(g)

dJb????????? V?????? U????w?? u???O??????U???J??? b???O??????w UOu_ Vd dOC

dL

rKF q

dL w UOu_ dOC UN qJA

WOzUOLO WUF VuK qUH 5 Wup??u??K??b??O??N?? i??L??

b??O????b??O?? u??K???? l???uU

R


50/120

WOzU* qOU; w e* UH s ZM w UG iF b

U?????????GUG U w b qUH

CO2

Na2CO

3+2HCl H

2CO

3+ 2NaCl

H2CO

3H

2O

+ CO

2

SO2

Na2SO

3+2HCl H

2SO

3+ 2NaCl

H2SO

3H

2O

+ SO

2

NH3

NH4Cl + NaOH NH

3+ H

2O + NaCl

H2SNa

2S

+2HCl H2S + 2NaCl

NONO

2

NaNO2+HCl HNO2+ NaCl2HNO

2H

2O + NO + NO

2

UNOK WKWOzULOJ UH u iF hK b wQ ULO

UNUb iF WOzULOJ UH u iF vK WK b

q???????UHt????ut????????OL

Cl2(g)

+2NaBr(aq)

Br2(l)

+2NaCl(aq)

jO uKJ bU d U s d dOC

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)qK?????Ub w bL w dO dOC

Ca(s)

+ 2C(s)

CaC2(s)

U??????sOKOO_ U dOC w rNL uOUJ bOd suJ

Zn(s)

+ 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)jO uu U w bL sObON dOC

dC UO s dU X??? U????L????

H

2SO

4

HNO3 NaOH e.Ca(OH)

2 HCl

rKF q


51/120

qBH WK

wQ U2 qJ uBI* `{

UF qUH jO wzUOLOJ qUH WOzUOLOJ WUFLWO s qJ WOzUOLOJ WGOB V

uU buK uOu_ d uOUJ UHu uOOK Ud uOML_ bObO uOu_ Ud uOUu UdJ

WO UH s qJ Wu WOu WUF V WOzc bu vK ULU uuB d uK U uuB bObO uK sOU d uK qUH

sOU bObOuuB d uK U uuB bObO uK l Ud d uK qUH

Ud bObOUL uOUu UHu U uOUu bObO uK l puHuH iL qUH d uOUJ Uud U uOUJ d uK l uuB Uud uK qUH

uuB

qUH u UMO WO UF* qL

1- (NH4)

2Cr

2O

7(s)

2- C(s)

+ O2(g)

3- Zn(s)

+ CuSO4(aq)

4- NaCl(aq)

+ AgNO3(aq)

WO UH s q9 WOzUOLO WUF V

UL l eK bO qUH UL l eK bO qUH

Vd l Vd U dU dO d qK

eK l eK qUH sObON U U puKbON iL uK l sObON s jA eK qUH


52/120

sJ1 qUH qJ Wu WUF V eKHK wzUOLOJ UAM WKK vK ULU wK U2 tb

1- Zn(s)

+ FeCL3(aq)

2- Cu(s)+ Pb(NO3)2(aq)

3- Na(s)

+ CuSO4(aq)

4- Mg(s)

+ Sr(OH)2(aq)

5- Mn(s)

+ Ni (NO3)

2(aq)


53/120

WOzUOLOJ UU wU qBH

vK u w???? tUU b s r????G s UNOK uB s????JL w wIM b????b W????OL U????dB s rG s???? UNOK uB sJL w puH????uH iL WOL U (III)b????b

bO????

s???? s wzUOLOJ UNM VO WK_ c q uO????UJ UH????u s vK u c uH????uH

uL uNH WuL WOzUOLOJ WUFL vK bLF w WOzUOLOJ UU

b nO UU sJL nO VdL WGO WO_ WGOB s qJ wMF U uL UL

WK_ c WCzUH UL V nO bL qUFU wMF U UU w WOzUOLOJ WUFL vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d

Wc WKJU t uL uNH dF

VdLK WO_ WGOB VJ

VdL WGOB WO_ WGOB jd

UU w WOzUOLOJ WUFL b

wzUOLOJ qUH w WCzUH UL V bL qUF sOF

wzUOLOJ qUHK uL ZUM V

UdLK WOzUOLOJ mOB u??L?

WO WUFL w UL sOU bOd suJ Xd l sOU qUH

Zn+S ZnS

_ w W????KUHL uL w XdJ s????OU sO Wc W????M sO WIU???? W????UFL s????XdJ sOU s???? q b UMHU{ u v UOKL UNF q????UF sJL b d????OG c???? q????


54/120

u Uc u????K WOUJ???? c q uL uNH v???? Q????K U????MS d????L XdJ s b u x[ sOU s bWUF suLU UNUO sJL dO qJ X_ Xd x,UdG bu WOM tK Ub U U dBMF WOuL WKJ uI sJLUdGU t????UuJL WOuL q????J uL U???? VdLK WOuL W????KJ U????LMOuLU WIU WuL WUFL w XdJ sOU sO WM S wUU

UC w

u??????KH udJ s????????O WOuL W???M uJC

2F

6VdL w pc

w uKH udJ sO WOKJ WM U ULNMO Wc WM UNH w

w udJ u b WdF U u

nO

wN VdL c(C)ud u vK uC2H6u b UMS(C2H6)U u [udJ s u vK u VdL c s u [ S tOK

w sO_ udJK WOKJ WM WOuL WM sO U RCO

2udJ bO wU

Empirical Formula WO_ WGOBsuJ WU WOK Wb VM UNCF l b dUMF UIU XLKFdUMF sO W j sO w WGOB WOL vK `KD b UdL

WO_ WGOBVdL UNM qJA wWO WK_ w dEM sF WOzUOLOJ UdLK WO_ WGOB U WOHO dF

sO_ sOdOM s?? uJ u??K??w??=M??

U?? s?? WMO U

Y??u??K?? v???K??? q? ??L???F??? w???????? W??????O???zd??? U???? ??G?????? s???? b????F????O r??? [ N r??? [ u???? U??N?? b??? u??????

VdL cN WO_ WGOB Uu

N? WOuL WKJ NWK sOdOM u b q

Nu [

[

YK WOC

r???????????????????? n???O??? Y??????b???? v???????? q???????????????????u????????Uu

W????c???? q????????J???? w?? W????b????L???? d? ?U??M??F??K??

UNH w b bu w uuL WKJdBMF s?? b???WKJ vL UdGU

dBMFK WOuL


55/120

uO? WOuL WKJ OWK sO_ u b

Ou [ [

WM vK qB UMS dG_uL b vK sO_ sOdOM s q u b WLIWO

Ou [[

Nu [[

NO2w VdLK WO_ WGOB

wU v UOK Xu O H C u uC Vd s d [ UNK WMO Xd UU ZUM udJ bO wU WK XLK S (H

2O)U U (CO

2)udJ bO

VdL cN WO_ WGOB UL r[ U UL U WK r [

wQ UL ZUMCO2w CWK U WMOF w (C)udJ WK b qCr u?????? CO

2r

r u?????? CO2r[

Cr [

[x

wQ UL ZUM UL U WK s(H)sObON WK b WIdD fHM

r [

[x (H)WK

uL WMOF WK sO dH s UbM WMOF w uuL (O) sO WK U wQ UL udJ sObON wK

r[ [[ [ (O)WK


56/120

P2O

5uHH bO

t P4O

10WO vK bu

UB v???K WKzU b???c??? u??? s??? U???Lw WHH U???L b???w??? ???UH s??? d???Os eFL d??? V

