happhuetanol

8/9/2019 happhuetanol

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI KHOA CNG NGH HA HC

B MN CNG NGH HU C HA DU ======***======

NTT NGHIP Ni dung :

Thit k x-ng sn xut cn tuyt i bng k thut hp ph

Gio vin hng dn : TS. Vn nh S n Th [email protected]

Sinh vin thc hin : Le Vn TrungLp : HD2 K48

H Ni 5 - 2008


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PHN I: GII THIU CHUNG

Nh ta bit Vit Nam l mt nc c nn kinh t nng nghip lch yu vi th mnh chnh l cc ngnh trng trt v chn nui c bit l

ngnh sn xut la go. Hng nm nc ta c sn lng xut khu la grt ln v ngth 2 tr n th gii, nhng nm gn y kim nghch xutkhu go lin tc tng.

Nm 2007 va qua cc doanh nghip trong nc xut khu mtlng go rt ln 4,5 triu tn go v gi vng v tr nh cung cp go ngth 2 tr n th gii sau thi lan.

Bn cnh cc ngnh trng trt nh rau, c, qu, maCng phttrin khng ngng.

Tt c nhng yu t tr n cho thy y l mt ngun nguyn liu rtphong ph, ri do v d tha ca Vit Nam.To iu kin rt thun li chocc ngnh cng nghip s dngnguyn liu l sn phm ca ngnh nngnghip c bit l cc ngnh sn xut nhin liu xng du, cn, nhin liusinh hc

Trong khi t nh hnh xng du th gii hin nay c nhiu bin ng.Trong nhng nm gn y gi xng du th gii tng vi tc chng mCc nc c ngun ti nguyn du m di do hn ch khai thc gy ranhiu bin ng xu n nn kinh t ton cu. c bit l cc nc c nncng nghip ang pht trin phi chu nhiu hu qu nng l, t nh hnh lm pht tng mnh nh hng n cht lng ca i sng nhn dn. y

mt mi lo ngi i vi chnh ph, cc doanh nghip trong nc v ton thnhn dn ta. Song song vi nhng kh khn l tnh hnh v ngun nhinliu du m ca nc ta ngy cng cn kit theo thi gian do nc ta chxut khu du th v nhp xng du t nc ngoi m cha c nh my lcdu no chnh thc i vo hot ng.

Trc t nh hnh vic nghin cu sn xut cc ngun nhin liukhc thay th xng du l mt vic lm cp bch v quan trng.Bn cnhvic xy dng cc nh my lc du ti Vit Nam chng ta cn nghin cuv xy dng cc nh my sn xut nguyn liu sch nh cn tuyt i, nhinliu sinh hc tn dng ti a ngun nguyn liu d tha ca nn nngnghip, m bo c an ton v nng lng cho pht trin nn kinh t VitNam vn ang nm trong vng cc nc ngho nht th gii.

ti ca em l thit k phn xng sn xut cn tuyt i l mt ti rt hay v c ngh a thc tin v p ng c phn no v nhu cu sdng nng lng hin nay ca t nc. Tuy nhin, y l mt ti ht scmi m trong qu tr nh lm vic s gp rt nhiu kh khn v khng trnh


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PHN II: L THUYT CHUNG I. NGUYN LIU ETANOL I.1. Tnh cht ca Etanol

+ Tnh cht vt l: Etanol (C2H5OH) l cht lng khng mu, mi thm, d chy, d ht

m.Etanol to hn hp ng phvi nc c thnh phn 95,47% th tch.

Hnh 2.1a: l im ng ph Nhit si ca Etanol l 78,39oC, t trng 154d = 0.79356, nhit

dung ring Cp(1621oC) = 2,415 J.g-1.K-1, nhit chy th tch c nh l1370,82 kJ/mol.I.2. C ch ph gia ca Etanol khi pha vo xng

Etanol c tr s octan cao RON = 120 135, MON = 100 106,thng c pha vo xng vi hm lng 10 15% khi lng. Khi phEtanol vo xng do bn than n l chat c tr s octan cao do s lm tngtr s octan ca xng.

Mt khc, do bn than qu tr nh chy trongng c xngl chycng bc, vic tn dng khng kh trong bung t s khng hon ton. Do s c nhng nhin liu chy trong iukin thiu oxy, dn n sn phm


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chy khng hon ton (sn phm chy bn). Khi ta a Etanol vo dngph gia th qu trnh chy trongng c s:

+ Chy hon ton nh c oxy sn c trong cn nn ta gim thiu cqu trnh sinh kh COc hi ra mi trng.

+ Gim tiu tn nhin liu do ng c khng chy ht nhin liu. + Oxy ha cc kh c hi trong qu tr nh chy gy ra thnh hp cht

c s oxy ha cao nht, t gy nh hng ti mi trng. Chnh s b sung them oxy vo hn hp chy m bo qutrnh

chy hon ton, sn phm chy sch hn. Vic s dng Etanol pha vo xngdang l hng pht trin c trin vng nht v n c nhng u im sau:

+ C tr s octan cao thay th ph gia ch v methanol l nhng phgia c hi vi con ngi.

+ C hm lng oxy ln hn so vi MTBE, TBA, TAME+ ng c s dng xng pha cn d khi ng, vn hnhn nh hn

so vi cc loi ph gia oxygen khc. + Cng ngh sn xut n gin hn v tn dng c ngun nguynliu sn c. Bn cnh vic s dng ph giaEtanol cng c nhng nhcim l:

- Kh nng bo qun ph gia Etanol l rt kh (y l nhc imquan trng nht).

- Gi thnh ca nhin liu l tng i cao. I.3.ng dng ca Etanol

Dng pha ch sn xut cc loi ru, bia ung, ch binthc n.

Dng lm cht st tr ng, ra vt thng trong y t. Dng lm dcphm cha bnh. Trong tng hp ha hc: Cn c xem l cht trung gian sn xut

cc cht ha hc khc nh: Acid axetic, Etyl Axetat Ngoi ra ngi ta c th dng chng lm dung mi ha tan nhiu hp

cht hu c v v c khc. Ngy nay hng nghin cu v nhin liu sch, trong vic s dng

cn c nng cao pha xng c xem l mt hng i hiu qu v cch rt nhiu. Mt s nc tr n th gii hin nay ng dngthnh cngnghin cu ny v cho kt qu tt. iu ny gip gii quyt c vn mitrng, gim thiu c nhim mi trng do cc ng c gy ra. I.4. Tnh hnh sn xut Etanol trn th gii hin nay

Trn th gii, vic nghin cu s dng etanol thay th cht ph giaMTBE trong xng du c tin hnh trong nhiu nm qua. M, chnhph nc ny cng b cm s dng MTBE, vo u nm 2003, do nhiu


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cng trnh nghin cu v s nhim ngun nc, mi trng khng kh, sckhe con ngi trong vic s dng MTBE.

Etanol nhin liu l cn tuyt i (hay cn gi l cn khan, c cnt 99,7 100%), c sn xut t cn cng nghip (c hm lng etanol 92 96%).

Chng tr nh etanol nhin liu c nhiu nc quan tm, u t xydng chin lc xy dng cc nh my sn xut etanol t cc loi ngcc nh: Ng, sn, ma ng p ng nhu cu cung cp nhin liu tito trong tng lai. y l chng tr nh pht trin nng nghip nng thn,nhm khai thc tim nng sn c v lao ng, t ai, ngun nng sn mquc gia.

M l mt trong 2 nc sn xut etanol ln nht th gii vi mchng tr nh etanol nhin liu c th. Tng cng sut sn xut etanol nhinliu M n nm 2003 t 3,5 t gallon, tng ng 13 t lt. Tng l,M c th vt Braxin, nc sn xut etanol ln nht th gii hin nay. Vonm do lnh cm s dng MTBEs lm tng mnh nhu cu i etanol nhinliu M hin nay.

Braxin l quc gia sn xut etanol tuyt i ln nht th gii hinnay. T 15 nm nay, tt c xe c Braxin u chy bng etanol tinh khit,y nh l mt v d in h nh v vic khai thc nng lng sinh khi(Biomas).

Nm 1975, chnh ph Braxin a ra mt chng tr nh sn xut etanolt ma gii quyt vn gi ng th gii hgi v gnh nng ngycng tng ca ngnh du m sau cuc khng hong du m nm 1973. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta tn dng cc nh my ng hin c xut etanol. Chng tr nh ny ko theo m rng din tch trng ma v xydng thm cc nh my sn xut cn tuyt i. Sn lng nhin liu sinhhc ny tng u n, t 0,6 t lt nm 1975 n 14 t lt nm 1998. T cunm 1970 ton b xe c Braxin dng nhin liu c cha 20% etanol thay th cho xng v diesel m khng cn thay i ng c. T nm 1984n 1988, tt c s t mi c bn ra th trng u chy bng cn tui. Nm 1988 cc loi xe ny tiu th ht 7,6 t lt cn, trong 5,3 tlt dng pha xng, cn li dng cho t.


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Thng k v t l s dng etanol v gasoline Braxin nh sau:

Hnh 2.2Ngoi Braxin v M l 2 quc gia c s lng cn tuyt i ln nht

th giicn phi k nmt s quc gia khc c tim lc cng rt ln l:Ty Ban Nha, Trung Quc, n , Thi lan

Tnh hnh sn xut etanol tuyt i nc ta hin nay: Vit Nam

hin nay cha c nh my no sn xut cn tuyt i quy m cng nghiv vy vic nghin cu u t cng ngh tin tin xy dng mt nh mysn xut etanol nhin liu l cn thit, ph hp vi chng tr nh etanol nhinliu ton cu trong nn kinh t th trng nh hin nay. Mt khc n giquyt c mt s vn yu kmtn ti ca nc ta hin nay l;

- Nhin liu xng v diesel u ph thuc vo ngun nhp khu vitng nhu cu hng triu tn mt nm. Cng vi pht trin ca nn kinh tt nc v qu trnh hi nhp, nhu cu s dng nguyn liu s tng vi tcln. Theo d bo, n nm 2020, Vit Nam nhu cu s dng nhin liut 20 triu tn/ nm, trong sn xut trong nc ch p ng c kho76% nhu cu.

- V th vic nghin cu cc phng php sn xut cn tuyt i, kthp vi nghin cu la chncc h ph gia ph hp sn xut cc loinhin liu sinh hc p ng nhu cu s dng nhin liu Vit Nam, mbo gim nhim mi trng, pht trin ngun ti nguyn thc vt, c bit


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l s dng nng sn v ph liu cng nghip ch bin nng sn p ngc an ninh nng lng quc gia.

II. CNG NGH SN XUT CN CAO

thu c sn phm l cn c nng cao tr n th gii hin nay s dng nhiu phng php tch nc t cn cng nghip, c th c th k cc phng php in h nh nh sau:

+ Phng php chng ct:- Phng php chng ng ph - Phng php chng phn t

+ Phng php dng cht hp ph chn lc Zeolite. + Phng php dng cc cht ht m. + Phng php thm thu qua mng.+ Phng php kt hp bc hi thm thu qua mng v dy phn t.

II.1. Phng php chng ct II.1.1. Chng trch ly:

S chng trch ly nh sau:

AB

A B

R

BR

RNc ngng

Hi nc Hi nc

Nc ngng

Nc lam mat

Nc lam mat

Nc lam mat

Nc lam mat

S ONGUYEN LYCHNG TRCH LY

Hnh 2.3 S chng trch ly Nguyn tc: Hn hp etanol nc c nhit si gn nhau to thnh dung dch

ng ph 78,15oC p sut 1,013 Bar. Vi hn hp ny khng th dng


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phng php chng luyn thng thng tch cc phn t ra dnnguyn cht d thp v cng cao v lng hi lu l rt ln. Phng phpchng luyn trch ly thc hin a thm cu t phn ly c tc dng ph v hn hp ng ph, lm tng bay hi tng i ca mt phn t trong hhp.

Cng ngh thc t p dng Braxin[10]s cng ngh nh sau:

Ethanol 96%V

Ethanol 99,98%V

Nc

Hi nc

6 44

12

4

3

5

Cau tloi cuon

Hon h p ong soi cu a 3 cau t

Cau tloi cuon ( phaa ng ph ):Benzen , Heptane, Cyclohexane

Hnh 2.4 S sn xut cn tuyt i theo phng php trch ly B razil

1- Ct tch nc 2- Thng lng gn 3- Thit b ngng t 4- Thit b lm lnh 5- Ct tch Hydrocacbon 6- Thng cha cu t li cun

Thc hin a cu t ph ng ph (entrainer) l Benzen, Heptan,hoc Cyclohexan. Etanol 96% th tch c a vo ct tch nc ( De-hydrating Column) gia thp. Etanol 99,8% th tch thu c y thp,c a i lm lnh v tn cha, bo qun. Hn hp ng si ca 3 cu tthu c nh thp c ngng t v phn tch trong thng lng gn. Lptrn ca thng lng gn l cc hp cht hu c cha c cu t ph ng phc a v ct tch hydrocacbon, ti hydrocacbon ph ng ph, etano


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mt lng hi nc c a i tun hon v thit b ngng t ri a vthng lng gn. Stillage thu c tun hon v thp chng ct etanol. Mt strng hp khc stillage c s dng trong sn xut thc n cho ng v

Lng hi nc s dng: 1 1,5 kg/lt etanol 99,98%

II.1.2. Chng phn t [3]Nguyn tc: Chng phn t thc hin chn khng cao ( tng ng vi

sut 0,01 0,0001 mmHg). p sut ny lc ht gia cc phn t yu i vs ln va chm gia chng gim, lm khong cch chy t do ca cc phnt tng ln rt nhiu. Trn c s , nu lm khong cch gia b mt bchi v b mt ngng t nh hn khong cch chy t do ca cc phn t, khong cch phn t ca cc cu t d bay hi khi ri khi b mt bc hs va p vo b mt ngng t v ngng t . Tr ong thc t khong cchgia cc phn t duy tr mc 200mm 30mm. Hiu s nhit gia haib mt duy tr mc 100oC.

- S nguyn l nh sau:

10

6

7

41

23

8

5


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Hnh 2.5 Thp chng phn t 1- B mt bc hi 2- B mt ngng t 3- V lm lnh 4- a phn phi5- Phu hng sn phm y 6- Ca sn phm nh 7- Ca ra ca nc lm lnh 8- Ca vo ca nc lm lnh9- Ca ht chn khng 10- Ca dn hn hp u vo

Pha trong phng bc hi c mt b phn ung nng, pha ngoi l bphn ngng t 2. H thng c v bc 3 lm lnh. Hn hp u (etanol +ru) cho vo b phn to mng 4 chy thnh mng theo b mt bc hi1. Sn phm y ( nc) ly ra phu 5, sn phm nh (etanol) c ttrung li v i ra ca 5. Nc lm lnh vo ca 8 v ra ca 7. ng ni 9 nivi bm chn khng gi cho chn khng cn thit trong thit b.

