2076 Sajay Nirdharan Book... · 2020. 1. 26. · 2;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf ] lhDd...

;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g 1

kl/R5]b Ps

kk|f/lDes

!=! k[i7e"ld

dfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ lgoldt ug{] qmddf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf ljk/Ltsf sfo{ ug]{ bf]ifL JolQmnfO{ ;hfo u/L ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] k|lqmof ;dfhsf] :yfkgf;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5 . ;dfhnfO{ lgodg / lgoGq0f ug{] clGtd c:q b08 dflgG5 . ck/fw x'g glbg / ck/fw ePdf To; sfo{nfO{ ;hfo u/L ;f]xL JolQm / cGo ;+efljt JolQmnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug{ b08 cfjZos x'G5 . ck/fw ug{]nfO{ s'g} k|sf/n] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cfly{s oftgf jf b'Mv ef]Ug nufpg' g} b08 xf] . 1 cfhsf] ;dodf ck/fw ljgfsf]

;dfh / b08 ljgfsf] /fHo sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g . s'g} klg cfk/flws lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dfh / /fHon] x]g{] b[li6sf]0fdf b08sf] k|s[lt / dfqf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Pp6f d'2fdf JofVof ub}{ b08 lgwf{/0f Goflos ljj]s (A question of sentence is a matter of discretion) xf] eg]sf] 5 .2 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Ps d'2fdf kmf}hbf/L sfg"g pNnª\3gsf] dfqf / kl/df0f cg';f/ b08 ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf leGgtf /xg] s'/f c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ ;hfodf leGgtf x'g] l;4fGts} hudf b08 gLlt v8f ePsf] x'G5 . s;"/df /x]sf] ;+nUgtf jf e"ldsf ljrf/ gu/L cf/f]k nufPs} e/df ;a}nfO{ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] ;hfo ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf Goflos ljj]sdf cfwfl/t geO{ oflGqs x'g hfg] eGb} Ps} k|s[ltsf] s;"/df s'g} x}l;otsf cfwf/df ;hfodf lje]b b08 gLlt lje]bsf/L x'g] JofVof u/]sf] 5 .3

b08 ;hfosf] ljifo ljwflosL sfg"gsf] ljifo dflgG5 . s:tf] s;"/df s] slt ;hfosf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] s'/f klg ljwflosfsf] ljifo xf] . ljwflosfn] ;do / cfjZostf cg';f/ s;"/df x'g] ;hfodf kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 . s;"/df b08 lgwf{/0fsf] ljifo s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ cbfntn] lgwf{/0f

1 zflGt lj=s= lj?4= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k= @)^!, c+s ^, lg=g+= (( . 2 Bed Raj vs. State of U.P. (1955). 3 g]=sf=k= @)&) c+s $ lg=g+= *(*& .

;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g2

ug]{ ePklg b08 gLltdf cbfntn] x:tIf]k ub{}g eGGf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . b08 ;hfo ;dfhsf] ck/fwk|ltsf] wf/0ff / /fHosf] ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g cg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'G5 . g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf clws+fz s;"/df cbfntnfO{ w]/} thljhL clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . sltko s;"/df lglZrt ;hfo klg tf]s]sf] 5 . ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf Goflos df]8n, ljwflosL df]8nnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ljwflosL sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldf / bfo/fleq /x]/ cbfntn] s;"/sf] dfqf / s;"/bf/sf] bf]ifLkgfsf cfwf/df pko'Qm ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o; r'gf}tLnfO{ sd ug{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f P]gn] s;"/ sfod / ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] cnu ;'g'jfOsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0fnfO{ j:t'ut agfpg o;sf cfwf/x¿ to u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;jf{]RRf cbfntn] cbfntx¿sf nflu ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g, @)&% ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] 5 .

cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] s;"/bf/nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo lbnfpg s;"/df ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ / s;"/ sfod eP kZrft\ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu ;'g'jfOdf jfbL kIfaf6 ax; k}/jL ub{5 . pko'Qm ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf cbfntsf] ;xof]uL clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn klg ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/ x'g cfjZos 5 . s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f cleof]ukqdf lnOg] lgh pk/sf] cleof]u, ;f] cleof]udf dfu ul/Psf] ;hfo / Ifltk"lt{sf] bfaL, yk ;hfo, ;hfodf 5'6, s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cj:yf, s;"/df ;+nUgtf b]vfpg] k|df0f cflb s'/fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . of] sfo{df klg ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L /xG5 . of] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf axg ug{ / cleof]hg tyf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{df x'g] ;'g'jfOdf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/L cbfntnfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u u/L s;"/bf/nfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf / ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df ;hfo u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ d2t k'uf];\ eGg] cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL of] dfu{bz{g tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .


!!=@= sfo{bnsf] u7g / sfof{b]z

;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL k|:t't dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L k|:t't ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] lg0f{o cg';f/ b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ /xg] u/L sfo{bn u7g ul/Psf] lyof] M

cg'udgstf{M gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf >L gf/fo0fk|;fb kf}8]n

lj1M k"j{ gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7s

;+of]hsM ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ;+hLj/fh /]UdL

;b:oM ;xGofoflwjQmf >L nf]s/fh k/fh'nL

;b:o ;xGofoflwjQmf >L „'js'df/ rf}xfg

;b:oM pkGofoflwjQmf >L ;f]dsfGtf e08f/L

;b:oM zfvf clws[t >L lzj jfUn]

;f] sfo{bnsf] sfof{b]z b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] lyof] M

sfo{fb]z

!= kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L Ps dlxgf leq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k]z ug]{ .

@= pQm dfu{bz{gdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yf, ;f] Joj:yfn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGt, cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf Pjd\ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf cfb]z, lgb]{zg ;d]tnfO{ ;/n efiffdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;|f]t ;d]t v'nfO{ pNn]v ug]{ .

#= ;hfo lgwf{/0fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg Pjd\ Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df pNn]v ug]{ .

$= ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ljifodf cGo ;fGble{s ljifox¿ pNn]v ug{ ;lsg] .


sfo{bnn] lbOPsf] ;do leq sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿, lj1 / a}7sdf cfdlGqt dxfg'efjx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} dfu{bz{gsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf pk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzHo"x¿, sfg"g ljifosf k|fWofks, g]kfn k|x/L nufot ;Da4 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGtlqm{of u/L k|fKt ePsf ;'emfj ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L d:of}bfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbPsf] 5 .

!!=#= dfu{bz{gsf] cfjZostf

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cleof]hgsf] lg0f{o ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 x'G5 . cleof]hgsf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/G5 / ;f]xL cleof]ukqdf lnOPsf] dfubfaL adf]lhd cbfntaf6 d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO / km};nf x'g] ub{5 . cleof]ukqdf lnOPsf] bfaL adf]lhd s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf tLg jif{ eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g] jf tL; xhf/ ¿kF}of eGbf a9L hl/jfgf x'g] h3Go jf uDeL/ jf cGo k|s[ltsf s;"/df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu cnUu} ;'g'jfO ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] ;hfosf] bfo/fleq /xL plrt ;hfo rog ug{' cbfntsf] lhDd]jf/L leq kb{5 . d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ nufot k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gx¿n] ;hfosf] xb pNn]v u/L ;f] cGtu{t /xL Gofostf{nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L Gofostf{nfO{ ljleGg k|s[ltsf thljhL clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

t/ b08 lgwf{/0fsf] thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u clgolGqt jf :j]R5frf/L x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] dflgG5 . ;dfg ck/fwdf ;dfg ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{' cfkm}df Goflos sfo{ xf] . ;dfg ck/fwdf c;dfg ;hfo eof] eg] ToxfF Goflos lje]b x'g hfG5 / ;dfgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt klg sfod /xg ;Sb}g . ck/fw 3f]if0ff ug{' / b08 lgwf{/0f ug{' Ps} ljifo xf]Ogg\ t/ cGt/ ;DalGwt cjZo x'g\ . b08sf] lgwf{/0fdf s:tf] b08 ug{] eGbf klg slt b08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . of] k|lqmof 3l6t tYonfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ s;"/ sfod u/] kZrft z'? x'G5 . cleo'Qmn] ck/fw ubf{ /fv]sf] cfzo, p;sf c;n jf v/fa rl/q, p;sf 3/]n' kl/l:ylt cleof]u 7x/ ug{ ;fGble{s 5}gg t/ oL k|df0fx¿ ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf cToGt pkof]uL


!=#= dfu{bz{gsf] cfjZostf

cfwf/ x'g ;Sb5g .4 b08sf] lgwf{/0fdf s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf]

b08sf] bfo/f leq /xL b08sf] rog ug{] ul/G5 . o;df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cleof]hg, k|df0fsf] k|:t'tLs/0f / ax; k}/jL tyf ;'g'jfOdf k|:t't x'g] ts{n] cbfntnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . sltko kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu GofofwLzx¿nfO{ sfg"gn] Go'gtd / clwstd xb lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] sltko s;"/df Go'gtd xb g/fvL dflyNnf] xb dfq tf]s]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf sfg"gn] GofofwLznfO{ Jofks thljhL clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;hfo lgwf{/0fnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf / ;hfosf] p2]Zo cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ug{ s;"/ sfod / ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] cnu cnu ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ / ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ o;sf cfwf/, ;hfosf] p2]Zo, s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cj:yf ;d]tsf cfwf/df ug{'kg]{ u/L sfg"gn] GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;Ldf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ / o;nfO{ j:t'lgi6 agfpg ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g nfu" u/]sf] 5 . h;/L GofofwLzx¿sf nflu ;hfo lgwf{/0f dfkb08 jf dfu{bz{g ;xof]uL / cfjZos x'G5 To;}u/L ;/sf/L jsLnsf nflu klg ;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmof ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g cfjZos x'G5 . lsgsL ;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f cleof]hg ug]{ / cleof]hg ubf{ ;hfosf] bfaL lng], ;hfodf 5'6sf] l;kmfl/; ug]{, yk ;hfosf cfwf/ sf/0f pNn]v ug]{, k|df0faf6 b]lvPsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df s;"/ / ;f] s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ bfaL lng] tyf s;"/ 7x/ ePkl5 s] slt ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] ;'g'jfOsf qmddf ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{, ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf ax; ug]{ / lgwf{/0f ePsf] ;hfodf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bgsf] sf/jfxL ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L jsLndf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} ljifox¿ ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ o; ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ lbOPsf] thljhL clwsf/ ljwflosfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;hfosf] ;Ldf leq /xL Gofostf{n] ck/fw ubf{sf] k|s[lt, kl/l:ylt, k|efj,

4 dfwjk|;fb cfrfo{, ck/fwzf:q, /Tg k':ts e08f/, sf7df8f}+, rf}yf] ;+:s/0f, @)%!, k[= @@% .


;do, ;Gbe{ cflb ljrf/ u/L s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ b08sf] xb lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . ;f] lgwf{/0fsf nflu x'g] cnUu} ;'g'jfOdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] ax; k}/jL u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/ / sfg"gL bfo/faf/] cbfntnfO{ ts{k"0f{ cfwf/ pNNf]v u/L ;xof]u ug{' kb{5, h;n] ubf{ cbfntnfO{ plrt / pko'Qm ;hfo ug{ ;xof]u k'Uff];\ . ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu ;hfosf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cfwf/x¿ sfg"gdf pNn]v /x]sf 5g\ . ;f] adf]lhdsf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf /x] g/x]sf] s'/fdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg b]lv cleof]ukq n]vg Pj+ ax; k}/jLsf r/0fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 . s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgsf] r/0f b]lv ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf r/0f;DDf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{df Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ / o; ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL dfu{bz{gsf] cf}lrTo /x]sf] 5 .

!!=$= dfu{bz{gsf] k|of]u / cflwsfl/stf

of] dfu{bz{g ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] cnUu} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ k|s[ltsf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|of]u ug{] ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g xf] . o;nfO{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu ul/g] ax; tyf ;f] k"j{ s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg ;d]tsf sfo{df k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ax; / k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL sf/afxL ubf{ ;fdfGotM o; dfu{bz{gsf] k|of]u ug{' kg{]5 . o; dfu{bz{gn] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug'{kg]{ sfd sf/jfxLdf Ps¿ktf / ;/ntf Nofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . o;df pNn]v ePsf g]kfn sfg"gx¿ klg ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;lhnf]sf nflu /flvPsf x'g\ . pNn]lvt sfg"gx¿df Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] bfo/f / ;Ldf ;DalGwt sfg"g cg';f/ g} x'G5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L / ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g Pj+ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt / k}m;nfsf] xsdf klg ;f]xL cg';f/ x'g]5 . ;f] afx]s dfu{bz{gdf pNn]lvt cGo s'/fx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ cg';/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .


!=$= dfu{bz{gsf] k|of]u / cflwsfl/stf

!!=%= dfu{bz{gsf] ;+/rgf

o; dfu{bz{gdf b]xfo adf]lhd kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\ M

kl/R5]b Ps M k|f/lDes

kl/R5]b b'O{ M ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / sfg"gL Joj:yf

kl/R5]b tLg M ;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L / jxg ug{' kg]{ e"ldsf

kl/R5]b Rff/ M ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L


kl/R5]b b'O{

;;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / sfg"gL Joj:yf

@=! ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf

b08sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ck/fwsf] /f]syfd ug{', ;'/lIft ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{', sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{' / Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf ug{' xf] .5 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt /

;bfrf/ sfod ug{sf] nflu kmf}hbf/L s;"/ ug]{ s;"/bf/nfO{ plrt ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ tyf To:tf] ;hfo sfof{Gjog ug{' klg o;sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] x'G5 . Andrew Ashworth b08sf ;DaGwdf n]V5g\M

'It is important to distinguish the aims of the criminal justice system from the aims of sentencing, which merely relate to one element. The system encompasses a whole series of stages and decisions, from the initial investigation of crime, through the various pre-trial processes, the provisions of the criminal law, the trial, the forms of punishment, and then post-sentence decisions concerned with, for example, supervision, release from custody and recall procedures. It would hardly be possible to formulate a single meaningful ‘aim of the criminal justice system’ which applied to every stage.6

;dfhsf] wf/0ff / ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} b08sf] :j¿kdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . xfd|f] b08 k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x]bf{ d[To' b08, b]z lgsfnf, hft kltt ug{], rf/kf6f d'8\g], xft v'§f sf6\g] cflb b08x¿ k|rngdf /x]sf lyP eg] ljBdfg cj:yfdf plNnlvt b08sf] ;§fdf hGd s}b, s}b, hl/jfgf x'Fb} v'Nnf sf/fuf/, ;fd'bflos ;]jf, lbzfGt/ h:tf cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . s;"/ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf ;dfhsf] ljsf; / /fHosf] b08 gLlt cg';f/ kl/jlt{t x'Fb} hfG5g / ljwflosfn] s;"/ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf sfg"gdf ub{} hfG5 . s] s:tf] sfo{nfO{ s;"/ dfGg] jf s] s:tf] s;"/df s] slt b08 ;hfo /fVg] / s:tf] b08 k|0ffnL sfod ug{] eGg] h:tf ljifox¿

5 k|f= 8f= /lhteQm k|wfgfË / ;f]dsfGtf e08f/L, kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro, k}/jL a's xfp;

k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+, @)&%, k[= !*@ . 6 Andrew Ashworth. (2005).Sentencing and Criminal Justice. (4th ed.) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

p.67.


;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / sfg"gL Joj:yf

@=! ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf

ljwflosfaf6 lgwf{l/t x'g] ljifo x'g\ .7 of] Goflos lgsfosf] sfo{ geO{ Gofo

k|zf;g ;+rflnt x'g] cfwf/ xf] . /fi6«n] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] vfsf tof/ ubf{ b08sf] p2]Zok|lt klg :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . o;n] b08sf] k|s[lt / xb sfod ug{ tyf /fi6«sf] ck/fwk|ltsf] wf/0ff a'em\g ;xh x'G5 . g]kfnsf] b08 k|0ffnL d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ nufotsf sfg"gaf6 kl/dflh{t ul/Psf] 5 . oL sfg"gx¿n] s;"/df x'g] ;hfodf dfq kl/jt{g u/]sf] ge} ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf klg s]xL gofF dfGotf / l;4fGt cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] kl/R5]b kfFrdf ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;hfosf k|sf/x¿df hGds}b, s}b, hl/jfgf, s}b / hl/jfgf, Ifltk"lt{, hl/jfgf jf Ifltk"lt{ glt/] jfktsf] s}b, s}bsf] ;§f ;fd'bflos ;]jf h:tf Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg'kg]{ nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L -s;"/ / ;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ n] sf/fuf/ s]lGb|t -Prison based_ b08 gLltsf] cnfjf ;d'bfo s]lGb|t -Comminity based_ b08gLltnfO{ klg c+uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@@=@= ;hfosf l;4fGtx¿

;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'sdf Ps} k|sf/sf] b08 k|0ffnLsf] cEof; 5}g . ;dfg k|s[ltsf] s;"/df klg cnu cnu ;hfo ug]{ cEof; /x]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ;+3Lo d'n'sdf t Ps} k|sf/sf] s;"/df klg /fHo jf ;+3Lo PsfOdf g} ;hfo km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . Ps} lsl;dsf] b08 k|0ffnL gx'g'sf] sf/0fdf /fHosf] ck/fwk|ltsf] dfGotf / b08 gLltdf km/s b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] kfOG5 . b08 k|0ffnL klg ;do / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfdf ;fk]If x'gfn] klg km/s ePsf] xf] . kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} b08sf] k|of]u / p2]Zodf leGgtf x'g] ub{5 .8 k|rlnt b08sf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

7 cRo'tk|;fb v/]n lj= sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dGqfno, g]sfk @)^^, c+s %, lg=g+= *!#*, k[= &!% . 8 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL %, k[= !*$ .


@@=@=! k|ltsf/fTds l;4fGt

æh:tfnfO{ To:t}Æ eGg] pvfg;Fu ldNg] o; l;4fGtdf ck/fwLn] h'g k|s[ltsf] s's[To u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] b08 lbg] cjwf/0ff af]Sg] l;4fGt xf] . o;sf] d"n p2]Zo cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] kL/, dsf{, rf]6, xflgsf] abnf lng' xf] . of] ;hfosf] dfGotf lk8sn] kLl8tnfO{ hlt kL8f, rf]6, xflg lbPsf] 5 kL8snfO{ klg ;f]xL cg'¿k g} jf TolQ g} kL8f lbg' kb{5 eGg] g} xf] .9 o;

l;4fGt cg';f/ kLl8t kIfn] h:tf] b'Mv si6 ef]Ub5, To:t} b'Mv si6 ck/fwLnfO{ ef]ufPkl5 dfq Gofosf] t/fh' ;Gt'lnt x'G5 .10 o; l;4fGtn]

ck/fwL ;'w|g ;Sg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub}{g / b08nfO{ b08s} lgldQ dfg]sf] 5 .11 of] l;4fGt dfgj clwsf/ k|lts"n ePsf] / cdfgjLo k|s[ltsf] ePsf]

eGb} kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf cjnDag ug{ pko'Qm dflgb}g . xfd|f] k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf o; l;4fGt c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5}g .

@=@=@= xtf]T;fxsf] l;4fGt of] ck/fw ug{]nfO{ b08sf] Joj:yfn] eo jf qf; k}bf ug{] tyf ck/fwLnfO{ lbPsf] ;hfo b]lv cGo JolQmaf6 ck/fw ug{] sfo{ /f]Sg] l;4fGt xf] . o;n] ck/fw ug{ lg?T;flxt ug{] jf eo, qf; k}bf u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] cr's cf}iflw eg]sf] ;hfo xf] . ;hfosf] dfWooaf6 g} ;dfhdf ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;hfosf] 8/ b]vfO{ jf ck/fw ug{]nfO{ ;hfo u/L ;f] ;hfo b]lv ck/fwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;hfosf] xtf]T;fxsf] l;4fGt xf] .12 o; l;4fGtn] ck/fwdf ;+nUg x''Fbf xflg /

kmfObfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L nfe eGbf xflg x'g] 7fGb5 eg] ck/fw ug{af6 xtf]T;fxL x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df b08 lbOG5 eGg] dfGb5 .13

;hfoaf6 ck/fw ug{]nfO{ ck/fw u/]df ;hfo x'G5 eGg] eo jf qf; k}bf eO{ ck/fwLnfO{ lbPsf] ;hfo b]lv cGo JolQmnfO{ klg ck/fw ug{af6 /f]Sg]

9 dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n, æ;hfosf] ;'wf/fTds kIf / g]kfn sfg"gsf] Joj:yfÆ, k}/jL n hg{n, k}/jL a's xfp;

k|f=ln=, @)&%, k[= $* . 10 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL %, k[= !*$ . 11 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL $, k[= !)% . 12 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL %, k[= !*$ . 13 https://marisluste.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/deterrence-theory.pdf,


@=@=! k|ltsf/fTds l;4fGt

@=@=@= xtf]T;fxsf] l;4fGt

l;4fGt g} xtf]T;fxsf] l;4fGt xf] .14 kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf

sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !# sf] v08 -s_ df cbfntn] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm æs;"/ ug{ s;"/bf/ jf cGo JolQmnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{Æ p2]Zo lng' kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

@@=@=# ;'wf/fTds l;4fGt ck/fw ljleGg sf/0faf6 x'g k'Ub5 . cGhfgjz, cfjZostf, e"n, kl/l:ylt cflbaf6 klg x'g ;S5 . ctM ck/fwLnfO{ /f]uLsf] ¿kdf x]/L lrlsT;sn] la/fdL lgsf] kf/] h:t} ck/fwLnfO{ pkrf/ dfkm{t ;an, ;Ifd / of]Uo JolQmdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{] cfw'lgs wf/0ff xf] .15 o;n] s8f ;hfo eGbf

ck/fwLnfO{ cg'zfl;t, g}ltsjfg agfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f, k'gM:yfkgfsf] cjwf/0ff af]s]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQm hGdl;4 ck/fwL x'Fb}g / p;nfO{ ck/fwL agfpgsf] nflu ;fdflhs tTjx¿, kl/j]z / kl/l:yltn] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .16 ck/fwLnfO{ x}g, ck/fw x'gsf sf/0f klxrfg u/L To:tf sf/s

tTjx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]df ck/fw cfkm}df lgd{"n x'G5 . ck/fwLnfO{ xf]Og ck/fwnfO{ 3[0ff ug'{ k5{ / ck/fwLnfO{ xf]Og, ck/fwnfO{ ;dfKt kfg'{ kb{5 eGg] klg o;n] dfGotf /fVb5 .17 ck/fwLnfO{ ;fdflhs /f]uLsf] ¿kdf

x]/L lrlsT;sn] la/fdL lgsf] kf/] h:t} ck/fwLnfO{ pkrf/ dfkm{t ;an, ;Ifd, cg'zfl;t, g}ltsjfg agfO{ To:tf] ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f / k'gM:yfkgf ub{}{ ;dfhdf k'gM :yflkt x'g ;Sg] of]Uo JolQmdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{' kb{5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dfGotf xf] .18 kmf}}hbf/L

s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !# sf] v08 -3_ df ;hfosf] p2]Zox? cGtu{t æs;"/bf/nfO{ ;dfhdf k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf ;'wf/ ug]{Æ Joj:yf u/L o; l;4fGtnfO{ c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] P]gdf ;fd'[bflos ;]jf, s}b ;hfo lgnDag ug{], ;'wf/ u[xdf k7fpg ;lsg], v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg], Kof/f]n / k|f]j]zg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf 14 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL g+= (, k[= $( . 15 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL %, k[= !*% . 16 Subhash C. Gupta, ‘Capital Punishment in India’, 1980, Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi. 17 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL g+= (, k[= %) . 18 http://ijsard.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/011/THEORIES-OF-PUNISHMENT-WITH-SPECIAL-REFERENCE-TO-

PREVENTIVE-REFORMATIVE-THEORIES-By-Mohd-Imrancompilation-volume-3-issue-2.pdf.


;fy} bkmf #) df ;fdflhsLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L o; l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

@@=@=$ lgjf/0ffTds l;4fGt

ck/fwLaf6 yk ck/fw x'g glbg ;dfhaf6 6f9f /fVg] jf yk ck/fw ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{] cjwf/0ff o; l;4fGtn] cFufNb5 . ck/fw ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;dfhaf6 cnu ul/Pdf ck/fw lgoGq0f x'G5 eGg] dfGotf o; l;4fGtn] ub{5 . ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;dfhaf6 cnu ug{ ;s]df p;af6 c? yk ck/fw x'Fb}g . ck/fw u/L s}b b08sf] ;hfo tf]sL To:tf] ;hfo sfof{Gjog u/fpg To:tf JolQmnfO{ sf/fuf/df /flvG5 . ck/fwLnfO{ s}bsf nflu sf/fjf;df /flvg] k|rng ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] xf] . o;nfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;a} d'n'sdf cEof; ub{} cfPsf] kfOG5 .19 d'n'sL kmf}bfh/L sfo{ljlw

;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf ^& df uDeL/ / h3Go k|s[ltsf s;"/df ;+nUg cleo'QmnfO{ d'2fsf] ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf g} y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'k{If ug{] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf $! df cfhGd s}b x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ;f] ;+lxtf nufot k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf ljleGg s;"/df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf cg';f/ s}b ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] s7f]/tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{] ;Gbe{df o; l;4fGt cg';f/ ;hfosf] k|jGw ul/G5 .