Wud

wQ UL u v (O) (H)(C)s q q u

[

CWK

C? WOuL WKJ Cu b

u x[

[

HWKH? WOuL WKJ Hu b

u x[

[

OWKO? WOuL WKJ

Ou b

u x[

vK qB UMS x[ r dG vK WUM U_ WLIC2H6OWO WO_ WGOB

U???uH i???O_ uH???HuNK t{dF _UL Xl t???KUH v??? R??? d???U

WKF U sO_ WM XLK S sO_ uHH s nQ Vd R

b [ w VdL c w uHHK WOKJ WuLt WO_ WGOBrKF q


57/120

UdLK WOIOI( WGOBW jQ t WuJL dUMF u sO VdLK WO_ WGOB XU

VdL w dBM q c wIOI bF UL Wb

sJL w VdLK WOIOI WGOB s R c s WU bS tOK VdLK WOuL WKJ WO_ WGOB WdF s UNOK uB

WO_ WGOBK WOuL WKJ x WOIOI WGOBK WOuL WKJ

`O b YOWO_ WGOB x VdLK WOIOI WGOB

U N2O4 V???d U?????? UNB W??????????w b?????????????[

auB Ud u

WO_ WGOB r sO_ sOdOM u VdL WOuL WKJ XLK UVdL cN WOIOI WGOBUL NO2w VdL cN

sO WOuL WKJx sOdOMK WOuL WKJx WO_ WGOB WK qr x x

WO_ WGOB WKx WOuL WKJ x

WO_ WGOB x VdLK WOIOI WGOB (NO

2) x

N2O

4w VdLK WOIOI WGOB

sObO sO s uLOK iL pd iL uJ RCO

2WK XU U Ud r [ UNK tM WMO d bM ud

XLK S r[ H2OWK r[ ZUM

VdL cN WOIOI WGOB UL w VdLK WOuL WKJ

WGOBK lzUA r WOe UdLK WOIOI

WOe WGOB u

rKF q

rKF q


58/120

Stoichiometry UU( w WOzUOLOJ WUF* b

WK WKU

UOL sO YO wzUOLOJ qUH WuL WOzUOLOJ WUFL hKWOL uu Ud d bM L qUH s WUM WKUHL uLdOF sJL UL U udJ bO wU ZM sO_ s d

WO WuL WUFLU qUH c s

C3H

8(g)+ 5O

2(g)3CO

2(g)+ 4H

2O

(g)

l Ud U s e qUH t vK oU qUH n sJL

udJ bO wU U s Ue U sO_ U s Ue fLUd U s b u uI sJL pc ULU s Ue udJ bO wU U s u U sO_ U s u l qUH

UL U s u

qUH uIM UC UdGU oU qUH s dOF sJL

WKJ sO_ U s r l WOuL WKJ Ud rr WOuL WKJ udJ bO wU U r ZM WOuLWOuL WKJ UL U

WKUHL uL q U w WOzUOLOJ WUFL b WOHO dFWO WK_ w dEM sF WUM

o uOML_ bO U sO_ U l uOML_ qUH UWO WuL WUFL

4Al(s)

+ 3O2(g)

2Al2O

3(s)

V U UH uOML d [ qUH SqUHK W UdGU sO_ WK

qUH s WUM UdGU uOML_ bO WK

R

b vK u ULNr Ue s ds b d sO

sObON


59/120

q

YO u v uOML_ WK u

u[

[

AlWK

Al ? WOuL WKJAlu b

O2u b U WuL WUFL b

O2u l qUH Alu

l qUH Alu [

O2u [

[x

WO

2WK Ur tK

O2

u tK

O

2u [

O2r [

[x

Al2O

3u b b WUFL V WUMAl

2O

3WK U

Al2O3u wDF Alu wDF Al[

Al2O

3u [

[x

Ud vAl2O3u u WUMAl2O3WK U

r tK Al2O3u

r tK Al2O3u [uOML bO r [

[x

rKF qs??? Al2O3 u???J u???OML_ u??? d???W???OLJ U???uB u???Jnu W???UD s W???KzUU???dL ??? w???i???F U???L W???OzUCHw??? q???bAl2O3UJ???U???_ i???F u???J

d?????? ?? q????W????????LdJuUO


60/120

qJA w sO u UL WIU uD UB sJL

r [ bI WKJ w hI b b bL KClO3s d [ sO bF UWO WUFL o qK uOUu uK XLK S

2KClO3(s)

2KCl(s)

+ 3O2(g)

WKK dOG uOUu uK WK V

r [ ZUM sO_U WK WKJ w hIM q

u [ [

O

2WK

ur(O

2)u b

WuL WUFL bU KClO3WKKL uL b U O

2u b s bOH

KClO3u qK s ZM

O

2u

KClO3u qK s ZM u [KClO

3u [

[x

KClO3? WOuL WKJxWKKL

KClO

3u b WKKL

KClO

3WK

r [ ur [ xu [ r [ [[ WKKL dO

KClO

3WK

= Al2O

3WKxxr[= Alu xAlr[Alr

Al2O

3u

Al

u

Al2O

3r

Al2O

3

u

WuKDL WKJ

AlWK quu v

Alu quAl

2O

3u v

Al2O

3u qu

r WK v

b uD w WuNL WKJ U WOHO sO jD qJA


61/120

dBMF s WOU WOL l sO_ U s d [ qUH RWK XLK S (M

2O) dBMF bO suJMw{d

. M dBMFK WOuL WKJ V d [ ZUM bO_dBMF vK dF w b b b

WOL( UU( Uu bUsObON buK UOu_ U s WU u qUH qJA sO

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V VKB uOu_ buK `K UNH

3(g)+ HCl

(g)NH

4Cl

(s)

VKB uOu_ buK U sObON buK UOu_ U qUH qJ

UCO U u qUH U sO oU qUH UN bFUN WOL WM U UHLK WOuL WM UL NH

4Cl w jI

dE fH w

buK UOu_ sO WOuL WM oU qUH WUF dOAl qUH UOu_ s u w WKUHL uL w sObONWM UKUH sOUL qJA s k sObON buK s u

qUH b sOUL s r fH WOL

s??????? u?? qGAd [ bI eO U

WUOFL dE w 5bON buK U(HCl)

UOu_ U(NH

3)

uOu_ buKNH

4Cl

u dH


62/120

WUOFL dE w sObON buK s d WK XLK RU WUOFL dE w UOu_ s d WK r[ UUOu_ U sObON buK s >q Ue b UL r [

UG s d w

ULN p sO oU R w NH3 HClUe bF pU bF

WHKL UG s WUL u uI v UuI c UUfH u UNMJ WHK q UN jGC d s dE fH X

Uu bU tOK hM U c Ue s bF

Uu bUW s dE fH X WHKL UG s WUL uUe s bF fH u jGC d

d uI sJLO WOzUOLOJ UU w u b sJLU s d U sObON U s d l qUH sOdOM U s

WU Wu d X WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V UOu_3H

2(g)+ N

2(g)2NH

3(g)

U sO_ U s d l sObON U s d qUH ULWO WuL WUFL o dE fH w UL U s d

2H2(g)

+ O2(g)

2H2O

(g)

dS r oU qUH w UL UuJL WOL VM s bQw UAM

U* UuJ* WOL( WMUA

_ uLUN UL qOK UN pOdJ iL nH wzU uK

(D

C

)

dL UO s bN dH bB ULu

U??????????? U?????????Ou_

bL_ l???OMB w W????OzWOMOdOM WOzUOLOJ

U?????????u b????U v???? U????U XdG????

ULKF UNK

rKF q

rKF q


63/120

qLF uDnHL pOdJ iL uKL UN

k U qJA w UL bN dH bBL UN q

ULu UN UOzUdN UL qOK UN qJA

k U se s b bN d bBL uu UN d jNL vK uJL UG r U

bFBL vK uJL UG r U

qUHK Wu WUF V ULNMO WOuL WM U sOuJL sUG sO WOL WM U vK uJL sO_ r W b oU UAMK pzd bFb W jNL vK uJL sObON r v bFBL

U WUM sObON u b v WUM sO_ u

UOu_ U suJ sOdOM sObON U qUH U

WO WUFL oN

2(g)+ 3H

2(g)2NH

3(g)

dE w??? s???ObON s??? r??? U???NL W???MO p???b U S???wQ UL V WUOFL

sObON U sr l qUHK sOdOM r U ZUM UOu_ U r V

rKF q

b U?????Ou_ pdOM iL dOC wo WUMB w?? rNL

WO UFL4NH

3+5O

24NO+6H

2O

2NO+O2

2NO2

3NO2+H

2O 2HNO

3+NO

O2(g)

H2(g)

H2SO

4(aq)

- +


64/120

q

H2U u b b N

2r U

r WUOFL dE w tLH

2u

r u [ H2 u b

wQ ULW N2u b b

H2u l qUH N

2u

u [ l qUH N2s u

u [

[ N2u b

sOdOM U r b rr WUOFL dE w tL N2u WUOFL dE w tL N

2u [

r[ [

N2 r

ZUM NH3 U r U

NH3u wDF H

2u

wDF [

u [ [

NH3 u b

NH3 r U

r WUOFL dE w tL NH3u NH3u [

r[ [

NH3r

q?? U?????B?????????? s?? ??J????L????

b??????U?? p??? U??????fH X U??u?? bU

dE H2r N2(g)r

r[ H2r NH3(g)r

r[


65/120

wU U U sO_ uu (C2H

4) sOKO U d R

WO WUFL o UL U udJ bOC

2H

4(g)+ 3O

2(g)2CO

2(g)+ 2H

2O

(g)

sOKO d d WUOFL dE w uN r V u w sO_ W Q ULK U Ud ???