Do vic to p sut v ch to thit b lm vic p sut chn khng

i hi rt phc tp v tn km, phng php ny ch nghin cu, khngm rng c quy m.

II.2. Phng php dng cht hp ph chn lc ZeoliteII.2.1. Gii thiu v Zeolite [1]

Hnh 2.6 C u to phn t zeolite

Zeolite l cc Aluminosilicat tinh th c cu trc khng gian 3 chiuvi h thng l xp ng u v rt trt t. H thng mao qun (pore) ny ckch c phn t, cho php chia (ry) cc phn t theo h nh dng v kchthc. V vy zeolite cnc gi l cht ry phn t.


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Thnh phn ha hc ca zeolite c th biu din nh sau:

Me2/nO.xAl2O3.ySiO2.zH2OTrong : + M+: l cation b tr in tch khung. + z: l s phn t nc kt tinh trong zeolite. + n v cu trc c bn ca zeolite l cc t din TO4, vi T l Al

hoc Si. C th biu din n v cu trc c bn ca zeolite nh sau:

O2-Si4+

O

O

O2-

2-

2-

TDIEN SiO4

2-

2-O

O

O

3+Al

2-O

-

-

TDIEN[AlO4]

2-

Hnh 2.7 C u trc c bn ca zeolite Vic thay th ng h nh Si4+ bngAl3+ trong cc t din SiO4 dn n

d mt in tch m [AlO4]-. in tch m d c cn bng bi s c mtca cation M+, gi l cation b tr din tch khung.

Ngi ta t m thy 40 cu trc zeolite trong t nhin khc nhau. Trongkhi s pht trinca vt liu ny trong l nh vc nh hp ph, phn tch,qu trnh xc tcem li nhng kh nng ln nh cc phng php tng

hp zeolite ang c thc hin trong phng th nghim. Hin nay ckhong 200 loi zeolite tng hp, tuy nhin mi ch c mt lng nh trongs c s dng trong cng nghip.

Tnh cht chnh ca zeolite c th hin bi cu trc v hnh thi cachng, tc l s sp xp trt t ca cc t din, phn th tch rng, s tn ca cc mao qun v cc l, kch thc cc l v cc mao qun. Ngoi ratnh cht ca cc zeolite cn ph thuc vo t l Si/Al (hoc SiO2 /Al2O3) vcc cation b tr in tch (K +, Na+).+ Phn loi Zeolite: - Phn loi theo kch thc mao qun

* Zeolite c mao qun rng: Dmq > 8 Ao * Zeolite c mao qun trung b nh: Dmq = 5 8 Ao * Zeolite c mao qun nh: Dmq < 5 Ao

Trong : Dmq l ng knh mao qun. - Phn loi theo t l Si/Al: Cch phn loi ny cho ta bit bin i tnh chtca zeolite.


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* Loi giu Al: Theo quy tc ca Lowenstein th hm l ng Si trongzeolite lun ln hn Al, c ngha l t l Si/Al lun ln hn bng 1. Trongloi giu Al th t l ny bng 1,1 1,2. Mao qun ca zeolite ny tng iln.

* Loi c hm lng Al trung b nh: Vi zeolite loi ny t l gi Si/Al t 1,2 2,5.

* Loi giu Si: Loi ny c t l Si/Al > 2,5 tng i bn nhit nnc s dng nhiu trong qu tr nh xc tc ciu kin khc nghit. - Zeolite A:

L loi zeolite tng hp c cu trc di dng lp phng n gintng t nh kiu lin kt trongtinh th NaCl, vi cc nt mng li l ccbt din ct.

i vi zeolite A t l Si/Al = 1 nn s nguyn t Si v Al trong min v Sodalit bng nhau. V vy vi mi bt din ct c to bi 24 tdin c 48 nguyn t Oxy lm cu ni, vy cn d 12 in tch m. trungha 12in tch m ny ta phi c 12 cation ha tr 1 hoc 6 cation ha tr 2.Trong trng hp ca zeolite A l 12 ion K+ hoc 6 cation Ca2+.

- c tnh k thut ca zeolite 3A: * L loi zeolite giu nhm, t l Si/Al thp. * Cation b tr in tch K +: K12[(AlO2)12.(SiO2)12]* Kch thc mao qun: 3 Ao.

II.2.2. Qu trnh hp ph [4- 241] II.2.2.1. Cc nh ngha v hp ph

Hp ph l qu trnh ht cc cht tr n b mt cc vt liu xp nh cclc b mt.Cc vt liu xp c gi l cht hp ph, cht b ht c gi lcht b hp ph.

Hp ph xy ra do lc ht tn ti tr n v gn st b mt trong ccmao qun.

+ Hp ph ha hc: Lc hp ph mnh nht l lc ha tr gy ln hpph ha hc, to ln cc hp cht khbn tr n b mt, kh nh hp ph hocchuyn cc phn t thnh cc nguyn t.

+ Hp ph vt l: Lc hp ph l lc vt l Vanderwalltc dng trongkhong khng gian gn st b mt. Mt hin tng thng xy ra trong b mt kh rn l pha kh ngngt thnh cht lng trong mao qun nh, iu ny xy ra di tc dng calc mao qun.

Mi phn t b hp ph (d dng kh hay lng) u gim t do,do qu tr nh hp ph lun k m theo s ta nhit.

+ Hp ph vt l: Nhit hp ph nh.


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+ Hp ph ha hc: Nhit hp ph ln hn, c th bng nhit phnng.Do s ta nhit, trong qu tr nh hp ph vn tch nhit lun c ra.

ng hc ca qu tr nh hp ph: Qu trnh hp ph t pha lng hoc pha kh ln b mt xp ca cht

hp ph gm 3 giai on: + Chuyn cht t lng pha lng n b mt ngoi ca ht cht hp ph + Khuych tn vo cc mao qun ca ht. + Hp ph: Qu tr nh hp ph lm bo ha dn tng phn khng gian

hp ph, ng thi lm gim t do ca cc phn t b hp ph, k m theos ta nhit. - Yu cu ca cc vt liu hp ph:

+ C b mt ring ln. + C cc mao qun ln cc phn t hp ph ln b mt, nhng

cng cn nh loi cc phn t xm nhp, c tnh chn lc. + C th hon nguyn d dng.+ Bn nng lc hpph, ngha l ko di thi gian lm vic. + bn c chu c rung ng v va p.

II.2.2.2. H pphgin onc l pcht hpph ng yn [4 - 253] a. S thay i nng trong pha rn v pha kh theo thi gian v chiu caolp cht hp ph.

Biudins s thay inng chtb hpph theo chiucaocalpchthpphv theo thigian khi hpphginonc lphpph ngyn nhsau:

H

H 2

H bh

H 1H' 2

0 X C

H H H

00 Y c X Y U, KX1 Xbh

bh

bh

Yd

U = f(H)

K = f(H)

Y d

Y c

a a

Hnh 2.8

Trong:Y1: Nng chtb hpph trong pha kh i vo thitb, kg kh b

hpph /kg kh tr .


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Yc: Nng ti thiucachtkh m ta c thtchc, kg chtb hpph /kg kh tr .

Xc: Nng chtb hpph trong pha rn, T ng ngvi YC, kgchtb hpph /kg chthpph.

Xbh

: Nng bo ho cachtb hpph trong pha rn, kg chtb hpph /kg chthtph.

Qu trnh lm vicnhsau:+ Hnhpkh c nng Yd i vo thitb. Trckhi lm viccht

hpphtrong thitb c nng X XC. Sau thigian hpph 1 nng chthpph mtcta - at cX1, cn cao H1 th t c nng Xc. Trong thigian nng kh thayitYd nYc.

Thigianchthpph mtcta at cnng bo ho lbh , khi nng tti gi tr Yc v chthpph ttiXc t ngng

vi cao Hbh.Trcthi im bh cc ngcong biudinU = f(H) v K= f(H)

thayilin tctheo chiucao. thi im bh trong lp hpph thc t tothnh nhngmt

ngnng , chng dch chuynln vi vntckhngikhi tng thi gian hpph.

mt thi imnht nhch c mt lpchthpph lm vic, lp ny nmgiahai mtphngc nng Xc v Xbh.

II.2.3. Phng php sn xut cn tuyt i bng vt liu hp ph chnlc - Nguyn tc ca phng php:

+ Da vo kch thc mao qun ca zeolite 3A cht hp ph ny cth hp ph nhng phn t c kch thc nh hn kch thc mao qun khng hp ph nhng phn t c kch thc ln hn.

+ Khi s dng zeolite 3A hp ph sn xut cn tuyt i, bn chl cht hp ph chn lc nc trong hn hp nc v etanol c nng thphn.

+ Kch thc ng hc ca nc l 2,75Ao < 3Ao.

+ Kch thc ng hc ca ru l 3,95Ao

> 3Ao

. Nh vy: zeolite 3A hp ph nc nhng khng hp ph ru etanol. - Qu trnh hp ph c th thc hin theo hai dng:

+ Hp ph lng rn. + Hp ph kh rn.

- S nguyn l ca qu tr nh:


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Qu trnh hp ph vi hn hp etanol nc dngpha lng:

5

Khong kh

Nguyen l ieu

San pham

Vent

Dong tuan hoa n

1A 1B

2

3

4

5Nc lam ma tNc l am mat

Nc lam mat

Nc l am mat

6

Hnh 2.9 S hp ph cn nc dng lng


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Qu trnh hp ph vi hn hp etanol nc dng hi:

7B

3

6

Nc

Nc lam mat

Khong kh

Dong tuan hoan

7A

1C1B

2

8

5

4

5

5

1A

2

San pham

Khong kh

Con 85-96%V

Vent

Hnh 2.10 S hp ph cn nc dng hi - M t qu tr nh lm vic:

+ Nguyn liu (hn h p etanol nc c nng thp) c a quact hp ph cha zeolite 3A pha lng hoc pha hi. Nc s b hp phgi li tr n ct, etanol khng b hp ph i ra khi ct.


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qu tr nh lm vic lin tc, thng thng phi c t nht 2 thpcha cht hp ph. Khi thp A tin hnh hp phth thp B phi tin hnhti sinh xc tc v ngc li.

Vi qu tr nh s dng 3 thp: Thp 1 thc hin qu tr nh hp, thp 2thc hin qu tr nh nh hp v thp 3 thc hin qu tr nh lm mt cht hpph. - S nguyn l hp ph, nh hp v lm mt ca h thng 3 thp nh sau:

Hnh 2.11 S sn xut cn tuyt i theo phng php hp ph vi ba thp

Trong : Thp 1 thc hin hp ph, thp 2 ang thc hin nh hp ph, thp 3

ang thc hin qu tr nh lm mt cht hp ph. 1a, 1b: Dng kh thc hin qu tr nh nh hp ph. 2a, 2b: Dng kh thc hin lm mt.3a, 3b: Dng hi cn 96%V vo thp hp ph.

+ Cc ph ng php nhhpph:C ththchinnhhpphbng3 ph ng php:

II.2.3.1. Phng php 1:Gia nhitcho ct v nhkh sch, nng qua ct hpph nhit

ph hp. Thigian nhhpphtu thuc vo mc hpph.


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19

Ph ng php nycs dngph bintrong vicnhhpph, ti sinhchthpph.

S nguyn tc nh sau: [10]

Hnh 2.12

Nguyn tc hot ng ca s ny l c thp nh v thp hp phlm vic song song. Khi thp bn tri thc hin hp ph th thp phi thchin qu tr nh nh hp. Trong qu tr nh nh hp ny th kh c gia nhit n nhit yu cu ri thc hin qu tr nh nh hp c b xung nhit thnthp nh.


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20

Mt s trng hp s dng hi nguyn liu lm kh thc hin qutrnh nhhp [8- 380]

Ta c cc s nh sau:

San pha m

Bophan ngng tu

T h a

p t a

c h p h a

Hi nguyen lieu

T h a

p t a

i s i n h

T h a

p h a

p p h u

D a

u n o

n g

D a

u n o

n g

Thiet bgia nhiet

T h a

p l a m

m a

t

Hnh 2.13

Nguyn tc:+ hi nguyn liu c trch ra mt phn v i vo thp lm mt

nng nhit ca dng hi nh hp sau c gia nhit bng du nng tinhit nh hp ti u. Sau khi thc hin qu tr nh nh hp th dng hi nyc ngng t li thnh lng, ri cho qua thp tch pha tch cc ht bizeolite ra. pha lng c quay tr li i vo thp hp ph.

+ Ngoi ra cn mt s s khc tuy nhin nguyn tc hot ngcng tng t s cng ngh ny.

II.2.3.2. Phng php 2:Gim p ct hp phCch ny kh thchin v i hi thit b phc

tp, i hi k thut cao v tnh an ton trong sn xut khi s dng thit bchu p.


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21

S nguyn tc ca ph ng php:

Hnh 2.14 II.2.3.3. Phng php 3:

Dng mt s cht c i lc vi nc ln hn cacht hp ph (v d:

Amoniac NH3) nh hp ph. II.3. Phng php dng cc cht ht m Khi ta cho cc cht ht m vo trong h Etanol nc th cht ht m

s ht nc trong cn, nng cn thu c s cao hn nhng ch khong 98% v hiu sut thuhi cn khng cao.II.4. Phng php thm thu qua mng

Hnh 2.15

- Nguyn tc:


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22

S dng vt liu ry phn t Zeolite nh phng php hp ph chlc, nhng tc dng ca vt liu ry phn t 2 ph ng php hon tonkhc nhau.

So snh phng php thm thu qua mng v phng php hp phchn lc:

Bng 2.1 Phng php hp ph chn lc Phng php thm thu qua

mng- Hn hp Etanol nc i v thpc th mt trong dng lng hochi - Nc b gi li trong lp cht hpph trong thp v c tch ra tronggiai on nh hp ph

- lm vic lin tc , yu cu phic 2 thp thit k song song vinhau

- Hn hp Etanol nc i vo thp dng hi

- Nc v Etanol u khng b gili

- Lm vic lin tc ch vi 1 thp

-S nguyn l ca qu tr nh :

Nc ngng

H i nc 200kPa

6

2Nc lam mat

3

2

5

3

1

Ncngng tu

Etanol(99,9% V)

Etanol(23% V )

oNc lam

mat (20 C)

Etanol(96% thetch)

Hnh 2.16 s sn xut cn tuyt i theo phng php thm thu qua m ng


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23

Trong : 1- Thit b loi mng zeolite 2-Bm tuye 3- Bm ly tm 4- Thit b tn dng nhit 5- Thit b trao i nhit 6- Bm chn khng qu tr nh thu hi Etanol c trit , ngi ta thc hin ghp

cc thit b thnh modules thm thu. Nguyn tc ca Modules thm thuc th hin nhsau:- Cu to ca mng:

+Lp phn tch chn lc: dy 0,5 2m.+Lp cht mang c cu trc xp: dy 70-100m.