@=# ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf l;4fGtx¿

@=#=! ;dfg'kflts ;hfosf] l;4fGt

ck/fwsf] cg'kftdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ l;4fGt xf] . s;"/bf/n] u/]sf] cfk/flws sfo{sf] bf]ifsf] dfqf / ck/fwsf] uDEfL/tfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;f]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{] dfGotf o;n] /fVb5 . o;df Quantum of punishment and degree of offence x]l/G5 . Pp6} ck/fw eP klg ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg ;a} ck/fwLx?nfO{ Pp6} / ;dfg b08 lbg' x'F+b}g . s;"/bf/sf] lhDd]jf/L -Culpability_, e"ldsf, o;sf] sfo{af6 ePsf] xflg gf]S;fgL -Extent of Damage_ ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f u/L pko'Qm ;hfo rog

19 k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL %, k[= !*% .


@=@=$ lgjf/0ffTds l;4fGt

@=# ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf l;4fGtx¿

@=#=! ;dfg'kflts ;hfosf] l;4fGt

ug{' kb{5 . ck/fwsf] cg'kftsf] lgwf{/0f p;n] u/]sf] ck/flws sfo{sf] bf]ifsf] dfqf / ck/fwsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/G5 . o;f] ul/Pdf ck/fwLnfO{ klg p;n] u/]sf] ck/flws sfo{ jfkt ef]Ug'kg]{ eGbf a9L ;hfo ef]Ug'gkg]{ / ck/fwaf6 kLl8t tyf cGo ;j{;fwf/0fsf] gh/df klg ck/fwLn] pko'Qm ;hfo kfPsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ eO{ lgh;Fu abnf lng] efjgf jf cGo k|sf/sf] t'if ;dfKt x'g] eO{ ;Gt'i6L ldNg] ljZjf; lnOG5 .20 o;

l;4fGtnfO{ kmf}}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !$ sf] v08 -s_ df æ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ s;"/sf] uDeL/tf / s;"/bf/sf] bf]ifsf] dfqf cg';f/ ;hfo ;dfg'kflts eGbf a9L x'g gx'g]Æ / v08 -3_ df æPseGbf a9L s;"/sf] nflu ;hfo ubf{ jf s'g} s;"/df ;hfo ef]lu/x]sf] s;"/bf/nfO{ csf]{ s;"/ jfkt ;hfo ubf{ ;du| ;hfo plrt / ;dfg'kflts eGbf a9L x'g gx'g]Æ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

@@=#=@= cfjZos ;hfosf] l;4fGt

s;"/bf/nfO{ cfjZos eGbf a9L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ gx'g] dfGotf of] l;4fGtn] /fVb5 . slt ;hfo cfjZos xf] eGg] ;hfosf] p2]Zosf] cfwf/df x]g{' kb{5 . ;hfosf] p2]Zosf] ;DaGwdf kmf}}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !# df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo ug{' s]jn ;hfosf nflu geO{ s'g} vf; p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;hfo ug]{ ul/G5 . olb sd ;hfon] g} ;f] p2]Zo k|fKt x'G5 eg] cgfjZos ?kdf a9L ;hfo ug{' x'Fb}g . cfjZos eGbf a9L ;hfo ugf{n] s;"/bf/df Gofo / Joj:yf k|lt c;Gtf]if k}bf ub{5 / o;n] lghdf /fHo / ;dfhk|lt ;Ddfgsf] efjgf eGbf 3[0ff / å]ifsf] efjgf hufpF5 h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k /fHo / ;dfhk|lt k|ltls|of hgfpg] pkfosf] ?kdf k'gM cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'G5 .21 kmf}}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_

P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf bkmf !$ sf] v08 -v_ df æ;hfosf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ cfjZos x'g] eGbf rsf]{ ;hfo x'g gx'g]Æ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

20 /f=Gof=k|= -@)&)_, kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf]

ljw]os, kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)^&, bkmfjf/ JofVofTds l6Kk0fL, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ M /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg, g]kfn, k[= @* .

21 P]hg, k[= @( .


@=#=# ;;dfg ;hfosf] l;4fGt

Gofosf nflu ;dfgtf cfjZos x'G5 . ;dfgtf Gofosf] cfwf/zLnf xf] . ;dfgtf Gofosf] k"jf{wf/ xf] . ;dfgtf sfod x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf g} Gofok"0f{ cj:yf xf] . s;"/bf/ aLr klg ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/g' kb{5 . ;dfg cleof]u, s;"/df ;dfg ;+nUgtf / ;dfg kl/l:yltsf s;"/bf/nfO{ ;dfg ;hfo ug{] dfGotf o;df lglxt /xG5 . p:t} kl/l:yltdf 36]sf] s;"/df csf]{ s;"/bf/nfO{ klxn] lbOPsf] ;hfo;Fu cldNbf] jf c;dfg x'g] u/L ;hfo ug{' x'Fb}g . ;hfo tf]Sg] dfks lglZrt x'g' kb{5 . cyf{t ;dfg l:Yfltsf s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ a]Unfa]Un} lsl;dn] km/s ;hfo tf]Sg' x'Fb}g eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . ;dfg cleof]u nfu]sf ;dfg kl/l:yltsf s;"/bf/x?nfO{ lbOg] ;hfodf c;dfgtf x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dd{ xf] . kmf}}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf bkmf !$ sf] v08 -u_ df æp:t} kl/l:yltdf 36]sf] s;"/sf] csf]{ s;"/bf/nfO{ klxn] lbOPsf] ;hfo;Fu cldNbf] jf c;dfg ;hfo x'g gx'g]Æ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

@=#=$= clGtd ljsNksf] ¿kdf s}b ;hfosf] l;4fGt

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf d[To'b08sf] pGd"ng kl5 s7f]/ b08sf] ?kdf s}b b08sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP klg sf/fuf/df s}bLsf] ;+Vof a9L /x]sf] cj:yf / ltgLx?sf] Joj:yfkg tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;d:of b]vf k/] kl5 Jofjxfl/s ?kdf s}bnfO{ clGtd ljsNksf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ;}4flGts b08 k|0ffnLdf s7f]/ s}b ;hfonfO{ ;+ej eP;Dd sfof{Gjog ug{' xF'b}g eGg] dfGotf o; l;4fGtn] /fVb5 . s;"/sf nflu cGo ;hfo kof{Kt x'g] b]lvP;Dd cbfntn] s}b ;hfo ug{' x'Fb}g . Prison or imprisonment should be treated as the last of the last resort eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . kmf}}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf bkmf !$ sf] v08 -ª_ df æs;"/sf] cg'kftdf cGo ;hfo g} kof{Kt x'g] b]lvPdf s}b ;hfo gug]{Æ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L bkmf @# df æo; P]gdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s s'g} s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo


;dfg ;hfosf] l;4fGt

@=#=$= clGtd ljsNksf] ¿kdf s}b ;hfosf] l;4fGt

ubf{ hl/jfgf / ;fd'bflos ;]jf kof{Kt gx'g] ePdf s}bsf] ;hfo ug'{ kg]{Æ sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

@@=$ b08sf df]8nx¿M ljwflosfn] kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] nflu ljwflosL sfg"gdf g} ;hfosf] af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ qmddf ljleGg tl/sfn] ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . oxL tl/sfnfO{ b08sf] gd'gf (Models of Punishment) sf] ¿kdf pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;du|df ;hfosf] gd'gfnfO{ lgDg tLg k|sf/sf gd'gfx¿ cGtu{t /fVg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 M

@=$=! ljwflosLo df]8n (Legislative Model) cfk/flws sfo{ jfkt ;hfosf] ls6fgL Joj:yf ljwflosL sfg"gd} ug]{ / ;hfosf] lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{ s'g} :jljj]sLo clwsf/ gx'g] k4lt ljwflosL k4lt xf] . of] k4ltnfO{ afWofTds ;hfo lgwf{/0f k4lt klg elgG5 . kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ^ sf] Joj:yf of] k4lt;Fu ;DalGwt Joj:yf xf] . of] df]8nsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} M d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !&& sf] pkbkmf -!_ df æs;}n] s;}sf] lgotk"j{s Hofg dfg{ jf Hofg dfg{] s'g} sfd ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}gÆ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L pkbkmf -@_ df ;f] s;"/ ug{] jf u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@=$=@ GofokflnsLo df]8n (Judicial Model) ljwflosL sfg"gn] Go"gtd / clwstd jf clwstd xbsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] / cbfntn] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] lgwf{l/t ;Ldf leq /x]/ :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k4ltnfO{ GofokflnsLo k4lt elgG5 . of] k4lt cGtu{t cbfntn] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljwflosL sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;hfosf] xb leqsf] lglZrt ;hfo tf]Sg] k4ltnfO{ c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljwflosL sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbleqsf] lglZrt ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ cbfntn] cfwf/ / sf/0f :ki6 vf]Ng' kb{5 . d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ n] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] GofofkflnsLo df]8nnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] kfOG5 . of] df]8nsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu uDeL/ / h3Go


k|s[ltsf s;"/ sfod ePsf] d'2fdf 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{' kg{] / tLg jif{ eGbf sd ;hfo x'g ;Sg] d'2fdf 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{' gkg{] b'j} k|s[ltsf d'2fdf cfs[i6 x'g ;Sb5 . o; df]8n cg';f/ k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf ;hfosf] tNnf] xb gtf]sL dflyNnf] xb dfq} tf]Sg] -h:t}M d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !*# sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ Hofg dfg{] pBf]usf] s;"/ u/]sf]df pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ b; jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]_, tNnf] / dflyNnf] xb tf]Sg] / plrt ;hfo rog cbfntnfO{ 5f]8L lbg] -;+lxtfsf] bkmf !*! sf] pkbkmf -@_ df nfk/afxLk"j{s sfd u/L Hofg df/]sf]df tLg b]lv bz jif{;Dd s}b jf tLg xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]_ u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@@=$=# k|zf;sLo df]8n (Administrative Model) d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO u/]/ cbfntn] cleo'Qmsf] sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf bf]ifL 7x/ dfq ug]{ / ;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ eGg] k|zf;sLo clwsf/Laf6 x'g] k4ltnfO{ k|zf;sLo k4lt elgG5 . o:tf] k4ltnfO{ g]kfn sfg"gn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvb}g .

@=%=;hfo lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/x¿

;hfo eg]sf] ck/fw / ck/fwLk|lt ;dfhn] JoQm ug]{ k|ltlqmof xf] . o;}n] ;hfosf p2]Zox¿ ;dfh ;fk]If x'G5g\ . ;dfhsf] cd's ck/fwk|ltsf] wf/0ff, ck/fwLk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf cflbsf cfwf/df ;hfosf p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . tyflk ;do / :yfg ljz]ifdf ;hfosf p2]Zox¿ km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5g\ .22 ;fNd08n] æ;hfosf] p2]Zo eljiosf

;+efJo ck/fwLx¿nfO{ ck/fw ug{af6 b'?T;fxg ug{', jf:tljs ck/fwLnfO{ k'gM yk ck/fw ug{af6 /f]syfd ug{' / lghnfO{ ;'wf/]/ sfg"gsf] kfng ug]{ gful/ssf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;dfhsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xf]Æ eg]sf 5g\ .23

To;}n] ;hfosf] p2]Zo /fHosf] b08 gLltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / cbfntn] s'g} s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ /fHon] /fv]sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n x'g] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ ck]Iff /flvG5 . oxL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t

22 P]hg, k[= @% . 23 P. J. Fitzerald, Salmond on Jurisprudence, p 94, Sweet & Maxwell, London (1985)


@=$=# k|zf;sLo df]8n

@=%=;hfo lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/x¿

eP/ w]/} h;f] b]zdf ;hfosf p2]Zox¿ ToxfFsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ cbfntn] oL p2]Zox¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .24 g]kfndf kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f

tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !# df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ b]xfosf s'g} jf ;a} p2]ZonfO{ ljrf/ u/L lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ s;"/ ug{ s;"/bf/ jf cGo JolQmnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{,

-v_ ;dfh jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/Iff ug]{,

-u_ kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ ;lxt Gofo k|bfg ug]{,

-3_ s;"/bf/nfO{ ;dfhdf k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf ;'wf/ ug]{,

-ª_ s;"/bf/nfO{ ;dfhaf6 cnu /fVg],

-r_ s;"/bf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{k|lt kZrftfk af]w u/fO{ kLl8t JolQm jf ;d'bfonfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg],

-5_ sfg"gåf/f lgif]lwt cfr/0fsf] lgGbf ug]{ .

o;}u/L kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !% df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf lgDg cfwf/x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ s;\"/sf] uDeL/tf / s;"/bf/sf] bf]ifsf] dfqf,

-v_ s;"/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt,

-u_ s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] jf 36fpg] cj:yfx¿,

-3_ s;"/bf/sf] cfr/0f / ljutsf] s[ofsnfk,

-ª_ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !# df plNnlvt ;hfosf] p2]Zo .