? u d{ r sO_ r V`OLK

WOzU* qOULK WOzUOLOJ UU(dOFK cL v WU{U UL u Vc s wzUL uKL uJceOd `KDB v U uOzUOLOJ QK UL w cL WOL su b U UN YO WuL UNL s WHK d bF tM dFUNLKF w WOLJ UU oOD sJL uKL s b d w cL

WO WK_ w dEM sF p `O{u qOUL UH vK UIU

bze bFL W{uL WUFL uOML_ bObO b Ul uOML_ Ud uK qUH s tOK uB sJL

WO WUFL o uuB bObO uKAl

2(SO

4)

3(aq)+ 6NaOH

(aq)2Al(OH)

3(s)+ 3Na

2SO

4(aq)

d/u [ eOd c uuB bObO uK r UeOd c uOML_ Ud uK s r l qUHK

U UH du [

d ueOdxduKL rAl2(SO4)3u b q ud [x

rdr

u[ SNaOHu b U WuL WUFL v udU

NaOHu l qUH Al2(SO4)3u l qUH Al

2(SO

4)

3u [

c* u bdKU uKL rWuL

Rb???u???K??? W???K?????? V????????w u??u??L?? u??u??B??t??u??K???? s??? q???

du[ eOd

b???O?????? b???????????????O??? u?????? u??? u???O???M???L???_V??z d??O?? i??O?? w????sJ U???L??? w?? U??O??K??L??u s WKu d bFv?? u?????? U????L???? w???s dO w qb qq WOzb UUMBb??F??L?? W??{u??L?? U???C???

fuUL

rKF q


66/120

NaOHu [ [xNaOHr U

du eOd xd uKL r NaOHu b

ud [ x d u [r d [ [[

s r WUFL W uuB bObO WK U Ud u [ eOdH

2SO

4uK

w WUFL Q ULKH

2SO

4(aq)+ 2NaOH

(aq) Na

2SO

4(aq)+ 2H

2O

(l)

dueOdxd uKL rH2SO4u b q

u [ ud [xr

dr

W NaOHu b UNaOHu l qUH H

2SO

4u

NaOHu l qUH H2SO4 u [

NaOHu [ [

WNaOH WK Ur tK NaOHu

tK u [NaOHd [ [


67/120

w UAM dS r UOKL eOd U WOHO dFdA U w buKJ u eOd U UA

_ uL

r WF wL dDI U dA U WC dr WF WOU R

qLF uDWS p du [ eOd WCH d uK dC r qB v UL WU{ r dDI U wAgNO

3d[

r vr WF Q w UNF{ dA U s r c nu v dA U v UOb WCH d uK n{

Vd uJ Od W

Òd W lLI bU uKL Od r

UNK b r Òd W nH

oU UAM w qUHK WuL WOu_ WUFL V Rw Vd WK s dA U w buKJ u eOd V

oU UAMb; U* UU

uKDL s bz WOL b v wzUOLOJ bLF b U qUH d bMd_ uLK qU qUH b ULC p WKUHL uL b sUL vL Uu w bze UOLJ vI qUH UN bF c

qUHK bL ULU vb qUJU XKUH w UL U WCzUHb u l sOdOM U s b u UMDK UL qO vKF

WO WUFL V sObON U sN

2(g)+ 3H

2(g)2NH

3(g)

V???d q???B s???O u???BÒd W bU

U?????L U?????AM wdD lC W???U{ qCHW VM HNO

3s

WCH d

w ZUM Vd b UL UAMduB WUM w

rKF q


68/120

uuL sOdOM WOL l qUH WOU dO sObON U WOL SqUF uuL sObON WOL UNb WUM UOu_ WOL S wUU

uNHL c `{u WO WK_ bL

osOU bOd suJ XdJ l sOU qUH UWO WUFL

Zn(s)

+ S(s)

ZnS(s)

wQ UL V Xd r l sOU r jK S bL UL U

UdGU WUM UL WOL V Q ULK qUH UN bF UHL s WOIL UL V

UL b q qUH

WU WUA jNL W??F?? u???? w??b??O????d???? U????L???? W??O? ?K??D??c YO sOUbD bM Zu UL

UN WODNL WF_

q

w (S)(Zn)sO WOuL WM ZM WUFL s

u [

[

bL (Zn) WK

WOuL tK (Zn)

u bu [

[

bL (S)WKWOuL tK (S)u b???

w (S)v (Zn)W _[ [ WbL UOLJ V WM uJ VO

(Zn)S u [ WuKDL s d u[ duL XdJ u b _

bL UL w(Zn)bL UL u b vK bLF WUM (ZnS)WOL

ZnSu ZM ZnuZnSu ZM Znu[

u [ [ ZnSu b

rKF q


69/120

ZnSWK U

r[ tK ZnSu tK ZnSu [

r[ [ [ ZnSWK

bL UL s qUHK W WOLJ VqUH UN bF (S)Ud s vI U U Su l qUH Znu

l qUH Zn[

u[ [ WSu b

qUHK W WOLJ WOK_ WOLJWKUHL dO qUH s WCzUH Subu[ [ [

vIL XdJ WK Ur[ tK Su

tK Su [

r[ [ [ W????????O?I?L?SW????????K????

s r ldu eOd cpOdJ iL uK s r jK Uw qUH WUF XLK S d u eOd uuB bObO uK

H2SO

4(aq)+ 2NaOH

(aq)Na

2SO

4(aq)+ 2H

2O

(l)

qUH UN bF WCzUH UL eOd V

q

du eOd duuB bObO uK r NaOHu b

u [


70/120

dueOd d pOdJ iL uK rH

2SO

4u b

u [ bL UL U

NaOHu l qUH H2SO4u NaOH l qUH H2SO4u [

duL NaOHu b s d uNaOHu [

izUH uH

2SO

4 bL qUF u NaOHS wUU

u [ H2SO4u

NaOHu x NaOH u [ WuKDL H

2SO

4u b

u [ [ [ W???????CzUH H2SO4u bd u eOdxd bb uKL r uL b YO

wQ UL tU sJL bb H2SO4eOd

xr

r H2SO4 u [

[ [wILH2SO4eOd u d u [ [[

WO WUFL osO_ U uu Ud U d R

C3H

8(g)+ 5O

2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

w sO d Ud d u jOK UF bFUdGU ZUM (CO2) U WK V

WUOFL dE


71/120

Theoretical and Percentage Yield qUHK u* "UM dEM "UMU dO U_ ZuM s WFuL WOLJ vK wzUOLOJ qB b U qUH d bMZMsO_ s WOU dO WOL lWOudbON UdL iF d bM UL qO vKF Udc

wL

UKDB dN cN

(CO

2

+H2

O)

WOK_ ZuMK WU{(CO)

q

Wud dO WOU uwKFH ZUM ddEM ZUM _WOzUOLOJ UU vK UM UNOK uB sJL w ZUM p WOL s U U U s dEM ZUMU

