GENETICS Asdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasd

8/3/2019 GENETICS Asdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasd

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GENOMEGENOME


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GENETIC MAPSGENETIC MAPS

Are linkage maps that shows

the relative location of geneson a chromosome asdetermined by recombinationfrequencies.


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Genetic map of common

shrew consist of 45 genesmarking 8 chromosomes of10 of Sorex araneuskaryotipe.


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Physical MapsPhysical Maps

yAre diagrams showing the

relative positions of Landmarkswithin specific DNA sequence.

yLandmarks include specific

sequences of DNA and siteswhere restriction enzymes cutDNA.


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yThe distance between

landmarks on a physical mapare measured in base-pair(1 000 base pairs equal 1kilobase, kb)


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Physical map of the

Y chromosomeindicating someknown genes andgene regions.


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y It is not necessary to know the

DNA sequence of a segment ofDNA in order to create a physicalmap or to know the DNA codes

for a specific gene.


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11stst Genetic Map (1911Genetic Map (1911--1913)1913)

yAlfred

Sturtevantmapped 5 genes in aDrosophila melanogaster

y It is measured incentrimorgan (cM), thedistance of a geneticmap.


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ProteomeProteome

yThe entire set ofproteins expressed by agenome, cell, tissue or

organism.


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CloningCloning


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y Based from the article what is cloning?

y Who cloned the first animal? What was thatanimal?

y Who was the scientist in-charge for cloning dolly?

y Dolly was born last _________________.

y How many trials was done before dolly was fully

cloned?y Dolly was named after _______________.

y What was the institute responsible for cloningDolly

y Dolly was a combination of what type of cells andorganisms (animal/s)?

y Give two applications of cloning in the presenttime.


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What is a clone?What is a clone?

y Clone refers to genetically identical cells

originating from one cell.

y They take DNA from a cloned cell ofanother animal, and insert it into a zygote

that had its DNA removed, and replace itwith the cloned DNA.


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Who did they clone?Who did they clone?

y In 1996, they successfully cloned the

first animal- a sheep named Dolly.y The nucleus they used was from anadult of the same species.

y

Since then, they have successfullycloned sheep and pigs.


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Why do they want to cloneWhy do they want to cloneanimals?animals?

y They do this to study genetic

disorders and disease susceptibility.y It is done strictly for medicalresearch.

y Ian Wilmut and other scientists wasin charged for cloning Dolly


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Other Genetic EngineeringOther Genetic Engineeringstrategiesstrategies


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Embryo TransferEmbryo Transfer

y Technology used for large animals such as

cattle, buffaloes or carabaos and goats

y Biotechnology Research Team of the Phil.Carabao Center (Nueva Ecija)

Produced healthy elite breeds of waterbuffaloes from in-vitro produced frozen thawedembryos from Aurangadan, India.

Named it Glory.


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Recombinant DNARecombinant DNATechnology (1970s)Technology (1970s)

Set of techniques for combining

genes from different sourcesand transferring the resultingrecombinant DNA into a cell by

means of a test tube.


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Use of E. coliUse of E. coli (1946)(1946)

y Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

Conducted experiment withEscherischia coli

The E. colicontain sexual

mechanism that results incombining genes from two differentcells.


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BACTERIA USEDBACTERIA USED

TO TRANSFERTO TRANSFERDNADNA


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Three Ways to Transfer DNA by aThree Ways to Transfer DNA by aBacteriaBacteria

yTRANSFORMATION

yTRANSLOCATION

yCONJUGATION


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TransformationTransformation

yTaking up of DNA from a

fluid surrounding a cell

yFrederick Griffith (1920s)Experiment regarding pneumonia-causing bacteria


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TRANSLOCATIONTRANSLOCATION

yThe transfer ofbacterial genes by

a phage


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CONJUGATIONCONJUGATION

yWhen two bacterial cell mateyMale contains sex pili

yFemale serve as the recipient


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Experiment of E. coliExperiment of E. coli

yContains F Factor

yCaries genes for making sex pili andother things needed for conjugation

y Also contains the origin ofreplication, where DNA replicationcan start.

y It can exist as a PLASMID


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VECTORVECTOR

ySomething to carry therecombinant DNAmolecule

xPlasmidsxPhages


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PLASMIDPLASMID

yA small circular DNA molecule

that is separated from a muchbigger bacterial chromosome.

yCarrier of recombinant DNA

Molecule.


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PhagesPhages

yViruses that infectbacterial cell and maycarry a recombinant

DNA molecule.


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Steps to Multiply Useful DNASteps to Multiply Useful DNA

by means of Plasmidsby means of Plasmidsy Plasmid is isolated from a bacteria

y DNA of interest is obtained from other

celly DNA of interest is inserted into the

plasmid (Recombinant DNA)

y Bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by

transformationy Bacterium is the cloned


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Uses ofRecombinant DNAUses ofRecombinant DNAy Production of Pest resistant Plants

y Cleaning toxic wastes

y For insulin productiony Proteins dissolves blood clots in the heart

attack therapy


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yIf you are Ian, what

organism will you clone?What will be its significancein the following:

EnvironmentEconomySociety

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