@@=%=! s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] cj:yfx¿

d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #* df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] lgDg cfwf/x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cbfntn] ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf oL cfwf/x¿nfO{ cjnDag ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eg] ;/sf/L jsLnn] s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf

24 x]g'{xf];\ a]nfotsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo P]g, @))# (Criminal Justice Act, 2003) sf] bkmf !$@,

Go'lhNof08sf] ;hfo P]g, @))@ (Sentencing Act, 2002) sf] bkmf &, Australian Capital Territory sf] Crimes (Sentencing) Act, 2005 sf] bkmf & .


cleof]hg / ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ax;sf qmddf oL ljifox¿df Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

-s_ /fi6«klt jf ;/sf/ k|d'v jf ljb]zL /fHo k|d'vsf] lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf],

-v_ /fi6«klt jf ;/sf/ k|d'v jf ljb]zL /fHo k|d'vsf] pkl:yltdf s;"/ u/]sf],

-u_ ljZjf;sf] b'¿kof]u u/L s;"/ u/]sf],

-3_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbsf] nfe p7fO{ jf b'¿kof]u u/L s;"/ u/]sf],

-ª_ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfk\mgf] kbLo st{Jo kfng ug{ nfu]sf]df afwf k'¥ofpg] jf lghnfO{ s'g} u}/sfg"gL sfd ug{ nufpg] lgotn] s;"/ u/]sf],

-r_ s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs sfof{no jf wfld{s :yndf s;"/ u/]sf],

-5_ kfFr jf kfFr eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ ;d"xdf cfaå eO{ s;"/ u/]sf],

-h_ ;fj{hlgs zflGt vnalnPsf], af9L, klx/f], e"sDk jf To:t} k|s[ltsf] b}jL k|sf]k ePsf]] dxfdf/L k}mlnPsf], clgsfn k/]sf] jf To:t} lsl;dsf] cGo s'g} ;Í6sf] nfe lnO{ s;"/ u/]sf],

-em_ xftxltof/ jf ljiffn' jf ljikmf]6s kbfy{ ;fydf lnO{ jf k|of]u u/L jf ljB't k|jfx u/L jf ljB'tLo pks/0f k|of]u u/L s;"/ u/]sf] jf xftxltof/ jf ljiffn' jf ljikmf]6s kbfy{ lnPsf] dflg;sf] d2taf6 s;"/ u/]sf],

-`_ Ps k6s s}b ;hfo kfPsf] s;"/bf/n] k'gM s;"/ u/]sf],

-6_ s'g} kfl/tf]lifs jf cfZjf;g jf nfe kfO{ jf nfe kfpg] k|nf]egdf k/L u/]sf],

-7_ cfk\mgf] ;+/If0f jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] JolQm jf lhDdfdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf],

-8_ s;}nfO{ oftgf lbO{ jf q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghGo Jojxf/ u/L s;"/ u/]sf],

-9_ Ps} jf/bftdf PseGbf a9L s;"/ u/]sf],


-0f_ Ps} jf/bftdf PseGbf a9L JolQmsf lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf],

-t_ s;}nfO{ ckx/0f u/L jf z/L/ aGws lnO{ s;"/ u/]sf],

-y_ y'gf, lx/f;t, s}b jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] JolQm lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf]

-b_ s'g} JolQmsf] ;'/Iffsf] st{Jo ePsf JolQmn] cfk"mn] ;'/Iff ug'{ kg]{ JolQmsf] lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf],

-w_ s'g} hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfosf] cl:tTj g} ljgfz ug]{ u/L hfltxTof -h]gf];fO8_ sf] p2]Zon] s;"/ u/]sf],

-g_ s'g} hft, hflt, wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfo lj?4 3[0ff pTkGg ug]{ p2]Zon] s;"/ u/]sf],

-k_ dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/ u/]sf],

-km_ lgof]lht jf ;Ël7t ¿kdf s;"/ u/]sf],

-a_ krxQ/ jif{dflysf] j[4fj:yf jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s c:j:ytfn] ubf{ xf]; 7]ufgdf g/x]sf] jf ckfËtfsf] sf/0fn] cfkm\gf] arfp ug{ ;Sg] l:yltdf gePsf] JolQm jf afnaflnsfsf] lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf],

-e_ ;jf/L jf ;fwg, ljdfg b'3{6gf jf k|fs[lts k|sf]k kbf{ p4f/ ug]{ sfddf vl6Fbf s;"/ u/]sf],

-d_ Ps k6s s'g} s;"/af6 kLl8t e};s]sf] JolQmsf lj?4 ;f]xL s;"/bf/n] csf]{ s;"/ u/]sf] .

@@=%=@ s;"/sf] uDeL/tf 36fpg] cj:yfx¿

d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #( df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf 36fpg] lgDg cj:yfx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ s;"/bf/sf] pd]/ c7f/ jif{eGbf sd jf krxQ/ jif{eGbf dfly ePsf],

-v_ s;"/bf/sf] s;"/ ug]{ lgot gePsf],

-u_ h'g JolQmsf] lj?4 s;"/ ePsf] 5 To:tf]] JolQmn] s;"/bf/nfO{ s;"/ x'g'eGbf tTsfn cl3 pQ]lht u/]sf] jf wDsL lbPsf],

-3_ s;"/bf/ jf lghsf] s'g} glhssf] gft]bf/sf lj?4 ul/Psf] s'g} uDeL/ s;"/sf] k|ltsf/sf] ¿kdf tTsfn} s;"/ ePsf],


-ª_ s;"/bf/n] :j]R5fn] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf] jf To:tf]] s;"/ u/] jfkt kZrftfk u/]sf],

-r_ s;"/bf/n] ;DalGwt clwsf/L ;dIf cfTd;d{k0f u/]sf],

-5_ s;"/bf/n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbO;s]sf] jf lbg d~h'/ u/]sf],

-h_ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ckfËtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s;"/bf/sf] Ifdtf x«f; ePsf],

-em_ kLl8t kIf / ;dfhnfO{ x'g uPsf] xflg, gf]S;fgLsf] dfqf pNn]vgLo gb]lvPsf],

-`_ cbfntdf ;fFrf] s'/f JoQm u/L Goflos k|s[ofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf],

-6_ s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L eljiodf kmf}hbf/L s;"/ gug]{ k|lta¢tf JoQm u/]sf],

-7_ s;}sf] axsfp jf bafadf ck/fw u/]sf] .

@@=^ t'ngfTds cWoog

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ n] s;"/ lgwf{/0f / ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf 5'§f5'§} ;'g'jfO ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf nflu of] gf}nf] cEof; xf] . oBlk ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf of] cEof; klxNo} b]lv cjnDag x'b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tL dWo] s]xL b]zsf] ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf af/]df ;+If]kdf oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg b]zsf] o; ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf / cEof; ;/sf/L jsLnsf nflu klg ;fGble{s x'g ;S5 .

ef/t

ef/tsf] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 sf] bkmf #@% df After hearing arguments and points of law (if any), the judge shall give a judgment in the case eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePsf]df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] k|Zgdf sfg"g cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL bkmfdf o:tf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . "If the accused is convicted, the judge shall, unless he proceeds in accordance with the provision of section 360; hear the accused on the question of sentence, and then pass sentence on him according the law." of] Joj:yf cg';f/


@=^ t'ngfTds cWoog

ef/t

ef/tdf 5'§f5'§} ¿kdf s;"/ lgwf{/0f / ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO x'g] u/]sf] cEof; b]lvG5 .

aa]nfot

a]nfotn] The Penalties and Sentence Act, 1992 for Queensland / The Criminal Justice Act, 2003 df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . a]nfotdf ToxfFsf] Sentencing Council n] ;g\ 2018 df ;hfo lgwf{/0f lgb]{lzsf agfPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ General Sentencing Guideline elgG5 . pQm dfu{ lgb]{zg cg';f/ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ lgDg cfwf/x¿df cfwfl/t eP/ ug'{ kg]{ pNn]v 5 .

sfg"gL ;hfo, s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] jf 36fpg] cfwf/, cleo'Qmn] cfkm'n] s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, ck/fwsf] vt/f, ;hfo ;DaGwL ;fdfGo l;4fGt, kLl8tnfO{ e/fpg'kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ jf s'g} cfb]]z, cleo'Qmn] w/f}6Ldf 5'6]sf] eP ;f] sf] d"NofÍg, cfk/flws ls|ofsnfkdf nfu]kl5 ck/fwLn] lnPsf] cfly{s nfe, ck/fwLsf] cfly{s l:ylt, k|ltjfbLsf] afgL Jojxf/ .

Go'lhNof08

Go'lhNof08n] The Sentencing Act, 2002 df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

ci6]«lnof

ci6]«lnofn] The Criminal (Sentencing) Act, 2005 for capital city, The Sentencing Act, 1995 for West Australia and The Criminal Sentencing Act, 1988 for South Australia lgdf{0f u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . a]nfot, Go'lhNof08 / ci6]«lnofsf] ;hfo lgwf{/0f sfg"gx¿df o; ;DaGwL d'Vo Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M


s]xL lglZrt / vf; cj:yfsf s;"/df afx]s ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;'g'jfO v'nf x'g],

s;"/bf/ -k|ltjfbL_ n] s;"/ u/]sf] s'/fdf OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO x+F'bfsf jvt lghsf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ x'G5 . k|s[ofut ;xhtfsf nflu >Jo b[io ;+jfb lel8of] sGkm/]G;_ dfkm{t klg s;"/bf/nfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg ;lsG5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ sfg"gL k|ltlglwTjsf] cj;/ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

tf]lsPsf cj:yfdf afx]s Ps jf w]/} s;"/ jfkt ;hfo hf]8]/ ug{ kfOb}g . t/ hl/jfgf / Ifltk"lt{sf xsdf of] s'/f nfu" xF'b}g .

s}b / hl/jfgf 5'§f5'§} ;hfo x'Gf] Joj:yf 5 . ;hfosf p2]Zoaf/] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg

lnO{ To;sf cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ cEof; /x]sf] 5 .

;hfo lgwf{/0f cfb]z lnlvt ¿kdf x'g'kg]{ / s;"/bf/nfO{ To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

hl/jfgf eGbf ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ e/fOg] Ifltk"lt{n] k|fyldstf kfp5 .

s}bsf] ;§f ;fd"bflos ;]jfdf /flvg] / To;sf] cjlw ;d]tsf Joj:yfksLo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf ul/Psf] 5 .

s;"/sf] uDeL/tf / s;"/bf/sf] bf]ifsf] dfqfsf] cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .

