Boiology11P2-Book72dpi

7/23/2019 Boiology11P2-Book72dpi

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w Subkingdom WJKL X Animal Like Protista- Protozoa UO _ UuO WN

Plant Like Protista- Algae V UD UM WNOFungus Protista WOIOI dO UdDH W

Animal Like Protista- Protozoa UO _ UuO( WNO UO

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UA od s WOK `D WU


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Giardia UUO' U d sOdO sOu u_ s WF UOU WKUL dLJWIO b UF _ s uKF e w gOF qJASucking discs W U UL UM od s U UN UB U s s UH_ YO WuKL b_ u w bI UH U bb UN

WONAK bI UF rH od s U r UN u bM d l d bL dUJ uD v u dA wM

dN WFC v bL b U u w u v s WUC

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Phylum Ciliophora UObN WK d_ UO _ s eOL W d w UN b w dO UN r

Wu_ s sOu WUM RNA UM q WOK w WuO UOKLF wMacronucleus WdC dO rCN fHM WcG q WuO UOKL b U uu dJ s wHFC bF uMicronucleus WO M dOG

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dOJ uM suJ w d UObN d u??O?? ??O?? d???? ubO qOH bParamecium w HD g? ?O? ?F? ? c Balantidium UN U deM bze UUN q e?? d? ?F? ?q? ?J? ?A? ? dE

WHK L cM cG U qJA s l nu d U* UO l t u W s td v uO O dK wLH

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b c U dD w uO O d W

wzu{ dN wdA dN `zd WOD WO _ u* uKOK qO uK Carmine dL sO UJ WG Petri dishes d o

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u s oI V dL dNL U UNB r WdUNO uO O

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sO UJ vK WcG w b b d XU ozU bL UNO n{ WOU Wd vK UNF{ uO O

bO sOdDI jK uKOK qOL uO O d W d _ n u YO wzuC dNL X UOU UD l{ sOCIML sOuH p c UN d s pE q

WOzcG uH l{u tdR

c d lOL Phylum Sporozoa UOu WKO

dIH qHD WUS uBI qzUF r qzu w e WIdD u_ WuJ qd bF qOHD UU rL w W U UOC pKL s qzUF r W d s U v tKIM c Plasmodium uu qOH d V YO U Anop he le s fKO u_ WUL

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UB b WOO UG U s UO UG suJ W{uFK wLCN UN w uGe suJ

qJA dE t UIL tOK dF

uu UO qJ

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Phylum Amoebozoa UOO _ WKO qu WO qJA WO ud u w Pseudopodia WU b suJ vK UNbI JA uK UAG s e w ud l bMO WK uK q _ WLFK WIdD cG vK uB w W d jO UdOJ dOGB V UD q WOzcG Phagocytosis dAM W U U _ UdH ULe WUu uJ cG U dA WUu WKzU uL iF UM UO

uK d WOK U UdD CH sPinocytosis uK q WcF UOL w d gOF U UNML UNARadi- UOUFA Foraminifera dOHMO u q W UL U Amoeba proteus UO _

UO _ VO d dF qJA k Entamoeba

UO U q U r wolaria

Ue vL U{d(Entamoeba histolytica) UJOO u UO U qOH q od s U qOHD qIM UWOO _ UU

gOF WuKL _ U UNId oA U u uI wU d s U _ b UNKL b Wu b Ud W U b sOzd VKI U uu eOL c bbA

UOG WONA

rKF q U r w gOF UO _ u iF V E. gingivalis vL UO _ u iF WK UN WO uA UO _ vL u UN d_ UN V Acanthamoeba

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wO _ Ue d0 WU s WU u

WOKOH UO _ dC Wd W WOzu{ dU UJOO u U _ u*

qLF WId

dNL X WOKOHD UO UOKOHD pK s J r

tKzUF tIK c dC sO qOHD c r

UO WUB _ WOL_ UNM d c WUB bzu UN U

WOzUL UuO dO d suJ vK d UJOKO u suJ vK

(Plant Like Protista- Algae) V UD UUM WNO UUOU wzuC UM WOKLF UOI vK UbU aqO uKJ WG u u

WFOD w sO _ eOL dUJK WDO VO d vK UNzu c w M wu uD w M wO UG uLM YO W UL WcF WOzUL UUO_ V UF d dF

dLF qJ vK U bb WOK b

dOHMO uUOUF


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UUM dC) V UD tA U

dC V UD qJA Uu bO dOdOfJH u dLF ?d f U dO VK

WO W Ozd qzUI V U Chlorophyta (Green Algae) dC) V UD

U_ w uLM u w Wd W UL UOL U U WcF wG vK u d UMzU q

UA qJ vK bOudJ se dO UJ cQ u uOK s Chlamydomonas Uu bO J q WO qJ vK Spirogyra dOdO q wDO VK q U dO Volvox f uH uH q d b Sea lettuce d f rU dF c Ulva UH _

qJA dE

WIBK Planktonic o u qJ vK bu qV UD lOD UOL `D vKd qJA Benthic dFI w

fLAK W{dFL WdvKUL f b o V UD n

UNu w UGB qO uK uK Ub

wzuC UM ZuUNO We L WOz W dL U wUNF u u_

UNAOF UJ

Reproductive Structures

WdUJ VO

rKF q dC u a qO uK dH u uJb qO uK ULMO W v p uF dC

uCK ULN UB u b f uH uH VK dLF WOK qJ WU WOK , UNKJ w Uu bO J tA Uu

UNO d

WuM V U qJA

WOK bO d

WOK bO d dO

dLF ?

VK ?wDO

VK J VK d VA

w VK


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Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) WOMOKuO V U vK UNzu w dC V U WOzcG uL se uI vK Paramylon granule vL dJ bb q

u qJ W UL UOL WcF dN s w uD wzUM U dE uK VO d dF Euglena UMOKu dR w uCK WU W s u cU uCK VO

WOc WcG

UuKb UMOKuO pK9 q uD w WU w q UMOKuO pK9 U

rKF q u gOF w WOMOKuO V UD iF WG bIH bO UNO dLC E w w U U wzuC UM WOKLF uI qO uKJ iF UB U p WuCF WcG v QK

WOK UA `D s WO s uL vK u UMOKuO w dC bO bO u ULMO WuK WOA W

jI sUA vK WOUM U

UMOKuO qJA

qu u

dOB u

W O M O F W F I

u

Wu

bO

e U

uKO U UO

rKF q Charophyta W??d????( g??zU??A??( V?? U????w uLM Stoneworts Brittlestones W UL WcF UOL w r UF U rEF

iF eOL WKC WOzUL d dF wDG Uud VOd vK tbIL WKOI c u?? s WI uJ UL w uO OMGL uO UJ UM s Limestone fKJ dO d

qJA dE UNOL U

u b qL c Chara UJ VK Wd gzUA V U


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Chrysophyta (Diatoms WOc V UD dC WOc WOM V UNCF WcF UOL w U

W UL dHB sOU wG vK qO uKJ WG vK u U bM (Fucoxanthine) sOu uO

VcL wM uK cQ Uud UJOKO u uOK WuK b U qJA uLM WOK

Chrys- sUMO ed U qJ vK WOzcG

qJA dE uolaminarin

uD w WKUL w q WOK) bO wc VKD

YK WOCw dNE w???? u????_ b??? v??K??

qJA

rKF q U Chrysolaminarin sUMO ed U WOc V UD UNe WObOud u s

uUL u uKG s dLK s uJ WOc V UDK W Ozd u_ s U uUb UOL w sO fOzd bBL qJA w b ULN UOzc bB W UL WcF qJ vK Vd w UJOKO U WFAL UU r d OL J b wDF o M wbM qJA UDOL U w UNu bF UNOD

WO uUb _

WOc V UD qJA

Dinobryon w VK dFA u WOK bO w wM VK Ochromonas Uu d

WHK U uU ?

dF ufK u

u

WCIM udC bO

WO b WJ

U uUb w UJOKO s uK b


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Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) WOM V UD UNzu s ZM c wM UNuK eOL UNO WOzcG uL e UN UL sOU

Laminarin sUMO vL dJ bFL U UN u qB b u d _ Ud u w u WF LF VK J VK Sargassum UUU VK q uM d

qJA dEGiant Kelp

WOM V U qJA

Giant Kelp LF VKJ d VA VK

Sargassum UUU wM VKD ?wM VK

q U

VKD

oM

dH

(Rhodaphyta(Red Algae) dL( V UD s dO UNzu dL U XO qO uKJ WG Phycoerythrin d??L??? UNM qOKI Filamentous WODO U

UbuKH UA qJ vK Uud V d VOd vK UN

rKF q dL_ VKD s hK U_ U u dLK s uJ ubOKO dJ U u U d XdJ vK

u UG u uKG bU U e dL UGB U UL w gOF vK V UD c w uC Uu UB vK UNbI

UOL d


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d???Jr cN dL_ d WOL V

Pyrophyta (Dinoagellates) WUM V UD Lumines- UuH u{ lA u s Ub be w UN WOK bO UMzU w qOK UM UDOcence Phosphorescence vK bI UN WcG WO dO uK WL l V UD c qJA WcF UOL w UNCF eOL WOzcG q s dOJ bU w U vK UU u WOb UN d w Ub wM v dHBL dC_ uK U U uK U (Corals) UdL (Jelly Fish d qbM q UF l WOK UJ

qJA k (Mollusks) Uud l Sea anemones ULFM ozU

dL V U qJA

W UL W b UOL w gOF WOUdL qJA dE (Corallina ) UMO uJ VK

WUM V UD u

uw{d

w u u

rKF q Saxi toxin vL U L dH WUM V UD cG w UL_ u iF U w r d U sJ UNO dR V UD c vK w qKA UB UL_ c vK cG c

wBF UO n u WO WOKJON CF

dL_ sO uJ VK dL V U

rKF q


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V UDK WOO WUB WUNM dO WOO WUB b

wzuC UM WOKLF UOI vK UN ULN bB bF UNM U uUbK dO

UL_ s bbFK c bF w Phytoplanktons WOzUL o uF s bU c b w Wd

U U uu eOL d r d WOJOK UDeter- UHEML WUM w UN b W w UUb iF w UMgents

UNU U s dA UO WOH vL dL WO KJ UNK UO WO uUb Ud

wuL sbK U UN ULF sJL d dA WWdK UL b

UNM W U WUB W

VK VK s (Fucus ) f uO VK s uO d Wd UuO UL c b (Laminaria ) d Vd vL L wM VUF UMO UO WOMO uL v

WUM w b w Algin sO _ U UU b w WO?Ub qOL oOU

b c UOL U U dL U UN UF W

UML WU u wzcG ju qu UC w U U (Gelidium ubOKO U dL VsOUJ U VK t v qzU u s

N L UM_ sOUF WUM (Carageen

rKF q U vK u b d UO s d U uU s VK uOK UI


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(Fungus Protista) WOIOI( dO UdDH WdDH U U d UNUO qd iF w UO _ tA hzUB UdDH qLA UNUO w uK UNO

Oomycetes

WOzUL UdDH Slime Molds

WdG uL vK _ UB_ U_ cWdG UdDH gOF iO u W We Wd WK uJ p c w Wc u

dL dH WLFK U Uc lK WOO WKd uuqJA dE Uu WdL U U uJ YO UdDH

d dD qJA WOO _ WKdL u_ WdL U _ suJ WU WKdL

w UNCF gOF WOL U UM s WOzULWOzUL Ud U tA d _ UN V UL_ u iF vK HD W

WOK bO uJ b j U U w M dUJ WOuO u_ vL w WOIOI UdDH s nK Zoospores UO U w UU b w ChitinsOUJ U v qJA ku uOK U W

wzUL dDH qJA

VO dWdUJ


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qBH WK

UUM UuO s q UOFz

pK b w WO _ UMzUJ vK WK qzUu WO d _ s q w bFL

UL wO _ Ue

uu UOrOK U v UBL U

WU UJ V UOUUOULAOK U W

sOD K w bu UOULAV UD nOMB w WFL

YO s dL dC V U VO d WAOFL UJ

UGB ?uK b VO

V UDK WOO W

YO s WOzUL UdDH WUbu UJ VO d pU d U uO

s qJ U jdL VK dC VK ?w VK wM VK

UOO _ ? UOu UO UOb ?


