Post on 20-Jan-2016
description
5.1
(surface and interface) -----
1.-
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
:1.
dA
Jm-2
(-) Nm-1surface tension
W2W1FF=W1+W2g F=2l
(a
1) :2) Tp
1. P1175-1
2. 5-2 P118
3.
GTP
3A
5.2 AAA=A/V A/m
1cm1cm3
10-2m10-9m nm
3.H
4. 100KPaCaCO3 CaCO3(s)=CaO(s)+CO2(g)
MT Kelvin>0
----T0
T=T0-T1 T
B0 B0
B0OC1O B0OC2O
1C1TT0C
a -Fe b
5.3
1. 1 Ps = P - P =0
2 AB Ps P+ PsP Ps
3 AB Ps P-Ps
4Psr a. P=P+Ps b. dVdA c. PsdV dA.PsdV =dAdV=d4/3 r3=4r2dr dA=d4r2=8rdrPs=2/rLaplacePsr
3 Ps=4/r4 rPs ps
P126
2. P PP+P+Ps=P+gh+2/r rPs PPP+gh+ 2/r
PP+gh+2/r T 1.250 Nm-1r = 510-8 mps= 2/r = 5107Nm-1
1. T S G G-T1T=T0G=G T0 2T>T0G>G G=G-G>0, T>T0
VAln G G=n V GG=nA V l3A l2 V =kl3A =kl2G=nk Gl3+ nkl2
G-l lc : l< lc l> lc
3 G=nk Gl3+ nkl2 , Gl :d (G)/dl=0 lc=2/3 k/k(- G) 1 GTT G lc
2Gc Gc G Gc G-lT1 > T2 > T3l1 > l2 > l3
4 G>0 lc=2/3 k/k(- G) G=nk Gl3+ nkl2G=nA/3=G/32/31/3
5.4 GG Ol s g
s-g = s-l + l-g cos(Young) cos = (s-g -s-l) / l-g
G G 1. s-ls-gl-g.
AG:G=[Gs-l-(Gs-g+Gl-g)] =[s-l- (s-g+l-g)]A G=[(s-g+l-g) -s-l]A:W= G/A=(s-g+l-g) -s-ls-g= s-l +l-gcosW= l-g(1+cos)(Young)
1l-g WG 2 l-g 30
2. s-ll-gs-g GG=Gs-l+ Gl-g - Gs-g = [ s-l+ l-g - s-g ]A G= [ s-g - s-l - l-g ]A W= G/A = s-g- s-l - l-g=
2072.7510-3Nm-1471.610-3Nm-1-37510-3Nm-1 = - - - 5-1 p134
3. dA dnB
CB=1moldm-3CB
.cNaClNa2SO4 c c c
. 1. -OH-COOH-NH2
2. c 3. c 4.
R-OSO3NaR-SO3NaR-OPO3Na2
CH3 |R-N-HCl | H CH3 |R-N-HCl | CH3 CH3 |R-N+-CH3Cl- | CH3
CH3 |R-N+-CH2COO- | CH3
R-(C6H4)-O(C2H4O)nHR2N-(C2H4O)nHR-CONH(C2H4O)nHR-COOCH2(CHOH)3H
(micelle)
(critical micelle concentration) CMC
(critical micelle concentration)
(hydrophile-lipophile balance) GriffinHLBHLBHLB=0 HLB=20HLB020
(hydrophile-lipophile balance) HLBHLB268101218HLB 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 | || || || || | W/O | || O/W
1. 90
2.
3. X
4. 10-7m (O/W)(W/O)
5. A.
B.C.
5%
1.O/W2.W/O
5.6
. 1. A
5-6P138
.1. V=V m(1)
2.q, T, p.(2)
:pq-Tqp-T adsH
Tq-p 5(p/pspsp)
()2.5nm78KN2.
()S1. S
()352KBr2
()323K.
()373K
R' R'Kelvin(a) AB (b)
Kelvin (b)bCD
. Langmuir1-=k1p(1-) 1-=k2
qLangmuir
q p
1.pbp1q =1q p3.q pmm01
VVpp/VpbVq =V/VLangmuir Langmuir
1.2.3.q LangmuirLangmuir
Brunauer-Emmett-TellerBET Langmuir.BET
1.-2. Vmc
.FreundlichFreundlichqcm3/ganFreundlichq Langmuir
1. 2. kJ/mol3.