Sentencing Council / Sentencing Advisory Panel ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

ccd]l/sf

cd]l/sfdf afWofTds geP klg ;hfo ;DaGwL gLltdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ US Sentencing Commission n] Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 1987 agfPsf] 5 . of] Guidelines n] d'VotM s;"/bf/n] u/]sf] s;"/sf] k|s[lt / p;n] u/]sf] s;"/n] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt tyf s;"/bf/sf] cfk/flws Oltxf;nfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .


cd]l/sf

hhfkfg

hfkfgdf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu s'g} Guidelines cf}krfl/s ¿kdf agfOPsf] 5}g . ;fy} ToxfF s;"/ lgwf{/0f tyf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"gL Joj:yf klg 5}g . tyflk hfkfgdf b08 lgwf{/0f ubf{ b08sf] p2]Zo / ck/fwsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df d'VotM Retribution, Deterrence, Rehabilitation x'g'kg]{ cEof; /x]sf] kfOG5 . cbfntaf6 ;dfg s;"/sf ;Gbe{df ;dfg b08 lbg] tyf ;/sf/L jsLnn] klg ;dfg 36gfdf ;dfg ;hfosf] dfubfaL ug]{ cEof; u/L b08df ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . ck/fwsf] k|s[lt, ck/fwaf6 ePsf] Iflt, ck/fwsf] p2]Zo, ck/fwLsf] kZrftfk, kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{, ck/fwLsf] cfk/flws Oltxf;, ck/fwLsf] cfly{s tyf kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, pd]/, :jefj, ;fdflhs jftfj/0f h:tf s'/fnfO{ dWo]gh/ u/]/ b08 / To;sf] k|s[lt lgwf{/0f ug]{ cEof; /x]sf] 5 . @=& ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt

kmf}hbf/L s;"/df s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;jf]{RRf cbfntn] ljleGg kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df / o; ;DaGwdf k/]sf l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ qmddf Goflos JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL JofVofx¿ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf cnUu} ;'g'jfO ug]{ / ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ cfwf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf o; ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g nfu" gePsf] cj:yfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf x'g\ . tyflk o; ;DaGwdf ul/Psf JofVof / k|ltkfbg ePsf l;4fGtx¿ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df klg ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfo{df cbfnt tyf ;/sf/L jsLnsf nflu ;fGble{s / dfu{bz{g x'g ;Sb5g\ . s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lgDg d'2fdf b]xfo cg';f/ JofVof ePsf] kfOG5 .

s= zflGt lj=s= lj= g]kfn ;/sf/25

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ;hfo 36fpg / b08 lgwf{/0f ug{' kbf{ lgDglnlvt cj:yf / l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ ug{' kg{] o; d'2fdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

25 g]=sf=k= @)^!, c+s ^, lg= g+=((


-s_ dfg{] ;Ddsf] dg;fo /fvL OjL cbfjt lnO{ k"j{ of]hgf agfO{ xTof ePsf] 5, 5}g <

-v_ qm'/tf / oftgfk"j{ssf] xTof,

-u_ ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / dfqf,

-3_ ck/fw ug{] JolQmsf] p2]Zo / ;fdflhs k[i7e"ld,

-ª_ ck/fw x'g' kg{] kl/l:ylt,

-r_ ck/fw ug{] JolQmsf] pd]/,

-5_ ck/fw ug{] JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfly{s / kfl/jfl/s l:ylt,

-h_ kLl8t kIfsf] /fo jf efjgf,

-em_ kLl8t kIf jf ;dfhnfO{ x'g uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL,

-~f_ ck/fwLsf] ljutsf] cfk/flws k|j[lQ,

-6_ cbfntdf ;fFrf] s'/f u/L Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u u/] gu/]sf],

-7_ s;"/ u/]df kZrftfksf] efj cfP gcfPsf],

-8_ ;'w|]/ eljiodf ck/fw gug{] jfrf u/] g/]sf],

-9_ s;}sf] jxsfj jf bjfjdf ck/fw u/] jf gu/]sf],

-0f_ h:t} d'2fsf] tYout cj:yfaf6 b]lvg] cGo pko'Qm sf/0fx¿ .

vv= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= sf/L ;bf d';x/ ;d]t26

cbfntn] s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo 36fpFbf jf xb};Dd tf]Sbf ljgf sf/0f k/Dk/fut s}b tf]Sg] jf 36fpg] k|0ffnLsf] cGTo u/L lgDg s'/f x]g{'kg]{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] o; d'2fdf eg]sf] kfOG5 .

ck/fw ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt, tof/L, if8oGq, of]hgf clEfo'Qmsf] lqmofsnfk clEfo'Qmsf] ck/flws lu/f]x;Fusf] ;+nUgtf Pj+ jf ;fF7uf7 ;+ul7t ck/fw xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f lgd{dtfk"j{s ck/fw u/] gu/]sf] s'/f

26 g]=sf=k= @)^# cs+ * lg=g=&&%@ .


v= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= sf/L ;bf d';x/ ;d]t

cleo'Qmx¿n] ck/fw ubf{ k|of]u u/]sf] xftxltof/ ;fwg jf pks/0f

clEfo'Qmsf] pd]/, rl/q, kLl8t / kLl8tsf kl/jf/nfO{ k'u]sf] Iflt k'g uNtL gbf]xf]/fpg] cj:yf cfk/flws dflkmssf] plrt s}b ;hfo

uu= ltAaltog z/0ffyL{ nf]K;fª gf]j{' nfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/27

klxnf] k6s s;"/ u/]sf s;"/bf/sf] lqmofn] ;dfhdf uDeL/ ?kdf xflg k'¥ofPsf] cj:yf 5}g, sfg"g adf]lhd j}slNks ;hfo ubf{ lghdf ;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 / o:tf] JolQm ;dfhdf ;Eo, of]Uo / ;'lzn gful/ssf] ?kdf pleg ;S5 eGg] nfUb5 eg] To:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] .

3= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= uf]ljGb sfsL{28

o; d'2fdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ Hofg dg{ uPsf] sf/0f, cj:yf / kl/l:ylt, ck/fwsf] tof/L of]hgf tyf cleo'Qm / kLl8tsf aLr k"j{ l/;OjL, ;DaGw, ck/fwdf ;+nUg cleo'Qmx¿sf] ;+Vof, k|of]u ul/Psf] xltof/, dg]{sf] z/L/df b]lvPsf] 3fpFrf]6, Hofg dfl/Psf] 7fpF, cj:yf, 36gf:yn / ;do, cleo'Qmsf] rl/q tyf cfk/flws /]s8{ pk/f]Qm s'/fx¿sf] cnfjf dg]{sf] cfk/flws /]s8{, dg]{sf] cfl>t kl/jf/, dg]{sf] 3/sf] kl/jf/sf] x}l;ot, dg]{sf] ;du| cfly{s cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

ª= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= 8lag u'?Ë ;d]t29

xTofsf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft eP klg k"j{ l/;OjLsf] l:ylt, jf/bftsf] k|s[lt, k"j{ cfk/flws rl/q, 36gfsf] uDeL/tf, tof/L / of]hgfsf] :j¿k, s;"/bf/sf] pd]/, zf/Ll/s cj:yf / kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld nufotsf s'/fx¿ ljrf/ u/L s;"/ / ;hfo aLrsf] ;dfg'kfltstf -Proportionality of Punishment_ :yflkt ug'{ g} Gofok"0f{ x'g] .

27 g]=sf=k @)^$ c+s % lg=g+= &*$% . 28 g]=sf=k @)^% c+s !! lg=g *)#( . 29 g]=sf=k=@)^&, cÍ #, lg= g+=*##) .


rr= clwjQmf Hof]tL nD;fn lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t30

o; l/6 lgj]bgdf ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{sf] nfk/jfxL, uNtL, ab\lgot cflb s'g} klg s'/fsf] :yfg x'g gx'g] eGb} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] olb To:tf] sdhf]/L x'G5 eg] ;/sf/n] To;sf] lhDdf lng'kg]{ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnfnfO{ OR5f ljk/Lt ckx/0f u/L ha/h:tL s/0fL ug'{ sfg"g ljk/Lt dfq geO{ uDeL/ zl// lj?4sf] ck/fw klg ePsfn] ;Eo dfgj ;dfhn] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ g}ltstf ljxLg sfo{ dfGb5 . o:tf] g}ltstf ljk/Ltsf] sfo{nfO{ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfGg'kg]{ l;4fGt o; d'2fdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .

5= k'0ok|;fb cof{n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t31

o; l/6 lgj]bgdf lgDg cg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 M

b08 tf]Sbf jf lgwf{/0f ubf{ /fHon] b08sf] k|of]u :jR5Gbtfk"j{s ug]{ geO{ /fHosf] ;Ifd lgsfo ljwflosfn] j}wflgs ¿kdf agfPsf] sfg"gn] :ki6 ¿kdf ck/fw egL kl/eflift u/L lgif]w u/]sf] dfgjLo sfo{ s;}n] u/]df :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] sfo{ljlwx¿nfO{ kl/kfngf u/L ;Ifd lgsfo jf cbfntn] dfq b08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . b08 :jefj}n] kL8fo'Qm x'g], b08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmsf] OR5f ljk/Lt /fHosf] zlQmåf/f tf]lsg] / sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] :ki6 ;}4flGts cfwf/ x'g'kg]{ .

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/]sf k|d'v b08 -Fundamental Penalty_ jf ck/fwsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ d'Vo b08;Fu} cGo k|sf/sf b08 klg lbg] egL sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cltl/Qm b08 -Additional Penalty_ tyf k|d'v b08sf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf k|d'v b08nfO{ vf/]h gu/L ;zt{ ¿kdf lgnDag u/L o;sf] ljsNkdf ;xh vfnsf b08 tf]Sg]

30 g]=sf=k=@)^&, cÍ !!, lg= g+=*%)& . 31 g]=sf=k=@)^(, cÍ &, lg= g+=**%$ .


r= clwjQmf Hof]tL nD;fn lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

5= k'0ok|;fb cof{n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

j}slNks b08 -Alternative Penalty_ ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0fx¿ b08 k|0ffnLdf cfTd;ft ug{'kg]{ .

ck/fwsf] k|s[lt, cj:yf, c;/ / uDeL/tf h:tf b08 lgwf{/0fsf ljljw tTjx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;fgfltgf ck/fwsf] k'g/fj[lQ gxf];\ / s;"/bf/n] klg ;'l„g] df}sf kfO{ Pp6f c;n gful/s aGg ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] b08sf] ;'wf/fTds l;4fGt -Reformative Theory_ cjnDag u/L Gofostf{n] pko'Qm b08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt gx'g] .

hh= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= zfGtL jnL ;fsL{ ;d]t32

;hfosf] p2]Zosf ;DaGwdf JofVof ub{} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;hfosf] k|of]hg s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ck/fw af]w u/fpg' xf], abnf lng' xf]Og . ;hfosf] k|of]hg ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ eljiodf cfkm"nfO{ ;'wfg]{ cj;/ lbg' xf], lghnfO{ ;dfKt g} ul/lbg] xf]Og eGb} Gofostf{n] ;hfosf] tNnf] xb tf]Sb}df sfg"gsf] pNn+3g g} ePsf] dfGg gldNg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 .

em= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= z]/axfb'/ a:g]t ;d]t33

o; d'2fdf ;hfosf] p2]Zo s;"/bf/nfO{ bl08t ug]{, To:tf] s;"/ ug{af6 c¿nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{] / sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL s;"/bf/df ck/fwsf] af]w u/fO{ ;'wf/sf] af6f]tkm{ nfUg k|]l/t ug{' xf] eGg] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ b08;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ cToGt xn'sf] 9Ën] lng ldNb}g / gfd dfqsf] ;hfo klg ug{ xF'b}g eGg] JofVof ub{} gfd dfqsf] ;hfo ug]{ s'/fn]] ;hfo ;hfo g} x'Fb}g elgPsf] 5 . ;fy} clt rsf]{ ;hfo ug]{ xf] eg] s;"/ / ;hfosf] cg'kft gldnL p2]Zo k/flht x'G5 / o;n] GofonfO{ k/f:t u5{ . ck/fwsf] Go'gLs/0f, ck/fwLdf b08sf] cg'e"lt tyf kLl8tnfO{

32 g]=sf k= @)&) c+s !, lg=g+= *($*, k[i7 !!! . 33 g]=sf=k=@)&! c+s #, lg=g+= (!#^, k[i7 #$$ .


/fxt dx;'; u/fpg] bfloTj ;d]t ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;lGglxt x'g] l;4fGtnfO{ o; d'2fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

`̀= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj¿4 /flwsf >]i734

k|tfl8t dlxnfåf/f ePsf] lx+;f / cfj]zk|]l/t xTofaLr s]xL cGt/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfj]zk|]l/t xTofdf tTsfn} p7]sf] l/;sf] sf/0f df}sfdf k|xf/ u/L xTof u/]sf] x'Fbf To;df dg;fo tTjsf] cefj /xG5 . BATTERED WOMEN SYNDROME (BWS) sf] bfaL lnOPsf] jf/bft xTof g} xf] t/ jf/bftsf] sf/s tTj eg] dg]{ JolQm :jod\ g} /x]sf] x'g] .

w]/} h;f] BWS ;'ljwf vf]lhPsf] ljjfbdf jiff}{Fb]lv k|tfl8t, 3/]n' lx+;fsf] l;sf/ ePsL dlxnf hf] kltaf6 b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ lg/Gt/ ePsf x'G5g\, rf]6, k|xf/, wSsf -Trauma_ a/fa/ kfp5g\, af/Daf/ k/k'¿ifsf] nfG5gf, b'Jo{jxf/ kfpF5g\ jf Hofg dfg]{ wDsL;d]t kfp5g\ . lghn] pQm lk8sklt, k|]dLsf] xTof df}sfdf u/]sf] geO{ s}of}F lbgkl5 Hofg hf]ufpg jf lk8s lgbfPsf] jf gzf ;]jg u/]sf] avt df}sf 5f]kL ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf] xTofsf] Ps dfq sf/0f cfj]z, 3[0ff, k|xf/af6 d'lQm jf lk8sn] dfg]{ 8/, qf;af6 d'lQm /x]sf] x'g] .

cbfntn] c=j= !** g+= sf] k|of]u st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf cj:yf x]/L ;hfodf 5'6 k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ BWS eGg] s'/f Ps k|sf/n] ;DalGwt dlxnfn] kfpg] sfg"gL ;'ljwf xf] hxfF d[ts kL8s x'G5 / dlxnf k|tfl8t x'Fbf kLl8t ePsL x'G5] . lgh dlxnfn] ug]{ ck/fw kL8fsf] pkh x'g cfpF5 . ctM c=j= !** g+= n] dfq BWS sf] ;Daf]wg x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf o;sf] nflu 5'§} sfg"gåf/f ;Daf]wg x'g cfjZos b]lvg] .