Hnh 2.17 mng phn tch ch n lc

II.5. Phng php kt hp bc hi thm thu v ry phn t Theo phng php ny th nc c hp ph bng bc hi thm thu quamng , sau qua ry phn t tip tc hp ph . Phng php ny cho nng cn cao nhng i hi u t c bn ln .

II.6. Kt hp chng ctv thm thu qua mng:Bn cht ca phng php l s dng thp chng ct nng cao nng Etanol , ng thi to hn hp hi i vo thit b phn tch loi mng .Vics dng kt hp s cho php linh ng hn trong ngun nguyn liu uvo.


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24

Hnh 2.18 II.7. So snh nh gi cc phng php

Ta lp bng so nh gi nh sau: Bng 2 .2 u nhc im

Phngphp u im Nhc im

Githnhu t

Nnglng tiutn

Phng phpchng ct

Gi thnh ut khng qucao

- Chng ngph :Nng Etanol thuc khng cao (tia 95,57% khi lng)- Chng phn t: Victo p sut chn khngcao , ch to cc thitb lm vic p sutchn khng i hi rtphc tp , tn km

50% 100%

Phng php dng cht hp ph chnl c

- Gi thnh ut ban ukhng qu cao(vi nng sutnh), ch tothit b khngqu phc tp . -Nng cnsn phm thu

- Do tr lc ca thpdng m ln , yucu cng sut ca bmcao .- Yu cu ca hn hpnguyn liu vo thpcao. 80% -


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25

c kh cao(99,5% khilng) - D dngchuyn quy mthit b sangquy m cngnghip

Phng php dng cht ht m

u t c bnthp nht trongcc phngphp.

- Nng cn snphm cha cao , chkhong 98% th tch - Hiu sut thu hi cnkhng cao

40% 50%

Phng php thm thu qua mng

Tch nc hiuqu , nng cn sn phmcao.

u t c bn cao 100% 20%

Phng php kt hp bchi thm

thu v ry phn t

Tch nc hiuqu , nng cn sn phmcao.

u t c bncao > 120% 35%

Qua bngso snh cc ph ng php trn ta thyph ng php snxut cntheo ph ng php hpphchnlcc nhiuyuimh n c. cbit snphmcnthu cc nng cncao, ut kinh tkhng qu tn km. Do ta c thsnxutcntheo ph ng php ny theo quy m cngnghip, c khnng p ng cnhu cuvnhin liungy cng hnhp caxng duhinnay.

II.6. Thitks snxutv nguyn tchot ng Qua qu trnh tnh ton la chncc thitb cho qu trnh snxut

cntuyt itheo ph ng php hpphtrn zeolite 3A ta thitks sn xutnhhnh v2.19 (trang bn)


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26

9

Nu?c l?nh

Nu?c nng

WRC

TCTCTC

FCFCFC

F C FC

N?i hoi

Nu?c l?nh

Nu?c nng

Thng ch?a ch?t th?

9

11

SO ? DY CHUY? N S? N XU? T C? N TUY? T ? I B? NG PHUONG PHP H? P PH?

Khng kh

FC

W RC WR C

WRC

FC FC F C

FC FCFC

FCFCFC

C?n v? thp chung

Kh Nito tu?n hon

Kh Nito

C?n 96 %

TI

TI TI

TT

TIC

TI

TT

TT C

C

WR C WRC

C?n tuy?t d

FCFC FC

1 1 1

2

8

3

4

7 7 7

5

9

9

10


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27

Nguyn tc:S lm vicvi3 thp lm vicsong song, thp 1 thchinqu

trnh hpph, thp 2 thchinqu trnh nhhp, thp 3 thchinqu trnhlm mt. Vis trn ta c nguyn tclm viccthcatngthp nh sau:

Thp hpph: H i cn 107oC cb m lnnhthp hpphnh b m thikh kiuhai cnh gung, h i cn i su vo trong v xungdi lpzeolite 3A v b hpphvo trong lpvtliu. Do c tn hiucadng(FC) nguyn liuv dng snphmcc van dnkh nhv kh lm mt s c ngli. Hicn i ra ythp vcqua thitb lcbizeolitesau cchuynsang thitb ngng tcnsnphm.ttclphpph ttitrngthi bo ho nng cnsnphm ura gimvan cn uvo st ng ngnh b iukhint ng(WRC). Khi mttn hiu nhit (TC) th van dnkh lm mt st ngm v thchin qutrnh lm mt.Thp lm mt: Kh c tn hiudng kh lm mt cc van dnh i cn snphm, cnnguyn liu, kh nhhpst ng ngli. Qu trnh lmmt sktthc khi tn hiunhit (TC)ura cadng kh lm mt gim dimccho php van dnkh lm mt st ng ngli. Tn hiudngkh lm mt mt (FC) th van dnkh nhhpst ngm v thchin qu trnh nhhp.

Thp nhhpph: Qu trnh nhhp cthchin nhit 350oC. Nhitlngcung cpcho qu trnh nyclytcalorifier h i nc vibchuyntn hiunhit ( c) dng N

2 i vo thp nh. tc dng

h i i vo calorifier s ckhngchnh mtvan t ng. Qu trnh nh hpphs cktthc khi c sthayilnvkhilngring cadng h i khi nhthng qua (WRC) ura cadng kh nhhp, cc vanuvo v ra dng kh nhst ng ngliktthc qu trnh nhhp ph.

tndngnhitcho ton bqu trnh lm vic, dng kh nit c xra tbnh nn kh vi vo thp thchinqu trnh lm mt. Dng kh nit ra tiptc ctraoinhitvih i, kh nhc nhit cao thng quathitb tndngnhitkh kh dngtm.

H i cnsau khi nh cngng tqua thitb ngng t. Kh Nit cnn tr libnh cha. Cnlngc nng thps chilu quaylithp chng tch cncng nghip.


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III. MT S CC THC NGHIM V PHNG PHPHP PH SN XUT CN BNG ZEOLITE 3A III.1 Cc tnh cht v cc i lng nhit ng ca qu tr nhhp ph nc: Theo th nghim ca E.Lalik v cng s [7]: Nhit hp ph: 107,6oC; Nhit phng 25oCLng Zeolite trong mu kho st: 0,02 (g)Lng cht mang (thch anh) trong mu kho st: 0,2(g)

Bng 2.3 Gi tr

i lng Nhit phng 25oC 107,6oC

Din tch b mt ringSBET ( m2 /g Zeolite)

410 410

Tng nhit hp phHad ( mJ ) 5612,6 7426,4Lng nc b hp ph( mol) 98,1 102,5Entalpy hp ph Had( kJ /mol) 57,2 72,5

Tng nhit nh hp ph Hdes ( mJ ) 2170 7572,7Lng nc nh hpph ( mol)

35,2 100,1

Entalpy nh hp ph Hdes ( kJ /mol) 61,6 71,9

III.2 Cc tnh cht v cc i lng nhit ng ca qu tr nh

hp ph EtanolTheo th nghim ca E.Lalik v cng s [7]: Nhit hp ph: 98oC; Nhit phng 25oCLng Zeolite trong mu kho st: 0,02 (g)Lng cht mang ( thch anh ) trong mu kho st: 0,2 (g)


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29

Gi tr i lng Nhit phng 25oC 98oC

Din tch b mt ringSBET ( m2 /g Zeolite)

410 410

Tng nhit hp phHad ( mJ ) 180,7 160,4Lng Etanol b hpph( mol)

1.5 0.9

Entalpy hp ph Had( kJ /mol) 120,5 178,2Tng nhit nh hpph Hdes ( mJ )

57,1 58,2

Lng nc nh hpph ( mol) 0,4 0,5Entalpy nh hp ph Hdes ( kJ /mol) 142,7 116,4

Bng 2.4Cng theo E.Lalik v cng s, nghin cu v chn lc h nh dng caZeolite 3A theo nhit :

Bng 2.5 Nhit chn lc h nh dng (SSI)Nhit phng 61,398oC 107,6oC 114,4


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30

PHN III: TNH TON CN BNG VT CHT V CN BNG NHIT LNG

A. TNH TON CN BNG VT CHT I. TNH TON CHO QU TRNH HP PH

Ton betanol v ncvo thp hpth dngh i.K hiu:Gv: Lu lngkhilngcahnhpvo thp (kg/h)gv: Lu lngthtch cahnhpvo thp(m3 /h)

v : Khilngring cahnhp iukinhphpphthp= 107oCTa c:

Gv= gv. v [ kg/h]I.1. Tnh v v r

Tra bng I.2: Khi lng ring ca mt s cht lng v dung dch vinc thay i theo nhit [4- tr9] :

Khi lng ring (kg/m3)Cht 100oC 120oC

Ru Etylic 100% 716 693

Ru Etylic 80% 783 768

Bng 3.1Ni suy t bng ta c :

v = 721,268 [kg/m3]

Gi thit rng: Nhit hp ph c tch hon ton , thit b hp ph lmvic trong iu kin on nhit:

Ni suy t bng ta c: r = 707,9604 [kg/m3]

I.2.Tnh lu lng khi lng hn hp u vo

Gv= gv. v [ kg/h ]Vi :

gv = 1000 [l/ngy]= 4,1667.10-3 [ m3 /h ]


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v = 721,268 [kg/m3]Vy:

Gv= 41,667.10-3.721,268

=30,053 [ kg/h ]I. 3. Tnh lng nc b hp ph trong mt gi

K hiu: Gr: Lu lng khi lng hn hp u ra [kg/h] GH2O: Lng nc b hp ph trong thp [kg nc/h] GE: Lng Etanol b hp ph trong thp [kg Etanol/h] Wv: Lng nc u vo thp [kg]Wr: Lng nc u ra thp [kg]

Nguyn liu

Sn phm

Gv , Wv , mv

Gr , Wr , mr

mzeolite

Hnh 3.1Dng vo:

- Cn 96 %V - Nc 4 %V - Etanol 99,8 %V- Nc 0,2 % V

I.4. Cn bng vt cht lng nc vo v ra khi thp hp ph GH2O= (Gv. mv Gr. mr )/100 [kg nc/h] Trong :


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mv, mr: Nng % khi lng nc trong nguyn liu v snphm [% khi lng]

i nng % th tch sang nng phn trm khi lng:

mv = vnv

).v(100

Trong :

vv: Nng phn trm th tch ca ru trong nguyn liu [%] n : Khi lng ring ca nc 107,6oC [kg/m3]

Tra bng I.5 Khi lng ring v th tch ring ca nc ph thucvo nhit [4 tr12] ta c:

n = 952,7712 [kg/h]Thay s ta c:

mv = 68,7217712,952).96100( = 5.2838 [% khi lng]

Tng t ta c

mr =r

nv

.2

Trong : vr: Nng phn trm thtch ca nc trong sn phm

vr = 100 99,8 = 0,2 [% th tch] Vy ta c:

mr = 9604,7077712,952.2,0 = 0.2692 [% khi lng]

GH2O= 30,053. 1002838,5 (30,053 GH2O GE). 100

2692.0

[kg nc/h] Phng tr nh (1)thu c l:

GH2O= 1,511 + 0,002692.GE


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Gi thit rng khi Zeolite hp ph nc t x % ca gi tr bo ha thlng Etanol b hp ph cng t c tng ng l x % ca gi tr bo ha

K hiu: gE , gH2O: Lng Etanol v nc b hp ph trong thp [m3 /h]

H2O

E

gg =

2

1

18.a46.a

Trong : a1: Lng Etanol b hp ph tr n mt n v xc tca2: Lng nc b hp ph tr n mt n v xc tc

Mt n v xc tc tng ng vi 0.02 (g) Zeolite. Theo th nghim ca E.Lalik v cng s ta c

a1 = 0.9 (mol) a2 = 102,5 (mol)

Vy ta c:

H2O

E

gg =

18.102.546.0.9 = 0.0224

H2O

E

GG =

H2OH2O

EE

.g.g

Trong : E , H2O : Ln lt l khi lng ring ca Etanol v nc

107.6oCTra bng I.5 khi lng ring v th tch ring ca nc [3 tr12]ta c:

E = 707,26 [kg/m3]H2O = 952,7712 [kg/m3]

Thay s ta c:

H2O

E

GG =

8.102,5952,7712.10,9707,26.46. = 0,0167

Thay vo phng tr nh (1) ta c:

GH2O= 1,511 + 0,002692.0,0167.GH2OGH2O = 1.512 [kg nc/h] GE = 1,512. 0,0167

= 0,0253 [kg Etanol/h]


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II. TNH TON CHO QU TRNH NH HP Phng tr nh cn bng vt cht ca thp hp ph:

Gv = Gr + GH2O+ GE

Gr = Gv GH2O GE Thay s vo ta c Gr = 30.053 1,512 0.0253

= 28,5157 [kg/h]Lng Etanol u vo l:

GEv = Gv.(1 m1 /100)= 30,053.(1 0,052838) = 28,465 [kg/h]

Nng phn khi lng ca Etanol u ra thit thp l:mE =

r

E2

).v(100

=707,9604

60,2).707,2(100 = 99,7

Lng Etanol u ra l:GEr = Gr.mE

= 28,5157.0,997 = 28,459 [kg/h]Lng nc trong nguyn liu u vo l:

GH2Ov= Gv GEv = 30,053 28,465 = 1,588 [kg/h]

Lng nc trong nhin liu u ra l:

GH2Or= Gr GEr = 28,5157 28,465 [kg/h]= 0,05051

Ta c bng thng k s liu sau: Bng 3.2

i lng Gi tr u vo Gi tr u ra Lu lng [ kg/h] 30,053 28,5157Nhit [oC] 107,6 107,6

% th tch Etanol 96 99,8Lng Etanol [ kg/h] 28,465 28,459Lng nc [ kg/h] 1,588 0,05051


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III. TNH LNG ZEOLITE CN THIT V TC HN HP U VOIII.1 Tnh lng Zeolite cn thit

Chn s thit b loi 3 thp lm vic ng thi:+ Thp hp ph + Thp nh hp ph + Thp lm mt ZeoliteCc thp lm vic lun phin nhau:Theo bo co th nghim s 74 caS.M. Ben- Sebil nm 1999 v s

ph thuc ca nng ca nc vo thi gian hp ph ta c th:

Hnh 3.2

Theo th ta thy thi gian hp ph bo ha nc ca Zeolitekhong 450 pht.