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WcF W UL UOL w gOF UNM b b UM W UO v

v dOL q WOK bO UMzU s UNL b vK U UNCF UL dO WOU UuO

UU r U dUJ nO UN UF VO UN w d _

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UF UNO d sO Ud

UdDH w WcG W Ozd UN U sO

UdUJ d UdDHK WUB

d_ WO UMzUJK UdDHV UD q d WO UM

WUM WOzc UO

Kingdom Fungi UdDH WJK2qBH


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vL dO VOB U uL WdL U _ uLM dUJWdL U s u_ sJL wJ d_ uD

uJ dLF L w uO UM w d_ uL uO UdDH U qJA dEWdC UHO vL UNK k bO u uu

qJ

dOL WOK VO d qJA

YO s dOL) UdOJ 5 r(

uK) VO d

dOL) w rd WE UA _ u*

b U WOU Q WIFK Wd eO s M VN U dqLF WId

UL W dU UL `B v WOUe QJ UN d UL v dOL

WU nB b W dG d W vK UG U lO UIH c uJ V U uK

ZUM WOU Wd vK dOL UL We WdA UDG UND r W _ U vK rd uJ k WHK dO

uK U I u U _ WOK r U UNL q rd rd vK e_ UL V

uK brd

uu dw UA

u w u UN

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rKF q vK UL WHK u uJ sHF buL UbOuJ WdL U _ u u u uJ b w dDH w u _ iF UdO d dC w uL qUH s ZM wM dC_U

ju l dDH UdH


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UdDH WcG WuCF uL d u ULO gOF Wd U WOzcG uL qK WL{U ULe qJ vK cG se uI UU b

WOK UJ WKHD W O v UNcG d V UdDH nM (Saprophytes) WO d UdDH

q WuCF uL WOL U _ c vK WK _ dN s Rhizopus e sH bF u uOK Mushroom dAL dG g dD p c UdDH WD U L UUM e qK s W UuO

(Parasitic fungus) WKHD* UdDH U uA dOFA `LI vK qHD c Puccinia bB dD q WO UUM vK c Powdery mildew wIO b UO dD Wd UA_ s dOJ (Barberry) dU U qzUF s Uc hL U UuO vK

d _ t V tOK(mutualistic) WOCUI UdDH

gOF w Mycorrhizae c UdD q d UMzU l W U U U _ UL UB vK c WOKU w WuCF Wc_ l UN U Wd s WObFL dC V UD q d UMzU l WOCUI

UI p `O{u rO Lichens s _ rU dF U uJ W eYK WOCdF ULb UUM c l q UJ w UdDH

Endotrophic WOKb WcG U d dF Ectotrophic WOU WcG U s u qJ WK _ iF d l UIdD UU U

UdDH

rKF q bI UN WO d UdDH iF

dzUD u Ue w uLM vKtHK v R u u qK YO


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UdDH nOMB Ub u_ UJ dUJ WFO

WB UM WO Ub WO e WOd UL UNHOM (Zygomycetes) WOd UdD

UNCF WOL U _ vK w UNLE eOL U UuO r IL dO uK Z bL uO uO iF qH w Wu w uLM Rhizoides c U UNOK oKD t uH e s U WuCF

WuDL We UNOL U UdDH w c' U

dN sc UdD we UO dD Rhizopus stolonifer u_ e sH dD bF U bM U u_ suJ UO M U u_ e sH dD d cN XOL p c Zygospores WOd u b U UO M dUJ tS

qJ k UH UI WMA

fe dD u b

w M w M suD e sH dD UO

wu fOUB

wu fO UO U

u

w M dUJ

w M dUJ

uG

w e U I

W W

W W

u

U UO eG UI v ULNCF

ULNCF vK U U bM sOOK U

uGe UuJ b t H uGe

pOL WLz dE X UHO tM d b dHM wu fO uLM w u_ tM

bb UMH wDFjI


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(Ascomycetes) WO e UdDH UO M dUJ Ascospores WO OJ u_ vL fOJ tA WEH w W

WbOuJ u_ vL UHON UUN vK

WO UNLEF UdDH s WuL (Conidiospores

dO s R UNCF WLF_ c Powdery mildew wIO b UO q WOUM

bM UOzUI U U U{d V uJ w UdDH Yeasts dzUL WuLL c k WOQJ UdDH cG _ qJA q Q UO M UO M

rKF q W R WO e UdDH s bbF UM s ZM c wzcG rL s dOL U _ q WuK u V wN Candida albicans qNL UN uLH I d

dOL

WO e UdDH qJA uL uK U c vK gOF ULJ ? e dI QJ dD

nBM U I

w M dUJ UbOu

uL dD e

uuO U b

UHO UHO

Wu_ U b

Wu

U U I u WO O uuL

dD e

uG fO

WO e UdDH UO qJA

uO s d

jI


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Deuteromycetes WB UM UdDH WIU UdDH u WKOI c d U UM s w M dUJ WbOu u od s dUJ WFragmenta- Wze U Conidiospores WO U uJ Wtion UNOK WK _ dN s V c Trichophyton uU uJd dD w{Ud bI d vL U UbK Penicillium uOKO M Athelets Foot

w b c ( Aspergillus ) dO_ dD p c Penicillin sOK M uO U ZM c qJA dE eOL WN

UdDH hzUB r wWKOI UHON w M dUJ w M dUJ

WOd eu UN bu WOd uUOuWO e WuI l U U eu UNOWO O uWbOu u

WO Ub eu UNOWO U urd UDA WbOu uWB UM uI l eu UNObu WbOu u

YK WOCdO_ uOKO M dD UC

WB U UdD qJdO_ dD uOKO M dD

YK WOCdAL WOLM w W b L dD q

b W U dA u

rKF qtUO w u UOK w u b U dA

tM b WLC V b b W U dAL u s dO UM w UNO uuL W U uL d Aflatoxins UMO u Amanita toxins sOU uL

uO U w mRNA UM WOKL n v UN


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e) sH WOLM UA

dU `zd WOD `zd U e WF

qLF uD

UL U UNOd r u bL td W uJ YO uNK

WKK Wd tM dC UNOK uJu_ e sH bU dNL X

WJA c r U sDI tA WJ uJ iF l

UdDHK WUB U

UNM d c UdDHK d sOdK bO bB dAL bF YO Decomposers UFL WuCF uL U Wd U

WOK p WwN WUB WO

iL U uJ WUM UMFL WU UOdL WUG UdAL WUMCitric acid pdO

(Saccharomyces cerevisiae dOL U uB WOLKF WUF dOL tFMB c B sO UO q UMO UOHK bB b ? nA b UUM uL WHUC v R c d u d q Uu d U

UF{ b _ U U ueOuJ q W_ s dO

(Cephalosporine) suu UHO Penicillin sOK M q WuO U

.

(Grysofulavin)

sO u u dG

YK WOCWOKb UM* b b vK sHF bUA wLM WKO v sHF c r U dN

uL lML nO sHF c


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Subcutaneous WbK' X%

bK X uLM WuKL d s bK qJA dE

Systemic WUN'

WOe U_ vK sH qJ vK U UC v b s dAM UNS WM e `B U

qJA dE Histoplasma U u N UNK s Opportunistic WUN

U _ iF bM WUML nFC U bM dL V UNK s bU dJ U WU u

?qJA dE Aspergillus fumigatus

dO_dD Candida

bbUJ

U VOB WdD d qJA

WOD WbK

WbK X ?WUN WUN ?

u W

dFA U

UUM VOB w WdDH q UUM VOB w WdDH d _ iF w Y

bM UU UOzUI VOBPowdery mildew wIO b UO dUdOqH UUD m VBI u Downy mildew we UO d


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qBH WK

UdDH nOMB w WFL dDHK UF VO

WK _ UD l UdDH bMdNL X dNE UL WdDH

r cN WB UM UdD

UUB UO WKOI c W WOUMB oUML bL _ WK d H nO UM WUB W

uO UM U dO U{d UdDH Vu qJ U l U VOB w

u qJ U d l UUM VOB WWHK L UNKzU v WO

dOL uOK M ? u_ e sH dAL uU uJd dD UHM dDH `LI b dD ?


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bu WK WOB WU e u d

WIdD WdDH U

UB wzuC UM

wzUOLOJ WUu wzUL

WCIML uWOzcG u

uK UAGWUBF u UOULAOK d qIM

U q d WU

w w WU fKO u_ W{uF

eML W{u_U d WO

U uuUdUu uJd uO O d

UOULAOd UJOO u UO U

UL UH_ WH

U W UUDeV UD WKO v ub

WOM dC

dL WOc

qJ vK WOzcG uL UMOKuO e sOd UA

uKO U u UA uKO U sOd uKO U

W??O?? W?? d?? d?????? w???? Vu_ s U UN dC

dL WOM WUM

w WOIOI UdDH s WOzUL UdDH U U vK UU b u b

u uOK sOUJ

UAM sOuJG

WKO v u_ e sH dD wLM UdDH WO Ub

WO OJ WB UM WOd

s _ w VKD dDH sO W F W

O

WOAUF WOCUI WOKHD

UUM VOB w WdDH d _ s we UO

u Wb wIO b UO

dQL WHK


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b????u

UUI

sLd v UF U


42/136

UuO gOF WKO w u w nMB U b dD dUJ WO d

wLEF qJON s UNL uK UuO s W UdI uL pKL w U

UNO dUJ WcG d

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM

UUI W UF U UUI wL nu q UF UOMH W

dUJ WcG d VO d YO s

dAw oK

U

d qbM

ZMH

UU

WOuD

d r

Invertebrates UUI


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UUI W UF hzUB)

dNEL w dO U iF s UNCF nK w UuO Uu UU bb UF UOMH w qzU w nB UOKBHL UO ubK Uud WO hzUB U q W UO vK gOF UNCF Uud UF

bb u iF dI uL UN fO w U U w dCG

iF w UL qUL rb UNCF d rM UOUF dA w UL UOU uJ b dD wU qUL U bBI UUI w qU bBI r K w uD j U d UuL UO u tFD bM sOKUI sO w e dL uL w l u s d w tFD bM WN

e dL uL u rEM qJA u

UUI w qUL rb wUFA wU bb U UOL UHu pKL UN_ ( Acoelomate ) wL nu WLb WDO UUIvD WID UU uJ Coelom r q nu UNK bOIF d _ UUI UNHu uJ UUI iF WOIK bbCoelom wIOI r nu Pseudocoelomate wL nu WU vL vD WID tKL Q

qJA dE WO

wU qULwUF qUL

e dL uL uqUL

U sOL

r W bI

qUL rbr dR


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vL UF UOMH b U WuK UI WOMOM' WKWID dA UNM QAM ectoderm WOU) W _ WID w germ layersWO ud' UID WOKCF eN_ UNM QAM mesodermvDu WID wLCN nu sD endodermWOKb

