Feed efficiency: Measuring, Genetic Trends, and Current

State of the Industry 饲料效率：测量，遗传趋势和行业

现状 Pedro E. Urriola

Department of Animal Sciences University of Minnesota

Feed efficiency饲料效率 • Unit of output divided by unit of input产出占投入的比

率

• How to express this efficiency?如何表达这种效率？

Feed饲料 Animal动物

Input 投入 Output 产出 What it measures 衡量什么

Mass, kg of feed 饲料质量

Mass, kg live weight 活体重

Efficiency of growth 生长效率

Mass, kg of feed 饲料质量

Mass, kg of carcass 胴体质量

Efficiency of pork 猪肉效率

Energy, kcal of NE 能量

Mass, kg of carcass 胴体质量

Nutritional efficiency 营养效率

Different ways of expressing and looking at efficiency 不同的方法表述

和看待效率 Item 项目 CSB玉米大

豆料 WM 麦麸 DDGS

带可溶物的干酒糟 WM+DDGS

Final BW最终体重

122 122 121 119

HCW热胴体重 90.2 89.6 87.1 85.9 Efficiencies效率

Gain:feed增重：饲料

0.346 0.350 0.352 0.347

HCW:feed屠宰热胴体重：饲料

0.336 0.337 0.333 0.331

Wu et al. (2016)

Different ways of expressing and looking at efficiency不同的方法表述

和看待效率

0.320

0.325

0.330

0.335

0.340

0.345

0.350

0.355

CSB WM DDGS WM+DDGS

Effi

cien

cy

Diets

Gain:feed HCW:feed Linear (Gain:feed) Linear (HCW:feed)

Wu et al. (2016)

饲料

Feed efficiency饲料效率 “Feed efficiency is a good thing to measure, but terrible driver of decision making” quoting Steve Pollmann 引用Steve Pollmann：“饲料效率对检测的好事，但是对于做决策是不好的驱动力”。

GENETIC TRENDS AND INDUSTRY DATA 遗传趋势和行业数据

Feed efficiency: Measuring, Genetic Trends, and Current State of the Industry 饲料效率：测量，遗传趋势和行业现状

Pushing Biological Limits推动生物极限 • Based upon actual boar feed intake records at PIC North

American nucleus farms 根据PIC公司在北美核心农场的实际的公猪饲料摄入量记录

• Most recent 12 months of data 大多数是近12个月的数据 • Sources of future sires of commercial pigs 未来商业猪公畜的来源

Feed Conversion饲料转化率

Average Daily Gain kg/d 平均日增重

Product产品

Average平均

Top 10% 最高的10% Average平均

Top 10%最高的10%

280 2.15 1.75 0.97 1.14 327 1.98 1.62 0.96 1.13 8.0 2.13 1.74 0.87 1.06 337 1.95 1.55 1.01 1.22

Accelerating Progress加快进度

Trait 特性 Past Year

Genetic Index 遗传指数 19.5

Feed Conversion 饲料转换率 -0.02

Pigs weaned/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪 1.10

Pounds weaned/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪重量 17.70

Pigs marketed/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪上市量 1.00 Total Pounds marketed/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪总上市重量 410.7

PROFIT PER PIG, $ / pig 每头猪的收益，美元 3.89

Source: William Herring, PIC

Feed Efficiency by Month 按月记录的饲料转化率 PIC 337 x Camborough

115.00

117.00

119.00

121.00

123.00

125.00

127.00

129.00

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

Jan-

11

Mar

-11

May

-11

Jul-1

1

Sep-

11

Nov

-11

Jan-

12

Mar

-12

May

-12

Jul-1

2

Sep-

12

Nov

-12

Jan-

13

Mar

-13

May

-13

Jul-1

3

Sep-

13

Nov

-13

Jan-

14

Mar

-14

May

-14

Jul-1

4

Sep-

14

Nov

-14

Jan-

15

Mar

-15

CA PESO AL MERCADO Linear (CA)