Ta chn thi gian hp ph l 8h.Theo th nghim 7 ta chn thi gian ti sinh l 6h. Nh vy ta chn cc thng s thi gian cho qu tr nh nh sau:

+ Thi gian hp ph: 8h + Thi gian nh hp: 6h


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+ Thi gian lm mt: 8h+ Thi gian d tr chuyn ch lm vic: 2h

Lng nc b hp ph trong 8h l:MH2O= GH2O. 8 = 1,512.8 = 12,16 [kg nc]

Lng nc hp ph trong mt ngy l:

H2OM = 12,16. 24/8= 36,48 [kg nc]

LngEtanol b hp ph trong 8h l:

MEtanol= GEtanol.8= 0,0253.8= 0,2024 [kg ru]

Lng Etanol b hp ph trong mt ngy l:

EtanolM = MEtanol.(24/8)= 0,2024.3= 0,6072 [kg ru]

Qu trnh hp ph thc hin n 100% dung lng hp ph bo haca Etanol v ca ncLng Zeolite cndng hp ph lng nc tr n l:

Mzeolite=.18.10a

0,0262

. MH2O

=.18102,5.10

0,026 .12,16

= 131,82 [kg]Lng Zeolite cn dng hp ph lng Etanol tr n l:

M*zeolite= .46.10a0,02

61

. MEtanol

=.460,9.10

0,026 .0,2024

= 97,78 [kg]Tng lng Zeolite cn dng trong mt m l:

Mtng= 131,82 + 97,78= 229,6 [kg]

Khi lngcazeolite trong 3 thp l: 229,6.3 = 688,8 kg


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37

C 1 nm ta phi thay zeolite mt lndo lngzeolite s dng trong mtnm l:

MZ = 688,8.1 = 668,6 kgTheo nhm nghin cu sn xut cn tuyt i bngcht hp ph

zeolite ta c:+ Mt vizeolite 3A vi ngknh ht2 mm l:

zeolite = 427 [kg/m3]

Th tch lp Zeolite trong thp l:

Vzeolite=zeolite

zeolite

M

Vzeolite= 427229,6

Vzeolite= 0,537 [m3]

B. TNH TON CN BNG NHIT LNG Davo s liu trn ta c gin nhitcaton bqu trnh nh

sau:

t (s)

T oC

(2)

(1)

(4)

(3)350

107,6

08 h 2h

Hnh 3.3


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38

Gin s ph thuc ca nhit khi vt liu theo thi gian Trong : + (1): L qu trnh hp ph nhit 107,3oC+ (2): L qu trnh nng nhit ton b khi vt liu ln ti nhit

n nh 350oC+ (3): L qu trnh nh hp ph 350oC+ (4): L qu trnh lm mt v nhit ban u

I. TNH TON CHO QU TRNH HP PH I.1. Tnh nhit lng ta ratrong qu trnh hp ph 107 oCtrong mt m:

Q1 = Q1N + Q1E Trong :

Q1N: Nhit ta ra khi Zeolite hp ph nc. Q1E: Nhit ta ra khi Zeolite hp ph Etanol.

Theo th nghim ca E.Lalik [7] ta c bng nhit hp ph ca nc vEtanol trn Zeolite 3A nh sau:

Bn g 3.3

Cht b hp ph Nhit hp ph(0,02gZeolite) [mJ] Nc 7426,4Etanol 160,4

Nhit nhhp ph tr n mt n v khi lng Zeolite 3A

Bng 3.4 Cht b hp ph Nhit hp ph(0,02gZeolite) [kJ/kg] Nc 371,32Etanol 8,02

Ta c:Q1N = MZeolite.HadH2O

= MTng.HadH2O= 229,6. 371,32 = 85255 [kJ]

Q1E = MTng. HadE = 229,6. 8,02= 1841,39 [kJ]

Vy:


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39

Q1 = 1841,39 + 85255= 87096,39 [kJ]

I.2. Tnh ton nhit trung b nh ca ton b thit btrongqu trnh thc hin hp ph

Theo Tnh ton trn ta c nhit ti u hpph l 107o

C (107,6), nhit lngto ra caqu trnh l Q1. Nhitlngny c th lmcho nhit ton thitb tng ln. Do ta tnh xem nhit ny cng khay khngc thchtothitb c tndngnhitcaqu trnh ny.

Ginhit caton thitb tng lnnT*1oC ta cntnh nhit ny vicc githitnhsau:

+ Coi lngncb hpph trong lp Zeolite l khngngksovi lngr u i vo v ra khithitb hpph.

+ Coi nhit lm vicl 107oC.+ Theo bngcn bngvtliu3.2 trn Ta c:Khilngcaetanoli vo thp hpphtrong 1 h l

mev = 30,053 [kg/h]

Khilngcaetanoli vo thp hpphtrong vng 8h l:Mev = 30,053.8

= 240 [kg]Nhitlngcnthit a khiruny t107oC nT*1 l:

Q1c = Mev. *

1

1

.T

T pE dT C [kJ]

Trong:C*pE: l nhitdung ring caruphthucvo nhit .+ Nhit dung ring ca Etanoltrong khong nhit t 107 350oC

theo [11] ta c:CpE = 325,66 + 4,537.T [J/kg.oC]

Thay svo ph ng trnh trn tac:

Q1c = 240. *

1

1

)..537,466,325(T

T

dT T [kJ]

= 240. { 325,66.(T*1 107) + 4,537.( T

*21 107

2

).21

} [kJ]Nhitlngcnthit nng khiZeolite t107oC nT*1 l:

Q1zc = CpZ. (T*1 T1)Trong:

CpZ: l nhitdung ring cazeolite [j/kg.oC]Nhit dung ring ca Zeolitetheo[8]ta c:


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40

Cp(zeolite)= 0,96 [kJ/kg.oC]Thay vo phngtrnh trn tac:

Q1zc = 0,96.(T*1 107)Coi lngnhitmtmt caqu trnh ny l 15% nn ta c lng

nhitthctm Q1

truyn lm tng nhit thitb ln T*1

l:Q1tt = (1 0,15). Q1

= 87096. 0,85= 74031 [kJ]

Cn bngnhitlngta c ph ng trnh sau:Q1tt = Q1c + Q1zc

74031 = 240. { 325,66.(T*1 107) + 4,537.( T*21 1072).21 } +

0,96.(T*1 107)Nhvyta c ph ng trnh bc2 caT*1 nhsau:

544,44.T*2

1 + 78399.T1 14622015 = 0Giiph ng trnh bc2 tac:T*1 108oC.

Vyviqu trnh ny ta khng thtndngnhitv nhit ny ch duy tr nhit vng nhit ti u.

II. TNH TON CHO QU TRNH LM NNG VT LIU (2) T 107oC 350oC

Thc hin qu tr nh nh hp ph di tc dng ca nhit ca hi cn

tuyt i sn phm.Qu trnh thc hin 350o

C trong khong 6h. Trng thi ca cn sn phm nh sau: + Nhit ban u: 25oC.+ Nng Etanol theo th tch:99,8 % V.Gi thit rng: Hao tn nhit do thnh thit b v ng ng l 15 %

lng nhit cn thit. Lng nhitca qu tr nh ny bao gmbao gm: + Nhit lng cn thit Q2Z nng nhit ca cht hp ph t 107,6

350oC.+ Nhit lng Q2N nng lng ncb hp ph t107,6 350

oC.

II.1. Tnh nhit cn thit nng nhit cht hp ph: Nhit dung ring ca Zeolite theo[8 - 192] ta c:

Cp(zeolite)= 0,96 [kJ/kg.oC]Nhit cn thit nng nhit cht hp ph t 107,6 350oC l:


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41

Q2Z = Cp(zeolite). MTng(zeolite). (T2 T1)Vi T2 = 350oC; T1 = 107,7oC

Q2Z = 0,96. 229,6. (350 107,6)= 53428,84 [kJ]

II.2. Nhit lng Q2N nng lng nc b hp pht 107 350oC+ Tnh nhit dung ring ca nc trong khong nhit t 107,6

350 oC. Theo bng I.142 tnh nhit dung ring ca cc n cht nhit cao hn 0oC [3 - 153] ta c:

CpN = 1,67472. 103 + 6,28. 10-1T [J/kJ.oC]+ Ta c:

Q2N = MH2O(hp). 2

1

.T

T N p

dT C

= 12,16. 350

6,107

13 ).10.28,610.67472,1( dT T

= 12,16 1,67472.103.(350- 107,6)+ 12,16.0,628.(3502-107,62)/2

= 4936,377 + 439,36 [kJ]= 5375,74 [kJ]

II.3. Nhit lng Q2E nng nhit ca Etanol b hp ph t 107 350oC

+ Nhit dung ring ca Etanol trong khong nhit t 107,6 350oCtheo [3 - 157] ta c:

CpE = 325,66 + 4,537.T [J/kg.oC]Ta c:

Q2E = ME(hp). 350

6,107dT C

E p

= 0,2024.325,66.(350 - 107,6) + 0,2024.4,54.(3502 107,62)/2= 15,977 + 91,41 [kJ]= 107,39 [kJ]

+ Tngnhitcnthitcho qu trnh ny l:Q2 = Q2E + Q2N+ Q2E= 5375,39 + 107,39 + 53428,7= 58911

III. TNH TON CHO QU TRNH GII HP(3)


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II.1. Tnh nhit lng cn thit thc hin qu tr nh gii hpph Q3

Theo E. lalik v cng s nghin cu [7]ta c gi tr nhit nhhpph vi nc v Etanol tren Zeolite 3A nh sau:

Bng 3.5 Cht b hp ph Nhit nh hp ph (0,02g Zeolite) [mJ] Nc 7572,7Etanol 58,2

Tnh nhit nh hp ph tr n mt n v khi lng Zeolite 3A:

Bng 3.6 Cht b hp ph Nhit nh hp ph (0,02g Zeolite) [mJ] Nc 378,635Etanol 2,91

+ Nhit lng cn thit thc hin qu tr nh gii hp ph ca nc tr nZeolite 3A l:

Q3N = Mtng(zeolite). HdesN [kJ]Q3N = 378,635 . 229,6

= 86934,6 [kJ]+ Nhit lng cn thit thc hin qu tr nh gii hp ph ca Etanoltrn Zeolite 3A l:

Q3E = Mtng(zeolite). HdesE = 229,6. 2,91= 668,14 [kJ]

+ Tng nhit lng nh hp ph l:Q3 = Q31 + Q32

= 86934,6 + 668,14= 87602,74 [kJ]

IV. TNH TON QU TRNH LM MT VT LIU(4)Do qu trnh lm mt khi vt liu hp ph t nhit 350oC v nhit

107,6oC nn ta c:Q4 = Q2Z

= 53428,84 [kJ]


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43

Quycnhitcnthitl d ng, nhitlngtora l m ta c bng sliunhitcho chu trnh trn nhsau:

Bng 3.7 Hpph(1) Nng nhit (2) Nhhpph(3) Lm mt(4)Q1N = -85255[kJ] Q2N = 5375 [kJ] Q3N= 86934 [kJ] Q1E=1841 [kJ] Q2E = 107 [kJ] Q3E= 668 [kJ]

Q2Z= 53428 [kJ] Q1 = -83384 [kJ] Q2 =58911 [kJ] Q3 = 87602 [kJ] Q4 = -53428[kJ]

V. TNH TON QU TRNH CP NHIT NH HP PH Githitrngta dng kh N2 tnh khit thchinqu trnh nhhp

ph. Qu trnhctinhnh nhsau:+ Giaion1: kh N2 sau khicgia nhitti nhit 110 oC qua

b m cthi vo thitb phn ng(vab m vanng dnnhit ca N2) thchinqu trnh vanhvanng nhit cakhi thitb lnnhit ti u 350oC. Giaionny dinra trong vng 2h.

+ Giaion2: Thc hinqu trnh nhhpph nhit n nh 350oC trong vng 6h.

Githitkhi qu trnh nhlm vic nhit n nh:- Nhit cadng kh N2 uvo l 350oC.- Nhit cadng kh nh(N2 + h i nc, ru) l 300oC.

Thitb gia nhitcho N2 ta sdngcalorifier kh khi.V.1. Tnh nhit lng do lng kh N2 mang vo trong qutrnh lm nng khi vt liu ln nhit 350oC

Theo githitlngnhitmtmt l 15% so vilngnhitcnthit nn ta c nhitlngmtmt do qu trnh ny l:

Q2m = 0,15.Q2 = 0,15. 58910= 8837 [kJ]

Lngnhitthctm khikh Nit nngem vo l:Q2tt = Q2 + Q2m = 58910 + 8837= 67747 [kJ]

V.2. Tnh lng nhit do Nit mang vo trong qu tr nh thchin qu tr nh nh hp ph 350oC


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Lngnhitmtmt trong qu trnh ny l:Q3m = 0,15. Q3 = 0,15.87602 [kJ]Q3m = 13140 [kJ]

Nhitlngthctm kh N2 nng phicp cho qu trnh ny l:Q

3tt= Q

3Tng+ Q

3m

= 87602 + 13140= 100702 [kJ]

V.3. Tnh ton lng N2 cn thit cho qu tr nh nng nhit ca khi vt liu t nhit 107 350oC

Ta c:

Q2C = mni. tb

v

T

T ni dT C

2

2

Trong:

+ mni: KhilngcaN2 thchinqu trnh ny trong 2h.+ Cni: Nhitdung ring caN2 theo nhit .+ T2v: Nhit cakh N2 khi vo thitb l 350oC. Quy i ta c:

T2v = 623oK.+ T2tb: Nhit trung bnh cakh N2 khi ra khithitb nh + dt:bin thin nhit .Tra bng1 [13- 190] ta c:

Cni = 1,024 + 0,00008855.T [kJ/kg K]Nhit Trung b nhc tnh theo cng thc:

T2tb = 2rcrd T T

Trong :

Trd: Nhit ca dng kh ra lcu ca qu tr nh. ChnTrd =120oC. Quy i ta cTrd = 393oK.

Trc: Nhit ca dng kh ra lc cui ca qu tr nh ny. Ta cTrc = 300oC. Quy i ta c Trc = 573oK

T2tb = 2573393 = 483oK

Nhvyta c:

Q2C = - M2ni. 623

483).00008855,0024,1( dT T

= M2ni. [ 1,024.(623 483) +21 . 0,00008855(6232

4832)]


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45

= 150,2.M2ni [kJ]

Cn bngnhitlngta c ph ng trnh:

Q2C = Q2tt [kJ]150,2.Mni = 67747 [kJ]M2ni = 2,150

67747 = 451 [kg]

Vylngkh N2 cncung cptrong mtgi l:m2ni = 451/2 = 225 [kg/h]

V.4. Tnh lng N2 cn thit thc hin qu tr nh nh hpph

Cn bng nhit lng cho qu tr nh l:Q3C =- Q3tt [kJ] (*)

Trong: Q3C ctnh nhcng thcQ2C

T ng tta c:

Q3C = M3ni. r

v

T

T ni dT C

3

3

.