WdU tOK uB r U uN wKFH ZUM U

dEM ZUM v wKFH ZUMK WuL WM s U U qUH uL ZUM S tOK

xwKFH ZUMdEM ZUM uL ZUM

UudJ bO wU U ZMO sO_ U uu (C2H

4)sOK U d U

WO WUFL oUL

C2H

4(g)+ 3O

2(g)2CO

2(g)+ 2H

2O

(g)

wU r [ qUH ZU UsO r[ sOK r [ u jOK qF SpU qK rqUHK uL ZUM VudJ bO

rC

2H

4WK

u rC2H

4? WOuL WKJ C2H4u b q

u [[

rO

2WK

u rO2? WOuL WKJ O2u???? b????

u [ [


72/120

O2u U

C

2H

4u WUFL s

O2u U u [

O2u[ [

ZUMK bL UL u sO_ S tOKu [ w duL sO_ u b sJWUM CO

2WOL U

CO2u ZM O

2u

CO2u ZM O

2u[

u [ [

WUMCO

2

u b WUM CO2WK U

r tK CO2u r tK u [

r [ [ x CO

2W???????K

x CO2? wKFH ZUMCO

2? dEM ZUM uL ZUM

[ x [[

w UAM dS r UOKL ZUM U WOHO dF

u* "UM UA

_ uL tF WOU R (Na

2CrO

4) uuB Ud Pb(NO

3)

2(II Ud d

lL `Od q WF WOL q

dJvI UL wsOKO U s WOL

qUH UN bF


73/120

qLF uDs WOL w UL c???? s r WS p d????u [ eOd uuB U????d u????K d????C

d [ uKL r `BO UL

s WOL w UL c s d [ WS p Ud d s du [ uK dC d [ uKL r `BO UL

r tO n{ r WOUe RJ b v uuB Ud uK s r qI Ud d uK s

WKJ WdF Od W vK Vd lL ZUM uKL Od r dH w nOH bF Vd `Od W WK b

oU UAMK d bF

qUH WUF V qUH WUF s Vd WK V

qUHK uL ZUM V


74/120

qBH WK

WO UKDB* s qJ wMF U

ZUM WCzUH UL bL qUF WOe WGOB WO_ WGOB WOuL WKJ uLdEM ZUM uL

WO u* s qJ WOu* WKJ V

(MgSO4.7H

2O)eOK `K u K

(C6H

8O

6) tGO cCsOUO

(C16

H18

O4

N2

S)

sOKM c s WMO c sO_ sOdOM sObON udJ s nQ uC Vd r[ ZUM udJ bO wU WK bu U Ud Xd r [ UNK VdLr[ UNK VdL c s d WMO c d Wd w r[ ZUM UL WK

wK UL V r[ WUM UOu_ WK XUJ (NH3)UOu v UNO sOdOM u

VdL c dUM s dBM qJ WOKJ WuL WM V

VdLK WO_ WGOB V u r WOuL tK ULK VdL WGO V

t w tOL sLJ YO WOzUOLOJ d w WbL WU UG s(COCl2)sOuH U

WO WUFL o sObON buK uJO tUAM bM Wzd w uuL UL l qUH

COCl2(g)

+ H2O

(l) 2HCl

(aq)+ CO

2(g)

wK UL V UL l COCl

2s r qUH S

qUHK W UL WK V UdGU ZUM puKbON iL WK V


75/120

(N2O

4)U WOzUCH UdLK u(CH

3)

2NNH

2sbO qOO wzUM b

WO WUF* o UB d w qUH b YO bR qUF

(CH3)

2NNH

2(l)+ 2N

2O

4(l)4H

2O

(g)+ 2CO

2(g)+ 3N

2(g)

sbO qOO wzUM s rG d duKOJU N2O4WK V

WO WUF* o uK tCdF bM iO_ uHH qFA

P4(s)

+ 5O2(g)

P4O

10(s)

uH r l qUHK WUOFL dE w sO_ r V

WO WUF* o dC c WK bd UN w(CCl2F

2)udH U b

3CCl4(l)

+ 2SbF3(s)

3CCl2F

2(g)+ 2SbCl

3(s) wK UL V SbF

3r l

CCl

4s r jK S

UdGU ZUM udH WK U qUH UN bM WCzUH UL WK U

pO_ bbON (C7H

6O

3)pOKOOK iL qUH s (C

9H

8O

4)sd ZM

WO WUF* o

C7H

6O

3(l)+ C

4H

6O

3(l)C

9H

8O

4(s)+ C

2H

4O

2(l)

pOKOOK iL WK V sd rGK u sd_ d XLK S

sd_ s d WF U C4H6O3s WOU WOL l qUHK

(PVC)pO dOC% w b* (C2H

3Cl)(Vinyl Chloride)qOMO buK ZM

WO WUF* o 5bON buK 5K_ qUH s

C2H

2(g)+ HCl

(g)C

2H

3Cl

(g)


76/120

wK UL V sObON buK s r l(C2H

2)sOKO_ s r jK r S

bL UL U ZUM qOMOH buK WK U

qUH UN bF WCzUH UL WK U

5bON U l udJ bO U qUH UOUM ((CH3OH)uUOL? dC WO WUF* V

CO(g)

+ 2H2(g)

CH3OH

(l)

qUH ZU Q ULK qUHK uL ZUM V COs d WOL lH

2s r qUH S

rU wKFH


77/120

bu WK

wQ ULO WOB WU r u dz l{

w MgSO4.7H2OtGO c eOKu `K w WKJU WuL XdJ W [ [

VdL WGO S ur U (CH2O) WO_ tGO VdL WOuL WKJ XU

w WOIOIC

2H

4O

2 (CH

2O)

4

C6H12O6

CH2O U WUOFL dE w r tL c UOu_ U Ue b ?x[ x[

x[ x[ u (C

2H

5OH)uU s r wHu b

[

[ [ WO UF s rF ? V

jI U ZuM b U wzUL uKL w wzUOLOJ qUH b sJL dE fH w WU WHKL UG s WUL U_ q

w udJ bO wU w udJK WOuL WM WHK UL w WOu_ uL WOz

lL qUJU XKK uuB buK vK Wu; dO' d( s WMO XM XLK S d [WUOF* dE w tL UJ "UM udJ bO wU U

WMOF w uuB buKJ Wu* WM V dWMOF WK


78/120

ULNOL uL UJ 5_ 5bON U lL UOzUdN U* s WOL XKK UdGU WKK* U* WK V rWUOF* dE w

WO UH s qJ Wu WUF V

(III)dJ Ud U(IV)XdJ bO l(VI)dJ bO qUH UL UOu_ U sObON lsOdOM bO qUH

sO_ sOdOM bO wU (II)Ud bO wDF (II)Ud d qK ?UOu_ UL uuB buK U uuB bObO uK l uOu_ buK qUH

WO Ud* s qJ WOzUOLOJ WGOB V

uuB Uud uOUu uK uU d WCH bOd uOML_ UdWOMObONWO Ud* s q r d

NaClO4 Al2(Cr2O7)3 SiO2


79/120

e bQ

b???????u


80/120

(Oxidation - Reduction)e bQ qBH

UH u r s bF YO WOKLF UNUIOD iF e bQ UH UIU XLKFUIOD UNK u_ dB UFL WOIM wzUdNJ DU WOuO UMUO w UU VFK WOzUOLOJUH c vK WOKL

bQ WUF u nO eL qUF U bRL qUF U e bQU uBIL UL vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO WK_ c e

e bQU uBIL {u

UNUd w dUMF c bQ r V WeL quF bRL quFU uBIL `{u UH c w eL qUF bRL qUF b

bQ r WIdD e bQ UF u dJ u qUH nB WIdD e bQ UF u

e bQ uNH

pc sObON s Uu UBI sO_ s UL u U tQ ULbbQ =dUH d l sObON s Uu U sO_ s UL u UBI tQ ebQK Wb dEM dF UdO UHdF c qLAO e bQ uNH uD UNuM

w UAM dS r e

e bQK Wb( dEM UA

_ uLb U wL WOzUL(II) UM Ud uK uOOMGL s jdqLF uD

r w UNM r WS pCuSo4

5 H2O (II)UM Ud s uK dC

dDI UuOOMGL s UDd UM Ud uK v n{

k U


81/120

(II)UM Ud uK uOOMGL s jd sO qUH

uKL s _ uK UH k oU UAMK d bFs q sO wzUOLO qUH b vK b UL UM VdUH s qUH c bF.(II)UM Ud uK uOOMGL