Source: William Herring, PIC

Comparative trends in quarterly reports 季报的趋势比较

Item 项目 Q2 – 2015 Q2 – 2016 % Change Av. Start Weight 平均起始体重

55.93 54.25 -3.00

Mortality, % 死亡率 4.30 4.37 1.67 Av. Weight Out 平均出栏体重

279.1 278.9 -0.06

Lb Feed/head 每头饲料量

627.8 628.8 0.16

ADG 平均日增重 1.89 1.90 0.42 FCR饲料转化率 2.85 2.83 -0.53 ADFI日饲料摄入量 5.39 5.38 -0.11%

Source: MetaFarms

Factors affecting feed efficiency 影响饲料效率的因素

Environmental factors 环境因素

Feed composition/ Processing

饲料成分/加工

Pig 猪

What factors affect feed efficiency?影响饲料效率的因素

• Animal side: 动物方面 – Age 年龄 – Sex 性别 – Genetics (Lean growth) 遗

传（瘦肉生长量） – Health 健康

• Environment: 环境因素 – Environmental

temperature 环境温度

– Feeder and waterers 料槽和饮水器

– Feed form (pellet vs. mash) 饲料形式（颗粒与糊状）

FEED COMPONENTS 饲料成分

Feed efficiency: Measuring, Genetic Trends, and Current State of the Industry 饲料效率：测量，遗传趋势和行业现状

Classes of Nutrients营养分类

• Carbohydrates碳水化合物 • Lipids脂类 • Amino acids氨基酸 • Mineral矿物质 • Vitamins维生素 • Water水

Energy is not a nutrient能量不是

一种营养

Boisen, 2007

How do we know what nutrient levels do we feed?我们如何知道我们饲喂的营

养水平？ Empirical凭经验的

Mechanistic机制性的

Traditional method Used for vitamins and trace minerals 传统的用于维生素和微量元矿物元素的

ENERGY SYSTEMS AND EVALUATION 能量系统和评估

Nutrition and feeding programs in pork 猪的营养和饲喂项目

Classification of systems for evaluation of dietary energy 评价膳食能量的系统分类

GE

DE •Feces

ME •Gas •Urine

NE •Heat increment

NE Maintenance

NE Production •Protein •Lipid

Common in US 在美国常用

Common in EU and Australia 在欧洲和澳大

利亚常用

Phase feeding阶段饲喂 Requirement of nutrients as % of diet is reduced because feed intake (appetite) increases faster 因为饲料

摄入（食欲）增加很快，需要的营养占日粮的比率下降

Split-sex feeding 分性别饲喂

• Barrows and gilts have different公猪和母猪有不同 – Daily feed intake日采食量 – Growth rate增长率 – Percentage of carcass lean胴体瘦肉率

• Differences begin to become nutritionally significant around 40 kg body weight

• 约40公斤体重时营养对个体差异开始变得重要

Ractopamine and other metabolic modifiers 莱克多巴胺和其他代谢调节剂

Doses: • 5-7.5 ppm • 21-28 days

Other modifiers 其他代谢调节剂 Porcine somatotropin (pST) 猪生长激素（pST）

Immunocastration (IMPROVEST)免疫去势 • Until second injection animals

grow as entire males 直到第二

次注射，动物长势未处理的公猪一致

• Then, ADFI and ADG would be 18% and 13% greater than in boars 然后平均干物质和日增重比种公猪增高18%和13%。

• Protein accretion is reduced by immunocastration免疫去势减少蛋白合成。

Effect of diet particle size and feeding pigs 日粮颗粒形状对饲喂猪

的影响

Can we feed this corn to pigs? to chickens? Why? 我们能喂这些玉米给猪吗？ 或是鸡？为什么？

Effect of diet particle size and feeding pigs日粮颗粒形状对饲喂猪

的影响

Grinding – particle size reduction 研磨-颗粒变小

More smaller particles = greater surface area 更小的颗粒=更大的表面积

Greater surface area 更大的表面积

Grinding – particle size reduction研磨-颗粒变小

Greater surface area 更大的表面积

Effect of diet grinding on productivity and health 日粮研

磨对生产力和健康的影响 Particle size, μ颗粒大小微米 1000 800 600 400

ADG, kg/d平均日增重 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.98

ADFI, kg/d平均干物质摄入 3.25 3.21 3.26 3.16

Conversion G:F饲料转换率 295 293 291 310

Stomach health1胃肠健康 95 85 75 50

1Percent of normal stomachs or without macroscopic lesions 正常胃或没有大体病变胃的比率

Feed flow and feeder adjustment 进食量和食槽的调整

http://www.asi.k-state.edu/species/swine/research-and-extension/feeder-adjustment-cards.html