Trong T3v = 350oC. Quy i ta c T3v = 623oK.

T3r = 300oC. Quy i ta c T3r = 573oK.

Q3C = M3ni. 573

623)..00008855,0024,1( dT T

=- M3ni. [ 1,024.(623 573) +21 . 0,00008855(6232 5732)]

= - M3ni.53,85 [kJ]Thay vo phng tr nh (*) tac

M3ni = 85,53100702

85,583tt Q = 1807 [kg]


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LngN2 cnthit cung cptrong mtgi l:

m3ni = 61807 = 301 [kg/h]

TnglngN2 cndng trong mtgi l:mni = 301 + 225 = 526 [kg]

TnglngN2 dng trong mtngy l:

Mni = 526.24 = 16,6 [tn / ngy]

Do qu trnh snxutN2 cnn quay tr lithitb, mtmt dosnxut ctnh 1 nm/ln. Do lngN2 dng trong mtnm l: 16,6tn / nm.

V.5. Tnh tc kh N2 trong qu trnh nh hp ph v lmnng khi vt liu - Tnh khi lng ring ca N2 iu kin lm vic:

Tra bng I.7 trongs tay ho cng 1 [3 13] ta c khi lng ringcaN2 iu kin tiu chun l:

0 = 1,25 [kg/m3]T phng tr nh trng thi kh l tng ta c:

1

11

0

00.T V P

T V P

11

1

00..

mT Pm

T Po

10

0101 .

..T PT P

(2*)

-Trong : +P0 = 1 at: l p sutca kh N2 iukintiu chun.+V0: l thtch caN2 iukintiu chun.

+T0= 273o

K: l nhit caN2 iukintiu chun.+P1: p sutcaN2 iukinlm vic.+V1: Thtch caN2 iukinlm vic.+T1: Nhit lm viccaN2 trong qu trnh ny.+m: Khilngcakh N2.

-Thay s vo (2*) ta c:


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47

)350273(273.1.25,11

= 0,547 [kg/m3]- Tc dng kh N2 trong qu trnh (2) l:

v2 = 547,0225

1

2

nim[m

3 /h]

= 411 [m3 /h]- Tc dng kh N2 trong qu trnh (3) l:

v3 = 547,0301

1

3

nim

= 550 [m3 /h]VI. TNH TON LA CHN LNGN2 LM MTKHI VT LIU TRONG QU TR NH (4)

VI.1. La chn tc dng kh thc hin qu tr nh lm mtkhi vt liu V 3 thp hp ph lm vic song song nn qu trnha kh N2 vo c

th coi l lin tc. Do da vo tc dng kh lm nng khi vt liu vtc dng kh trong qu trnh nh hp ph ta tnh tc qu tr nh lm mtny theo cng thc sau:

v4 = 8.6.2 32 vv

=8

550.6411.2

= 515 [m3 /h]

VI.2. Tnh ton nhit trung b nh ca dng kh N2 sau khi rakhi thp trong qu tr nh lm mt khi vt liu

Gi thit kh N2 c a vo lm mt iu kin nhit khng khl 25oC, vi vn tc dng kh l 515 [m3 /h], nhit mt mt trong qu trnhny l 20% lng nhit do khi vt liu cung cp cho dng kh.

Ta c s khi nh sau:

KhN2 nhit T4rKhN2 nhit T4v= 298 oK

Khi vt liu 350 oC


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Hnh 3.4VI.2.1.Tnh Lng kh N2 truyn qua thit b trong 8h

+ Khi lng ring ca kh N2 nhit 25oC c tnh theo cngthc (2*):

40

0404 .

.T PT P

[kg/m3]

Trong : +P4: l p sut dng kh thi vo lm mt chn P4 = 1 at.+T4: l nhit dng kh vo T4 = 298oK.Thay s vo phng tr nh (3*) tac:

298.1273.1.25,14

=1,15 [kg/m3]

+ Khi lng ca N2 lm mt i qua thit b trong 1h l:m4ni = v4. 4 [kg/h]= 515.1.15 [kg/h]= 592 [kg/h]

+ Khi lng ca N2 lm mt i qua thit b trong 8h l:M4mi = 8.m4ni M4ni = 8.592 = 4736 [kg]

VI.2.2.Tnh lng nhit thc t m khi vt liu truyn cho khi kh trong 8h

Theo githit trn lngnhitmtmt l 20% nn ta c lngnhit thctm khivtliutruyncho dng kh N2 l:

Q4tt = Q4 Q4m -Trong:

Q4m = 0,02. Q4m = 0,02.(-53428)= -10685 [kJ]

Q4tt = -53428 (-10685)= - 42743 [kJ]

VI.2.3. Tnh nhit dng kh N2 sau khi ra khi thit b T4r Nhitlngcnthit nng khikh tT4v T4r l:Q4ni = M4ni

r

v

T

T pni dT C

4

4

. (3*)

Tra bng1 [6- 190] ta c:Cpni = 1,024 + 0,00008855.T [kJ/kg K]


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Thay svo (3*) tac:

Q4ni = 4736. r T

dT T 4

298

)..00008855,0024,1(

= 4736.1,024.(T4r- 298) + 4736.0,00008855.(T24r 2982).2

1 = 0.42.T24r + 4481.T4r 1463802 [kJ]

Cn bngnhitlngcho ta biuthcsau:Q4ni = - Q4tt 0.21.T24r + 4850.T4r 1463802 = 427430.21.T24r + 4850.T4r 1506545 = 0 [kJ]

Giihph ng trnh bc2 iviT4r ta c:T4r = 327oK

VI.3. Tnh ton nhit trung b nh ca dng kh sau khi qua

thit b trao i nhit dng kh nh hp ph Githitrngdng h i nhhp(N2, h i nc, h i r u) qua thitb traoinhitny th nhit clm lnh vti120oC. Lngh i nc v rutrong h i nhhpl rtnhso vilngkh N2.

Ta c s nhitnhsau:

T6v = 200 n 300

T6r = 120d

T5r = ?d

T5v = 54


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Hnh 3.5VI.3.1. Tnh nhit lng dng hi nh hp truyn cho thit b trao inhit trong giai on(2)

Theo tnh ton trn lngN2 vo thitb thchinqu trnh nyl:

M2ni = 451 [kg]

Nhitlngtora cadng kh nhhphnhit tT2tb = 483oKv383oK (110oC) l:

Q2to= M2ni. 393

483.dT c pni (4*)

Ttrn ta c:

Cpni = 1,024 + 0,00008855.T [kJ/kgoK]Thay vo ph ng trnh (4*) tac

Q2to= M2ni. 393

483)..00008855,0024,1( dT T

= - 451.{1,024.(483-393) + 0,00008855.(4832 3932) } = - 44712 [kJ ]

VI.3.2.Tnh lng nhit dng hi nh hp truyn cho thit b trao inhit trong giai on(3)Theo tnh ton trn lngN2 vo thitb thchinqu trnh ny

trong 6 h l:

M3ni = 1807 [kg]

Nhitlngtora khi dng kh nhhphnhit tT3r = 573oK v 373oK l:

Q3to= M3ni. 393

573 .dT C pni

Thay s ta c:

Q3to= -1807. {1,024.(573- 393) + 0.00008855(5732 -3932) }= - 360316 [kg]


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Vytngnhitlngnhitlngtora do dng kh nhhptruyncho thit b traoinhittrong 8h l:

Q5to= Q2to+ Q3to = - 44712 360316= - 405028 [kJ]

Gisnhitmtmt do qu trnh ny l 30% nhitlngdo dng kh N2 cpcho thitb trao inhit. Do lngnhitmtmt do qu trnhny l:

Q5m = 0,3. Qto = 0,3.(-405028)= -121508 [kJ]

Nhitlngthctm thitb traoinhittruyncho dng kh N2 tndngnhitsl:

Q5tt = Q5to- Q5m = -405028+ 121508= -283530 [kJ]

VI.3.3. Tnh nhit ca dng kh N2 tn dng nhit sau khi i ra khithit b trao i nhit

Nhit dng kh tndngnhit uvo thitb traoinhitl:T5v = T4r = 327oK

Ginhit dng kh tndngnhitsau khi ra khi thitb traoi nhitl T5r ta c:

Nhitlngcnthit a dng khi N2 tndngnhittT5v nT5r l:

Q5ct = M4ni. r

v

T

T pni dT C

5

5

. (5*)

Thay svo ph ng trnh (5*) ta c

Q5ct = 4736. r T

dT T 5

327

)..00008855.0024.1(

= 4736. {1,024.(T5r 327) + 0,00008855.(T25r - 3272). 21 }

= 0,21.T25r + 4850.T5r 1630860 [kJ]

Cn bngnhitlngcho ta ph ng trnh sauQ5ct = - Q5tt 0,21.T25r + 4850.T 1630860 = 2835300,21.T25r + 4850.T 1914380 = 0

Gii ph ng trnh bc2 mt nta c:T5r = 388oK

= 115oC


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VII. TNH TON LNG NCLM MTTheo tnh ton trn ta c lngkh nhhpsau khi qua thitb tn

dngnhitc nhit l T7v = T6r = 120oC.Gi thit sau khiclm mt th hn hp kh nh c nhit l

90o

C. Ncsdnglm mt uvo thitb c nhit l Tnv= 20oC.Ginhit cancsau khi lm mt c nhit l Tnr.Gilngnclm mt trong 8h l Mn.

VII.1.Tnh nhit to ra do hn hp kh nh to ra sau khi lmlnh

Coi lngruv nctrong hnhpkh nhhpl rtnh so vi lngkh N2.

Nhitlngtora do hnhpkh nhhpsau khi lm lnhl:

Q7t = Mnit . r

v

T

T pN dT C

7

7.

Trong:+ Mnit : l khilngcadng N2 trong 8h.+ CpN: l nhitdung ring caN2 phthucvo nhit .Tra bng1 [6 - 191] ta c:

Cpni = 1,024 + 0,00008855.T [kJ/kg K]Mnit = M2ni + M3ni

= 451 + 1807= 2258 [kg ]

Thay svo ph ng trnh trn ta cQ7t = 2258.

90

120

)..00008855,0024,1( dT T

= 2258. { 1,024.(90-120) + 0,00008855.(902 1202)= 70630 [kJ]

Nhitlngmtmt do qu trnh ny l:Q7m = 0,15.Q7t

= 0.15.7030= 10579,5 [kJ]

Nhitlngthctm hnhpkh nhcung cpcho khinclmmt l:

Q7tt = Q7t Q7m = 70630 10579,5= 59950,5 [kJ]

VII.2. Tnh ton tc dng nc lm mt


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53

Nhitlng m khi ncnhn ctrong qu trnh lm ny la:Q7n = Mn.Cn.(Tnr Tnv)

Trong:+ Cn: l nhitdung ring canc.Tra bngI.149 trong [4 tr168] ta c:Cn = 4,186 [kJ/kg.]

Thay vo cng thctrn tac:Q7n = 4,186.Mn.(Tnr 20)

Cn bngnhitlngta c:Q7n = - Q7tt

4,186.Mn.(Tnr 20) = 59950,5Mn.(Tnr 20) = 14321,7

Ta c bngcc gi tr caMn v Tnr nhsau

Tnr 40 50 60 70 80 90Mn 716 477 358 286 238 204

Ta chnTnr = 90oC v Mn = 204 kg.Vylngnclm mt trong mt gi sl:

mn = 8204 = 25,5 [kg/h]

Tra bngI.1 trong [3 9] ta c:n = 983 [kg/m3 ]

Vi:+ n : l khilngring canc.Tc cadng nclm mt sl:

Vn = 9835,25

n

nm

= 0,025 [m3 /h]

VII.3. Tnh nng ca ru ngng t ly ra t thit b lmlnh

Gisqu trnh nhl hon ton.Theo ktqutnh phncn bngvtchtta c:

GH2O = 1.512 [kg nc/h] GE = 0,0253 [kg Etanol/h]

Nng phnkhilngcarungng l:C%ngng =

E O H

E

GGG

2.100%


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54

= %100.253,0512,1

0253,0

= 1,4 %

VIII. TNH TON NHIT LNG CALORIFIER CN CP Ta c s nhitnhsau:

hi nu c 600 oChi nu c 360 oC

Q 8t

N 2

1 1 5 o

C

N 2

3 5 0

o C

calorifier

Hnh 3.6VIII.1. Tnh ton lng nhit cn thit a dng kh N2 t 115oC 350oC


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55

Nhit lngcnthit nng nhit dng kh N2 t115 350oCtrong 8h l:

Q8c = M8ni. r

v

T

T

pni dT C 8

8

.

Trong:+ M8ni = M4ni = 4736 [kg]+Cpni = 1,024 + 0,00008855.T [kJ/kgK]Quyinhit ta c:

T8v = 115oC = 388oKT8r = 350oC = 623oK

Thay ln ph ng trnh trn tac

Q8c = 4736. 623

388)..00008855,0024,1( dT T

= 4736. { 1,024.(623-388) + 0,00008855. (6232

3882

) }= 5002447 [kJ]Coi nhitlngmtmt caqu trnh ny l 30% ta c

Q8m = 0,3. Q8c = 0,3. 5002447= 1500734 [kJ]

Nhitlngthctm calorifier phicpcho khikh l:Q8tt = Q8c + Q8m

= 5002447 + 1500734= 6503181 [kJ]

VII.2.Tnh tonlu lngdng hi nc qu nhit i trongcalorifier

Vi gi thitrng mbonhit dng kh N2 sau khi ra khi calorifiert cti350oC th nhit dng h i ncqu nhitsau khi rakhicalorifier l 360oC.

Nhitlngtora khi hi ncqu nhithnhit tT8vao vT8ra l:

Q8to= Mh i N. ra

vao

T

T pn dT C

8

8

.

Trong:+ Mh i N: l khilngcahi ncqu nhitcn lm nng dng

kh trong thigian 8h.+ Cpn: l nhitdung ring cah i ncphthucvo nhit .Tra bng1 [13 tr190] ta c:

Cpn = 1,833 + 0,0003.T [kJ/kgK]


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+ T8ra = 360oC = 633oK.Thay vo cng thctrn tac:

Q8to= Mh i N. 633

8

)..0003,0833,1(vaoT

dT T

= Mh i N. { 1,833.(633 T8vao ) + 0,0003.21 . (6332 - T28vao)

= -(0,00015.T28vao+ 1,833.T8vao 1220,4).Mh i N

Cn bngnhitlngcho ta cng thcsau:Q8tt = - Q8to

6503181 = (0,00015.T28vao+ 1,833.T8vao 1220,4).Mh i N Mh i N = 6503181

1220,4)-1,833.T(0,00015.T 28vao28vao

- Lpbnggi tr caT8vao v Mh i N ta cbngsau:

T8vao(K) 673 773 873 973Mh i N (kg) 80131 22726 13160 9222

- Tbngtrn ta chnT8vao= 873oK (600oC) v Mh i N = 13160 kg.Vylngh i ncqu nhitsdngtrong mtgi l:

mh i N = MhiN /8mhoi N=

8

13160 = 1645 [kg h i/h]

Smol h i ncl:nh i N =

n

hoiN

M m

Trong +Mn: l khilngphn tcanc.Thay sta c:

nh i N = 181645 = 91,4 [Kmol/h]

Lu lngdng h i ncqu nhitl:VhiN =

PT Rn ..