WO WOUB WOzUOLOJ WUFLU tKOL sJL e bQ

Mg(s)

+ Cu2

(aq) Mg

2

(aq)+ Cu

(s) sOHB v WIU WOzUOLOJ WUFL rOI sJL

Mg(s)

Mg2

(aq)+ 2e bQ

Cu2

(aq)+2e Cu

(s) e

WO WOUB WUFL vK qB sOUFL lLMg

(s)+ Cu

2

(aq)Mg

2

(aq)+ Cu

(s)WOUB WUFL

uI pc sOdJ bI b uOOMGL sO bI ULu uI pc sOdJ V b UM u bQ uOOMGL

ULN vK e bQ v dEM sJL tOK e b UM

UdJ bI bQUdJ V e

b w Ub e bQ wOKL dcU db sbF UU bQ WOKL w UbI r w UdJ b uJ

e WOKL w UN r w UdJ

uK v uOML_ s WFD WU{ bM b c qUH q RV r qUH UB WIdD HCl puKbON iL

WOUB WUFL


82/120

(Oxidation Numbers)bQ U

t w udJ uOUJ dBM s q l sO_ qUH tUA

wU sOU w dBMF bO ZMCa +

1

2O

2CaO

C + O

2CO

2

udJ bO wU CaO uOUJ bO sO U UM dOw b w tO{u sJLCO

2

udJ bO wU uOUJ bO 5 dH bVdL

WOUCaOCO2

c sO WDd uWOuWOLUVdLwuwe

s sOdJ U UI b sO_ l uOUJ qUH bM

VdL pc WO uJ e sO_ v bQ uOUJCaOwu_

WOUA WD QAMCO2suJ sO_ l udJ qUH w U

WU c w sO_ WOUdN d_ c u OK UdJ UNOeMc s WUe bQ UH s qUH c bF sJL qN

rd c UL bQ rvK dF s b R

bQ UH w UdJ U jC bQ r uNH UbQ r ndF sJL WOLU UdL w UuB ec pK UNKL w WO{d WMA tvK wLU UNd w U csOc sO UU u WDd UdJ d vKVdL wUdJ S WDd w U w U WDd wd w sOKULL

UdJ Uc d_ cK vDF WDd

W???O??????U???d???N???J??? vK U??N??b?? w??? U??? c?????WDd UdJ Vw u???u???L??? W??O??L??U??????bI c e VdL u?????? U???M???N?????? U???L???K???b b wuKH


83/120

U_ d???? u????LL=NaClw bQ

WO WK_ w dEM sF bQ U U WOHO dF

HNO3 pdOM iL w sOdOMK bQ r V U

S dH U UdL w bQ U_ d uLL UL qdHsObON bQ r x sOdOM bQ r xsO_ bQ r x

S pc U sOdOM bQ r ddH dH

uJ

sObON w sO UU WDd UdJ u H H)sObON e w b dJ WUFL Wc WU w UNUdJ bF UU sObON UdJ b uJO

dH U sObONK bQ r uJ wUU

UOKJ uN wUU sObONs UdJ Uc d sO_ S(H HO )UL e w Uw sObON vDF ULU bQ r vDFO sObO q s b UdJ Vw bQ r U buI s WuL U v uNHL c U bQ r UL

wQ UL

.(Fe, N2, P

4, S

8)dH U d UdBM w c bQ r

u_ p UNKL w U bI WMA U c U_ u bQ r U tUd w uKHK bQ r bO u q uJO bOU_ u b U U tUd w sO bQ r

H2O

2sObON

uuB bbO q uJO bbON w b U tUd w sObONK bQ r NaH

U s d s uJL u_ w bQ U_ d uLL

U bI u_ WMdH U UFL VdL c bQ U_ d uLL


84/120

bQ

e

HCO3

WOMObON UudJ WuL w udJK bQ r V U

u_ WM c bb u_ w bQ U uL UL q

s q w uHHK bQ r V RHPO

4

2 P4 PCl5 H3PO4 PCl3

bQ U s e bQ uNH

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL wU vK dUMFK bQ U U r bI

CO

2+ H

2 CO + H

2O

w dH s sObON bQ r ULMO WUFL wU vK wI sO bQ r w s udJK bQ r hI ULMO bQ sObON uIMH

2Ow v H

2d dBMF

w jDLU p qOL sJL e b udJ uIMCOw vCO2

bQ r w U bQ?

bQ r w UBI e

wQ UL e bQ ndF U sJ1 o U vK UM

CO CO2

H2

H2O

e

bQ

- 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4dH


85/120

wqUH w Xe w c bQ w c b U

2ZnS(s)

+ 3O2(g)

2ZnO(s)

+ 2SO2(g)

q

ZnS + O2 ZnO + SO2

w s SbQ r ULMO dOG rZnbQ r sO_ bQ r hI bQSO

2w vZnS

e ZnOSO2 w v O2w dH s

w qUH w Xe w c bQ w c b R

dL w sO_ dOC bL2KClO

3(s) 2KCl

(s)+ 3O

2(g)

V????????? U??????M?????? r?????????b????Q???? U?? ???? w??? d??O??G????

WGOB w WKb dUMFKbQ W??O??zU??O??L??O??J??q??J?? V?????? e??????????b ZnS uIM WGOB

XdJ fO bQ

e

e

bQ


86/120

nu eL qUF bRL qUF `KDB uOzUOLOJ b

uKH U rNu q e bQ UH w WKUHL uL iFU bRL quF UL u e qU uOOK u bR qUWeL quF

bRL qUFe UN b ULMO qUH w d U b V w UL u

bQ

r

bR qU ULe WOKL

e qU ULbQ WOKL

3-

(Oxidizing and Reducing Agents)We* quF bR* quF

e bQ qUHWKUHL UL tO uJ wce U bR UqUH w?? UL b??? w??

w2H

2O

2(l)2H

2O

(l)+O

2 (g)

dL w uKJ dOC bL w qUH w eL qUF bRL qUF b U

MnO2(S) + 4HCl(aq) MnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g)

e bMnO2 MnCl2w v MnO2w s eOMGML bQ r hI qbRL qUF bF pc

t uI sJL pcuN bQ b HClS wUUCl

2w dH vHClw s uKJ bQ r

eL qUF

eL qUFr dOG `{u w jDLbQ UN b ULMO qUH w d U e V w UL u

eL qUF bRL qUFK bQ

2- 1- 0 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+


87/120

WFzUA We* bR* quF iF

Y d w b WFzUA bRL quF s bbF UM

tuK (MnO4 ) UMGMdO u UL qO vK UNM dc WUMBUMGMdO u du WuI bRL quF s bF c wHMtO eOMGML bQ r dOG bLF uOUu UMGMdO q qJ vK

UbU UOCL qUH j u vKp uJ v s eOMGML e u wCL j w LsUH YO qJA w sO u UL wHM uK UHU UuB

WO WUFLU p `O{u sJL qUH UN vK qOb uK UH dU5Fe

2

(aq)+ MnO

4 (aq)+ 8H

(aq)Mn

2

(aq)+ 5Fe

3

(aq)+ 4H

2O

(l)

wHM t u

r?????? qUH c???? U????????M ` d?????H?? wU s bb

XOULON

w qUH w eL qUF bRL qUF b R

Fe2O

3(s)+ 3CO

(g) 2Fe

(s)+ 3CO

2(g)

uOUu UMGMdO bdUFL UH w

.IIbb u l UMGMdOu qUH qJA

rKF q


88/120

WFzU???? W????eL q????uF s???? b????F (S2O

3

2)U????duO u???? U????L

uuB UduO q qJ vK du dL w bWUMB w dO WOKL UIOD t uK dO UL w UduO uKu bQ ULMO buKJ u v uKJ e tS uKJU l tKUH bM

WO WUFL w UL( SO4

2)UdJ u v

4Cl2(g)