. qJA dE WOKU

UUI w r UI nU qJA

WDKH wL nu WLb

WOuD wL nu WU

u

wIOI wL nu

eOWOK UC

bWOLC UM

u

U wL nu

WOLC UMbeO

u

eOWOLC UMb


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Phylum-Porifera UO U * UOMH WKO

u B vK W uJ w u WcF U

UuO X O UU UNQ UIU bI c U w

U fO uO ZMH vK U U

UOMH W Ozd hzUB)

qUL rb d UNCF UOUF UNCF wuJ wN c WNUAL U

WBB eN UN fO w U UA od s r U

rCN r UO _ U uUb UdOJ U WIOIntracellular U q

UNU b uJ U WDA sO P S UOD UOF{u uJ d

rKF q UNOL X UOMH u V Porifera UO U L U w uI U U L s dO b n Q Porifera WLK UNL Porous UL sOOMO sc s qL wMF Ferro VI wMF

UF UOMHqBH sOuLL sOUN W UF hzUB UL UF

UdUJ UNcG


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porocytes uI U UNKK W d WOz WdD w ZMH qJ w rJ s UNMJL c cG vK uB vK uO bU UL ZMH

UG U CH WU b UN U UNO ` WOU WImesohyl juL N

Amoebocytes WOO _ U

ZMH VO d qJA dE WOMOO WIDM

ZMH w w u lDI qJA

UL u

e dL nu W uD WOK

juL N

ZMH r b w lDI

WdO W

uI U

WOO WOK

WOU WID

UJu

u

UFD Ue WLFKu WOKW uD

WOKWOO

UFD Ue

UIMK WOCcG nO `{ WL U nzU ZMH VO tC s hK nO uO


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ZMH w rd qJA

rd

ZMH UJ UuI u c w U L fOJ UN osculum WdO e WH vL dO W U bF UJ ZMH wHK

dz wd wUM w u U UN

ZMH w dUJ UO M UO M UOMH

Asexual reproduction w M dUJ

w w M dUJK budding rd

rd vI b bud rd vL Ud u qJ vK dN qJA dE bb ZMH v uLM q

Gemmules ULFd dzb suJ

dF WOK q suJ WcF UOL w gOF ZMH u bF UJuA U rb fOJ U WOO _ U s W lL jOL G w oO VI s WOO _ U

qJA dE bb UMH uJ uLM U Ud

ZMH s WHK UJ qJA

qJOZMH

rKF q `Od uI ZMH uO WOL vK uBK d U s rG bIL tK Ue wHJ cG s

r


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regeneration b bIH w e_ iuF b vK UuO uJ uLM W uBHL e_ lOD Y

U

Sexual reproduction w M' dUJ vM uJ UOMH u rEF dioecious BHM ZMH u iF

WHK U w sJ UCu WuM UuOmonoecious

N w UCu vI WuML UuO d U W uDL U U oKF YO d ZMH w qb U d WuML UuO uLM r UB WOKL r YO UCu v UN w UN H X _ ZMH s bOF WU vK UbU u

m U uO v u

YK WOCr nO wFO d wUM ULb ZMH s u q eOL U wU d

dzb qJA

UJu fO

rKF q lOL U vK bI ZMH ZMH ddL bM L U dF r U qBHM dd s WJ bOF UNCF vK WKBHML U WuJ dOB d w UNUFL VO d

bb UuO v ZMH uO s WFD qI bM tS uM fH s d ZMH nu dOB d bF uLM sOuO U u s XU WFDI ZMH i d

ZMH s d


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UF nOMBw W Oz uH W w

Class Hydrozoa UOzU* UbON n

UuO wMFZoa U wMF hydra UL sOOMO sc s hydrozoa `KDBL n Q Obelia UOKO_ (Hydra ) bON U UUM U WNOA UuO qJA dE Jelly fish d qUM

jI wO u dD dNE bON U UNLEF wwbOL wO u dD dNE

UbON s u qJA

bON VO d U s sOI s f uK r s WO WI ULNMO bu b WOKb u WOUvL dE Mesoglea juL N vL WuK WOM

qJA

rd dNE bON uO UOKO_ uO

rKF q sO eO L w WOMO U WOzcG WOKCF WOzD U s u suJ vK U WOKCF UM uO UNU w U u WuML UuO suJ p c uL

UCu cnidoblasts WF U e uN U b w b WOK u f uK w Ub wDO fOJ vb fO vK WF u l K jO tL bM qB hypnotoxin vL W U U vK

UNKI W dH W d qA w


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WcG W dH UOD UN u b UdO dA l b f uK uI r UN d qA UNL d W U p w bU U U wze rC r YO uFL nu v tM r s WUJ b _ W b cG WLFK W bG

UA od s UL U v U q rC qB

dUJ UO M UO M bON

b rd U UO M dUJ w M dU

w M' dUJ

r K uKF YK vK wB dNE vM d U wB uJ iUL q wB U dNE q d vK uuL UCu UB UNKIM c b

bON w w u lDI qJA bON w w{d lDI

r f u

WF WOK

nu bFL wzU

bu

jO

WOKC UO

WOzc WOKWOKC

WOz WOKWOKC

u bF nu

b WOK WIju

WOB WOKWOB iOjO

jO DWOK Uq jO D

WOMO U

rd

WF WOK


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d qUM qJA

rKF q sd mK b d qUM d dD

d W mK b UN u u

U Tu w dJ d qUM UU V UdUJ d w W U V UN sO uG sOU K dO UN u YO U _

WF U qFH WOU

w bON s qBHM c sOM u UO U O u dH r sOM dOG bO v

Class Scyphozoa UOUMH n

qJA dE d qUM s u Aurelia UOK_ uO UNO wLM UOQJ UC vL b bzU u UNO wbOL uD uJ o uF sO W b U UOUF UNO q

r sO UdD

Class Anthozoa Ude n qJA dE Corals UOUd* Sea Anemones Wd ULFM ozUI s q nB cN w

UOUdL Wd ULFM ozUI Ude n qJA

W gOF r dO dHM UO u WO wuD VO u r dO qJO UN fO U f uK s b qL d dD bM db wL d


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WOIK( WOuD_ WDKH* bbqBH WOuD_ WDKHL bb sU wL nu u r V d WcG d UN WKO UM s UuO U d _ WOHO UN WU d vK UN U VO d U bb q U UN w d _ U dUJ

d _ c c p bF UNM WU vK U uJ

bb qzU hz UN U VO d n

UNMO d fHM bb iF UO

UNM WU u d UN

u O WODd

UOdO UU

w oK

uULd uOU q d

WOu

_

UJ_ WOuD bWDKH b

WOIK b


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Class Trematoda uU1d UO u n UNOK WK _ s wLC UN UN lD v r I dO UNL WOKOH b

UM_ VOB qJFasciola uOUH WbJ dO WUB U V UUO W UNLO s qKI UuO nFC R b qLF vK UNb s q

UNu v UOb uOD UUIH iF w gOFSchistosoma UOUNK U uu O VOB UOUNK u iF UM sO V

qJA dE WuFL UOUNK

rKF q w UOUNK b sOUBL b w u v q WOdF dB WuNL d UA VFK UUB uOK WOKL w U U dBL nd w

b UA

UOUNK UO

Class Cestoda u UODdA n UN fO lD e v r I UNL UUIH s dO WuL vKWOKOH Ub qL

Tapeworms WODdA bb UNOK WK _ s r wLC U

WO_ w gOF W{UM bb U UF _ Wu b

bK W dO d Wu b WO_

U

WM UO M U dO dUJW d d W d

w W{UM bb dUJ uO d U r

d l WB

w uO c uD WbN U d v UL qzUF r d wzU eK q UM

wzUL eK

d

v

t d


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UF b UN H XO w UN b UBL WFscolex d U wU

b r e WOI uJ w uLM neck oMF Proglottids WOU WFD strobila Wd L r

mK W{UM U r WUN w lDI vL oM uJ d v UNCF u q b U UO(

qJA dE YOQ dO c UCu_ wKUM UN e U

YK WOCW{UM _ w UB WOKL b

UNUN bM qBHM UuL qL VB L iO oKDM WCu w u vK UO u WOH

iO U UuK c UN UM bM dI v iO d qzUF UF d u_ WOb WM t bladder worm WOUL b U czbM vL UN H u fOJ W

qzU WKL WU q

WODdA dI UO

WOd UMrWuM UMdH r w UCuqN

wBiOwB qWB WCu

u W sOMWOU

WOU

UBL

b

Taenia saginata UUMOUUOMO WODd qJA dE w WO Oz e W v


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Phylum Nematoda WOuD_ bb WKO

wL nu w wU UNO qUL UID WO r I d d gOF UNCF UN UN fO d WwLC UN UN Ascaris UJ_ WOKOHD bb vK WK _ s

Ankylostoma U uuKO UJ_

s u v_ qBHM UNO fM r UF U wHK t d UMU d c eOL r

r WUN w lLL WOKUM

rKF q uO uUOMO WODdA b vK qHD Taenia solium deM jOu UNKzU U sO Ub d U UD UN

WIDM w U UD v W U{U d b UBLL w u mK UN

WK

UIMK WOCWODdA b U WU s

qK YO bO tON r r WOUL b u v dUN r UN d YO dA wM v p r nO dN WK U `B v

UO( uG WB L UCu v_ lC W d v uGe u WLzL dE w UO u d dL Wu b WO_ qB UF WOU L UuK U UF U cM lOU sO d d w WG U

U dO


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YK WOCF WU u d UJ_ b W Pin worm WOub b

b WU W U VOWKHDL bb s mK YO r dOG uK

rK v_ rK d v WEOKG UF _ s O WB L U dA u WIDM w iO lC

dF WU b vK b t `B WU qJA dE bFL

WOub bb qJA

rKF q WO UD b vL U uuKOJ w gOF U vK qHD Hook worm dA wM wU L UAG w oKF YO tzUF vK dD wN w U U b UB U uI

