Silage For China 中国的青贮饲料

AGRICULTURE, FOOD ANDRURAL DEVELOPMENT

Arvid Aasen 阿维德 . 阿森

Western Forage/Beef Group

Lacombe Research Centre

Lacombe, Alberta, Canada

加拿大阿尔伯塔省拉考研究中心西部饲草 / 肉牛组

Silage For ChinaSilage For China中国的青贮饲料中国的青贮饲料

Silage For ChinaSilage For China中国的青贮饲料中国的青贮饲料

Why Do We Make Silage?Why Do We Make Silage?我们为什么要制作青贮？

weather is less of a factor 气候是一个小原因


fewer harvest losses收获损失少 weather is less of a factor 气候是一个小因素


large quantities with a uniform quality大量饲料质量一致

fewer harvest losses 收获损失少 weather is less of a factor

气候是一个小因素


most crops can be ensiled 大多数作物可做青贮 large quantities with a uniform quality

大量饲料质量一致 fewer harvest losses 收获损失少 weather is less of a factor4 气候是较小一个原因


damaged crops can be salvaged被损坏的作物可被抢救 most crops can be ensiled大多数作物可做青贮 large quantities with a uniform quality 大量饲料质量一致 fewer harvest losses 收获损失少 weather is less of a factor 气候是较小一个原因


makes an ideal forage for mixed rations 为混合日料制作理想的饲料 damaged crops can be salvaged 被损坏的作物可被抢救 most crops can be ensiled 大多数作物可做青贮 large quantities with a uniform quality大量饲料质量一致 fewer harvest losses 收获损失少 weather is less of a factor 气候是较小一个原因

The Ensiling ProcessThe Ensiling Process青贮青贮过过程程 Aerobic Fermentation Phase

需氧发酵阶段 respiration phase occurs with oxygen present plant enzymes & micro-organisms use

oxygen to consume water soluble carbohydrates & plant sugars to produce carbon dioxide & heat

呼吸阶段氧气产生植物酶和微生物使用氧消耗水溶碳水化合物和植物糖以产

生二氧化碳和热

The Ensiling ProcessThe Ensiling Process 青贮青贮过程过程

Anaerobic Fermentation Phase 厌氧发酵阶段

no oxygen present bacteria utilize WSC & plant sugars to

produce acids lactobacilli produce lactic acid

无氧气细菌利用水溶碳水化合物和植物糖产生酸乳酸杆菌产生乳酸

The Ensiling ProcessThe Ensiling Process 青贮青贮过程过程

Anaerobic Phase (cont’d)

厌氧发酵阶段（继续）acetic & butyric acids may be

formed pH drops to 4.5 or lower will take 2 - 4 weeks 可形成乙酸和丁酸pH下降到 4.5 或低于需 2-4 周

The Fermentation Process发酵过程The Fermentation Process发酵过程

Factors Affecting Silage Factors Affecting Silage FermentationFermentation

影响青贮发酵的因素影响青贮发酵的因素 Water soluble carbohydrate

content (plant sugars) 水溶碳水化合物含量（植物糖）

Soluble Carbohydrates 可溶碳水化合物Soluble Carbohydrates 可溶碳水化合物

Water Soluble Carbohydrate Levels of Different Water Soluble Carbohydrate Levels of Different CropsCrops

水溶碳水化合物水溶碳水化合物（（WSCWSC ）在不同作物的含量）在不同作物的含量Crop 作物 %WSCalfalfa - vegetative植物 9

苜蓿 early bloom 早花 7full bloom盛花 7

grasses – 禾本科草 8-25barley - milk stage 乳熟期

32大麦 soft dough 软蜡熟期 24

corn - early 早期 31玉米 medium中期 14

Factors Affecting Silage Factors Affecting Silage FermentationFermentation

Buffering capacity of the forage饲草的缓冲能力

Water soluble carbohydrate content (plant sugars)