+ S2O

3

2

(aq)+ 5H

2O

(l)8Cl

(aq)+ 2SO

4

2

(aq)+ 10H

(aq)

WO UH w dEM sF e bQ UH Ub iF dF

2CN(aq)

+5OCl(aq)

+H2O

(l)N

2(g)+2HCO

3 (aq)+5Cl

(aq)

hK w ( OCl )XuKuON u b WIU WUFL sOtUU s Vc WOKL bF izUH bUUO s

C6H

5OH

(l)+ 6O

3(g) 6CO

2(g)+ 3H

2O

(l)+ 2O

2(g)

.(O3)_ WUu uMOH s UL WOIM w qUH c s UH

O3(g)+ 2I (aq)

+ H2O(l) O2(g)+ I2(s)+ 2OH (aq)

uK U w _ WOL Wb (I )bu_ u b

WIU WUFL w sO u UL u

ZnO(s)

+ C(s)

Zn(s)

+ CO(g)

dBM dOC w udJ s UH nOWIU WUFL sO

tUU s sOU

YK WOCqUH s UH UuKJ U l UduO

Y_ bu q??u ??G?? WI w?? D fLqN u????u???? U???? WOK WOU U?? t

WO vK

WU U CN

rKF q


89/120

We quF eKH iF

WuL Uu_ suJ UdJ bI v tUH Ub UNUH w eKH qOL

UH c iF wQ ULO We quF qLF pc wNeK l eK qUH

V v qOL eK iF S UdJ bI v UNUH w qOL eKH ULU l uOOMGL qUH L WOu Ud UU ZM eK l eK qUH bMF cN UdJ

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V uOMGL bO ZMO sO_

2Mg(s)

+ O2(g)

2MgO(s)

uL( l eKH qUH u e??? r U UU Y???O e q???UF eKH q???LF uL l??? eKH i???F q???UH b???M

WO WUFL w sO u UL sObON U v iL w sObON

Zn(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)

ZnCl2(aq)

+ H2(g)

q eKH iF UU WOIM w b YO WUMB w dO WOL UH s uM cNeKH `D nOEM Vc dbBI

d eK u l eK qUH UM Ud uK l sOU s WFD qUH bM L wzUOLOJ UNUA w eKH nKs p WE sJL UdJ Vd w tK q UM Uu eU uI sOU SqUH b s Wd bF sOU jd vK wM Vd uN Ue UM Ud u UH

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL tKL c

Zn(s) + Cu2

(aq) Zn2

(aq)+ Cu(s)

b k WUFL w sO u UL sOU Ud uK w wU pK l{ bM sJUL qUH

Cu(s)

+ Zn2

(aq)qUH


90/120

WO UH v dEUd UH c s bbF WE sJLFe

(s)+ Pb

2

(aq) Fe

2

(aq)+ Pb

(s)

Mg(s)

+ Fe2

(aq) Mg

2

(aq)+ Fe

(s)

Pb(s) + Cu

2

(aq) Pb

2

(aq) + Cu(s)

WOU bu w XLK UL UH s uM c vK oKD U_ jO

UA

WIU UH oOI W uL _Ub Wd rL

We quF UNu V WIU eKH V UAM WKK vL WKK w wzUOLOJ UNUA V eKH VOd rw b w sO u UL

UAM WKK w eKH iF VOd b

bQ qUHe???????????????KH

Li Li + euOOK K + euOUu

Ba Ba2

+ 2euU Ca Ca 2 + 2euOUNa Na + euuMg Mg2 + 2euOOMGAl Al3 + 3euOMLMn Mn2 + 2eeOMGMZn Zn2 + 2esOUCr Cr2 + 2ed

Fe Fe2

+ 2ebbPb Pb2 + 2eUH

2(g) 2H + 2esObO

Cu Cu2 + 2eUAg Ag + eWCHg Hg2 + 2eozPt Pt2 + 2esOAu Au3 + 3eV

b w dUMF UN U vK Wd eOd wzU uK w d????????u???? U???? ????????u jG{ X????

sObON WU weqUFeKHue

qUF e??K??H?? u??? bLF U???L??? w??? e??????UNM dO qu vK s??O?? W???D???d??? u????WOdJ tH eKHROL s?? WUM W??U??D??pc wN UL w tu

bIF WOKL

rKF q

rKF q


91/120

U_ UH ZzU WdF w wzUOLOJ UAM WKK s UHqUH Zu b b w WIU UAM WKK vK UL R

tb sJL cCr

(s)+ 3Ag

(aq)

Pb(s)

+ Al3

(aq)

bR quF eK

YO bR quF UNUH w pK U UU eK v UIU dOpc UF UbQ r qIO d UdJ p UM eK VJquF eK UNO XKL w WOzUOLOJ UH s bbF X b

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL tMO c uKJ l uuB qUH q bR

2Na(s)

+ Cl2(g)

2NaCl(s)

oU qUH w eL qUF bRL qUF b R

UNH UNM b qu l bR quF eK u VUMWH_ wU eKU b b w eK luL jd w WOdJUL WUG WU w UdJ U vK dO bI tb WOdJ

b b w bR qU u uKH bF te V

e bQ UF Wu

UNuL r w UNH UL vK e bQ UF Wu r w d_ WOzUOLOJ UFL Wu

WUFL wU vK UU uJ V dBM q b uL WKJ kH uUI Ud WOzUOLOJ

YK WOCeKH UA nK

WU?????? w???????? U???NKUH b????Mw U??N??U??A?? s?? W????B??qOUL

dJu??K??J?? U??? r???bRL quF s

Cl2

qCH t???? W??u??I??d????????L?? w??? t??b??????

UL wbL

W??O??d????J?? W???H???_ WU???????D w?????? d?????OG w?????dJ WU{ VUBLWU w U v?? b??w s??O???? u?? U??L?? W??U??G??

WO WUFLX(g)+e- X-(g)


92/120

bQ

e

uOUu UdJ s uK

Ud WOzUOLOJ WUFL wU vK UU uJ V WOzUdNJ UMAK d uLL WOzUdNJ UMA kH uUI

UL e bQ UF WuL UuNA UId bu

bQ r WIdcN e bQ WUF Wu sJL wU_ lU nB w WIdD c XdF o

wQ UL WIdD

WUM uL WKUHL uL w dBM q c bQ r V U WUFL wd w UNM q b s bQ Xe w c bQ w c sO

w UN r w UdJ b bQ WOKL w UbI r w UdJ b V e WOKL

bRL qUF qUF dC uIHL UdJ bF UU WJL UdJ b qF WJL UdJ bF eL qUF qUF uIHL UdJ bF

sOLU WUFL w qUH w c WOI

WUM uL w dBMF fH bF UU WKUHL uL w dBM q b bQ WUFL wd w U WOzUdNJ UMAK d uLL

bQ r WIdD WOU e bQ WUF U

HCl + K2Cr

2O

7KCl + CrCl

3+ Cl

2+ H

2O

q

HCl + K

2Cr

2O

7KCl + CrCl

3+ Cl

2+ H

2O


93/120

UOU2HCl + K

2Cr

2O

7KCl + 2CrCl

3+ Cl

2+ H

2O

UU

2HCl + K2Cr

2O

7KCl + 2CrCl

3+ Cl

2+ H

2O

3x2HCl + K2Cr

2O

7KCl + 2CrCl

3+ 3x1Cl

2+ H

2O UF

14HCl + K

2Cr

2O

72KCl + 2CrCl

3+ 3Cl

2+ 7H

2O UU

bQ r WIdD WO e bQ WUF RSO

2+ HNO

2H

2SO

4+ NO

dJ u qUH nB WId c Zu nK YO WbU WOCL qOU w e bQ UH b U UUw e bQ UF Wu UMM tO r c ju W{uL U UH

wCL ju

wCL j w e bQ UF Wu

WO uD V UFL c Wu r YOqUH nB bQqU?H n??????B v e b????????Q W??????????UF r??????I v_ uD

esObON sO_ dO d_ c e WOU uD

tBIM c dDK UL Ue WU{S WUFL nB wd w sO_ e WU uDb sO w hIM qUI U e UC sO_

e

bQ

dJ

UdJ


94/120

v H sObON Uu WU{S WUFL nB wd w sObON Wu WFd uDw hIM qUI b sObO u UC sObON tBIM c dD