UJ s U

lU Q rH v wc qIM od s U p W rH v uN od s qzUF v qB b iO Autoinfection WuKL

d_ WIDML c v bb d V dA

UJ_ UO qJA

v UCuU

rH v

sOzd v

WIO UF

bFL uD

sOM

W d WB WCu uG

dO WCu WB

d WCO n ZM UF _

d l d UO u Uu w u bF VB L Wud WUML WO UL

d W uKL cG l qb w W

W d wDF UF _ b d qL UF _ WBI r sOzd u W

WOzuN UF _U dL U uFK v v sdN WG U

WCO lK s dN

d


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Phylum A nnelida WOIK( bb WKO

W UL UOL w d UNK gOF qI s uJ UNL _ WK IFL bb UOIK vL nu UOU WKUL UID WO WOU UOKOHD gOF q

rb qIM wHOu uwIOI wL Medical Leech wD oKF Neries q d Earth Worm _ UNOK WK qJA

q d ? wD oKF

dA d rH

Medical Leech wD oKF UOU HD bF p c UHC UL_U UUIWcF UO*

wHK t d qL rH W tD w qJA wUBL tuI dO d UBL

dUJ e b VO d bIF wKUM U d od w WB L UCu qJA sOM uJ UL

sOu_ tA dOG oK

YK WOCWId UNOL r VO d UMO _ s ddI V Medical Leech wD oKF l p U U

rKF q sO UN u d w wD oKF b s WOL hL lOD r UNL nUCO UNK UF{ U b WAOFL wHJ b s WOLJ c cG UM v WU dN WF b U UIU X b p c WOU d UNOL U UM s b jG{ dL b vK uB dF bM wD oKF U

dOG WUI UuO lK UNS


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bbK WuM `zd bUA UA

b WODdA bK W{U WK UU b w u lDI UJ

uC WudK _ WU

_ u*

UB ud WFD WO U `dA UWOUD UH

qLF uD

r VO d u pbUA _ UH d c UDI WUu UNOKUNu V _

d WFD qJA w sO u UL `dA U nBd nBM vK Wd

udJ WFDI Uu WODG r r sOpUE sOb l u k ozU f

se U v _ U?? W??O??{ q?? v Uu e d w bb l{ r wDG YO Uu vK e u?? UBL X

Uu s uHLpUE ozU fL bF

WIU Wd w pUE s R

bO vK UNzUI w WU c bU nO UO

w b WUL w WU c bU nOWFOD


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qBH WK

uH W WDKH* bb WKO rC

uHB c d n qJ U j s q UN w d _ d{_ U

WbJ uOUH UOUNK

rd vK e_ l{ WODdA bK W{U WK

U VOB UUMOUUOMO WODdA

dI U wLCN UN wLCN UN q UN

UN wLC UN u b s rd U U

UJ_ b UO(

YO s wD oKF UJ_ WODdA b

qUL wL nu

r qJ r u

cG vK uB W


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dO b rC UF UMU wU qJA w Ud sU

W U hzUB w dA UN r cN ULNM q wL UL UuO c gULNOL U ULd dUJ nO ULNeO

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM W UO ubK UudK W UF

Uud uH sO eO UO ubK uH sO

UN WMUD WuA WKJ UF qwzUL w

UO ubK UudK WUB

UO ubK' Uud qBH

sOdBL

bI UO U

bI WOMD d

b _ bF uUJ

q d

UO d UO

d cHM

d o UOIe

d r UOLM

Uud

UcHMI

UO ubK


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Phylum Mollusca Uud WKOI W UF hzUB WO Wd UUI UNLEF u v dO b Uud rCe q W UO vK WcF UOL w UNCwL nu WOIOI UID WOL U UM s Wd Soft wMF WOMO U Mollis WLKJ Wd UN U eK

UI UNOK dF w WuA sOFD b?? WFD s uJ b uO UJ Uud s WOU WK W UNLEF wL

W bF WOK W bB uJ b UL eK e rC YO WKOI c d _ wU dN

qJA dE W Oz VO d W w dAU uD_

UC wLCN UN q WOKb UC_ rEF uVisceral Mass WuA WKJ VKI WOKUM UC

uO UJ Uud dH b u UNOL WuA WKJ U jOMantle UF bL Uzd rOUO uD w rN b Uu uJ VKB w nu vL qzU WOK W d WuJ WuA WKJ

dA W u Uzd rOUUF UFD UI UB W d w bU Foot bI

w WOB UIK WOB bI u UC u U u WKJA UM_ s b U uH wLH nu u uD_ w

Radula

WMUD vL u B `D_ s UFD U

Uud U _ UF VO d qJA

WMUD rH

rH uFK WOB UbI rOUO

dA WUF nu

UF d UC

wL nu VKI

WOKUM bG UF _

bFL W bB

WMUD

WuA WKJ


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WOLC bG e rH UvL uH UJ v Wu b WO_ U b VKI

VKI v uF WO_ w WOU lL r Sinuses uO

eK q UNCF BHM UNLEF w fM uJ UO_ VK UO M Uud dUvM uJ

w pK U* w gOF w Uud fHM nW UO vK gOF

UA l p U bUA U n UN wU qJA dF eK e s U

UIU UN w

Uud uHjI UNM WF UMM uH

Polyplacophora b _ bF n

uUJ qJA

rKF q qL w Uud WKO w b WG UNzu _ uK V J sO _s??O??U??O??u??L??O?? v??L?? ?? U????M?? d??B??M?? c sOuKuLON s b Hemocyanin dL_ uK t J bb dBM u

dE UCO UNKJ Wd wUL s uO W b u u _ s d s tOL W

t bDB w WOMD WN s r W U b pKL dRL w lI u B vK uI tO w jA w WMUD b W vK cG UL UN

UFA d uO


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Gastropoda bI WOMD n WcF UOL w UNCF gOF Wd UNLEF w, s d UMN Uud nu dA W uu nB c eOL Slugs e Snails eK q W UO

qJA dE bO uJ W bB WeK r u e d qJA U U e dIH ULMO qJA dE TuA v

? qJA dE W bBK

W bB WOL U

f uK vK w sO_ eOL jAM p c X U uCK WU tHOu dOBI f uK U O

ULJ hKIK WKU OL jAJ WMUD b WOU d_ dC f

W _ oeL d Uu W b VI WMUD UL_U d_ U

rKF q U wD ULNH bM U d e eK w WOU L UL s U w WF W d WI w WOU L U WO bI bG UdH uO W d qN UJ s qKI dA UNOK dO w uD vK n U Ud w

bI WOMD n qJA

UF nu dA W l u bBK weK qJA

rH

WdA

UF nubFL UF _

d e ?


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U d uN d u bM fHMK Uzd qLF uuL rOUO b U fHM

UF nu

eKK wU VO d dF UA d v sU U w UNF{ eKbI d f uK eK w

qJA l UBivalvia 5dB* n

UL oysters UL q u_ s dO b rCmus-

d `K clams

uMOKD scallop

wdL sOHB v W u I W b pKL UNsels W bB wHB vK UN{UI bM qLF Wu C

qJA dE `Od vK cG YO qJA dE UFD lL

wd U qJA

rKF q Eolis f u vL d e s Uu UM UUO pKL w ULFM ozUI vK cG UO _ c WF U WODO tLOUO w UNe uI q tO dR dHM b d UNUN bM U v lI w UNU U bM tzb b{ WF U c WODO UO _U t H s l b cJ e

ULFM ozUI s UNOK qB w dH uA UO v QK W UO s q UNL V Wd w UF{u UN HM WOU L d WUu UNu b r UN b

Ud bF VKB w

rKF q Wd U u WO UL r q uJ R RK UF sO UOKOHD iF s WO d qd q d U w UFK WOzD WID uI W bBK wKb b t e VdG r cN WUU WbG U UNKK

t u R RK s e dL b UI d r

r rOUO K n KGL U L w oKF w UL w uu f u eOL U pKL WKOI c d rH

dJ UL WMU nB c


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UN UIKG UO UN UUIHK p w UNUA Uud uH w U U Ud p uN u? ?? ?D? ?_ W? ? U? ? bIF U??U?? uD UOB v s bF w?? qJA dB UC q uD WO UC uO `D vK dAM WO L

UUIH uO t U??d??A??I?? U?? U?? ?u???O?? ??? ? v??K?? U? t d U??D??B?? d??O??G UNF DI UN d qA r UNOK U w UU U d UL t UF s?? U d U U??

UdAI s dO U

rKF q sOHMe bU L U Wd WU d U wKCF lLI WzUN W d UN d u cK sOOU WOzUH WFd W d UF bU L UNODF c WOKC W d U H qJA UL s UO oKDM YO s d siphon uHO lLI vL WO U UNM d O oMFK WOMD WIDML w UF nu qFH b vK UL d rOUO U jOL UL c tOu s tUU uO rJ qFH WFd W d c b WHK UUU WH

dI UL q tzb s dNK UM sJ r s q UN u U u rEF v _ UNO UL UN u qB b W L U

s UNK uK W UN rOUO We bI WO d

YK WOCqI w uKLF sc d WUDU WOWOUMD w x WLO UNLO uH w WOF

WOUMD T x U WOHO

Cephalopoda bI WO n c e d w lI w d w rH WH jO u U b bF w _ s b Ud WFd W dK nB c d r n OJ b head foot bI WO WOL

Squid U Octopuse uD_ UdN s WOd vL u w UL WOU uD_ w UL W bF U w UL WOK W e uJ

qJA dENautilus uKOu

bI WO n s d qJA uD_ U uKOu ?


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u WOG U w d b d tO lL U O UJKL ULNS UL rUNL pd d s WLO fOJ s UIKDO sO

UNO gOF w WO uw UAM U r U uD_ sO dH

U( uD wU) VO d WUI WO WK_ s V qJA U

U

uD_

lL l uL WOK d b

UBL

sOlL

nU

d bWOK

u eK

UBL

sO

UNOL U WOU nU pKL ULN quD_ U s q w lI s sOd UBLL uJ ULN w ULNM q w UBLL

dOB UM vK W uL UBLL uD w WU U lOL qWOKCF k

uD_ l p U WHO

UFL pKL ULN


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UudK WUB U

WOK d WOU W Uud bzu

uD_ UL eK u iF q uFAl uI U

UUO bMN wdF ZOK WIDM UNO

bB bF Ub w UL c `B WOzcG WK K sL{ UU UOU UOzciO dA WB WdC WO KJ UL U

WMeK b _ WU

Uud d{_

WOzcG qO UL vK cG w UCWOUe uO UML w uuL WK j UC UOKOHD UDO zU UNCF qJ

UNI Ud M U w WOA PAML WOUdO b v W


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Phylum Echinodermata UO ubK' WKO

W UF hzUB) lDIL YO WOMO WGK s oA UNLU UbK vK u uu r cN WKOI Wd UNFOL bK wMF derma: skin wU lDIL U u wMF echin: spiny _

WG U qdL wwUF UNKUL W d WOD W UL dOB U u `zUHB qL uO UJ Uud s `zUH qJ vK UOK UOKJO UN pKL