;a} tYout kl/l:ylt / cfˆg} nf]Ug]af6 x'g] u/]sf] 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t eO{ 3/sf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f g} snxdo eO{ cflht cj:yfdf k'uL cfˆg} nf]Ug]nfO{ dfg{'kg]{ cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL k'u]sf],

34 g]=sf=k=@)&!, cÍ (, lg= g+=(@$@ .


`= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj¿4 /flwsf >]i7

lghsf] b'O{ j6f gfaflnu 5f]/Lx¿;d]t /x]sf] / lgh gfaflnux¿sf] kfngkf]if0f, /]vb]v ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ tYonfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwLsf] dxnsf] !#-!_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLsf] c+zefusf] xsdf ;j{:j ug{' gkg]{ / s}bsf] xsdf !) -bz_ jif{ ;hfo x'g] u/L JoQm ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /fo dgfl;j b]lvg] .

BWS sf] cj:yf d'n'sL P]g, c=j= !** g+= sf] eGbf km/s /x]sfn] k|ltkflbt l;4fGt, kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{, ;dosf] dfu / BWS sf] ufDeLo{tf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf BWS sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ / ;f] k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg Pjd\ ljz]if1sf] /fonfO{ ;hfodf cf+lzs 5'6 jf ;hfoaf6 k"0f{ ;kmfO lbgsf] nflu k|df0fdf u|fXo agfpg pko'Qm Joj:yf x'g cfjZos b]lvg] .

66= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= s'ndfg 3n] u'?Ë ;d]t35

/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf @^-!_ df jGohGt' dfg]{ sfo{ / jGohGt'sf] cfv]6f]kxf/ /fVg];Ddsf] lglif4 sfo{nfO{ klg Ps} bkmfdf /fv] klg ;f] sfo{nfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ ljrf/ u/L ;hfo ug{ clwstd / Go'gtd ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/L Gofostf{nfO{ :jljj]sLo ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljwflosfn] lglZrt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljwflosfn] b08 lgwf{/0f ug{ lj:tfl/t k|fjwfg /fv] klg thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u cfTdut jf :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf ug{ ldNb}g . To:tf] b08sf] lgwf{/0f Gofostf{n] ;dGofo -equity_, z'4 cGt:s/0f -good conscience_, k|fs[lts Gofo -natural justice_ sf cfwf/df s;"/sf] dfqf jf ufDeLo{tf, 36gfqmd / sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kl/lw;d]tnfO{ t'nfgfTds ¿kdf cg'kflts / plrt ;Gt'ng -proportional & proper balance_ ePsf] 5 5}g Vofn u/L Goflos ¿kdf ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{ JofVof o; d'2fdf ul/Psf] 5 .

35 g]=sf=k=@), cÍ %, lg= g+= (^)@ .


77= d'Ggf k|hf ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/36

s'g} s;"/df PseGbf a9L k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ tT;DaGwL P]gsf] Pp6} bkmfsf] ;hfosf] dfu ul/Psf] eP klg sfg"gn] lg0f{ostf{nfO{ ljj]s k|of]u ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L jf/bftdf JolQm lkR5] k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf, e"ldsf h:tf ljifox¿ klxrfg u/L jf/bft 36fpg g]t[Tj lnPsf], ;xfossf] e"ldsfdf /x]sf], cfkm}F k|xf/ u/]sf], uf}F8f s'/]sf], ;'/fsLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf], nfe lng] sfo{df ;xefuL eP gePsf], xftlxtof/sf] aGbf]a:t cflb u/] gu/]sf] nufotsf y'k|} ljifox¿sf cfwf/df cd's s;"/ 36fpgdf s'g} k|ltjfbLsf] s] slt e"ldsf / lx:;f 5 ToxL cfwf/df s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ ;hfo lgwf{/0f x'g] x'Fbf Pp6} lsl;dsf] cleof]u bfaL ePsf ;a} k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ ;dfg ;hfo x'g'k5{ egL dfGg gldNg] .

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pNnª\3gsf nflu ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljleGg l;4fGt / cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . Mitigating factors eGgfn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ cbfntn] s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofPkl5 lghnfO{ sd ;hfo ug{ ldNg] cfwf/x¿nfO{ al'emG5 eg] Aggravating factors eGgfn] s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / clwstd ;hfo ug{] cfwf/x¿nfO{ al'emG5 . Mitigating factors sf nflu hf] lj?4 ck/fw ePsf] 5 . p;}sf] pS;fx6sf] sf/0f ck/fw 36fpg s;"/bf/ k|]l/t ePsf] cj:yf, s;"/bf/sf] dflg;s cj:yf, pd]/, pQm ck/fw 36fpg s;"/bf/sf] cToGt sd e"ldsf, s;"/bf/sf] k"j{ cfk/flws /]s8{sf] cefj, ck/fw 36fpg kLl8tsf] ;+nUgtf;d]t /x]sf] cj:yf, ck/fw ubf{sf] cj:yf / kl/l:ylt cflbsf] cfwf/df ljwflosfn] Go'gtd ;hfo ug{] u/L sfg"gdf g} Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] jf lg0f{ostf{ -Judge_ nfO{ tT;DaGwL ljj]s k|of]u ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfx¿ kb{5g\ . hasL

36 g]=sf=k=@) c+s !!, lg=g+= (&!$, k[i7 @!@^ .


7= d'Ggf k|hf ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ Aggravating factors k6s] ck/fwL, kLl8tnfO{ k'u]sf] Ifltsf] uDeL/tf, s;"/ 36fpg s;"/bf/sf] g]t[Tjk"0f{ e"ldsf, ;fdflhs ¿kdf cToGt lgs[i6 / cg}lts dflgg] s;"/, kbsf] cf8df ul/g] s;"/ / qm"/ tyf oftgfk"0f0f{ tj/n] ul/Psf] ck/fw, ck/fwdf 3fts xltof/sf] k|of]u cflb h:tf cfwf/df ljwflosfn] clwstd ;hfo ug{] egL sfg"gdf g} Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] jf lg0f{ostf{nfO{ tT;DaGwdf ljj]s k|of]u ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yf? kb{5g, xfd|f] k|rlnt g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf klg s;"/bf/nfO{ s'g} s;"/sf nflu blfoTj axg u/fpg] ;DaGwL ljleGg l;4fGtx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOg] .

s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ ;hfo x'g] eGg] s'/f s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf Mitigating jf Aggravating factors l;t ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . s;"/sf] dfqf eg]sf] tYo / k|df0faf6 s'g} s;"/ 36fpg s'g} JolQmsf] s] s:tf] ;+nUgtf / e"ldsf 5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{] xf] . s'g} jf/bftdf d'Vo eO{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{], ;xof]u ug{], nfe lng], of]hgf agfpg], jftfj/0f tof/ ul/lbg] cflb ljleGg e"ldsfx¿sf nflu sfg"gn] 5'§f5'§} cfk/flws bfloTj to u/]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6} s;"/df PseGbf w]/} s;"/bf/x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf tLdWo] k|To]s s;"/bf/sf] pQm jf/bft 36fpg s] s:tf] / s] slt ef/ k5{ ToxL s;"/sf] dfqf x'g cfpg] .

88= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= z}n]]Gb| >]i737

ck/fwLnfO{, ;hfo ug{'sf] p2]Zo ck/fwLaf6 ;dfhsf] ;'/Iff ug{', eljiodf To; k|sf/sf ck/fw ug{ pGd'v JolQmnfO{ xtf]T;flxt u/fpg', cfkm"n] u/]sf] ck/fwsf] k|folZrt u/fO{ lghnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L ef]ln sfg"gk/fo0f gful/s agfO{ ;dfhdf k'gM:yflkt ug{' / kLl8t kIfnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbnfpg' xf] . To;}n] ck/fwsf] k|s[lt, jf/bft x'Fbfsf] cj:yf / kl/l:ylt kLl8t kIfn] jf/bftdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf, lk8s cyf{t s;"/bf/n] ck/fw 36]kl5 v]n]sf] e"ldsf /

37 g]=sf=k=@)&$, cÍ !, lg= g+= (&$& .


36gfk|lt cfkm"n] u/]sf] k|folZrt ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ck/fw / ;hfodf ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L ;hfo lbOg' / x'g' kg]{ .

9= /fd]Zj/ >]i7 lj= g]kfn ;/sf/38

ljwflosfn] ;hfosf] Go'gtd / clwstd xb tf]s]sf]df Gofostf{n] s;"/ ubf{sf] ;do kl/l:ylt, ;f]af6 kLl8tnfO{ kg{ uPsf] Iflt tyf ;fdflhs k|efj, kLl8tsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s cj:yf, s;"/bf/sf] pd]/ tyf cj:yf, s;"/sf] dfqf tyf ufDeLo{tf h:tf s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L cfˆgf] ljj]sn] plrt b]v]sf] ;hfo tf]Sg ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . olb o;f] ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] sfg"gn] o;/L Go'gtd / clwstd ;hfosf] ;Ldf tf]Sg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xFb}g . s]xL u/L o:tf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u plrt cfwf/ sf/0flagf Goflos dgsf] k|of]u gu/L b'¿kof]u ePsf] b]lvPdf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf x]g{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 .

;'¿n] :jljj]sflwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf ;d]t ;b/ eO{ ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg g} nfUg g;Sg] cj:yfdf eg] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]bf{ ;f] nfO{ x]/L cGoyf eGg ;lsg] gb]lvg] .

0f= eLdaxfb'/ g]kfnL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/39

;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ Gofostf{n] Goflos dgsf] k|of]u Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ug{' kb{5 . P]gn] lbPsf] thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ s;"bf/x¿ k6s] ck/fwL eP gePsf], ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xdf /x] g/x]sf], afns, a[4 jf czQm cflbnfO{ k|of]u u/] gu/]sf] ;d]tsf ck/fw ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ePsf ;fwg, k|s[of / k4ltsf cltl/Qm bzLsf] k|s[lt / dfqfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVg'kg]{ .

38 g]=sf=k=@)&$, cÍ @, lg= g+= (&^% . 39 g]=sf=k= @)&^ c+s @ lg=g= !)!(* .


9= /fd]Zj/ >]i7 lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

0f= eLdaxfb'/ g]kfnL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

@@=* ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g, @)&%

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !@, !#, !$, !%, !^ / !& df ePsf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;dfGo dfu{bz{g, @)&% hf/L u/]sf] 5 . of] dfu{bz{g GofofwLzx¿sf nflu ;fdfGo dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf u/]sf ;hfosf] km/flsnf] cGt/ / Goflos :jljj]snfO{ j:t'lgi6 ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ / Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zo dfu{bz{gn] /fv]sf] 5 . d"nt dfu{bz{gn] s;"/sf] uDeL/tf, s;"/bf/sf] bf]ifLkgf, s;"/af6 k'Ug ;Sg] hf]lvd / kLl8tnfO{ k'u]sf] Iflt ;d]tsf cfwf/df s;"/sf] ju{ ljefhg u/L s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] cj:yfsf cfwf/df s}b ;hfosf] cjlw a9fpg] / uDeL/tf 36fpg] cj:yfsf cfwf/df s}b ;hfosf] cjlw 36fpg] u/L s}b ;hfosf] cfwf/ ljGb' cyf{t z'?jftL laGb' ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ljleGGf !* k|s[ltsf s;"/df k|To]s s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/ / s;"/sf] ju{ ljefhg / ;hfo lgwf{/0fsfsf nflu !% j6f r/0fx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .40 pQm dfu{bz{g ;jf]{RRf cbfntsf] j]j;fO6df pknAw

/x]sf] 5 .

klxnf] r/0fM s;"/df x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf/df s;"/sf] ju{ ljefhg ug]{,

o; cGtu{t s;"/df s;"/bf/nfO{ x'g] s}bsf] dflyNnf] / tNnf] xbsf] ;hfosf] bfo/f km/flsnf] /x]sf]df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf, bf]lifkgf / kLl8tnfO{ k'u]sf] Iflt ;d]tsf cfwf/df pko'Qm ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ s;"/sf] ju{ ljefhg ug{"kg]{ / dfu{bz{gdf tf]lsPsf cfwf/df s;"/sf] ju{ ljefhg ug]{ . ;hfosf] bfo/f km/flsnf] gePsf] s;"/df ju{ ljefhg ug{ cfjZos gx'g] .

bf];|f] r/0fM s}b ;hfosf] cfwf/ laGb' Plsg ug]{ -;DalGwt sfg"gsf] bkmfdf ePsf] ;hfosf] bfo/fsf cfwf/df cfwf/ laGb' Plsg ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu

40 ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g @)&% ;jf]{RRf cbfnt


s'g} s;"/df rf/ jif{ b]lv ;ft jif{;DDf ;hfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf]df ;hfosf] cfwf/ ljGb' % jif{ s}b x'g;Sg] .

tt];|f] r/0fM ;hfosf] p2]Zo ljrf/ ug]{ -;hfo lgwf{/0f P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !# adf]lhd_

rf}yf] r/0fM ;du|tfdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ -;hfo lgwf{/0f P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !!-@_, bkmf !$ / bkmf !% adf]lhdsf cfwf/df ug]{ .

kfFrf} r/0fM s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug]{ -ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #* / #( df plNnlvt cj:yfx¿_

5}7f} r/0fM s;"/bf/nfO{ x'g] s}b Plsg ug{] .