=1

)600273.(082,0.4,91 = 6542 [m3 h i/h]


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57

IX. TNH TON CN BNG NHIT LNGNI HICUNG CP IX.1. Tnh lng nc cn thit un trong ni hi

Theo tnh ton trn ta c.+Qu trnh cpnhitbxung thchintrong thigian 6h.+Qu trnh nhhpthchintrong 8h.Lngh i ncdng trong mtm8h l:

Mtng= Mh i nb + Mh i n = 200 + 13160= 13360 [kg h i nc]

Lngh i nccncung cpcho qu trnh trong 1h l:mtng= 8

tong M =8

13360

= 1670 [kg h i/h]V qu trnh cph i ncl qu trnh hon ton kn, h i nc c

tunhon tr linih i. Coi lngncc trong nih i gp i lngh inccncung cpcho ton bqu trnh cpnhit.

Khilngcanccncho vo nih i l:M = 2. mtng

= 2.1670= 3340 [kg]

IX.2. Tnh ton nhit lng cn thit ni hi cung cp cho hinc

Githuytrng: Qu trnh cpnhitcho h i ncgm2 giaion + Giaion1: cpnhitcho h i n c nhit thngln 600oC.+ Giaion2: B nhitlin tccho h i nckhi traoinhitqua

calorifier.IX.2.1. Tnh ton nhit lng cn thit a nc trong ni hi ln 600oC

+ Nhitlngcnthit a M kg h i nct25oC n100oC l:Q91 = M.Cn.(100 25)

Trong:

+ M = 3340 kg+ Cn = 4186 J/kg. Thay ln biuthctrn tac:

Q91 = 3340.4186.75= 1,04.106 [kJ]

+ Nhitlngcnthit ho h i hon ton lngnctrong nih il:


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58

Q92 = Ln.MTrong:+ Ln: nhitho h i canc 100oC,Tra bng4 [13 - 196] ta c nhitho h i canc 100C l:

Ln= 2258 [kJ/kg]

Thay vo biuthctrn ta c:Q92 = 2258.3340

= 7,5.106 [kJ]Nhitlngcnthit a lngh i nct100C n600

C l:

Q93 = Mh i N. 875

373.dT C pn

Trong:+ Cpm: l nhitdung ring cah i ncphthucvo nhit , Cpm =

1,833 + 0,0003.TThay svo tac:

Q93 = 3340. [1,833.(873-373) + 0,0003.(8732 3732) ]= 3,7.106 [kJ]

Tngnhitlngcncung cpcho qu trnh ny sl:Q9 = Q91 + Q92 + Q93

= (1,04 + 7,5 + 3,7).106 = 11,74.106 [kJ]

IX.2.2. Tnh nhit lng cn thit m ni hi cn b li cho hi nckhi trao i nhit qua calorifier

Tngnhitlngm 2 calorifier cncpcho dng kh N2 lQCal =.Qb

= 110772 [kJ]

Theo tnh ton trn ta c nhitlngthctm h i nccpchodng kh N2 l:

Q8tt = 6503181 [kJ]Vytngnhitlngm h i ncphicpcho dng kh nhl:

Qcap = Qcal+ Q8tt = 6503181 + 110772= 6,6.106 [kJ]

Nhitlngh i nccntruyncho khikh N2 trong 1h l:


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59

Qcap(1h)= 810.6,6

8

6capQ = 0,825.106 [kJ]

IX.3. Tnh lng than cn cung cp t ni hi V qu trnh cpnhitcathan hiusut trtthpch khong40%

Ginhitlngthan cung cpcho nih i trong mtgi l Qthan ta cnhitlngthctm than cung cpcho nih i l:Qthantt= 0,4.Qthan

Cn bngnhitlngta c:Qthantt= Qcap(1h) (*)

Ta c:Qthan= Lthan.mthan

Trong:+ Lthan: l nhitchy cathan, kJ/kg than.+ mthan: khilngthan cn ttrong 1h.Ta chnthantl than ta c Lthan = 44.103 kJ/kg thanThay cc sliuvo ph ng trnh (*) tacbiuthcsau:

0,4.44.103.mthan = 0,825.106 mthan = 3

6

10.44.4,010.825,0 = 47 [kg than/h]

Lngthanttrong mtngy l: 47.24 = 1128 [kg/h]Lngthan dng trong mtnm l:

Mt = 1128.336 = 379 [tn] PHNIV: TNH TON C KH

I. TNH TON THIT B CHNH I.1. Chn kch thc thit b Kch thc thit b phi m bo th tch ln hn th tch cht hp ph.

Ta chn thn thp h nh tr lm bng thp khng r: Theo [5 154] ta c:

Hzeolite=

4. 2t

zeolite

D

V

Vilngzeolite cho mtthitb l Vzeolite= 0.537 [m3] ta c bngcc

gi tr t ngngcaDt v Hzeolitenhsau: Bng 3.3

Dt [m3] 0,7 0,8 0,5 0.6Hzeolite [m3] 1,4 1.1 2,7 2,0

Theo sliubngtrn ta chncc thng snhsau:


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61

hz = 2646,05506,07895,0

)..(.

S RV q

Ag

[cm] [8 - 391]

Trong:A: Hngs, A = 141.hz: Chiudi vng hpph, m.q: Lngnctrong pha h i qua 1 m2 tit din thp trong 1 h,Kg/m2.hR.S: %mbo ho trong pha h i, R.S = 100%.Lngnctnh theo cng thc:

q =T.z

W.P.v. g E [kg/m2.h] [8 - 391]

Trong:

E: Hngs, E = 0,000173P: p suthpph, Kpa, P = 1.100 = 100 Kpaz: Tsnn:W: Lngnc i trong thp, kg/ 106m3 Trong 1 m3 hnhph i:vg: Vntccadng h i vo thpTheo nhm nghin cusn xutcntuyt icaTs. Vn nh S nThta c vntcdng h i i vo thp hpphl:

Vg = 0,039 m/sQuyi:

Vg = 2,34 m/phta. Tnh lng m i trong thp

Khilngmol trung bnh cahnhpruetylic v ncl:M =

18573,0.4

46464,1.96

573,0.4464,1.96....

n

nn

e

e

nnee

M

v

M

vvv

= 44,88

Nng phn khilng canctrong hnhpl:a =

96.464,14.573,04.573,0 = 0,015 [Phnkhilng]

Lng m i trong thp l:W = a. g .106 = 0,015.1,434.1000000 = 21500 [kg/106m3]

= 1,63 [m/pht]q =

1.38034,2.100.21500.000173,0

= 1,61 [kg/h.m2]


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hz = 2646,05506,07895,0

100.34.261,1141

= 38 [cm]T h nh 19.7[8 389]ta c:

xs = 16Trong : + xs: l..Theo tnh ton ca nhm nghin cu sn xut cn tuyt i ca Thy

Vn nh Sn Th ta c mt ca zeolite 30 vi ht c ng knhDp = 0.002 m l:

d = 427 [kg/m3]Vi ng knh d = 0.5 m ta c chiu cao ca lp hp ph trong thp

l:

hgel = 2...4

d

M

d

zeolite

= 28,0.14,3.427

6,229.4

= 1,1 [m]Theo cng thc 19.1[8 394]ta c:

x =gel

zgels

h

hh x ).45.0.(

=1,1

)8,0.45,01,1.(16 = 9,5kg H2O/100 kg gel

Trong : + x: l.Theo tnh ton cn bng vt cht tr n ta c:+ Lng nc b hp ph trong mt m l:

Gn(me)= 1,512.8= 12 [kg/m]

Chiu cao vng m l:hb = 127,3.

xd

G

e

men

.. 2)(

[8 391]

= 127,3. 5,9.8,0.427122

= 0,4 [m]T s liu tnh c ta la chn cu to ca thp hp ph nh sau: + Chiu cao thp Ht = 2,0m+ Chiu cao lp hp ph hz = 1,1m


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64

pbed =d

L f 2... Trong:+ f: hsma st

+ L: chiucao lpht, m+ : khilngring trung bnh cadng kh, kg/m3 + : xp + : vntctrung bnh cadng kh, kg/m3 + d :ngknh trung bnh cahtzeolite 3A, m.Hsma st f ctnh theo ph ng trnh sau:

f = 75,1Re

)1.(150.1

Re: xcnhdavongknh trung bnh cazeolite

Re = d ..

: l khilngring cahnhpkh, = g =1,434 kg/m3

: lnhtcahnhph i ctnh theo cng thc:

n

n

e

ehh M y M y M

).1(.

Trong:+ Mhh: khi lngmol trung bnh cahn hp ruv nc, Theo

tnh ton trn ta c Mhh = 42,4 kg/kmol.+ y: nng phnmol caruetylic+ Me, Mn : khilngmol caruv nc, kg/kmol.+ ne , : nhtcaetylic v nc, Ns/m2.Ti107o C ta cnhtcacc cut tra bngI.101[3 - 91]nh

sau:e = 105,32.10-7 Ns/m2 n = 118,24.10-7 Ns/m2

Thay vo cng thctrn ta c:

77 10.24,11818).96,01(

10.32,10546.96,04.42

= 106,12.10-7 Ns/m2 = 0,039 m/s

d = 2 mm = 0,4

Vyta c:


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65

Re = 73

10.12,10610.2.039,0.434,1

= 10,5Hsma st l:

f = 75.1105 )4,01.(150.4,0 4,01 3 = 96,4Tnthpqua lp ml:

pbed = 32

10.2039,0.434,1.2,1.4,96 = 126 N/m3

I.2. Tnh chiu dy thn thpThp hpphhnh tr ngc ngknh trong d = 0,6 m lm vic

p sut1 at.Ta chnvtliul X18H10T.Tra bngXII.4 [2 - 309] tacthng scathp X18H10T nhsau:+ bnko Sk = 540.106 N/m2 + bnunSc = 220.106 N/m2 Chiudy cathn hnh tr ctnh theo cng thc:

S = C p

p D t ][2. , m [4 360]

Trong:+ p: L p suttrong thitb, N/m2 + Dt: ngknh trong thitb, Dt = d = 0,6 m+ : Hsbnhnh trtheo ph ng dc Dng hn gip nihai bn bnghquangin. Tra bnggi tr hs

bnhn cathn hnh tr [4 - 362]ta c: = 0,95 :ng sutcho php, N/m2 = .

n, N/m2

Trong:: H s hiuchnh. Ta chn thitb loi I. Theo bngXIII.2[4 -

356] c = 0,75.Tra bngXIII.3[4 - 356]ta c:

nk = 2,6nc = 1,5

nk,nc: L hsan ton theo giihnbn, giihnchy


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66

k = .

k

k

n= 75,0.

6,210.540 6 = 155,77.106 N/m2

c = .

c

c

n= 75,0.

5,110.220 6 = 110.106 N/m2

Ta chn ngsutcho php [ ] = c = 110.106

N/m2

C: sbsung chon mn, bo mn v dung sai vchiudy, mC = C1 + C2 + C3

C1: sbsung don mn,ivi vtliubnthi gian lm vic1520 nm ta chn:

C1 = 1 mmC2: ilngbsung bo mn. ChnC2 = 0.C3: ilngb sung cho dung sai cachiudy C3 ph thucvo

chiudy tmvtliucho trong bngXII.9[4 - 364]

Gischiudy cathp l 5mm th C3 = 0,5mmC = 1 + 0,5 = 1,5 mmChiudy cathp l:

S = 3464

10.5,110.81,9.195,0.10.110.2

10.81,9.1.6,0

= 1,75.10-3 mTa chnchiudy cathp l 3 mm* Kimtrangsutcathnh theo p sutth

Pth = 1,5.p = 1,5.1.9,81.104 = 147.103 N/m2 ngsutthcathn thitb tho p sutth

[ ] = )..(2

].([C S

pC S D tht , N/m2 [4 - 386]

=95,0).0015,0003,0.(2

147000)].0015,0003,0(6,0[

= 31,02.106 N/m2 < 2,1

c =2,1

110 = 91,67 N/m2

Do vyvichiudy vthp S = 3 mmngsutcathn thitb nh h n giihncho php cavtliu Ta chnchiudy cathn thp l 3mm.I.3. Tnh ng knh ng dn hi vo thp

ngknh ca ngdnh i ctnh theo cng thcsau:

d = .785,0

V , m [5 84]

Trong:


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67

+ d: ngknhng, m+ V: Lu lnghocdung dchchyquang, m3 /s+ : Tc h i hocdung dch trongng, m/sChn = 20 m/sTheo tnh ton trn lnghi i vo thp l:

V = 502,8 m3 /ngy= 0,0058 m3 /s

ngknhngdnh i vo thp l:

d = .785,0

V =20.785,0

0058,0 = 0,019 m

Quy chund = 30 mm = 8,2 m/s

I.4. Tnh y v np thp Ta chn yelip c g Chiudyynpthpcxcnhtheo cng thc:

S =

C h

D

pK

p D

b

t

k k

t

2.