`zUHB uJ d cHM w UL WoO bK U

dBI c UOzU UO UN UN U WKOI c

t qJA dE d_ U cGK lu qI fHM WcG s WuO nzUu UM s UN c uJ W d CH s hK wKb r nu dsO _ dI od s U v `H wzU qzU TKL _WOUF uM v dH bWe d WOUFA uMI dH e dL dI w uuL madreporite WOK ML WOHB bU U K bL w tube-feet WOu U b vL W u b U qB WO

d rM wLCN wzUL wb UN

WuKF bFL WOu e dL dI

dA W

WOLC b

We d UM

WOu_ bI WK u

WOu b

wUF VB

WOKUM bWOUF UM

urOUO

wK ML dI

rKF q s U wzUL b UN wzUL qzU iF uOUu Uu tO U UC d U

UMOd

WOKH bFL WRH


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`D vK uuL rOUO VFK UL UG WOKL w UO u bK iF b

fHM u WOB WIK s U v dIH WOUFA UB OLW Ozd dOJ WOB uJ UO M dUJ qBHM UNiF w UO M dUJ b UOU UB UNze bb uI UNM

e_ c s WK U d uJ nu u VKI v dIH U pKLUN q WOKb UC_ wLCN

UO ubK' nOMB rO uH W v nMB WAOFL Wd u

w UNM uH W Asteroidea - sea star UOLM n

e d d s VFA Sun star w LA rM w ULd UUO W L dH pKL qJA dE UN wKH `D vK WOu U uH u ULG

W d d_ Uud UL b ` w u qJA dE WOKb

rKF q uO w qB b WOu_ b _ b

VKD b s d v bu WOu_ b _ W d w UIUM uO W d UI WUu b q d UNFOL

bI wU b vK CF `D qLF WOu_ b oO d b `D UC qLF UN sJL w HM I L UA WUu wd

u_ iF w UFD lOL WOzUOLO

WOMD WdNE sOOUM s d uM WHK

WIDML

WdNE

WIDML WOMD

WOu_ b _ s U uH u ULG


74/136

w dA WH wNM WOKH WOUM s dI UN u UL WuKF WN

uMOKD uO W b `H d r WOLCN bG w qLJ bFL w rCN b YO b wLCN

wL nu qzu v u WuDIL e_ suJ U s sJL YO uIHL rM W L _ XFD u e dL dI s e b

bb s UNMuJ e dL dI

UIMK WOCUL R R UOB _ bF d bF d w tzUI e v tFODI UOB U d

d uO s hK w UOB `M qEchinoidea - sea urchins UcHMI n

WOD uO W d vK qLF w WOu_ b _ s uH W L pKL UNMJ dIH W d vK UbU c b UUU u_ tO u qLF C UcHMI b u_ cN WKB b s uL d s

r s d v r sO UN u d uF u_ w dJ p c WuCF uL U cG s UdO Wd q d ULMO qJA dE W HM qJA Wdz d c UM uJ WuCF uL U

WOL U UM s WObFL UD U dz

rKF q sJL w dOGB UMzUJ lK d r bFL v qB W uN rH W s dL W dHK W M U d _ nK sO w UNLC r UL vK cG d rM UL U dOJ s WRH WOKH tbF d O t b ` bF Uu bFL o WIOC WH tL q rCN U b ULe dH WdD W bB v UOze uCNL UFD V r r W bB tL q rCN dL YO d r r uuL UF _ w WOu WuKF bFL w

WL{U ULe b U _ w


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UOIe qJA

UL oU WOAd UOLM

Crinoidea - sea lilies UOIe n

q d d cHM qJA

d cHM

q d

dN dEMwMD dEM

UNUu UN H Xstalk U oM W Ub WKBL WdHL UOLM Sea lilies UL oU UNOK WK _ s d U v _ b

qJA dE Feather stars WOAd b _ bU L _ c b WdL WK dOGB UMzUJ UL w WI UF UFD Ue uKF `D vK uuL dA rH U jO Filter feeder WOOd WcG s b UUO Wu d UNF u w WU UNzUI

d r$ UOIe s q w dA rH l u 5

Holothuroidea UO) n


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`zUH tzuu UI U UO u bK s dO sS ea Cucumber d UO nK s UO tA qJA wuD u pOL wKC G UU uO r uJ

qJA dE W w U s nK p c WOHK WUNM w lI dA

d UO qJA dN dEMwMD dEM

rKF q dE dO dD dF U bM d UO UBI d W UH q WLz dO WOO tzUC s hK tS UL w sO _ WOL uN b vK dO b d UO WOKb dE u bM UC_ s bIH U U lOD sOHB v lD U d UO UL WLzL WO U UuO uJ ULNM S W{dF uB

UUI w UcHMI UNM nK

UBL WOu_ b _ s uUI WOu_ b _ b f uK rH u WOu_ b _ d UO tOA sJL rH u rCN t u v cG q d qb UN d U K tdS q d s

WK U WOLCN U

UO u bK' Uud hzUB UA UO u bK Uud uHB u lL Xd U uKFLK WUNM q b hzUB r d l WHK L


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UO ubKK WUB WOL

Ud{ Ubzu vKUL WUB UNOL

bzuH UOzc bB dF d r uO d cHMI WOK Ub bF w UNOK UL_U d UuO

U ULN UOzc bB s WFHd W vK WuL WOU WOKb UL b

uO UJ UNOK cG wN WOL U

rK WM_ rKF WOLKF U w d r u L WOLKF U_WOK

d{_bF UO u U dA vK wCI b d rM sJ R RK uJ UL s Uu UM UL dO UD w ULN e UL

dO WdA U U WKzU m U d KJ qKA V w uL iF UNzu d c UM b dD UNu

CFK


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qBH WK UMzUJ s UdO s UudK eO

UNM q vK U d l Uud uH

b WuO nzUu Uu Uud w WcG u

Uud fHM nO Uud tJKL c wb

Uud dUJ nO

wb UN ULMO uD_U W d WFd UeK U W d WOD UWO UO ubK s q cG

d UO d oU ?d d cHM d r d r W d w wzUL w

UO ubK fHM nO

YO s d UO d r s q sO U rH l u ? W d r hzUB oKF ULO w b w hB L UJL w

eK qUL UN d _ szUJ WKOI

qUL WLb

wUFwU

uD_

_ oKF

UO ubK

Uud UOKBHL r nuW _ UId fHM

nu bu U nuwIOI nu

WOIOI W bu UI

UI

sOzd r `DrOUO

r `D rOUO Uzd


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UNKLA w u_ s w u rC YO WOu

UNM u uOK n r UNM d

uOK uOK w u UM WcF UOL Wd w gOF wN _ vK UuN W

UNCF UUM UuO w dR U ULN UUB UOKBHL r d _ s dOJK q UM qLF YO U{ UNCF q R UL sOF l dIF uJMF U U U tu YO s Uc

dUJ nO UN U eOL U vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM

UOKBHLK W UF hWHK L UN uH v UO

UOKBHL uH s n qJ eOLL dA w dUL dO u d

dA UFL dA w w uK nWOU UNBzUB b

UOKBHLK WUB

Phylum Arthropoda b _ UOKBHqBH

dA Wd

dI

uJM q WL

UdA

vu UB

UOJM

bFq_

d u


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W UF hzUB) WOKBH bz BHL UK UOU JO pKL lD v WL I UN U

nzUu uI XH OJ b _ c Jointed Feet WOKBHL b _ wMF Arthropoda UOKBH W b _ nzU hH qJA dE fHM s Ud uK w

d uK UOKBHLK wU VO d

ULsD bB d uJ b L WHK oUM uJ lD v r I UOKBHL Cephalothorax WbB WOd WIDML

uJWOU v _ UIDML Z bM

b dA w

b _ bb w UL Uc U uJ b d uK w UL ULK cHM dOVK wU qJON vDG UN c sUJ uJ r sUJ s UIO r l u iF w UJOL uJ qJON qJON c d u q UHL q d Ud l UNCF CF UB oUM

WOKBHL bze d pKL UID WO UOU WKUL UO W d uJ b w uOF q fLK UFA d WOL I

b _ dOF vK WO I b VKI aC YO uH wb U

WU K bz

sDtb WIDMbUFA d

U

fHM s U bK UWOL eWcGK

wALK q

rKF q UMOd tzuU UL UIF iF r w WOUd U UMOd u uI cM Ue l r UMOd jK p c U b c qLF F w W b L WFAL u WFAL Ue qL qI WdF UMOd uJ WFAL Ue c WOUd U WOUd U K WKU UNMJ WKOK UOLJ

ULCL c w dL u X U

rKF q WFL WdK WK U b s uJ W dL sOF ommatidium ubOU vL b q UF dNE uCK WU WO WOK Wb s uJ uJ WO U HO H tA UL dA b uB

WHK U s UB b vK uB

Wb

WOKWO ubOU

bOU

uWOzU HO


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r nu v cG U WOUM w WOB bI sOOB sOK d W b uD UOB UN pKL

qJA dE

bM UOKBHLK wKb VO d

rOUO pKL WOzUL UOKBHL U UOKBHL w fHMK WBB L UC_ s UMbook lungs WO Uz uM dA U WOzu UOV UMF w UL wU qJON w W

UNC s WOzUL UOKBHL hK L b dD WOMOdOM CH s UNC s hK W UO UOKBH U fOz qJ

qJA dE wOK VOU

`B q iO UNM fIH WO d u uLM sLC b

wK UB qBHM UN WG U

UOKBH* nOMBUOJH Chelicerata UJ qzU X u L l b U uH UOKBHL WK

Mandibulata UOJH WKO X%

Class Crustacea UdAI n UuO w u s WK uAI UDG U U WO d d UNK s W dL lobster d uK Crayfish VA o crab Ud shrimp UL ud prawn bdI sow bugs

U wLC UNdN UdVKdA W

wOK VOUiO UOBWOzuWOB U

WOB bI

uJH

rKF q V UMF U UOKBHL s dOJ d _ `U u?? u? ?J? ? U??d?? ?? dOJ Haemocyanin sOUOuLON WG uu w t u b uJ ULMO sO WK U sO _ qL WG u bF dA dU qB UL b U qL sO _ _ d bL W U uG U d U v U v qB WOzu UOB vL uM

rKF q bb lOD Astacus f U vL dL u b sOMOF UM U lOD uN tL s UbIH w e_ iF vK uO b qI wAL q s Y U wU sOe iF s hK d vK bI t dLF w t bI l b qd wM YO wAL q iF wc d vL UL tze nK UN{dF u d w V b d l u bM Ud dL uL dD s dH UN uO w CO uI UNJ bM U lML VBF b UNM dL w UMI WODG r d r b R w b WOKL b U b bF WOL qzu

d r c e suJ v


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dA( w u

t UI bM tM hK uO vK uL l uLMUH uNK U{dF uO uJ molting vL WOKL s d bF Ud uJ rbI X bb UOU JO r dH WOKLF c qJON VKB U Ud rD v rbI qJON nFC