水溶碳水化合物含量（植物糖）

PROTEIN蛋白

BUFFERING CAPACITY缓冲能力

Buffering Capacity of Forages

饲草饲草的缓冲能力的缓冲能力Crop 作物缓冲力Buffering Capacity*Alfalfa 苜蓿 400 - 600Orchardgrass 鸭茅 300Clovers 三叶草 500 - 600corn 玉米 200

*milliequivalents of NaOH required to change

the pH from 4.0 to 6.0 in 1 kg. of forage dry matter

Factors Affecting Silage Factors Affecting Silage FermentationFermentation影响青贮发酵的因素影响青贮发酵的因素

Moisture content of the forage 饲料的水分含量 Buffering capacity of the forage 饲草的缓冲能力 Water soluble carbohydrate content (plant

sugars) 水溶碳水化合物含量（植物糖）

Factors Affecting Silage Factors Affecting Silage FermentationFermentation影响青贮发酵的因素影响青贮发酵的因素

Type of bacteria present 细菌类型 Moisture content of the forage 饲料的水分含量 Buffering capacity of the forage 饲草的缓冲能力 Water soluble carbohydrate content

(plant sugars) 水溶碳水化合物含量（植物糖）

Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Silage FermentationSilage Fermentation 影影

响青贮发酵的因素响青贮发酵的因素 Speed of fermentation发酵的速度 Type of bacteria present 细菌类型 Moisture content of the forage 饲料的水分含量 Buffering capacity of the forage 饲草的缓冲能力 Water soluble carbohydrate content 水溶碳水化合物含量（植物糖）

Keys to SuccessKeys to Success成功成功的关的关键键

Harvest at the proper stage of crop收获作物的适合阶段

Length of cut切割长度 Moisture content of the silage 青贮的水分含量 Harvest at the proper stage of

crop 收获作物的适合阶段

Keys to Success Keys to Success 成功成功的的关键关键

Filling & Packing 装添和包装 Length of cut 切割长度 Moisture content of the silage 青贮的水分含量 Harvest at the proper stage of crop 收获作物的适合阶段



Covering to exclude air覆盖以排气 Filling & Packing 装填和包装 Length of cut 切割长度 Moisture content of the silage 青贮的水分含量 Harvest at the proper stage of crop

收获作物的适合阶段

CROPSCROPS作物作物CROPSCROPS作物作物

BARLEY大麦 OATS 燕麦 TRITICALE 小黑麦 WHEAT小麦

CEREAL CROPSCEREAL CROPS谷类谷类作物作物

CEREAL CROPSCEREAL CROPS谷类谷类作物作物

PLANT PARTS AS % OF DRY MATTER IN PLANT PARTS AS % OF DRY MATTER IN CORNCORN

玉米作物分部位的干物质玉米作物分部位的干物质 %%

0

10

20

30

40

50

% T

OT

AL

DR

Y M

AT

TE

R

TASSEL STALK LEAF HUSK COBS GRAIN

M.S.Allen; Trouble Shooting Silage Based Ration Problems. Proc. National Silage Production Conference. 1993

Factors Affecting Yield 影响产量的因素

variety planting dates plant populations Fertility 品种种植日期株数肥力

Date 日期产量吨 / 公顷干物质 Yield t/ha of DMMay 1-15 9.95月 1-15 日May 21-30 8.85月 1-15 日

Factors Affecting Yield1

影响产量的因素Date of Seeding 种植日期种植日期

1 Brandon Research Centre 1973 - 1976

Variety 品种产量吨 / 公顷干物质 Yield t/ha of DM

2200 CHU 9.2

2450 CHU 9.4


影响产量的因素Variety 品种品种


Plant population 株数 Yield t/ha of DM 产量吨 / 公顷干物质24,600/ha 7.2

49,000/ha 9.5

73,800/ha 11.4

Factors Affecting Yield1 影响产量的因素Plant Population 株数株数



影响产量的因素Nitrogen Fertility 氮肥

1 Deibel, J.R., Producing corn in narrow row spacings.,Proc. Silage: Field to Feedbunk, NRAES 1997

Total Nitrogen 氮总数Yield t/ha of DM 产量吨 / 公顷干物质

140 kg/ha公斤 / 公顷 14.8

205 kg/ha公斤 / 公顷 22.0

275 kg/ha公斤 / 公顷 29.4

Improving Usage of Low Quality Crop Improving Usage of Low Quality Crop residuesresidues