b sObO

VUML dD v UdJ WU{S WOzUdNJ UMA Wu WU uD

wd d{ od s uIHL UdJ bF WJL UdJ b U WU uDWLzL U_U UFL UB

UF WUFL wHB lL WFU uD

WuL W s oI WUFL wd vK WKULL uL c WMU uD

WO WK_ v dE uD) c oOD

qUH ULK dJ u qUH nB WIdD WO e bQ WUF UwCL j w r

Zn + NO3

Zn2 + N

2O

UIU Ud r w uD oD

e qUH nB bQ qUH nB v e bQ WUF rI v_ uD

Zn

Zn2

bQ

NO3

N2O e

u w NO3

dC YO e WUF w(O H)dO c e WOU uDZn

Zn

2 sOdOM2NO

3

N

2O


95/120

bQ WUF U e WUF sOL v U Ue WU{S sO_ e WU uDO HvK u

Zn Zn2

2NO3

N2

O+5H2

O

e WUF U vH Uu WU{S sObON e WFd uDZn Zn

2

2 NO3

+ 10H N2O + 5H

2O

v dJ bQ WUF sOL v dJ WU{S WOzUdNJ UMA e WU uDe WUF U

Zn Zn2 + 2 e

2 NO3

+ 10H + 8e N2O + 5H

2O

w bQ WUF dC e UdJ bF bQ UdJ b U WU uD 4 Zn 4Zn

2+ 8 e

2 NO3

+ 10H + 8e N2O + 5H

2O

UF WUFL wHB lL WFU uD4 Zn 4Zn

2 + 8e

2 NO3

+ 10H + 8e N2O + 5H

2O

4Zn+2NO3

+ 10H 4Zn2 + N

2O + 5H

2O

wK UL uI WuL W s oIK

d q w dBM q b V 4(Zn) 2(N) 6 (O) 10 (H) sL_ dD

4(Zn) 2( N) 6 (O) 10 (H) d_ dD WUFL wd vK WOzUdNJ UMA V

sL_ dD d_ dD


96/120

wCL j w r w WOU e bQ WUF U

S2O

8

2+ HNO

2NO

3+ SO

4

2

HNO2

NO3

bQ v_ uDS

2O

8

2 SO4

2 e .(O H)dO c Wu WOU uD

HNO2

NO3

S2O

8

2 2 SO4

2

sO_ Wu WU uD

HNO2 + H2O NO3

S2O

8

2

2 SO

4

2

sObON Wu WFd uD

HNO2+ H

2O NO

3 + 3H

S2O

8

2 2 SO4

2

UdJ Wu WU uD

HNO2+ H

2O NO

3+ 3H + 2e

S2O

8

2+ 2e 2 SO

4

2

ZMO UF WUFL wd lL e UdJ bF U bQ UdJ b UL

S2O

8

2 + HNO2+ H

2O 2SO

4

2 + NO3

+ 3H

WUFL Wu W s oI

wCL j????? w r UN ULK WOU e bQ WUF RCl + MnO

4 Cl

2+ Mn

2


97/120

bU j w e bQ UF Wu Xb U UIU UMO UL wCL j w b w e bQ UF Wu rj w b qUH u UL r WUFL Wu S bU j w e bQ UH

p `{u w UL WUFL vK UU{ iF d r wCL

bU j w b UN rKF l WOU e bQ WUF U

MnO2

+ ClO3

MnO4

+ Cl

MnO2 MnO

4 bQ v uD

ClO3 Cl e

dOOG WOU uD

MnO2+ 2H

2O MnO

4 WU uD

ClO3

Cl +3H2O

MnO2+ 2H

2O MnO

4+ 4H WFd uD

ClO3

+ 6H Cl + 3H2O

MnO2+ 2H

2O MnO

4+ 4H + 3e WU uD

ClO3

+ 6H + 6e Cl + 3H2O

[ MnO2+ 2H

2O MnO

4 + 4H + 3e ] x 2 WU uD

ClO3

+ 6H + 6e Cl + 3H2O

2MnO2+ 4H

2O 2MnO

4 + 8H + 6e WFU uD

ClO3

+ 6H + 6e Cl + 3H2O

2 MnO2+ 4H

2O + ClO

3 + 6H 2MnO

4 + 8H + Cl + 3H

2O


98/120

ZMO sOdD s WKULL ozUb dD r

2MnO2 + H2O + ClO3 2MnO4

+ 2H

+ Cl

Uu b fHMOH Uu WUFL wd v nOC UMS bU j w b qUH UL WUFL wd s WUL UL Ue c rH

2OOH H ULKH

2OH + 2MnO2

+ H2O + ClO

3 2MnO

4 + 2H + 2OH + Cl

wU `B WUFL S 2OH + 2H = 2H2O UL

2MnO2

+ H2O + ClO

3 + 2OH 2MnO

4 + 2H

2O + Cl

wU WUFL `B sOdD s U e dD

2MnO2

+ ClO3

+ 2OH 2MnO4

+ H2O + Cl

WuL W s bQ

bU j w r wWO e bQ WUF R

Pb(OH)3

+ OCl PbO2

+ Cl


99/120

qBH WK

bR* qUFbQrbQsqJuBI*U

wQ ULO j UN% w cK bQ r V

S8 , HClO

4, NO

3, Cr

2O

3

2, Na

2O2

WO UF w `OB u' e u dz l{

UOF2w sO bQ r

?

w e qUH nB w sOdOMK bQ r w dOG uJ NO

3 + 9H + 8e NH

3+ 3H

2O

?

bQ r vK w uKJ dNE WO uL w HCl Cl2 ? HClO3 HOCl

e bQ UH s bF WO UH b Fe + S FeS 2H

2O 2H

2+ O

2

CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ?

CO2+ C 2CO

u eL qUF w qUH w MnO

4 + 2I Mn

2 + I2

l2 l ? MnO

4 Mn


100/120

bQ r WIdD WO e bQ WUF NO

2+ H

2 NH

3+ H

2O

dJ u qUH nB WIdD 5O e bQ wUF wCL j w) MnO4 + S2O32 S4O62 + Mn2 b????U j w

Zn + NO

3 Zn(OH)

2+ NH

3

l u WAL_ WUM w b c Na2S

2O

4uuB XOuO wUM qUH

dO Cr(OH)3IIIdJ bObO qUH c s ZM CrO

4

2 UdJ uuuB u UdJ u Vzc

oU qUH qL Wu WUF V qUH w bRL qUF eL qUF b


101/120

e bQ UH WOKLF UIOD wUqBH

quF qFH qPL bb b UuM rUF w ZML uH bb fL wu pKNbQ UH vK WO WK w bB s tUL pc tUU s t bb qP Wu

WOIM UNUU s eKH qUMUO w WU UIOD UH s uM cNeUdO u_ dB dUMF

WOKLF UIOD r U WOKLF cN WUB WOL_ UqP s eKH WUL WOKL r nOJqBH cN p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ c e bQ UH

vK U uJbb b uJ WO dH WODNL WUL WO `{u

UNUU s eKH iF dOC d dA eKH iF WOIM WId nB

auB u u iF dF

u dUI uL qL dH UNOK uB uJ WOHO duB w WbL _ iF VOd dF

UNOK UH w rKF WObFL d WOL bI UO w e bQ UH WOL dF

(Corrosion)b???b( b???