Uu dN dOQ lC W u v u s uO UI wMF metamorphosis u vL WOKLF dA

u s Uu UM m U su_ tA dA s WCO fIH YO Incomplete metamorphosis q UJ dO u p bF uO dL WM_ WLb UO M W{U dO r dOGWu vL UM UN U uK r qB v tuQ UN d UL d UNO `B b

dO dB d UNb s U UL nK W d s WCO fIH YO Complete metamorphosis q UJ u d b aK M uLM rNM W dO c q Q

bsD

dUFA

W d sO

bM dA r wU VO d dB d WIO d WOHK WM_ U WOUI WO U

WM_ s sO WbB WFDI qL b dA iF w q_ s W bB qLWM_ q_ s sD

bM dB d

UIMK WOCdOD vK UNb dOD vK UI bUF c g U _ vK UN


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UOJMF u iF qJA dIUG YuJMF

rKF q w W dH vK WL{U UB nOC V UMF YO UNbF v tBL zU UFD `BO UNK Q

UM rCN qLJ s dH WOMOd U?? s uJ uJMF uO qJ vK VKB YK qzU qJA WOMD b uJMF UDB uO

UN e ??? s?? U? ?N? ?? ? ? ?d? ? qJ wuJMF ZO MK jL t M c??? ZO M cN UN M eOL u d U b uO v??K??_ s??? w?? b???? q???? nOKG W??d?? ?? d???N???

d s?? WbN tLbI bM U? ?F? ?D? ? nOKG i? ?O??? ? v_ v uJMF

UJ WKO X%Class Arachnida UOJMF n

w UL U W U uJ b UL w UNCF bu

w UL bK UN UB s t d _ qIM b Spiders

V UMF iFScorpion

dIF UMzUJ U vK WKHDMite rK YF q UNCF gOF ne vK qTicks dI qJA dE

l W b WIDM sOL s Ud U W b d WIDM qLsD bB UM_ iF w wALK jI UNMbze s

v u _ e?? ? wALK WULJ tA Chelicerae U vL WOL U w b w WOL d wU e uJ b W dH oeL UL UI b Pedipalps U??????J WOL bG e?? uJMF

UJ WUu UNFODI UOKBHL s UdO s UWDO sO_

qJA dE UFA d s U??C?? d??A???? qJA wN p?? c?? W??O?? ?U? ?? ?M? ? U? ? U??

dAK WuO

V UMF w WDO sO_ qJA


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Diplopoda b _ We Chilopoda b _ WODO UH UN lD v WL I UN U b Ud U tA WOzU UNCF W UO sOF l UN U Centipedes bI WL d b _ WODO n rC q_ s dOJ U r WKI lD v r I UNO c q WDO UuO d? ? u UL UFA d s d? ? qL U? ? r WFD q u q? ?_ s UN b r Ub ULN WOL V U v WO U _ WF

UN H s U bK UN qA v r I UNL vu UB UN U Milipedes b n _ rCO b _ W n U pKL q UFA d s U WDO UuO d qL qJA

iF Z bM b?? lD s uJO

q w b?? _ s sO pKL UNQ b p c b U fO WFD

r s q VO d 5 b w U Rvu UB bMu uJ

rKF q bb dA q Q WdH bMu uJ UNM dOJ u_ lOD eK V UMF w dH wN bI n _ U dH d vK cG UNO WuCF uL s U Wd

UUM WKKL dA

b _ We b _ WODO wH s d sOF l q WL s d

UOKBH* uH UA UN UNA UM r w l_ UOKBHL uH o UN M WOJO W O UMO lOL

sd O u s u vK UFd dH qLM q UOKBHL iF WO UMO lL u YO s UNBH U _ W VU Ud b r U dJ WbF WUF pMJL

t U l p U qB r l UN

vu UB


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dA bM wU b uK qJA

dA( uK dD e bM jI U u c wIK WKI u iF b d WOUL UO U u Ud sO qLF lu r UUL w gOF w UOK c dNEUO_ d u uu UL U uK L c lL lb UNLOEM w wUH dNE q dOBI v{u WLEM U uK

c q v Ub sL UNdL W t v UF

d bN nOJ u bQ tO bu c jutuL dNEdA eOOL U

dA bM tuL qJA

b f UM iF pKL L WHK dD dA u iF bX U W U r K WON WNd Wz

qJA dE q_ sOF


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U bMF bb U suJ bM p c h d WOK UF s b l WJKL U r vK d qJ vK dO u U b dA vK vI U W UAJ M q s rz bb l u s l UNO q u WMOF WB d l uLK s b tHA c bb l uL UOzUOLO u UM S UB d s bb UJK WOd lML U WJK L d _ sO dH Uu d vL b WOzUOLO WJKLL w dL WU u WNM u qJA W U

p ULL s UdO

qM lL ? d JH d s Ud WJKL vL iOK WM v qLA dF dO w WJKL ÒIK r iO l{ U

ÌKL iO l{u WJKL dL UNOIK UN u _ UO U WJKL lH b w uM qB WKu dH sO e wN ÌKL dO uD W d s fIH c ÌKL iO s U lC UU ZM wN WOK WU o UN V d v UCO ZM v iO UN fIHO d U UM s WOK ULQ U v u r WOK Wd lLA d W UNUA WK UFK wu VO d uJ UIK U wJKL cG vK UNcG bF iO U vK

u UJ vK UNO b WMOF WB d M WOU w d WKM XH L U W U L YO s b UN J WU UI l UNU WHK W

w U qJA dE cG v u u

l uL U bF lL q dbb WOK qOJA bb

M WB


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rKF q UFD qJA UUd w sL dA s u WOd uI YO eLvK UNM uB bN UNOd wN WLUNL dA vK sL Y WLEM d vK qLM uI qLM q vL W q F s dD dA c ZM UFA d W sL qzU d

dI r dA r UU dI tM UL nF{ UO u qLM uO eG uI YO UN M s nK qLM s d Uu UM`B WG U dA v uD U bM UNJKL v Uc nK dOG qLM UF d db s dOGL

d fM s UL fM fH s L bF qLM U U tO_ d d U v uF v UNMU

WUB WOL_ d{ d UNCF V sO w U bOH UNM b UMN dO W

WUBbzuH

UdO Uc qM q WHK L dA WUdO U UNO UL WO UMzUJ U Oz UOzc bB UdAI qJ

We w b L UL K UN U{q F lLA dd U WLN WU CH WOL U _ vK cG WuCF UH

WuCF UC dA s dOJ WuO W

Wu rK w b O ub q L WOLKF U

d{_ V L uu qOH fKO u_ uF v qIM L d _ s dOJ dA dA UNKIM d U{d d uUD d V YO

s w u vK UOId iF w dA XC L Wzc vK U qO UL

UuO vK U vK dI

UNHK VA uK dH WO uB fL


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bu WK WOB WU e u d

wIOI wL UNHu WOWOub UJ_ ? wD oKF U u ZMH

WOO WOB ?? W UF w wbOL

r K uKF `D vK rH bu U uJ bON uO tA d ` ?

uOUH WbJWO u UL VOB U UUO WOUL VOB U

UUMOU UOMOdeM jOu UNKzU

vM d WIDM w U U UOJMF U oKF ULO WO d

sD b v r I UNL U v u WO U _ bze

W UO vK dA UA w d _UFA d u lD

dOD u u w uD_ UL W

_ UF ? WMd UO u

dO WKu t u W U b pKL _ dO WK U d_ eK sO W dA

sO wLC UN

oKG w UN W


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wU uLF w hB L UJL v _ uL qzUI hzUB UOMH UF

WDKHL bbWOuD_ b

WOIK bb Uud

UO ubK UOKBHL

nu WLb w UID WO UuO j b U WuA WK s UNL uJ WOKLF wU UNKJO s hK

dCG s wKb UNKJO uJ UOKeOL wU vK dAM WOB WJ

U wL UNHu UOzU UO UN pKL

qUL WLb wUF UNKULqI s UNL uJ oKG wb UUN

w b qL uO rnB WKOI

Wd ULFM oz

d qbM uD_ d r UdL UU UL

dL wU ju l UG U WOKL w UAp vK UbU c

WOU dRLK bON b_ s t H U uO w


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94/136

b????u

UOK( WKO

v UF UuM


95/136


96/136

UOK( hzUB

l rON eULA q tUA UNMO b U UA UHOJ UuO b hzUB w

dNE nBML j vK UO u bL r w dC uB q Notochord dNE q WOMOM WKdL w UdN pKL WKOI c d lOL W UUIH WKO X w dI uL v q c L d v uO s dO

WOMOM q tM w U _ e r C dNE q vK lI u qNerve chord wBF q iF w wH qK wB q tM wIL e bL UuJuK bM WOzb w bu WOMOM WKdL w QAM WOPharyngeal slits WO uAO uIA v _ UNKd w WO uAO U uI pKL WKOI c d lOL

UL uO UO W w UL wH U uOD ne

sOzd UNUJ dN

UOK( nOMB

w W Oz Subphyla qzU X v Ur I W dOK qc WIDM w dNE q uu r Urochordata qc UOK bu Wd UuO w UL Tunicata UO e U UC vL WG U d

qJA dE UOL `Od cG dNE `D u vK UuO c w dNE qCephalochordata d UOK dE rON UNOK WK _ s TuA s dI U

qJA

WO( UMzUJK Yb( nOMB 5 wLN jD

W n X n WKO X WKO WJKL

u fM WKzU


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dNE q wBF q

rH u Q uFK

WO uAOWOLCN UMI dA W

WOIK C

UOK s UJ qJA bL w u q uu UN U eOLVertebrata UUIH UL UOU Ud UN

rH cQ c uJ UN fO UuUOJ WKHD gOF We nU UN db J

qJA dE wJK UNK UOU W L rC We UN d UN UOJH

uOD ne UOzU d UOb

rON

UO eK w u lDI

rON K w u lDI

UL qb

uFKUL d

dA WwF

dbF

r

wJK uO qJA

UO e


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Class Pisces UL_ n sOd s uJ UNK uA UbK wDG n

WOLEF UL_ WOCartilaginous Fishes WO dCG UL_

UL jA dH UNLEF UuO vK cG

WO hzUBw dC wKb UNKnK WN qOL Wu WOLE UUM pKLUM_ tA dOG uAI

dK wMD `D vK n_ U p c wK UB

dI UL UOMOMHA WO Sharks dI UL

UM e v UNCF u dI iO_ dI UC UNOK WK _ s dOGB WOb uAI s uH lOL qbK W uIF UNUM o uF vK cG c u dI U

qJA dE

rKF q s U uH pKL dI UL s Ub qB b UM_ d UM S tUM b bIH U bM

tK qO U _ u d dLM dI iO_ dI _ sO uG vK dD JA

td U WLUN ULNUJ S

ne UOzU d UL_qBH UdN UUI uL pKL w WOJH UUIH s n UIU Xne UOzU d UL_ hzUB UL U b W bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK

vK U uJ qBHne UOzU d UL

wKb wU ULNO d dF UbH{ WOLE W dAne UOzU d UL_

sOD K w ne UOzU d UL


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Rays and Skates UOMOMH u tA UNK `DKH qJA w d UNL UN uK d b U UL q dOD UNQ ` qJA dE rH q cG tOu UN b

WO dC UL qJA dI WJL UOMOMHA

Bony Fishe s WOLEF UL_ s UN u d ULNOK w W UL W

WO hzUB U dAnUC UE s wLEF q

UD UNODG qJA WO WO uAO Uu rOUO r w uAO

qc c d oUM v WIDM w uuL WuI UNC

Wd WU vKbK w W U uO s uLM qJA WO d

WUL c q uN WOL dOOG p WHK UL UdDH uL UI UL l UJ qOKI WO b pKL

UL W d bb s WJL sJL U UC vK jI rAK U b sOMOF U UFI UdOG UOH

wDK UNOK WK _ s fHM

rKF q fJ rOUO w b Ud U s be UL UNO qb UL U

UG U UH U U bB qJA WLOEF UL_ qJA w UMOdK UMO UOH bB UNM

U uOK


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WOLEF UL_ w WOzuN uF WU W uG

WOLE WJL `dA UA UH `dA `dA u WOLE UL

qLF uD

WJL K WOU e_ dF WIDML uJ YO d W w hIL w d b q r p rH WIDM v c CF h

WOKb UC_ o UM b U `dA u w UN W U v dA W s r U o hI lU rOU

UNB r w WFDI eULN WOzuN uF WU bJ vK dF bF WOKb WJL e UMOF

dIH uLF

CF

uF WUUOKJ

w uA q WLL

U b

rH

VKI WUL

bJ uFK UF _

bFL dA W

WOKUM bG

WOLEF WJL K wKb VO d

wU VO d qJA WOLEF WJL K

UWOH

UDw uAOWb WHM

WO{u WHMuA WHMe

WOKc WOdA WHMe

wU j WOHK WdNE WHMe

WO U _ WdNE WHMe

?