Restrict feed intake 限制饲料摄入

Feed waste, excess nutrients in manure 饲料废物，粪便中的养分过多

Decision tree for troubleshooting feed efficiency解决饲料效率的决策树

Hig

h di

sapp

eara

nce

Low energy density 低能量 Feed waste 饲

料浪费

Genetics品种

Feed delivery 给料

Nutrient deficiency 营养

缺乏 Mortality死亡

率

Temperature

Swine feed efficiency group

Low

wei

ght g

ain 生长慢

Disease疾病

Genetics品种

Feed availability饲料可给性

Water availability水可给性

Diet deficiency 饮食缺乏

Temperature 温度

Feed

pro

cess

ing

Pelleting 颗粒

Diet grinding 粉碎

Seven recommendations for practical approaches to improve feed efficiency 七个提高饲料效率的实用方法建议

1. Manage the pigs and the barn to minimize maintenance energy requirements管理猪和猪栏，减少维护能量需求

2. Increase the portion of the GE of the diet that is digested增加日粮中可消化能量部分

3. Determine actual energy content of diets used on the farm 确定猪场中使用的日粮真实的能量含量

4. Feeding diets with low heat increment during hot weather to minimize heat stress 在炎热的天气中，饲喂低热量的饮食，以尽量减少热应激

5. Minimize health demands placed on the pig 尽量减少对猪的健康需求 6. Selection of pigs that use dietary energy more efficiently for

maintenance 选择能更高效利用日粮能量的猪只用于维持 7. Put a high priority on feed intake优先考虑采食量

Patience (2012)

Increase the proportion of GE in the diet that is digested 增加日粮中可消化能量部分

Item项目 Corn玉米

DDGS玉米干酒糟

WM麦麸 SBH豆壳

WS麦秸

GE, kcal/kg日粮能量

3,933 4,710 3,901 4,210 4,036

NE, kcal/kg日粮

2,672 2,343 2,113 989 239

GE:NE 0.68 0.50 0.54 0.23 0.06

Corn DDGS 玉米干酒糟

Corn-soybean 玉米大豆

The proportion of GE that is digested is low and variable日粮中可消化能量的含量低及变化

Nutrient营养 Min Mean Max SD CV DM干物质 60.1 62.7 68.6 2.5 4.0 CP粗蛋白 23.3 24.9 26.8 1.0 4.0 Ether extract醚提取物 3.2 6.0 9.1 1.7 28.3 NDF中性洗涤纤维 14.5 18.8 23.5 3.1 16.3 ADF酸性洗涤纤维 5.5 7.9 10.4 1.8 22.9 dHemi 8.4 10.9 13.9 1.8 16.9

Kerr et al. (2013)

Alternative feed ingredients have high content of poorly digestible nutrients 替代

饲料含有大量的难消化的营养成分

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DDGS干酒糟及其可溶物

Corn玉米

Water水 CP粗蛋白 Fat脂肪 Sugars糖 Starch淀粉 Fiber纤维 Other其它

Epithelial self-renewal in the small intestinal epithelium小肠上皮的自我更新

Barker (2014)

Effect of fiber sources on differentiated secretory cells (histology of goblet cells) 纤维源对分化分泌细胞的影响（杯状细胞的组织学）

DDGS SBH

WS Control

The digestibility of fiber can be predicted using laboratory procedures 利用实验室程序可以预测纤维的消化率

y = 0.1643x + 2.8959 R² = 0.819

0102030405060708090

0 100 200 300 400 500

ATTD

of T

DF,

%

Asymptotic gas production (A), mL/g DM

Wheat straw Corn DDGS

Soybean hulls

Huang (2016)

Looking for more information? 想要获得更多的信息？

Thanks! 谢谢！