WU WFOD w UNO bu wdIL WU v eKH u WOKL t vK bB v dEM sJLwzUIK qUH w tUFL WOUWOzUM tBzUB dO_ bIH YO eKH b bB sLC

bQK WKU uJb UM UL w WKLFL eKH rEF S Vc UMU t uI sJLc qFH WUM uL w UbQ Wd w eKH nKuN w buL sO_ WUu


102/120

bO s WIO WI tb s ZM uOML_ q U iF wH bQbQU dL s WOKb WID WUL vK Ub qLF w eKH

UN Vd uNK t{dF b bO s WI uJ tS bb U

YO cJ WOU b_ v WOKb WID dF UL jU U UdS UO u ULF UM w WOzd uL b u bb WO rN s UM b p UM vM wJ uB Wu bF bB s tULXO wzUOLOdN qUH s r WOKLF c YO bb b

w qJA `{u UL dU bQ WOKL

bb b uJ qJA

pU d U u v t{dF WU w bb bB q R

bB s bb( WULWUL WdC qzUu s UFLK WOFOD UBL vK UH bFWbL uL r b u bb YO Ub s wLUF UBULO UMM qP s tUL U WO w dOJH s b U WUMB w

WODNL tUL bb WMHK s wQ

bb b u u???????_ s????????O d??????????w???????M dL_ dH_Ue b???????? vK???? UMVd w?? tKb U??????L

(Fe2O

3.nH

2O)bB

q??? ?????? eKH i????FWF??? ??????? sO V???c

UU UNOK oKD bQWKOM eKH r

bb b

U dD

u

bb s WFD

O2

Fe2(aq)

e

(Fe2O3.nH2O)

4Fe2

(aq)

+O2(g)

+(4+2n)H2O

(l) 2Fe

2O

3.nH

2O

(s)

+8H(aq)

rKF q


103/120

bb( WMHK

L qPK WUI UUA tM d_ dUMF bQ bb wWI UuJ CO

2 udJ bO wU u uN l sOU qUH

sO UL lML UL Zn2(OH)

2CO

3WbUI sOU Uud s WIO

UC tH sOU WUL vK WID c qLF u uN bbUNL uD b w bb WMHK r

Wd_ ub W WOKLF c qLA bb nOEM VUM bU uK w tF{u p bb bOU

YO s vK d Wb sOU uNB w bb l{u UOU bbU bO oBK sOU s WI p s ZMtHOH sOU UUI WS sHKL bb eON UU

WODN* WUL(

q bb s WFMBL uL WUL w UU b WId wj r Q WIdD c hK _ X WubL VOU_ UeqJ uOOMGL dBM q UUA tM d dBMF pK WUu bb

V c Uu v u bb sb UUA d_ dBMF bQOd sO sO tb

WODNL WUL qJA

uOOMGbFB

r UB WDI

wU pK UO ujN

_ `D

WKu Wd

YK WOCd??????? w??????? Y??????s bb WUL d

bB

jAM dBMF vLWUL w??????????? bL

wCLbFBLWODNLSacrificial anodeUu???????? b W????????OJd_ bLuOOMGL s bU uOK

WOC bUBL UuM


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WODN* WUL( UA

uL WUL w WODNL WUL WId b tO sO UUA rLUAMK pzd bF pUE d r bb s WFMBL

UNUU s eKH

dF Ud qJ vK q WFOD w d bu eKH rEF eKH s bF WOzd WU sO w b UUU

eKH s bF WOzd WU) b

dBMFWUWOzUOLOJ WGOB

bbXOULONFe2O3UMUM dUCuFeS2uOML_XOuAl2O3UdUMOUPbS

sOUbMKZnS

dbBIdOUJSnO2

UNM d bF UNUU s eKH sJLwzUOLOJ e

Mg Na q e qU WUu tUU s dBMF e rtHKJ WK V uJ r udJ b U qCH udJ Al

uN w UNMO bO v WOK_ dBMF WU qu bF p tdudJ b sO WO UFL tBOLWOU d U v

dUMF iF w e qUF

PbO(s)

+C(s)

Pb(s)

+CO(g)

SnO2 (s)

+2C(s) Sn(s)+2CO(g)

ZnO(s)

+C(s) Zn(s) +CO(g)

u??????? uJ r s WOIL WKB ULuL d?????? b????????F rH

WU????u t?????????M dUDLs????????? e?????FL sO????uN

rKF q


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WOKL qL Wu WOzUOLO UF WU w bU sF RUH u U Ud sOU s q WU hOL

WIU WOzUOLOJwzUdNJ qOK

UNUU s dUMF iF w wzUdNJ qOK U buOOK dUMF c s wU_ lU nB w XLKF UL uNBL

uOML_ uOOMGL uuB

qOKU v qB UI Wb uOML_ dBM vK uB sJL

s jOK uNBL w??zU ??d ??N??J??XudJ uOML_ bOWMOL wzUdNJ qOK WOK w

qJAU

qOK WOK w budJ s UD wzUdNJ

U??N??M?? n???U?????? b???????????? e???K???UNOK b YO dLU

WOzUOLOJ WUFLU UNUL sJL w e bQ UH UBWO

2Al2O

3(l)+ 3C

(s)4Al

(l)+ 3CO

2(g)

UC qLF q eKH vK wzUdNJ qOK dBI ZUM UMU WMOF d w UNb q s eKH iF WOIMuL WUM w tb sJL Wd sbF UOKL s tOIM uI pc tKOu W iOH vK qLF VzuA WOzUdNJUOKL s ZM c sOU bO u UL wzUdNJ qOK WIdDqOK WId b YO Ud dJ s Vzu vK hOL

UNM sOU WOIM w wzUdNJ

uOML wzUdNJ qOK WOK qJA

uOML_ d????????BM YU?????? d???????BMF d??????FdAI w UuO d_sO_ b???????F WO{_

uJOKOU???????????LUF U???????????Ud w Paul Heroultw?????? Ch a r l e s Ha l l b??????????L U?????????????ud??????C b???????? W?????OJd_qOK WIdD uOML_r??????????? w?????? w?????????zUdNJ U ?? ?? ?? ? UNF{WIdD c?????????? XOL

ULNO WUNB W mK (Al2O3) UMOuUNB W mK ULMOXO????????????????u j????????????OK

XudJ

YK WOCWOKL??? w????????? Y??????s???????? XO??u W??????????OIMvK u????BK VzuAw (A l

2O

3) UM????Ou

d???????????????U WUFL vL????????(Bayer process)

UIMK WOCuOML_ lOMB Ub dF (Recycling)t?? s?????? UUBwzUdNJ qOK WIdD

rKF q


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pOdJ iL uK w ZnOsOU bO WS WOKLF c rWO WUFL V

H

2SO

4

ZnO(s)

+2H(aq)

+SO4

2

(aq)Zn

2

(aq)+SO

4

2

(aq)+ H

2O

(l)

dUMF Uu UJ qO uKL v sOU u UCUBQ UNKOL sJL wzUdN qOK WOKL d r dJ q UUA q_

WOU UH

jNL vK 2Zn2

(aq) +4e 2Zn(s)

bFBL vK 2H2O

(l) O2(g)+4H (aq) +4e

dOOG SO42

(aq) SO42

(aq)

WIU qUH UB_ WOUB WUFL V R

WOzUCH UdLK WKU( auB u

s WOzUCH UdLK WKU auB w bL uu bQbF

u b bu e bQ UH vK WOKLF UIOD dUNM dc uu c s WHK

WKU auB w uu sObON U bsObON U WOU WOL uu sObON U d YO WOzUCH UdLK

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V WKzU WU UM sO_ s

2H2(g)

+O

2(g)

2H2O

(g)

+

WUoU qUH w eL qUF bRL qUF b R

NH4ClO

4uOu_ uKdO s jOK b VKB uu

w jOK l{u YO auB w uu uOML_ uqUH b YO fOzd e wU vK sbUL sOdL

sO_ W?????????????K Wb????L sObONwu b????I UB w

s

sOU WU

rKF q


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V UB l vK bU WMU UUM WOzUdN dAWO WOzUOLOJ WUFL

4NH4ClO

4(s) 2N2(g) +4HCl(g) +6H2O(g)+5O2(g)

u l uOu_ uKdO pJH s ZUM sO_ qUHWO WOzUOLOJ WUFL V WKzU WU UM uOML_ bO U uOML_

4Al(s)

+3O2(g) 2Al2O3(g)

uu N2H

3CH

3sbO qOO U (N

2H

4)sbON b

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL VN2O4uu bQ YO auB w

4N2H3CH3(l)+5N2O4(l) 4CO2(g)+12H2O(g)+9N2(g)

sbOqOO U w udJ bQ

CHIMIE11P1-Book72dpi

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