YK WOCu Xd U uKFLK WO b WJA UN UNOL UL_ iF w UdN


101/136

UL_ w dUJ wU uO _ UL bK UNQ b v_ r q

v_ r q sOM qL b U w gOF w iF w sOL qB b wzUL WuML UuO cI iO bF UL w UJ w VB Ld u w lOU b

iO s dOb WOLEF UL_ lC

5D K w UL_v r I pL s Uu u WOUL

WcF UO* UOL w sOD K UL s Uu uF d WIDM lOUM U dN s WOKU UN

d u s Y qO UN

W(U* UO* UNM WIF ZOK w j

d u s Y

rKF q s dL dI UL w qL d iO WUC dG dN dN WF v dN s W{uO u_ w

w UL WOLEF UL_ iF w d c wM stickleback gF wU pL r b _ UUM e s UUA UG UbF iO lC gF v v_ uI iO VB d c qbO gF v_

VB L UNCO wDK UL u kHfIH bF UGB vI fIH v UNLH v UNO s Wd vI tU rH w

dD K UN{dF W U w uF s sJL U fO w iO U d d d kH

WOMD WIDML w W UL UOL w gOF uLK pL WcF UOL v dUJ ru w dUN d c uI iO v_ lC bF iO fIH u_ uL r UNUBS UM vI d v UGB uF U u sO WcF UOL v UbF ld ZCM v

UM uL dUJ


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Class Amphibia UOzU d n UO wMF bios e wMF Amphi _ WeL UO WOUuO WGAmphibia WLK wMF WUu fHM UL w gOF U dO UNUO

WO hzUB w UOzU d dA W UO rOUO s b bK sOzd od snUe s b U d pKL

gd nd uAI s uK U uJ U U U oO fK U uK s WG U d _ bF ULMO

d s WG U d _ w V W UO vK b Wd oUML UL w UNCO lC

UOzU d nOMBw V v UOzU d n

bIH bb UuO c tAApoda d_ WLb qJA dE WOzu

UNUO WKO UNKc kH Urodela WcL s UN u d UuO w U UNK WFO UN U nB UbK UH_ s uK UNFU UUG w Wd oUML

qJA dE uK bF v w qc bIH UA UOzU d d Anura qc WLb

rF frogs

UHC UNOK WK vK bF UO w UHtoads rF UHC s q w tO d r fK V UbK UL s dI u UbK vK dAM W

d tUA t

rKF q qzU pKL UbMLK s qOKI b pKL UNCF b_ s WULK UL WNd Wz U dH bK w UO w UNu dOOG wK b UNCF

WHK L

d_ WLb UOzU d qJA

bMLK qJA


103/136

bHCK wKb wU) VO d W UH `dA dA u UH{

qLF uD

tu t LK k bK r oUM dF bHCK WOHK d_ WO U _ w lU _ sO WOA_ WO

b_ lU sO WOA UH sOMOF l u k

sOOMOF U WIDM w d US w uA q l U b

t `dA u w dN vK`dA fOU U b WF_ t d

WOMD WIDML qH

c bK X hIL UC_ oeL UM rH UUWOKb

UU bM w UNM uKF rd k U O

WO U _ d_ u L WUFU bHCK wK

UL qJA u k W{U v bHWuK sO HM sO O qJ vK d u iO iO sOKL

e_ w U vK dFK

dL uFK

UdJM UD bFL

bJ dWIO b UF _kOKG wFL

cL

rH WUD

WOKb n_ U

dNE b cLK

c H rE

w uA q WO uA UB_

U b sOMOF nU

XO hI WId


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UHC w dUJ u vK uB c b vL U U u b S lOd Wb wUdHAlbumin sO uO _ UL UU UL w iO v_ lC d UL UL iO W dL sO uO _ aHM fIH uGe WB L WCO uJ UOU UB_ b iF dE UUM vK cG WO u vL uO WCO q s d lOU

qJA

bHC UO qJA

5D K w UOzU d UOd w{UI q bH WKDL UNM Uu sOD K

r U d bI w Uu q w Wu Wd u s Y U

U bH{

sOzd U rOUO b

dOG bH{

WO u pKL

iO s WK

WO U _ d_ uNqc UH b

m U bH{


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Class Reptilia ne n U uIL q pKL _ vK j ne UuO

`OUL n sOUF w U U W UO W UF hzUB)

bI s nd UNOL UG U w WOd nd vDG UWOdI nd V d r

WOzUL n w nUL qJ cQ d_ clU _ WOUL d_ s d _ w U u iF sOUF lOL w U UL wH w U

WOzUL n iF w cL od s fHsOzd U fHM sOD r I w `OUL UMU sOd v UOze u I sOD sOM d s VKI uJVKI q sO _U lAL dO b l sO _U UOK UNO

jOL ju d W V dOG UNLU b s n UNL d W vK k U ndJ

wL UH s UNOL dAI UDG `L wK UB UNM qOKI ULMO oviparous W{uO ne rEF qJA dE

viviparous u UNCF oviviviparous u uO

iO s fIH n UG qJA


106/136

ne nOMB UOHd n ÒUL V l v X

W{dIML

Crocodiles ÒUL W v UNCF u qB b W WOKC UN u dOB q ÒUL uO WU UbU U L UN U WOI s lH iI U UM UN W ÒUL cG q uOD UL_U d UL WK U UNFK UN gOF U dOJ UUO r qCH r UF w WOzu b d UN_ WKC tA UCO ÒUL lC W q tdA qJA YO v_ wH _ iO r UUFL v td uI u_ UL v UNu w U

w{UL dI Wb sOD K

Chelonia

n W UNM terrapin WcF UOL w gOF U UNML UN cG qJA dE tortoises W UO vK gOF UNCF sea turtle W UL UO l b uLM wMD d dN ULb sO V U L lU _ wNMtMD t eL UFD lD n w eMJ dOB W UO n w b

nUL tA

U L qJA


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UL 5 X% Wd c rC Squamata UOHd( WLizards w U

w UNd UNUAM UdO s dO

b uc ju u u _ c tUA U dO WO Uu UN Q

UNCF sJ _ vK UNLEF gO w U rEF cG WOzU WKO dO UNCF dOGB UMzUJ

UUM vK cG d UNCF UHC UA_

wNM w lU _ ULNM q qL rEF w w U K vK d t w U s W uN w U w qc qB dUJ hd u w U u UL oviviviparous u UO UNM qOKI iO U w U rEF

qJA dEd Ud VC UNOK WK

rKF q vL w U s Uu UM t U_ u gOF u r vK UbK Ubz j UL ULND lOD vK tbU O tOUM dzUD eHI U bM uN w tu kH

d_ d s

WuM w U qJA

rKF q UN u qB w U UM w u UNK U W w u

rG

WOK d

W UO UHKWd UHK ?n qJA

WcF UOL UHK

Ud


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109/136

ne w dUJ lC WCOK WOU dAI uJ q UBne s qOK UM su_ tA UG s iO

UGB bK r r WCO e dF tOK w WK_

sOM U WDOWCO U WDOL

sOMK `L WsOM U jO c U

dUne WCO w lDI qJA

uuJ

`L fO

wuOM _ UAG

`L

sO uO _

ULL fO

sOM

wzuN dH

WCO dA

5D K w ne UNM d c sOD K s WHK L U

UNM n UA WF W

dL_ d WIDM w Uu qsOD K w d WcF UOL UFL lOL

UNM w U d Ud

UNM W U sO

qJA dE W w uM c q u w bI U

l d VIM WOuM dB l d e w U

WOMOD KH vF _ qJA


110/136

qBH WK

UD wU UBu uO wBF q WJL w UO

YO s WOLEF UL_ WO qJON u

UM_ u

r ?uAI une UOzU d s qJ W U

WOLEF UL_ w dUWO qK

WOU U dH UbK w b WOLEF ULV UOzU d b

ne w bK d UGKne n sL{ `OUL

ne WCO VObHC UO

WK j sOD K w UL


111/136

wHC WKOL u WO u uOD s UJ Uu bU p w u bb r b tIK w U s WFb eOL UL WFOD cM dI b UNM u s d bIF U Uu

u UMb dOD s UNMJL w UHB U U uK L s

sOD K w UNM uuL u_ U UdO

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM

uODK W UF hdODK VO d qJA YO s OJ b `{uUdUJ UNcG

wKb tO d dF dzU dA d UJ s UNd uK WO

uODK WUB sOD K w uOD

Aves uOD qBH

v UF UUF_


112/136

uODK W UF hzUB) c s UNMO W dAL hzUB s bbF bb

hzUB qJA dE UJ_ bF gd vDG UNL Q UMzUJ s Ud

dQ UNL d S c U b s uOD bFUUIH s UdO s eOL tO

s u_ iF w qB YO UNL

t b qJA dEq_ WOHK d_ s WHK L U?? ??_ v??K?? u? dH WU hMIK u

WM v WO U _ d dE UM_ s uK UJ_ WHK dO UM v

qJA WK dA UNCO wDG UOK UNO UB

UuO pKL YO dB WU W U U u UL WO U UUH vK UM WHK L u sO oO M

dOD gdK UF qJA qJA

rKF q dIH uOD s rd U tWOFL U pKL UN WOU L lL K WO U b UN UNM dO YK t b U UFL u pKL lL lOD qOK w W dH s UB_ vK UdO UM dH u s UNMJL UL oO qJA W U E w UN UM UNOK UCI

f b

YK WOCu s WOuJMF WJA w q WHO dzUD r wDG c g gd u dF dzU dC r u qJA YO s UNMO U tL w