;ftf} r/0fM hl/jfgf Plsg ug]{ .

cf7f}+ r/0fM yk ;hfo x'g] eP ;f] lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

gjf} r/0fM ;hfodf sdL jf 5'6sf] cj:yf eP ;f] cg';f/ 5'6 lbg] .

bzf}+ r/0fM s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt ;fwg jf ;DklQ hkmt x'g] eP ;f] hkmt ug]{ .

P3f/f}+ r/0fM kLl8tnfO{ e/fpg] ljuf] Plsg ug]{ .

afx|f} r/0fM kLl8tnfO{ e/fpg] Ifltk"lt{ / Ifltk"lt{ z'Ns Plsg ug]{ .

t]x|f} r/0fM cGo cfb]z ug]{ -s}b jfkt /sd ltg{ cfb]z ug{ ;lsg], ;'wf/ u[x, ;fd'bflos ;]jf cflb_

rf}wf}+ r/0fM g}lts ktg x'g] gx'g] s;"/sf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ .

kGw|f} r/0fM cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] km};nf tof/ ug]{ -kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !#! / ;hfo lgwf{/0f P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !& df plNnlvt s'/fx¿ km};nfdf pNN]v ug]{_


t];|f] r/0fM

rf}yf] r/0fM

kfFrf} r/0fM

5}7f} r/0fM

;ftf} r/0fM

cf7f}+ r/0fM

gjf} r/0fM

bzf}+ r/0fM

P3f/f}+ r/0f

afx|f} r/0fM

t]x|f} r/0fM

rf}wf}+ r/0fM

kGw|f} r/0fM

kl/R5]b tLg

;;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L / jxg ug{' kg{] e"ldsf

#=! ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿

kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf s;"/ / ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ to ug{' cToGt} hl6n sfo{ xf] . l;4fGttM s'g} klg ck/fwdf ck/fwst{fnfO{ slt ;hfo x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;Gbe{df cfw'lgs kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qdf s;"/nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L ;hfo ug{] Punishment must fit the crime eGg] ul/G5 . d"ntM ;hfosf] s7f]/tf ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df x'g' kb{5 -The severity of punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the offences) eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf s'g} s;"/ ck/fwdf s;"/bf/nfO{ s] slt ;hfo ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;f] ck/fw s] s:tf] 36gf, cj:yf Pj+ kl/l:yltdf s;"/bf/n] s;/L u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fdf lge{/ x'G5 . j:t'tM ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg b]lv s;"/ lgwf{/0f;Ddsf x/]s r/0fdf cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{n] ug{] sfd sf/jfxLx¿ cGttM ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf ;DalGwt /xG5g\ . t;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL tyf cleof]hgsf l;nl;nfdf eP u/]sf sfo{x¿ s;"/ 7x/ / ;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lsofsf nflu klg k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o;df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|efjsf/L / lhDd]jf/ e"ldsf /xGf'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnn] b]xfo cg';f/ cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ;DaGwL sf/jfxL ug{'kg{] x'G5 .

#=!=! s;"/sf] hfx]/L, cg';Gwfg / k|df0f ;+sng

!= s;"/sf] k|s[lt, cleo'Qmsf] k"j{ cfr/0f / lqmofsnfk, cleo'Qmsf] cfly{s / kfl/jfl/s cj:yf h:tf s'/f ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf ;DalGwt /xG5g\ . z'? hfx]/L b/vf:tdf g} o:tf s'/f pNn]v x'g ;s]df s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgdf ;xh x'g] / ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf klg ;lhnf] x'g] x'Fbf o;tkm{ ;/sf/L jsLn ;hu x'g],

@= ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;j'b k|df0f s;"/ 7x/ / ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / k|df0f


;+sngdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] / cg';Gwfgsf] lg/Gt/ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{' kb{5 . o; cGtu{t s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt ef}lts tyf cGo dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f ;+sng nufotsf sfo{df lgb{]zg ug{] / cg';Gwfgstf{, ck/fw kLl8t tyf ljlwlj1fg lj1;Fu s;"/sf] cg';Gwfgsf ljifodf lg/Gt/ ;dGjo ug{],

#= k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg ;lxt k|fKt cg';Gwfgsf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] cWoog u/L s;"/ sfod ug{] k|df0f / s;"/bf/sf] ;+nUgtf b]lvg] cfwf/ / k|df0f tyf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ d2t ug{] cfwf/x¿ h:t}M s;"/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt, s;"/ ug{ k|of]u ePsf] bzL, j:t' jf rLh, s;"/bf/ / kLl8t aLrsf] ;DaGw, kLl8tnfO{ s;"/af6 k'u]sf] Iflt jf xflg, s;"/af6 ;dfhnfO{ kg{ uPsf] k|efj, s;"/bf/sf] klxn] s;"/ u/]sf] k"j{ /]s8{ cflb ljifodf cg';Gwfgaf6 ljj/0f v'nfpg / To:tf clen]vx¿ ldl;n ;+nUg ug{ lgb{]zg ug{],

$= ck/fw kLl8tsf] sfuh ubf{ jf aofg u/fpFbf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm s;"/af6 lghnfO{ k/]sf] k|efj, dfgl;s, cfly{s / dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf ePsf] Iflt nufotsf s'/f v'nfpg nufpg], o;}u/L cleo'Qmsf] cfly{s, kfl/jfl/s, z}lIfs l:ylt / cfr/0f ;d]tsf s'/fx? / ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf lghsf] wf/0ff ;d]t kLl8taf6 v'nfpg nufpg],

% 36gfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ k|df0f k|fKt x'g] 36gf:yn jf s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} :yfg Plsg u/L k|df0f ;+sngdf Wofg lbg / ;f] cg'¿k k|fKt k|df0fsf] ;+/If0f, ;+sng, KoflsË u/L j}1flgs k/LIf0f u/fpg nufpg] s'/fdf lgb]{zg ug]{,

^ 36gf:yndf km]nf k/]sf k|df0f nfUg ;Sg] lrhj:t' tyf tYox¿ / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df s;"/sf] ulDe/tf a9fpg] jf 36fpg] cfwf/ cg';Gwfgaf6 :yflkt u/fpg] .

##=!=@ cleo'Qmsf] aofg

!= cleo'Qmsf] aofgdf klxn] s'g} s;"/ u/] gu/]sf] / ;hfo kfP gkfPsf] s'/f, s;"/df ;+nUgtf, s;"/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt, s;"/ ug{ k|of]u ePsf] rLh, s;"/bf/ / kLl8t aLrsf] ;DaGw tyf cleo'Qmsf] JolQmut,


#=!=@ cleo'Qmsf] aofg

kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld nufotsf s'/f l;nl;n]jf/ ¿kdf v'nfpg],

@= cg';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt ;a'b k|df0f, tYo, ;fIfLsf] egfO{ Joxf]/f, ljz]if1sf] /fo jf k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf cleo'Qmsf] aofgdf :ki6 ¿kdf v'nfpg nufO{ s] s:tf] cj:yf, k|s[lt Pj+ tf}/tl/sfaf6 ;f] jf/bft ul/Psf] xf] eGg] h:tf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu cfwf/ x'g] s'/f / dfkg ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ :ki6 v'Ng] u/L aofg u/fpg],

#= cleo'Qmsf kLl8t;Fusf] k"j{ ;DaGw tyf s;"/af6 k|fKt ePsf] jf x'g] nfe / s;"/af6 ePsf] Ifltsf s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf v'nfpg],

$= cleo'Qm tyf kLl8tsf] pd]/ tyf cj:yf v'nfpg],

%= cleo'Qmsf] aofgdf ck/fwsf] k[i7e"ld / sf/0f, ck/fwdf lghsf] ;+UnUgtf, cleo'Qmsf] ck/fw ug{] dg;fosf] txut cj:yf, ck/fwdf ;+UnUg cGo JolQmx¿ / lghx¿sf] s;"/df e"ldsf, ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt lrhj:t' cflb k|i6 v'Ng] u/L u/fpg],

^= cleo'Qmn] cfkm\gf] ;+/If0f jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] JolQm jf lhDdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] lj?4 s;"/ u/]sf] eP :ki6 v'nfpg],

&= d'2fsf] k|s[lt / To;n] kLl8t pk/ kfg{ ;Sg] c;/sf] cfwf/df uf]kgLotf sfod ug{' kg{] b]lvPsf anfTsf/, ue{ktg, of}g b'Ao{jxf/, dfgj a]rlavg, hLp df:g] a]Rg], xf8gftf s/0fL Pj+ dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f nufotsf d'2fdf kLl8tsf] ¿kdf dlxnf ePsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿, afnaflnsf kIf ePsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿ / Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\;af6 k|efljt jf ;+qmldt JolQmx¿;Fu ;DalGwt To:tf] ljj/0f v'n]sf d'2fx¿df kl/rofTds ljj/0f uf]Ko /fVg], /fVg nufpg] .

*= cleo'Qmsf] aofg u/fpFbf lghsf] kmf]6f] ;d]t ;+UnUg u/L tLg k':t] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] :ki6 gfd, pkgfd, y/, jtg, pd]/, /fli6«o kl/rokq jf gful/stf jf kf;kf]6{ gDa/, ;Dks{ gDa/, uNnL jf 6f]n gDa/, km\ofS;, O{d]n ;d]tsf ljj/0fx¿ v'Ng] u/L pNn]v ug{], ;fy} s'g} cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf] eP kqmfp cleo'Qmaf6 km/f/ cleo'Qmsf] pNn]lvt ljj/0f :ki6 v'nfpg],


(= aofg u/fpg' kg{] cleo'Qmn] g]kfnL efiff a'em\g g;Sg] eP lghsf] efiff a'em\g ;Sg] bf]efif] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/L dfly pNn]lvt ljifoj:t' ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L To:tf cleo'Qmsf] aofg u/fpg' kg{] .

!)= Ps k6s cleo'Qmsf] aofg eO{ ;s] kl5 cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt k|df0fsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgsf l;nl;nfdf yk :ki6tf ug{' kg{] eP tltDaf aofg u/fpg] .

!!= ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt / ;f] k|s[ofdf d2t k'Ug] ljifosf ;jfn ;d]t /fvL aofg u/fpg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg], ;hfodf sdL x'g'kg]{ jf 5'6 x'g'kg]{ ljifodf ;d]t aofg u/fO{ lghsf] egfO{ clen]lvt ug]{,

##=!=# cleof]ukq tof/L / v'nfpg' kg{] s'/fx¿

;hfo lgwf{/0f cleof]u bfaL cg';f/ cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] s;"/ 7x/ ePkl5 cbfntn] ug]{ Goflos k|s[of xf] . tyflk ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukqdf bfaL u/]sf] s;"/ / ;f] s;"/df cleo'Qmsf] ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/, cleo'QmnfO{ x'g'kg{] ;hfo / Ifltk"lt{sf] dfubfaL tyf ;hfodf 5'6 nofutsf s'/fx¿ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf cbfntn] x]g{] ljifox¿ ePsfn] cleof]ukq tof/Ldf ;/sf/L jsLnn] oL s'/fdf uDeL/ ¿kdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 . o'j/fh zdf{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] æcbfntn] bfaL eGbf aflx/ jf bfaL eGbf a9L ;hfo x'g] u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gÆ eGg] :ki6 JofVof u/]sf] 5 . 41 ;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cfwf/e"t / d"n bfaL eg]sf] cleof]ukq jf cf/f]kkqdf lnOPsf] bfaL g} xf] . To;}sf cfwf/df g} cbfntaf6 s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo x'g] jf gx'g] egL 7x/ x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cbfntn] cleof]u bfaL lnOPsf] eGbf a9L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x'g] u/L lg0f{o lbg ldNb}g . tyflk dfu bfaL lnOPsf] ;hfosf] bfo/fleq} /xL ;a'b k|df0fsf] j:t'lgi6 d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df Goflos lgisif{df k'Ug] clwsf/ cbfntdf cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] Goflos dfGotf :yflkt 5 .