4.5.6.
H2 NiH eaQp H2Nia
aNiac
1. 2.40kJ/mol 3.
4.5.6.-
5.7
-
1.
CTAB\SDBS
ZnO
2.-COOH -OH 3.SrTiO3H2C2O4ZnO
-1.2. 3.T10-2~10-4Pa + N2
H2O2N2 H2 ArH2 O2 H2OH2O
. 1.
2. ZnO PTCBaTiO3 PTC
5.8.1.
2. 3.1 d>0.1m
2 sol d1 nm~100 nm 1 nm ~ 1000 nm
3 d
1 .- AgI.- .-
2 .- .- .-
3 ---..- .-
2sollyophilic:. 1d1nm~0.1m(10-9~10-7m)
1 nm~100 nm lyophobic
1 10-9~10-7 m 2 3
5.9. 400~700 nm 1
1.1 2 3
Tyndall
Rayleigh1. 2. 3.
cr
turbidity It I0l d>
200 nm2. 5~150 nm
5~150nmNcsolVr
sol
1827 Brown) .sol
1. 1903
19051906Einstein)Smoluchowski)BrownBrown5 mBrown
xtxrL
dm/dtdc/dx
CDFEABC1>C2 C1C2
a Ficks first law
D
b Ficks second law
-Einstein-Brown t AB AB
ABt
r r :
AB c c
c sedimentation equilibrium
dxN
1 2 AgIAg+I- AgIAgNO3Ag+KII -
3 pHPCOO-pHP-NH3+ pH-COO--NH3+pH
pH 1. electrophoresis
2. electro-osmosis) 1~10 nm
U1,25,6 4 3AgI
3. streaming potential)
4. (sedimentation potential)
double layer) 1879Helmholz 19101913SternStern
0 0
GouyChapman
AB
Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern
SternStern0 Stern
0
electrokinetic potential
d
0
1. r10-9~10-7mG2.
AgNO3 + KIKNO3 + AgI KI AgIKI
2AgNO3 + KIKNO3 + AgI AgNO3
12 V2O5 3 Fe(OH)3
. r r
sol
112113mVsol
sol1.solsolTc csolcsol
1moldm-3-
2solH+>Cs+>Rb+>K+>Na+>Li+Fe 3+ >Al 3+ >Ba 2+ >Sr 2+ >Ca 2+ >Mg 2+solF- > IO3- > H2PO4- >BrO3- > Cl- > Br- >NO3- >I- >CNSlyotropic series)
3sol4
2sol2.
NaClLi+>K+>Na+>NH4+>Mg 2+>>SO42->CH3COO->Cl->NO3->ClO3->I-
3.sol10-6sol
sol SiO2SiO2SiO2
sol
5.10
.1.
12 ACB ACB1000 nm
2.sol
Fe(OH)3() Fe(OH)3(sol)SnCl4SnO2() SnO2(sol)sol3.16000Hz
4
,NaOH 100V 4.
. sol1.sol
A. 2H3AsO3+ 3H2S As2S3+6H2OB. FeCl3 +3H2O Fe(OH)3 +3HCl C. 2H2S(+ SO2(g) 2H2O +3S ( Na2S2O3 +2HCl 2NaCl +H2O +SO2 +S (
2.solE. AgNO3+ KCl AgCl ( +KNO3A.
1. 2.90
42,5 B. 245 53
Fe(OH)3HCl . sol
1
2 10-8~310-7m
2
5.11 sol-gel. sol-gelsol10-9~10-7mgelsolgel.-
sol-gel-
1.sol
2. Al(OC3H7)3
a.-M-OH + HO-M -M-O-M- + H2Ob.-M-OH + RO-M -M-O-M- + ROH
sol-gel H3O+-OROH--OR
solgel B(OR)3Al(OR)3B2O3Al(OH)3
-a.b.c.-OH-OR
+
a./b.c.gelpHTsol
5.12 sol-gelsol-gel. 1.2.3.
. sol-gel
sol-gelBaTiO31.Ba + 2C3H7OH Ba(OC3H7)2 + H2TiCl4 + 4C3H7OH + 4NH3 Ti(OC3H7)4 + 4NH4ClTi(OC3H7)4 + 4C5H11OH Ti(OC5H11)4 + 4C3H7OH2.
2h12h5-15nmBaTO3