WHOu l uL


113/136

uOD b WHK q dO UM qJ

uOD w UHOJ s U cN UOI s UNMJ WHK dD UOu uO UOO d UN U XHOJ bI dEWO u _ UHOJ

WHOH Wu UNKF UL Honey Comb q F d qJ cQ w UN UE w n qJA dE

UM VO d uOD rE w lDI qJA

rEF VO d

UM


114/136

wb iO u q UC_ iF U UH d UN w WU u b U

dzUD WK s nOH K pUM_ UG U wWO U UH w HM r b vK bU UL uD UN b c sO _ s WO U U dODK W W UD sO Q u bU U dzUD r UI w r u W U WI qJA

td vK U

UL UNL U iO l{u uOD dOD UM U dL wUO qJ WM_ cN dODK uO nOJ q u r s bF w WM Wu C WM_U jd qJA dE UH

Wd D UH s tMJL WO UuI Ue W UN d u WH W UN UHOJ

rKF q od s WOMOdOM ZuM s hK uOD Uric pO u iL qJ vK WOKJ WUu UNOHB jd e v sOOKJ s u l qIM c Acid

UB U r YO Cloaca

cL vL ULN s pO u iL uK d r s UL rEFdA W od

gOF w uOD u iF UL WU dOG e vK ULK bB pKL d WOL vK Uc u cF c s dO `KL s WO U uu W U b UNb u_ w WBB uOF s dI U

bze `KL s hK

UM u vK uN d WO qJ

rKF q qB WO U Wd iM uOD VK iF w qB WIO b w WC v

WIO b w WC v u_

UIMK WOCb U dOD vK uOD pF d c w ud b v bM WM_

dUF nB w UIU


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UJ sU w U{ d _ c dNE cG vK uB s sJL WHK UHOJ cG vK uB s UNMJ qJA dE UNO gO UN d p L uIB u M WU UdO UML UNFODI uI vK cG w uOD uI UNUB U_ VA UI dzU q UNCF

dA d U_ Woodpecker

UMD dzUD q uOD s tMJL u UIM pKL c Humming bird t uH UNIO UB vK cG w uOD pK s UNMJL dO UML s UJ u t Uu pKL UUM vK u WF dO UM U o uF vK uBK dJF U

UNOK cG

W UL `dA UA

_ u

sD db K d WU `dA fOU `dAqLF uD

UH bM o d UNF{ od s d_ uKL WUIML vK

d U vK WuL sDI WFD UI l `db L dOQ X W UL UI UL

rKF q q dOFAK VOd qI U WOKLF uI uOD d dODK UNON dOD bF UUIM b U gd

d sJL c Swift uuM vL uOD u d

WU w r v qB Wd dOD s q dOD vK UNb bI uOD u iF wAL w UN rEF W UFM wCI odD W UFM v qB sJL Wu WOHK b WUu i d odDK W M U U tM qOKI v UNU bF dO nUe qLF YO dO t b tM XBKI bI dNE YO WO U UHJ WU s tMJL UL w Wu

UL w dOD tQ

W UFodD

cG vK uBK uOD


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t UB UFD rC WOHO W ULK wLCN UN' w WH

W UL w wLCN UN

UIMK WOCWKOK UOL u UM sc U _ n w b w UF c l oH q uHBF q q U UFD s

U

tzWOKWBU

V UdAUM

d WUF

UdJMb

bFWK u

VKuFK

UIM

tzVK

b

WIO UF UdJM

uB v WbB WOMD WIDML j w UN cL s W UL bW d W bI v

u w fOUb U t r bK l Uu U UBI b WOKb UC_ VM bO hI l r uKC U t UB l ULNOKBH s dIH uLF U hI B sOK

WIDML c w dOJ Wu b WOtM hK hI e sOu d sO

U qJA U UMOF cL v dL Wb s w

bB nu j w VKI l u b r s sOzd dIH uLF wU vK dU


117/136

rKF q dO dOJ bU UM dUN dOGB uOD c UMO vK XL b WU WDd Q UN WKd U X{d b s uKF WK d UL uOD uOD YO Helbig r UF UN U bd Wd WKL uOD U w dA uM UU dUN w WU LM dGL UNd w wdG wuM U pK w WOUL _ dGL s WUM dOGB uOD p s Z b UOId v UN dL od u U d sO UD UId XJK e

WDd Q q s U tJK r du V U dsOIdD sO XFL b bb d uKOJ U UNdO dL dUNL uOD rEF dzU q UM_ iF bu WKOK bu uO w Pacific golden plaver wc wJOHOU e e u d uKOJ mK w WK U UNKd uI iF b qB Wd Wd n u UDOL

WU w r v d _ Wu U s WF WOO U d tu b dN UM uOD d v UNN dOG b UNCF uO UD wFOD UU j{ bOF UNd rEM UUO lOD UUO b b d U uK v UdDC b UL U v dzUD u w OUMGL UL w q UA WO dUI WOO q UAL c vK VKG uOD f UF

v jC U W dF dO WIdD

rKF q dNE UL sOzd U WOzu UuO UN dE dO e oONA wOKL w r ULMO UG U UNO tM e vI YO sOzd tId w sOzd v WOzuN uO w uN uF dO

uN U UNz bM WOzuN uO S p c W U{qN qJA dOD vK

uOD w wUL uK Swans _U tUO WKO e U UNML wUe d w uOD sO UF dNE q

L WOO q uF iF rN s sJL U qOK U UF uOD d qL p c UNL c UdHL XU u U u UNMO ULO u UM vK

UOL UdB UOFL dE w d _ sO WMO dNE UOb `B UU UL _ vK nI w UOK p uI YO UNUA s U c d s sd lML WU UA_ UM U{ dN UID UE uOD u WAbK dO d d Social Hirarchy WOUL

UL UN UU U WuL w WuLL d s Ub s WuL UNOK w WUb uI dI UNMJ u UNM V Wd WK K qJA c

UeM UdB s WuLL WUL qI q WOL WK d _ V J WuLLK bb


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uOD bM UA_ u iF qJA

rKF q d v UNN dOG b uOD iF UNd rEM UO_ iF w lOD b Ud UNN U wFOD UU j{ bOF wDMK_ s UNK uOD iF lDI WOUF Ud UNKUI WOJd _ WO dA qu vK U wuM U v UcQ w WOdG WO ULA WO ULA Ud qUI UM dONA u d YKL UJd uM v UNUJ v UcQ w WO dA UL s b b q UAL iF UM dOD u b UL w ULA VDIK w OUMGL VKG uOD UNOG s f UF U v WO OUMGL UNK u j{ US q UAL c vK

v jC U W dF dO WIdD

w uOD qJA UNMO ULO qV d qJ vK UNdO UNM UJ UN UNCF WHK UO vK dO u qFH UL dHM qJA ULOI UD qJA sO UL WHK UJQ UA uI iO s OK b U lC

tUd su

uODK WOO WUB WO UNM d c WUB WO

s dO UNOMI WKOL UNu WOe U U U UL uOD wHUN UL

UUM w U u UL d UJ s UUM sWOzu

WO w Ub s b UNS p c d sOe bzUu lM w p c b WuA fL w

UFI U d lDbOB w uIB q uOD

U ULN UOzc bB uOD u

rKF q w{UL w uOD u iF b r tqIM q??e? ? UL q U? ? ? ? q s

d UJ s qzUd


119/136

5D K w uu* uOD dL bF sOD K UL WHK L WuML UO UMu sOD K s c w uOD s UI sO dE dUNL u UOFO

u M UIF UM e WIDM q W w_ u U uO bu WOK oUML bbN u UIF sOD K w WOe o w nO Wd w bb uI dA

UeL WUL WO ULN U qJAsOD K w dUNL WMu L


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sOD K w uOD u iF qJA


121/136

qBH WK

uODK eOLL hzUWOu uO H WOO d WOUM s

WO qK d l s uOD

n u WKu U U dOdN UM UU bb

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Mammals UOb qBH


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UObK W UF hzUB)hzUB c r s UNu d s rd U UN

WO U c UUGB U Oz c qJA c VOK d US b UOb pKWOL U UM s UMzUJ uLM qLJ b u r _ r q sOM u

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UOb nOMB UOb nOMB UM dFM WHK UH vK UL u_ s dO v U

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Placentals WOLOA* UO v_ r q sOM uLM w WLOAL WUu rd be r YO _ sOM s d u UuD UuLM

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127/136

Wd rUNBzUBU lU _ UO

Artiodactyla lU _ s w bF d u pKL

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UO ud

Proboscidea

JAO UD n_ UOKF W qJA luI X UD ud

UO_ wId qOH UL jI sOu rC

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qBH WK

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bu WK WOB WU e u

WO UHB bS nB WUIH UUM vK cG uJH rb We tHU

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qJA WO d UuA dOG UNuH v bMLK w

ne w Uqc WLb UOzU d W UF ne hzUB

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d WKd w W UO vK tUO qd b w U* w gOF

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WOdF U ld* WLzUUL lu dAMK W U 2002 rU uK

UL dAMK q _ wKLF Vd w W1999 dO sOudF WUDK VJ UUI 1990 uLOK r fO u tK b

dUI UFL uO 1996 d bL

WeOK$U ld* WLzU1- Campbell, R. M. and Reece J.B. (1999) Biology. 5th. Ed. Addiscom wesley.2- Campbell, R. M. and Reece J.B. (2005) Biology. 7th. Ed. Pearson Education.3- Prescott, L.M, & Harlay, J.P. (1999) 4th. Ed. Microbiology. WCB/ McGraw-Hill.

4- Jeffrey, H.C, & Leach, R.M. (1998) Atlas of Medical Helminthology & protozology.churchill livingtone.5- Zeibig, E.A. (1997) Clinical Parasilology, A. practical Approach saybders company.6- Campbell, Neil A. & Reece. Jane B. (2002). Biology. 6th Ed. pearson education,

Unc., Benjamin Cummings publishing. CA. USA.7- Davis, Solmon, Berg (1992). The World of Biology, 4th Ed. U.S.A. Saunders collage

publishing.8- Mader, S. Sylvia (1993). Biology. 4th Ed. Wrn. C. Brown. Comunications. IA, USA.9- Keeton, William & Mcfadden. Carol (1995). Biology & Exploration of life. 1st Ed.

Norton & Company. Inc. Newyork. USA.10- Swaileh, Khaled (1997). Laboratory Manual of Invertebrate Zoology. Birgeit

University. Palestine.11- Miller, Kenneth & Levube, Joseph (1991). Biology, Annotated Teachers Edition.

prentic - hall, Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. USA.

WOdJ ld* WLzUhttp://www.denniskunkel.comwww. olmares.com/ Birds%20Photo%20Gallery.Htm.www.Caf.wvu.edu/Kearneysville/wvufavm9. html.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/centipedehttp://www.sidewell.edu/us/science/v1b5/Lab5/labs/classification-lab/Eukarya/fungi/http://lamington.nrsm.u9.edu.au/Documents/plant/fungi.htmhttp://aquat1.ifas.Ufl.edu/guide/2algae.html.http://www.infektionsnetz.at/view.php?name=Infektionen Darmparasitosenhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/tetrruintro.html


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