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2015/2016

: 2 (01)

:.

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Arrhenius-

KOH K + OH

HCl H + Cl

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Brnsted-Lowry-je

,

H3O + ClHCl + H2O

1 2 21

CH3 CO

OH

+ H2O + H3OCH3 CO

O

3 ,

3

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Et NH2 + H2O Et NH3 + OH

1 221

- -

EtNH2 , EtNH3+

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, a a ( )

BH HB +

- ()

( , , )

(/):HCl/Cl-,

H3O+/H2O,

CH3COOH/CH3COO

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B1H + B2 B1 + B2H

21

1 2

B HB

B H B

c cK=

c c

B + H3OBH + H2O

3

2

B H O

BH H O

c cK=c c

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+ H3OCH3 C

O

OCH3 C

O

OH+ H2O

3

2

B H O

BH H O

c c

K=

c c

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B + H2O BH + OH

BH OHb

B

c c

K =c

B + H2O BH + OH

BH OH b

B

c c

K =c

(C2H5)3N + H2O (C2H5)3NH + OH

.. .. 3 3

-5

Et N Et N

K =5,8 10 pK =4,24

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/

KaKb= Kw

pKa + pKb= 14

...

Et N3 Et NH3b a

pKpK = .. 14-4,24=9,74, . . .24 6.

CH COOH3 CH COO3a b

pK =4,75 pK =14-4,75=9,25.. ....

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- HN

R R

NR R

H+ H N

R RH

H

- H+ H

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Lewis-o

,

R3N + BF3 R3N BF3

H2O + H H3O

R

O

R

+ BF3

R

O

R

BF3

R

C

R

O + AlCl3

R

C

R

O

AlCl3

R

C

R

O

AlCl3

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BF3AlX3, X = Cl, Br

ZnX2, X = Cl, Br

SnCl2SnCl4SbCl3SbCl5AgClO4

Lewis-oe

.

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O

CR

O

H

:

-

-

O

CR

O

H O

CR

O

H

C

O

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H C

O

OapK =3,75

CH3 C

O

O H

H + CH3 C

O

O

H CO

O

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2 2

-3

FCH COOH FCH COOH K =2,2 10 pK =2,66

C

F F COOH

F

:

CH2 CF

O

O

H

CH2 COO + HF

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HO CH2COOH 3,83

CH3COOH

apK

4,75

CH3CO CH2COOH 3,58

CH3O CH2COOH 3,53C2H5OOC CH2COOH 3,35

C CH2COOHN 2,47

1,83O2N CH2COOH 1,68

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R OH RO + H

pKa~16

!

R OH + NaOH RONa + H2O

2 R OH + 2 Na 2 RONa + H2

:

RO Na + H2O R OH + 2 Na OH

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O O O O O

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

:

+ H - H

pKa~10

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OH

+ NaOH

O Na

+ H2O

OOO

...

a - ,...

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OOOOO

O

N

O

OO

N

O

O O

N

O

O

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OH9,92

OH

NO2

7,25

OHO2N 7,21

OH

NO2

O2N 4,08

OH

NO2

O2N

NO2

0,38

pKa

OH

O2N

8,28

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R

O

H BH

B

R

O

R

O

CH3 N

O

O

BBH

CH2 N

O

O

CH2 N

O

O

pKa~ 20

pKa~ 10

pKa~ 9

B

BH

O O O O O O O O

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Kb

NH3

CH3NH2

(CH3)2NH

(CH3)3N

1,810-5

4,310-4

5,110-4

5,810-5

= ~ 244,310-4

1,810-5= ~ 53

9,610-4

1,810-5

Kb

C2H5NH2

(C2H5)2NH

(C2H5)3N

5,610-4

9,610-4

4,410-4

NH3 1,810-5

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- - -

H2SO4, HNO3, HCl HClO4 :

H3O ()

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( e) :

HClO4> HCl H

2SO

4> HNO

3> H

3O >

>CF3COOH, C6H5SO3H

- -