改进低质作物残余（秸杆改进低质作物残余（秸杆）） Physical Processing Chemicals (Urea, Ammonia, NH3-bicarbonate, Urea-

mineral block, NaOH, CaOH etc) Biological Supplementation (Rape seed cake, soybean

meal, corn, rice bran etc) Combination of all or some of the above

物理加工化学（尿素、氨、 NH 、碳酸氢盐、尿素 - 矿物质块、 NaOH 、 CaOH 、等）生物补饲（菜籽饼、大豆粕、玉米、稻糠麸等）以上所有或部分混合

Why Process?Why Process?为什么加工？为什么加工？

Increasing digestibility through increase in surface area of particle and increase DMI

Reduce wastage Prevent sorting Allow mixing of other feeds

通过增加颗粒表面区提高消化率和干物质进食率减少浪费防止挑食可同其它饲料混合

Comparative Nutritive Values of Comparative Nutritive Values of Untreated and Treated StrawUntreated and Treated Straw

处理和没处理的秸杆营养值对比处理和没处理的秸杆营养值对比 Untreated

straw CaOH treated straw

Urea treated straw

CaOH and urea treated straw

Crude protein%

3 - 4 3 - 4 7 – 8 7 - 8

Dry matter digestibility %

37- 40 40 –42 50 – 55 56 – 58

Dry matter intake (% of body weight)

1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2

Source : Agriteam, Sept 1996

Chemical Treatments and Chemical Treatments and Provision of Ammonia NitrogenProvision of Ammonia Nitrogen

化学处理和氮氨措施化学处理和氮氨措施

Breakdown lignin and over come nutrient limitation of fermentation in the rumen by providing ammonia-

nitrogen 提供氮氨可分解木质克服在反刍发酵中

营养限制的问题

Effect of treating straw with ureaEffect of treating straw with urea用尿素处理秸杆的影响用尿素处理秸杆的影响

Dry matter intake increases due to :– Breakdown of lignin– Increase in Digestible Energy– Increase in Crude Protein and – Increase in Digestible Intake Protein (from about 30% to 50%) which

leads to– Increase in Digestibility

干物质进食量的提高是由于： - 分解木质 - 提高消化能 - 增加粗蛋白和 - 提高可消化蛋白（ 30—50% ）从而导致 - 消化率提高

Effect of supplementing straw with Effect of supplementing straw with urea- and molassesurea- and molasses

用尿素和糖蜜秸杆补饲的影响用尿素和糖蜜秸杆补饲的影响Treatment DMI (kg/d) Weight

change(kg/d)

Feedefficiency

Untreated 1.7 0.035 50

Urea-supplement

1.7 0.075 24

Urea-treated

1.9 0.110 18

Source: Liu, 1995

Type of supplementType of supplement补饲类型补饲类型

supplements typically classified into:– Protein supplements

examples: soybean meal, cottonseed meal high in protein relative to other nutrients

– Energy supplements examples: corn, barley, sugar beet pulp low in protein relative to other nutrients

– both contain available protein and energy simply a matter of relative concentration

补饲典型分类成：蛋白补饲：例：大豆粕、棉籽粕同其它营养比含蛋白高能量补饲：例如：玉米、大麦、甜菜渣同其它营养比含蛋白低即含可利用蛋白有含能量的是简单的精料

Performance of cattle on untreated, treated Performance of cattle on untreated, treated and soybean meal supplemented strawand soybean meal supplemented straw牛对未处理、处理和大豆粕补饲秸杆的性能牛对未处理、处理和大豆粕补饲秸杆的性能

DMI (g/ metabolic weight)

Treatments

Rice straw

34.3 40.1 41.9 42.7 0 0

NaOH-straw

0 0 0 0 50.6 66.2

Soybean Meal

0 3.1 6.1 9.1 0 6.8

Total 34.3 43.2 48.0 51.8 50.6 73.0

Digestibility (%)