...8,3 , m [4- 385]

Trong:+ hb: l chiucao phnlica y(np), mTra bngXII.10[4 - 382]viDt = 0,6 m th hb = 150 mm+ h : hsbncamihn hngtm

h = 0,95+ K: hskhng thnguyn

K = 1 -tD

d XIII.48 [4 - 385]

d- ngknh lnnhtcalkhng tng cng.C-ilngbsung lyC = 1,4.10-3 + 2.10-3 =3,4.10-3, m+ Npvythp:

d = 0,05 m K = 0,9Thay cc gi tr vo tac:

S = 310.4,315,0.2

6,0.14700095,0.9,0.110000000.8,3

147000.6,0 , m

= 3,9.10-3, mChnS = 5 mm*Kimtrangsutthnh canpthp theo p sutth thu lcbng cng thc:


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68

[ ] =).(...6,7

)..(.2 02

C Shk

pC Sh D

bh

bt

, N/m2 [4 -386]

=)10.4,310.5.(15,0.95,0.9,0.6,7

147000)].10.4,310.5.(15,0.26,0[33

332

= 33,88.108

< 2,1 = 91,67.106, N/m2

Ta chnchiudy canpvythp l S = 5 mmI.5. Chn bch v chn thp I.5.1. Ta chn bch lin kiu I

Tra bngXIII.27 [4 - 417] taccc thng strong bngsau:

Hnh 4.2 Bch n i thn thit b hp ph

Dtnt = 600 mmD = 650 mmDb = 625 mm

DD

D

DD

to

l

b

hnt


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69

D1 = 620 mmD0 = 606 mmBu lng:db = M36z = 52 cih = 50 mm

I.5.2. Chn chn Tnh khi lngton thp:

mthan = .Vthan = 22003,0.2.4 d d H

= 7900.4 .3[(0,6 + 2.0,003)2 0,62]

= 134 kgmday+nap= 12,4.2 = 24,8 kg

mzeolite= 229.6 kgTngkhilngcathp l:mthap = mthan + mday+ nap+ mzeolite

= 134 + 229,6 + 24,8= 388,4 kg

Vihs1,2 ta tnhctitrngcnnng l:G = 388,4.1,2.9,81 = 4,57.103 N

Theo titrngtrn tra bngXIII.35[4- 437]ta c Bng 3.4

Ti trng chophp

H(mm)

B(mm)

h(mm)

Bz(mm)

S1 (mm)

S2 (mm)

0,4.104 (N) 240 110 145 195 10 10


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70

S2

S1

Bz

h

B

H

Hnh 4.3

II. TNH TON V LA CHN THIT B PH II.1. Thit b trao i nhit

Trong cng nghho hcthitb traoinhitl mt thitb khngth thiutrong huht cc nh my ho cht. Da vo cch thc truyn nhitngita chia cc loithitb truynnhit lm 2 loichnh: Thitb traoinhittrctip, Thitb traoinhitgin tip. Tuy nhin vicngnghsnxutcntuyt ibngph ng php hpphzeolite ta ch quantmnloithitb truynnhitgin tip.II.1.1. Thit b truyn nhit loiv bc ngoi [2-113]

Khiung nng hoclm lnhcc thitb phn ng, cbitl nhng thitb bn trong khngt c ngxon, ta thngtruynnhitgin tip qua v thitb. Mttrong nhngthitb loiny l thitb vbcngoi, v ngoicghp chcvo v thitb bngmt bch, gia hai lp v to thnh khongtrngkn.


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71

Hnh 4.4Chiucao cav ngoi khngcthph n mc cht lngtrong

thitb. Thng thngcc loithitb vbcngoi c bmtthitb khnglnqu 10 m2 v p sutkhng qu 10 at.

Khi lm vic p sutcao th vbcngoi cnc cuto cbit. v bcl tmthp c khot nhiul, cc lnychn linvo vnhhnhvsau:

Hnh 4.5II.1.2. Thit b truyn nhit loi ng

Loiny bmttruynnhitloihnhng, cn cvo tnh chtlmvicv cutocathitb, c thxpthnh cc kiusau:+ngxonkiuti.

+nglng ng.+ngchm.

II.1.2.1. ng xon rut g


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72

Thitb ngxonrut g l mt trong nhngloi thitb n gin nht, n gmccnguntheo hnh rencgi lngxonrutg. Khi lmvicmtchtti i trongng, cn mtchttinhitkhci ngoing.

Thitb ngxonrutg cu iml thitk n gin, c thlmbngnhngvtliuchng n mn, dkimsot v sacha. Khuyt im cathitb kiuny l cngknh, hs truynnhitnhdo hscpnhit pha ngoi b, kh lm schpha trongng, tr thu lclnh nngthng.

Vntccachtlngtrongngxon thng0,5 1 m/s.ivicht kh thng p sutthngt5 12 m/s.ngknhngkhng qu 100mm v lnqu kh gia cng.ivi ngxongpkhc chiudi mi on phthucvo vtliu.

Hnh 4.6 . Thi t b truyn nhit ng xon rut g 1- Thi t b; 2- ng xon; 3- gi ; 4 - np gi ng

5- ng

II.1.2.2. Lo i ng ti Loiny thngdung lm nguiv ngng t, chtlngphun ngoi

ng ngl nclnhn gmccngthngnivicc khuu.Ncti ngoingchylnltt trn xungdi ng ri i

vo thng cha. Khi traoinhitth mtphn ngncbay h i. Khi bayh i n s lymt phnnhit t chttinhitnng ra khi ngdo khidung thitb ny lngncdng lm nguist h n khi dng cc thitb khc.


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73

Nu c

1

2

3

4

Hnh 4.7. Thi t b trao i nhit loi ti 1- mng nc; 2- ng truyn nhit; 3- khu u; 4 - mng ch a nc

II.1.2.3. Lo i ng nng ng Thitb truynnhitloi nglng nggmnhiu onnitipnhau

mi onc 2nglngvo nhau.ddng thay thv ra ngngitani khuuv ngni bngmt mtbch. Ccng chn kn bngmt mihn.

ChttinhitI i trongngtdiln cn chttinhitII i trongngngoi t trn xung, khi nng sut ln ta tnhiudy lm vicsongsong.

u imcaloiny l hs truynnhitlnv ta c thtora vn tc ln cho c2 cht tinhit, cuto n gin, nhng c nhc imlcngknh, gi thnh cao v tnnhiukim loi, kh lm schkhongtrng gia2ng.

1 2

43

5II I

II I Hnh 4.8. Thi t b trao i nhit loi ng lng ng 1- ng trong; 2- ng ngo i; 3- khu u ni


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74

4- ng ni; 5- mi h n II.1.2.4. Lo i ng chm

Thitb truynnhit loi ny cdng ph binnht trong cngnghipho cht, n c nhng u iml ktcugn, chcchn, bmt truynnhitln. Thitb n gincaloiny lngkiu ng. Gmcthn hnh trhaiuhn haingli, ccngtruynnhit cghp chc chn, kn vo li. yv np nivi thn bngmtbch c 4 bulng ghpchc. Thitb truynnhit c ttrn gi hocthitkthitb c chn . ChttinhitI i tdiln qua ccngv ra ngoi, cn chttinhit II i tcatrn vo khongtrngcav thitb vngri i ra pha ca di. Vi thitb ny th chttinhitII phi l chtlngschkhng to cn(thngl ncmm) v rtkh vsinh khongkhng gia ngv v thitb.Khi cntng vntccachttinhit tng hiuqutruynnhit, ngi

ta thngchia thitb ra lm nhiungn. Vntcchttistng ln theosngn cchia. cutonhhnh vsau:

.

Hnh 4.9 Thi t b trao i nhit loi ng chm c vch ngn:

1- v; 2-ng dn kh; 3-vch ngn

Trnghp thitb lm vic nhit cao chnh lchnhit ln> 50oC th bindngdo sdn n khngunhau. V vyngita phi thitkthm cho thitb bphnb gin n nhit. Cc chi titcutob phnb gin n trong thitb ngchm c th xpthnh 2 loi:

+ B gin n ghp thm bphn nhi.

II

II

I

I

1

3

2


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75

+ B gin n theo ktcudi chuyntdotheo chiudc.

Hai trnghpnycm tnhhnh vsau:I

I

II

II

II II

I I

1

22

1

3

3

a b

Hnh 4.10 Thi t b truyn nhit loi ng chm c b gi n n a- b gin n nhit bng cch gn thm b gi n n nhit 2 b- b gin n theo dc ng dn nhit

II.1.3. Thit b truyn nhit loi tm Loiny bmttruynnhitlm bngtmkim loicc khe giacc

tmkim loi, cc khe giacc tmtothnh hai hthngkhng thng vi nhau. Thitb traoinhitloiny rtgn, vntcchttinhithai phauln. Nhng c nhc iml khng lm vic c p sutcao, khghp kn do loiny dngtraoinhit p sutthng, chyultruynnhitgiacc cht kh v h i.


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76

Hnh 4.11 Thi t b truyn nhit dng tm.

II.1.4. Thit b truyn nhit loi xon c Loiny bmttruyn nhitlm bngnhngtmkim loicuntheo

dng ngxon c. Thitb gmhai tmkim loi1 v 2,utrong cahaitmkim loiny chn vo tmngn 3, giahai tm1 v 2 tothnhmtkhe c titdinhnh chnht, ch tinhits i trong cc khe. Haiuthitb cghp kn bngnp4.


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77

Thitb truynnhitkiuxon cc u iml gnv vntcln,hai chttinhitc thchuyn ngngcchiunhau hon ton, tr thu lcnhh nngchm.

Khuyt iml ch tov sa cha phc tp, khng lm vic psutcao trn 6 at.II.1.5. Thit b truyn nhit loi ng c gn

Khi truyn nhitgiahai chttinhitm hscpnhitmtpha thrtnh so vi pha kia, ta cntng bmttruynnhit pha c hscp nhitnh tng hiuqutruynnhitbngcch thm cc gn ln bmt truynnhit.

Khi ung nng khng kh hockh bngh i ncbo ho th hs cpnhitth i ln bmttruynnhit 1 =11600 W/m2. , cntbmt tra khng kh l 2 5,7 58 W/m2. , ngh a l 2


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78

thng Dngxon Thit b kiu ny cng rt

gn, c vntcln, hai cht tinhit c thchuyn ng

ngcnhau, tr lcnh.

Kh chtov sacha lm vic p sut< 6 at.Gi thnh cathitb l

t ng icao do tnst thp v cutao phctp.Dng ngc gn Bmttruynnhitln, ci

thin c ng k h s cpnhit

Cutothitb phctp v gi thnh cao, kh sa cha

* Qua vicso snh v u nhc imta thythitb truynnhitdngtm l ph hpvicng nghsnxutcn theo ph ng php ny nhtv cc ldo sau:

+ Cuto n gin, ddng tho, lp, sacha.+ Gi thnh khng qu cao.+ Qu trnh nh lm vic p sut1 at khcphc cnhc im

cathitb dngny.+ Bmt truynnhitt ng i ln, vntcdng h i hai phau

ln.II.2. Calorifier cp nhit

Calorifier l mt thitb cpnhitcho cc qu trnh cncpnhitt bn ngoi vo nh l cc phn ngthu nhit, qu trnh nhhpph, cbit l qu trnh syth calorifier l mt thitb khng th thiutrong cc nh

my, phn xngsy. Davo cch thccpnhitm ngita chia calorifethnh cc loinhsau:+ Calorifierin.+ Calorifier h i nc- khng kh.+ Calorifier kh khi.

II.2.1. Calorifier in L loi thitb cpnhit s dngnng lng innng, bin in

nng thnh nhitnng thng qua cc dyt truynnhitcho cc qutrnh khc. Qu trnh truynnhitcady tc th l qu trnh bc x nhithocqu trnh tipxc trctipcachttinhitv dyt.

Dytthnglm bngkim loic intr l n v khnng chu cnhit cao. S nhhnh vsau:


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Hnh 4.12 Calorifier in

Tuy nhin vi thitb kiu ny trong cng nghipchyu ung

ncc nhit ura l khng cao. Khi chttinhitl chtkh th rtd xyra qu trnh oxy ho ngay st bmt dy t c th gy ra chy n khng an ton cho nh my snxut.

u imcathitb kiuny l gnnh, ddng thayinhit bngcch thayi dng in vo dyt c th t ngho qu trnhtruynnhitmt cch ddng tuy nhin vi mt nh my ho cht lm nhit cao n libclnhiunhc imnh:

+ Khnng gy chy ncao khi c mtcaoxy khng kh.+ Vtliulm dythimv gi thnh kh cao.+ Nhit ura khng cao.+ Thitb loiny l nh vcchyul un ncv cung cpnc nng cho cc qu trnh snxutvi sinh v ncnng dng tron sinh hot.Cutothitb nhsau:


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Hnh 4.13. c u to thit b calorifier in

II.2.2. Calorifier hi nc khng kh [12 86]L loithitb cpnhitsdngh i nctnih i i trong ccng

truynnhit, truynnhitcho cho khng kh. Khng kh sau khi qua calorifec nhit caoc a vo cc phng sy, thitb syhockhng kh nyc a i cpnhitcho cc qu trnh khci hikhng c sc mtca h i ncnh qu trnh nhhpph caqu trnh snxutcn tuyt i bngph ng php hpph. Ta c cutocacalorifier loiny nhsau:

8

5

3

2

4

1I II

Hnh 4.14 . Calorifier hi nc khng kh 1- v thit b; 2 ,3- ca ra v vo c a khng kh cn l m nng

4- ca dn hi nc v o; 5- c a dn hi nc ra;I - ng dn hi


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Vithitb loiny thngdnh i c cutot ngi cbit, bnngoingngita hn cc cnh tnnhit tngdintch bmttruyn nhit, tng hiuqutruynnhitcho thitb. H i nc c i trongng cpnhitchongv cnh tnnhit, khng kh c i phnkhng giangia ngv v thitb, khng kh khng nhngnhnnhit t ngtruyn nhitm cn nhn cmt lngnhitlntcc cnh tnnhitmngvcxpxpdy c. s ng i cakhng kh cm tnhhnhvsau:

2

1

Hi nu c

Khng kh

Hnh 4.15 . S hng i ca hi nc v khng kh 1-ng dn hi nc; 2 cc cnh t n nhit

tng hs cpnhitcathitb ny ln ngita c thch to ngdnh i c cc gn pha trongng tng cnghscpnhitgia ngdnv h i nc. Tuy nhin viccngkiuny rtkh c thvsnhcbmtpha trong ca ng, khcphcnhc imny ngita phi dng ncrtmm trong ni cph i trnh tocntrongng ng gy qu nhitccb, gimhscpnhitcathitb.

V thitb lm vic nhit cao do ngita ghp 2 npvi thnthitb bngmtmtbch vi8 cvt xung quanhc thddng tho vnptinlicho qu trnh sachav vsinh thitb.

u imcathitb ny l bmttruynnhitln, cutokhng quphctpc thddng sachav lm schthitb. C tht nghoiuchnh lngh i nc i vo thitb lyra lngkhng kh ra cnhit theo yu cu.


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Nhc imcathitb ny l gi thnh thitb t ng icao do s dnglngcnh tnnhitt ng iln nhhng ngi cthitb. Tc dng kh i trong thitb nhdo tr lcln.II.2.3. Calorifier khi kh [12 -87]

L loicalorifier s dngkhi lcpnhitcho thitb, khi s dngchyul khi tl cao hocl tthan. Cutocathitb nhsau:

Khi l

Khi l

Khng kh

Khng kh

Hnh 4.16. Calorifier khi kh

Nguyn tc:Khi t l tc nhit rtcao khong 500 600oC c a vo

khng gian ngoingv v thitb truynnhit, nhitt khi l s c truyngin tipqua ccngdnnhit. Khng kh c i trongng i t diln nhhnh v. ccngtruynnhitnyccutol ccngnhn do khi la vo mang mt lngbi rt ln do ngphi clmnhncpha trong v ngoichngbi bm bnlm gimhs truyn

nhit. Viloithitb ny n cu v nhc imnhsau:+ u im: thitb c cuto n gin, sdngnhin liurtin, tn dngnhitlng ph cacc qu trnh snxutcng nghipkhc, Nhit cakhi l mang vo l t ngicaop ng cmtsyu cuvnhit cao camtsqu trnh.

