110 () 40142 2 1

(Genetic engineering)

(Biotechnology)

(genetic engineering) ( engineer ) DNA DNA (replication) (artificial means) DNA (Recombinant DNA)

DNA

1) DNA 1.1 DNA

(Recognition site) DNA

111 () 40142 2 1

(Restriction enzyme) 1,200

DNA (sticky ends) DNA (blunt ends) 1.10

1.10

BamHI Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H G GATC C

C CTAG G EcoRI Escherichia coli R factor G AATT C

G TTAA G HindIII Hemophilus influenzae Rd A AGCT T

T TCGA A NotI Norcadia otitidis-caviarum GC GGCC GC

CG CCGG CG PstI Providencia stuartii C TGCA G

G ACGT C AluI Arthrobacter luteus AG CT

TC GA TaqI Thermus aquaticus T CG A

A GC T

112 () 40142 2 1

1.80 1.2 mRNA DNA

(complementary DNA cDNA)

1.81 DNA mRNA

1.3 nucleotide DNA nucleotide (Genetic code)

5/

3/ 5

/3/

5/

3/5/

5/

3/

3/ 5

/3/

5/

5/3/

3/

5/

/ 5/3/

35

//5/

5/

// 5/3/

5/

5/3/

3/

333

Digestion with restriction enzyme

Digestion with restriction enzyme

mRNA5

/3

/mRNA

5/

5/

3/

3/

5/

3/

5/3/5

/

3/5/

5/

3/

3/

5/3/

5/

5/3/

3/

cDNA synthesis withReverse transcriptasecDNA synthesis withReverse transcriptase

113 () 40142 2 1

DNA

5 / /3 nucleotide

5 / /35 /5 / /3 /3 nucleotide

3 /5 / 3

5 //AATT

3 /5 / 3

5 //AATT

3 /5 /3 /53 /5 / 3

5 //3

5 //AATT

1.82 DNA 2) DNA

DNA DNA PCR (polymerase chain reaction) DNA (primer) 4 dATP dCTP dGTP dTTP DNA 1 2 4 8 ( DNA (DNA fingerprinting))

114 () 40142 2 1

1 2

1.83 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) DNA

115 () 40142 2 1

DNA (Gel Electrophoresis) DNA

1.84 DNA

3) DNA DNA vector

(vector) DNA Host cell (Plasmid) DNA DNA DNA insert DNA (DNA ) DNA

4) DNA DNA (Recombinant DNA) DNA DNA

116 () 40142 2 1

- Restriction endonuclease - DNA Ligase 3 - 5 Phosphodiester bond

1.85 DNA Recombination DNA

5) Recombinant DNA (host cell) host cell vector

(Transformation) DNA (Recombinant DNA) 1.86

117 () 40142 2 1

6) (Screening)

DNA (Recipient host cell) marker vector DNA DNA

6.1. (Nucleic acid hybridization)

1.87 DNA (Nucleic acid hybridization) 6.2. (Immunology)

antibody

118 () 40142 2 1

6.3.

1.88

DNA DNA

Restrictionenzyme

Restrictionenzyme

Restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme

LigaseLigase

VectorVector Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA

host host

HostHost

1.89

119 () 40142 2 1

1.

- (Diagnosis) (Thallassemia disease) - amniocentesis -

1.90 (Gene therapy) -

120 () 40142 2 1

- (Insulin) (Interferons)

1.91 (Insulin)

- E. coli E. coli

121 () 40142 2 1

- - (Secondary metabolites)

2.

3.

- (Protoplast fusion) - - - - - (transgenic plant)

122 () 40142 2 1

1.92

1. (Agrobacterium - mediated gene transfer) 2. (Particle Bombardment) 3. (Electroporator) 4. DNA

123 () 40142 2 1

(B.T.) Cry1A ( () ) - GMOs Genetically modified organisms (DNA) (Gene)

GMOs

4.

1.93 DNA

124 () 40142 2 1

1.94

5.