41.6 52.1 55.3 54.6 61.1 60.5

MEI/MEm 0.50 .072 0.86 1.04 1.05 1.93

Soybean meal = DE (3.79Mcal/kg), CP (52%) NDF (8%) DIP (70%) Source : Liu, 1995

SummarySummary 概述概述 Chopping roughage reduces wastage but

not much effect on DMI For very poor quality forages grinding may

not overcome inadequate intakes of nutrients other than energy

、切割粗料减少浪费但对干物质进食量影响不大对极不好的饲料来说，粉碎不能解决营养的采

食，只能解决能量

SummarySummary 概述概述 Grinding increases intake when particle

size is 5 mm or less with maximal intake at 1 mm or less

Pelleting normally will increase intake by about 10 to 12% over grinding

当颗粒粉碎到 5 毫米或更小时增加采食，最大是在 1 毫米左右

颗粒通常比粉碎增加 10-12% 的采食量

Silage Quality Silage Quality CharacteristicsCharacteristics 青贮青贮质量质量特征特征 Well fermented 发酵好

pleasant, sour milk like odor firm texture pH 4.2 - 4.8

令人愉快的乳酸味道结构坚固pH 4.2 - 4.8

Poorly fermented发酵不好 strong butyric acid and ammonia smell odor like rancid butter texture slimy, tissue easily rubbed from fibres may be mouldy generally >70% moisture pH generally over 5.2 浓丁酸和氨气味腐臭的黄油味结构发粘、易摩擦可能发霉通常水分 >70% pH 通常超过 5.2

Silage Quality Silage Quality CharacteristicsCharacteristics

青贮青贮质量质量特征特征

Poorly fermented 发酵不好 causes 原因

too much moisture 水分含量太高 not enough plant sugars 植物糖不足

cures治疗 wilt in field 在田间枯萎 pack silage better 压实 cover silage 覆盖



Overheated 过热 tobacco or burnt sugar smell texture is dry & easily broken down generally mouldy brown to black in color moisture is less than 55% 烟和燃烧的糖味结构干、易松散一般发霉褐色到黑色水份含量低于 55%



Overheated causes

too little moisture poor packing and/or poor covering slow filling

cures ensile at higher moisture chop shorter to help pack better pack &/or cover better

原因水分含量太少包装和覆盖不好装填慢

治疗在水分含量高时青贮切割短些以帮助压实好的包装和 / 或覆盖



InoculantsInoculants接种菌接种菌

Fermentation stimulants刺激发酵 bacteria & enzymes细菌和酶

lactobacillus type bacteria乳酸型细菌 90 billion - 1 trillion live lactic acid

bacteria/ton of crop 900-10000 亿活乳酸菌 / 吨作物

amylase or cellulase type enzymes淀粉酶或纤维素型酶

Additives & Additives & PreservativesPreservatives添加剂和防腐剂添加剂和防腐剂

Fermentation stimulants刺激发酵 beet pulp, molasses, etc.甜菜渣、糖

蜜等 bacteria & enzymes乳酸型细菌

lactobacillus type bacteria amylase or cellulase type enzymes乳酸型细菌淀粉酶或纤维素型酶

Nutrient additives营养添加剂 grains - corn, barley, wheat, etc anhydrous ammonia urea 粮食 -玉米、大麦、小麦等无水氨尿素

Additives & PreservativesAdditives & Preservatives添加剂和防腐剂添加剂和防腐剂

Fermentation inhibitors发酵抑制剂 organic acids - propionic, formic

less corrosive than mineral acids such as sulfuric or hydrochloric

reduce fungal and chlostridial growth non-acids - formaldehyde, sodium dioxide,

common salt, etc. inhibit microbial activity not recommended 有机酸 - 丙酸、蚁酸比矿物酸如硫酸和盐酸腐蚀小降低真菌和黄褐斑的生长非酸—甲醛、过氧化钠、食盐，等 - 限制细菌活跃 - 无建议

Additives & PreservativesAdditives & Preservatives添加剂和防腐剂添加剂和防腐剂

Silage For China 中国的青贮饲料

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