+ Nhc im: Thitb rtcngknh, lngbimang vo kh ln kh khn trong viclm schthitb. Mtkhc vikhi l ta rtkh c th


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iuchnh ctc dng khi t cnhit dng kh ra theo mun, khng tht ngho. Vi thitb ny nhc imlnnhtl khkimsoatcnhit khng kh ura.II.2.4. La chn calorifier cp nhit

Qua s so snhu v nhc imcamt s loicalorifier trn tathyviqu trnh cpnhitcho dng kh N2 (thchinqu trnh nhhp ph) ph hpvithitb calorifier h i nc khng kh v cc l do sau:

+ Bmttruynnhitcathitb ln p ng cyu culm vic nhit cao cadng kh N2 i vo thp nhhpphl 350oC.

+ Vi thitb ny ta c th t ngho cdo iuchnh tc dng h i qu nhit i vo thitb.

+ Ta ddng kimsotcnhit cadng kh N2 sau khi ra khi calorifier.

+ Thitb gn, khng qu cngknh, viclm schl t ng id dng. Ni chung vi qu trnh nh hp bng N2 350oC th s dng calorifier h i nc khng kh skhcphc cmtscc nhc im cahai loai calorifier trn. Hnhnhminh ho:

Hnh 4.17. Calorifier th c t


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II.3. Ni hi Nih i l mt thitb cung cph i ncqu nhitcho calorifier, l

bphnduy nhtcpnhitcho ton bqu trnh nhitcas dy truyn snxut. Trong cng nghipc rtnhiu loil tsinh h i tuy nhin vi

n caem vi nng sut1000 lt/ngy.y ch l mtm hnh snxut nhmangc imcamtnh my cng nghipthitb sinh h i ta chnlmtnih i n ginc cutonhsau:

14

8

8

7

1113

12

910

65

324

10

151

Hnh 4.18. N i cung cp hi cho ton b qu tr nh.

1- v thit b; 2,3- ng h o p sut v nhi t ; 4 - ca cung cp hi 5- ca dn nc mm v o; 6- nc cha bay hi; 8- ng dn hi xung dn ng; 9- dn ng bay hi; 10- tng chu nhit; 11- ca dn khng kh 12- than; 13- c a tho x; 14 -nn chu nhit; 15- ng thot khi

Viquy m snxutcng nghipngita thngsdngcch lt h i c cng sutlnh n nhmtshnh vsau:


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Hnh 4.19. L h i cng nghip s dng kh t un bc hi

II.4. Thit b ngng tNgng t l qu trnh chuynh i nchockh sang trngthi lng

bnghai cch:+ Lm nguih i hockh + Nn v lm nguih i ngthi.

y chyuta ch xt qu trnh ngng tbngcch lm nguih ihockh dng nchockhng kh lnh lm ngui.Dng nc lynhitcho h i ngng t c th tinhnh theo hai

cch sau:+ Ngng tgin tiphay cn gi l ngng tbmt, tcl qu trnh

tinhnh trong thitb traoinhitc tngngn cch giah i v nc.H i cngng ttrn bmttruynnhit.


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+ Ngng ttrctip, hay cn gil ngng thnhp, tcl qu trnhtinhnh bngcch cho h i v nctipxc trc tipvi nhau. H i cp nhitngng tcho ncv ngng tli, nclynhitcah i v nng dn ln cuicng ta thuchn hpchtlng ngng tv nc. Tuy nhinviqu trnh snxutcntuyt ibngph ng php hpph ta ch quantmnph ng php ngng tgin tip.II.4.1. Ngng t gin tip

Trong thitb ngng tgin tipngita thngcho h i v nc ingcchiunhau, nclm lnhchoi t trn xung, h i i tdiln.

Nunhqu trnh ngng tthchin ivih i bo ho v chtlng sau khi ngng tkhng b lm nguii xungthph n nhit bo ho thtnh ton bmtkhng hkh khn lm. Nuh i ngng tl h i qu nhit v cht lng ngng tcnlm lnhthph n nhit bo ho th vic tnh ton bmttruynnhitl htsckh khn. Khi ta phichia qutrnh ra thnh 3 giaionsau:+ Giaion1: lm nguih i qu nhit vnhit h i bo ho.

+ Giaion2: ngng th i bo ho nhit khngi.+ Giaion3 Lm nguichtlng ngng vnhit cnthit.

II.4.2. La chn thit b ngng t Vnguyn tcth ttccch loi thitb trao inhit uc kh

nng lm chcnng ngng t. Thitb ngng tch khc vi thitb traoi nhitl thitb ngng tc thm bphnvch ngn chychn cacht lng. Trong cng nghipho du cbitl cng nghchbinkh ngitathngsdngthitb ngng tloi ngchm c vch cutonhsau:

I

5

7

8910

4

6

12

3

Hnh 4.20. Thi t b ngng t loi ng chm ch U c vch chy tr n1- v; 2- ng thot kh N 2 ; 3- ng dn nc l m mt; 4- sn ngn lng:6 - ng dn nc ch U; 5- thanh ; 7 - vch ngn;ca tho nc ngng.


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Vi s snxutcntuyt ibngph ng php hpphzeolitetrong s ta cnthitphic hai thitb ngng tloiny:

+ Thitb 1: l thitb ngng thnhph i khi thchinqu trnhnhbngN2 hn hp lngc cha nng cn rt thpny vnhit 90oC c a licngonchng snxutcncng nghip.

+ Thitb 2: Vai tr cathitb ny rtquan trong cnthchinqutrnh vangng tva lm lnhcnsnphmvnhit xpx nhit thng. Do i hilngnclm mt thitb ny l rtln.

II.5. La chn thit b lc bi Trong cng nghipho hcthitb lc, lngbil mtthitb phc

vai tr t ng iquan trng. Viclachnthitb lcbicho dy truyn cng nghsnxutphthucvo mtsch tiu sau.

+ Hiuqulm viccathitb.+ Khnng lm victrong cciukinkhc nhau cady truynsn

xut.+ Ch tiu kinh tSauy ta xt mtscc kiuthitb lnglctrong cng nghipho

hc.II.5.1. Thit b ng lng

L mt thit b lngda vo trnglc, khi cho dng kh bi i quamtdon ngdi lonngonv cc vch ngn, ditc dngcatrng lccc htbib lngxungdiv khng kh ra ngoi s clm sch

bi. Cutothitb nhhnh vsau:

Hnh 4.21. Thi t b bung l ng

u im: Thitb l cuto n gin, lm vic c nhit cao.Gi thnh cathitb khng qu cao.

Nhc im: Kh nng lc bi cathit b ny cha cao ch dngtrong qu trnh lngs b.


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II.5.2. Thit b bung lng Bunglngcng lm vicdatheo thitb nglngtuy nhin kh

bis clngtrongiukint nhditc dngcatrnglcth cc ht bi s clngxungcc sn lngca thitb. Cutocabunglng nhhnh vsau:

Hnh 4.22. Thi t b bung l ng

Vithitb ny th khnng lngbil t ngicao, cutothitb n gin, gi thnh khng caoTuy nhin vi thitb ny n c mt s nhc imsau:

+ Thitb cngknh, vi s snxut cn cao bngph ngphp hpphn slm ngng tcnkhi cho cngsnphm i vo thitb ny. y l do m ta khng thlachnthitb ny.


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II.5.3 Xyclon lc bi Davo thitlcly tm ngita chtothitb lngkiuxyclon c

cutonhsau:

Khsch

V

ng dn kh

B phn th o bi

Khbi

Hnh 4.23. Xyclon l cbi

Nguyn tc: Dng kh bi cthi i tiptuynvi thnh thitb vi vo thitb thomt ngxon c. Cc htbic trnglngln vachmvo thnh thitb v ri xungdi, kh c i t diln v rangoi.

u im: Lm schtt h n hai thitb ni trn, lm vic c nhit cao, thitb gnnh.

Nhc im: Cutothitb t ngiphctp.II.5.4. Thit b lc tay o Cutocathitb nhhnh vsau:


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Hnh 4.24. thi t b l ctay o

Nguyn tc: Dng kh bi c i vo pha dicathitb vo ingcvo trong ccngtay o, kh i qua lca ngvi i ra ngoi. Bi c gi litrongngtay o v r i xung.

u im: Kh clcqua thitb ny t ng isch, thitb t ngi n gin.

Nhc im: Do bphnlcchnh l ccngvido thitb khnglm vic c nhit cao, khi mcakh lclntothnh mngln trongngtay o kh r sch, trng lngcalp bi ln sgy rchng vi.II.5.4. Thit b lc kiu vch ngn

Cutothitb nhhnh v:


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Hnh 4.25. Thi t b l ckiuvch ng n

Nguyn tc: Kh i vo khng gian ngoing, kh chui qua cc lxp ca ngx i vo trongng vi dcln trn v ra ngoi. Bic kch thc lnsgi li ngoingrir i xung ythitb.II.5.5 Mt s thit b khc

Ngoi cc thitb gii thiu trn cn rtnhiucc thitb lc khc nhthitb lc t, thitb lc inVi cc thitb lckiu tcho schbirtcao v c nhiu uimtuy nhin viqu trnh snxutcn i hikhngctipxc trc tipvincdocc thitb loiny khng thdng trong dy truynsn xutny. Vi cc thitb lc intrngcng cho scht ng icaotuy nhin cntuyt irtdchy ndo ta khng th lachnthitb loiny.II.5.6. La chn thit b

Qua sxem xt nghin cuta thythitb lcbikiuxyclon l tt nhtcho s snxutcntuyt itheo ph ng php ny v cc l do sau:

+ Thitb gnnh, khng lm mtmt nhiunhittrong qu trnh tn dngnhitkhi giihp, khng lm ngng th i cnsnphm.

+ schcakh N2 v h i rusau khi ra khithitb l t ngi cao.

+ Thitb c khnng lm vic nhit cao thch hpvis sn xuttheo ph ng php ny.


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II.6. La chn bm II.6.1 Bm vn chuyn cht lng.

Trong cng nghip ha hc bm l mt thit b khng th thiu trongcc s dy sn xut no. Vi cc cht lng trong k thut c rt nhiu loi

bm cht lng khc nhau nh: Bm pittng, bm hng trc, ly tm, xoci vi vic vn chuyn cht lng hin phn ln cc nh my cngnghip thng la chn bm ly tm, bi v n c nhng u im sau y:

+ B m lm vic mt cch lin tc. + C th thay i tc d dng nh bin p. + Cu to bm n gin, gi thnh khng qu cao.Mt s nhc im ca bm loi ny nh: p sut ca dng cht lng

khng cao, trc khi khi ng phi mi. Tuy nhin nhng t im nyc khc phc mt cch d dng nh lp t bm theo cc cp khc nhauta s c p sut dng lng nh mun.

Vi s sn xut cn tuyt i theo phng php hp ph Zeolivic la chn bm ly tm vn chuyn cht lng trong s l rthp l.Vi s sn xut nh nh n ca em ta ch cn np t bm ly tm mcp l p sut dng lng chy trong s . II.6.2. Bm vn chuyn cht kh

Trong cng nghip ha cht v thc phm cng nh cc ngnh kinh tkhc, my nn v thi kh c dng ph bin. nh tng hp NH3 Vicvn chuyn v nn kh l rt quan trng. vn chuyn cht kh ngi ta cth nn hoc ht chn khng vn chuyn kh, vi cc c im ny ta c

mt s kiu my ht v nn tiu biu sau: II.6.2.1. My nn ki u pittngL loi my nn c b phn truyn ng bng c cu tay quay. My

nn tc dng n c cu to ging nh bm pittng, c xilanh, c pittongchuyn ng qua li. Tr n xylanh c mt van ht v van y, ch khc l bnngoi v xylanh c thm b phnlm lnh bng v.

Vi loi my nn ny ta c th c p sut hi (kh) rt cao nh cu toca cc my nn nhiu cp.

II.6.2.1 My nn th i kh kiu cnh trt Loi ny c cu to v nguyn tc ging nh bm cnh trt, c v

nc lm lnh. Gm roto chnh tr lp lch tm. Tr n roto c nhiu r nh cc tm chuyn ng t do theo phng bn knh. Khi roto quay cc tny trt tr n dnh qut trn mt phng trong v to thnh nhng bung knc th tch thay i. T nh n ln l giai on ht v t ln n nh l giaion nn. Loi ny c nng sut t 160 4000 m3 /h, vi p sut 5 15 at.

C u im l cu to gn, lm vic u n, nhng yu cu phichnh xc, kh thao tc, tn tht p sut ln do b phn khng kht.


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II.6.2.3. My nn th i kh k iu cnh gung Lm vic tng t nh bm r nh kha. Gm v lm bng gang, bn

trong c hai cnh gung h nh c lc quay tr n trc t song song. Khi quayhai cch gung tip xc nhau v vo v, to thnh nhng khong khng giankn. Qua kh c ht v nn. Loi ny c cu to n gin, nng sut cth thay i theo mt gii hn rng, lm vic ht sc u n, d dng thayi nng sut nh vo tc vng quay, khng c van, cu to n gin chiph vn hnh thp. Tuy nhin vn c nhc im trong khuch to i hinp gip tht chnh xc. II.6.2.4. Bm chn khng kiu pittong

Cu to bm chn khng kiu pittong ging cu to ca my npittong. Gii hn p sut ph thuc vo kht gia pittong v thnh xylanhv h s khong hi. S khc nhau gia hai kiu thit b ny l s b tr vanht v x l khc nhau. Vi kiu bm chn khng ny nng sut l khc caot 45 n 3500 m

3 /h. S hot ng ca bm chn khng kiu pittong gingnh s hot ng ca my nn pittong.

II.6.2.5. Bm chn khng kiu rotoBm chn khng kiu roto cng c s dng rng r i trong cng

nghip ha cht, thc phm. u im ca loi bm ny l lm vic u cu to gn gang, khng c van phc tp, gi thnh ch to r, chi ph vnhnh nh.

Bm chn khng c loi cnh trt c nng sut trong khong 200n 6000 m3 /h, p sut t 0,1 n 0,3 mmHg. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi bmchn khng kiu cnh gung, c nng sut tng i ln v c nhiu uim nh bm cnh trt.

Ngoi hai kiu bm chn khng loi ny trong cng nghip ha hccn c rt nhiu cc kiu bm chn khng loi khc nh: Bm chn khnkiu phun tia, bm khuych tn

Vis snxutcntuyt itheo ph ng php hpphchnlc zeolite

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