41 g]=sf=k= @)^* c+s ( lg= g+= ***^


#=!=# cleof]ukq tof/L / v'nfpg' kg{] s'/fx¿

;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{ Pj+ cbfntdf k]z ubf{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgDg ljifodf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@ df plNnlvt lgDg s'/fx¿ pNn]v u/L cleof]ukq tof/ ug]{,

cleo'Qmsf] k"/f gfd, y/, 7]ufgf, x'lnof, pd]/, k]zf jf Joj;fo, cleo'Qmsf] afa', cfdf jf klt, kTgLsf] gfd, cleo'Qm a;f]af; u/]sf] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf, j8f g+=, ufpF,

6f]n, eP;Dd Ans g+=,

cleo'Qmsf] jf:tljs klxrfg x'g] ljj/0f, lghsf] kmf]6f], gful/stf jf /fxbfgL pNn]v ug]{, ;fy} lghsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yf ;d]t pNn]v ug]{,

c?sf]] 3/df 8]/f u/L a;]sf] eP 3/wgLsf] gfd, y/ / 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] ljj/0f,

s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfsf] Joxf]/f, s;"/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, cleo'Qmn] s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug]{ b;L, k|df0fsf] ljj/0f, cleo'Qm pk/ nufOPsf] cleof]u / To;sf] cfwf/ / sf/0fx¿, s'g} cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf eP lghsf] ;DklQ tyf cGo ljj/0f /

lgh s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f,

cleof]u nufOPsf] s;"/af6 cleo'Qmsf] g}lts ktg x'g] ePdf ;f]sf] nflu dfubfaL,

k|of]u x'g' kg]{ ;DalGwt sfg'g / To;sf] sf/0f, cleo'QmnfO{ x'g' kg]{ ;hfosf] dfubfaL / To;sf] sf/0f, s;"/af6 Iflt k'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg' kg]{ eP To:tf]

Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd,

s;"/sf] k|s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt cGo cfjZos s'g} s'/f eP To;sf] ljj/0f .


cleo'Qmn] klxn] s'g} s;"/df ;hfo kfO;s]sf] jf lgh pk/ cGo s'g} d'2f rnfOPsf] / To;sf] sf/0fn] a9L ;hfo x'g' kg]{ cj:yf /x]5 eg] lghn] klxn] ;hfo kfPsf] d'2f, ;hfo kfPsf] ldlt / ;hfo ug]{ cbfntsf] gfd ;d]t cleof]ukqdf pNn]v ug]{ jf kl5 v'Ng cfPdf v'Ng cfPsf] avt pNn]v u/L cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/L k7fpg],

s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofbleq cleof]ukq tof/ u/L bfo/ ug{],

s;"/ x'Fbfsf avt nfu" /x]sf] sfg"g cg';f/ s;"/ / pQm s;"/df x'g] sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;hfosf] bfaL lng],

cleo'Qmn] ;+ul7t ¿kdf s;"/ u/]sf] eP pQm s'/f pNn]v ug]{ / yk ;hfosf] ;d]t bfaL lng],

cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo sd jf 5'6 lbg' kg{] eP ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt 5'6sf] k|ltzt ;d]t pNn]v ug{],

cleo'QmnfO{ pkNnf] xbsf] ;hfo x'g' kg{] eP ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f cyf{t s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] cj:yfx¿ pNn]v ug]{,

s'g} cleo'Qm km/f/ /x]sf] eP lghsf] ;DklQ tyf cGo ljj/0f / lgh s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm eP ;f] ;DaGwL ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{,

Ifltk"lt{sf nflu k|yd:t/ låtLo:t/ jf kfl/jfl/s kLl8taf/] :ki6 pNNf]v ug]{ / Ifltk"lt{sf] dfubfaL / Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0fsf sfg"gL cfwf/ cleof]ukqdf n]Vg], o; ;DaGwdf lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{ hfgsf/Ldf lng],

kkLl8t ;+/If0f P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf $*

s'g} s;"/df cleof]hg ubf{ k|yd:t/sf] kLl8t låtLo:t/sf] kLl8t / kfl/jfl/s kLl8tn] k|fKt ug{] Ifltk"lt{sf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 bfaL lng' kg{]5 .


kLl8t ;+/If0f P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf $*

;;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt

g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= t]haxfb'/ yf? ePsf] d'2fdf æs] slt Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eGg] cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{] ePklg cleof]ukqdf Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t bfaL lng' ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfg"gL st{Jo x'g]Æ . 42

;hfodf 5'6 lbg] ePdf ;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] bfaL ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] afnaflnsf pk/ cleof]u tof/ ubf{ afnaflnsfsf]

pd]/sf cfwf/df afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf #^ / d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf $% n] x'g] ;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwL dfubfaL lng] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

k6s] ck/fwLsf xsdf / s;"/sf] tl/sfsf cfwf/df yk ;hfosf] bfaL lng]

s'g} s;"/df ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmn] k'gM ck/fw u/]sf] sf/0f cleof]u bfaL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf $$ adf]lhd yk ;hfosf] bfaL lnO{ cleof]ukq tof/ ug{] .

s;"/ ubf{sf] tl/sfsf cfwf/df s'g} sfg"gn] yk ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] eP ;f] yk ;hfosf] dfubfaL ;d]t lnO{ cleof]ukqdf pNn]v ug{] . o; ;DaGwdf ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !(& / @!$ tyf ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf] Joj:yf ;fGble{s 5g\ .

d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !(&-#_

s;}n] s'g} s;"/ ug{ ;lhnf] kfg]{ lgotn] c?nfO{ a]xf]; t'Nofpg], n7\ofpg] jf c:j:y kfg]{ kbfy{ v'jfpg jf cGo s'g} k|sf/n] ;]jg u/fpg jf s'g} k|sf/n] a]xf]; u/fpg] sfo{ u/L To:tf] s;"/ eO;s]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf]] s;"/ jfkt x'g] ;hfodf o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] bz jif{b]lv kGw| jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfvb]lv Psnfv krf; xhf/ ¿k}ofF+;Dd hl/jfgfsf] ;hfo yk x'g]5 .

42 g]sfk @)&$ cs ! lg= g+= (&$^ .


dd'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf @!$-@_

s;}n] ckx/0f u/L jf z/L/ aGws lnO{ o; P]g jf sfg"g adf]lhd s;"/ dflgg] cGo s'g} sfd u/]sf] /x]5 eg] lghnfO{ To:tf] s;"/ jfktsf] ;hfodf pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfo yk x'g]5 .

s;"/ sfod x'g] / ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cGo s'/fx¿df Wofg lbO{ cleof]ukq tof/ ug]{,

#=!=$ y'g5]s / k|df0f k|:t'tLs/0f

y'g5]s / k|df0f k|:t'tLs/0f kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] dxTjk"0f{ sf/jfxL k|lqmof xf] . o;n] klg ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf l;nl;nfdf dxTj /fVg] ePsf]n] b]xfosf cfwf/df ;/sf/L jsLnn] x]g{' kg{] x'G5 .

!= d'2fsf] y'g5]s ;DalGw sf/jfxLsf l;nl;nfdf cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] u/L cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] jf lgh;Fu gub w/f}6 jf a}s hdfgt dfUg] u/L cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]z cg';f/sf] sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ cleo'Qmn] kfng u/], gu/]sf],

@= d'2fsf] sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf cleo'QmnfO{ cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb jf tf]lsPsf] tf/]vdf sfg"g adf]lhd lgh cbfnt ;dIf xflh/ jf pkl:yt eO{ d'2fsf] sf/jfxL k|lqmofdf ;xof]u u/], gu/]sf],

#= d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg jf sf/jfxL k|lqmofsf] l;nl;nfdf kLl8tsf] tTsfn cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpg' kg{] cj:yf /x] ePsf]df ;f] sf nflu cleo'Qm jf lghsf] tkm{af6 cbfntsf] cfb]z cg';f/ /fxt jf cGtl/d ;xfotf pknAw u/fP gu/fPsf],

$= cleo'Qmaf6 kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{] jf cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{ lbg cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]zsf] kfngf lghn] u/], gu/]sf],

%= cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf ;fIfL k|df0f ;+sng ug{ jf k|df0f k/LIf0f jf k|:t'tLs/0fsf] sf/jfxL k|s[ofdf s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf lj/f]w jf cj/f]w v8f ug{] jf cbfnt ;dIf k]z ug{ jf k|:t't x'g xtf]T;fx ug{] jf ug{ k|of; u/], gu/]sf],


d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf @!$-@_

#=!=$ y'g5]s / k|df0f k|:t'tLs/0f

^= cleo'Qmn] kLl8t Pj+ jfbLsf ;fIfLx¿nfO{ k|df0f k/LIf0f jf k|:t'tLs/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'lrt bjfj jf k|lts"n k|efjdf kfg{] k|of; u/] gu/]sf],

&= cleo'Qmn] cfkm'n] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L cg';Gwfgdf k|df0f ;+sng ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] jf cfkm";d]t ;+nUg eO{ u/]sf] ;d"xut ¿kdf u/]sf] s;"/df ;+nUg d'Vo ck/fwst{fx¿ jf cGo ;+nUg ck/fwst{fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbO{ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cbfntsf] d'2f sf/jfxL k|lqmofdf ;xof]u u/], gu/]sf] .

##=!=% s;"/ lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f / ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf ;Da4tf

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL k|lqmofdf s;"/ sfod / ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'x¿ x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf s;"/sf] lgwf{/0f ;Da4 jf/bft / tYo k|df0fsf] cfwf/df x'G5 eg] k|fKt tYosf cfwf/df :yflkt s;"/ s:tf] kl/l:ylt / cj:yfdf s] s'g tl/sfaf6 s] s'g pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmn] s] s;/L u/]sf x'g\ eGg] dfkg u/L sfg"gdf Jojl:yt Go'gtd jf clwstd ;Ldf leqsf] ;hfo tf]Sg] k|lqmof ;hfo lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . ;hfo lgwf{/0f s;"/ sfod ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq x'g] ljifo ePsf]n] s;"/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDD]jf/Lsf] ljifo xf] .

d"ntM s;"/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu b]xfosf s'/f cfjZos x'G5g\ .

!= cleof]u bfaL cg';f/ 36gf jf jf/bft ePsf] :yflkt x'g' kb{5 . @= 36gf jf jf/bftdf cleo'Qmsf] ;+nUgtf :yflkt x'g' kb{5 .

#= cleo'Qmsf] cfk/flws sfo{ / dg;fo :yflkt ePsf] x'g' kg{] .

$= cleo'Qm pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]u cg';f/sf] s;"/ ePsf] tYo :jtGq Pj+ ef}lts k|df0faf6 :yflkt x'g' kb{5 .

%= s;"/sf ;DjGwdf /x]sf] bfaL adf]lhd cleo'Qm k|yd:t/, låtLo:t/sf] s;"/bf/ jf ;xof]uL jf dltof/ s'g txsf] xf] eGg] j:t'lgi7 k|df0faf6 :yflkt ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .


^= cleo'Qmn] jf/bftsf] avt s'g} lsl;dsf] ef}lts lrhj:t' jf wgdfndf xflg gf]S;fgL jf Iflt k'¥ofPsf] /x]5 eg] xflg gf]S;fgL jf Iflt ePsf] pQm wgdfnsf] ljuf] Plsg x'g' kg{] .

&= cleo'Qmn] jf/bftsf] avt s;} pk/ s'g} k|sf/n] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf 3fpFrf]6 jf kL8f k'¥ofPsf] /x]5 jf dfgl;s ¿kdf kL8f jf Iflt k'¥ofPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] 3fpFrf]6 jf kL8fsf] k|s[lt, ;+Vof / ufDeLo{tf Pj+ dfgl;s ¿kdf kLl8tn] ef]u]sf kL8f jf Iflt ;d]tsf] ef}lts Pj+ zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ljz]if1 lrlsT;saf6 k/LIf0f u/L u/fO{ :ki6 ¿kdf v'nL cfPsf] x'g' kb{5M–

*= cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ ck/fw egL sfg"gn] :ki6 ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .

(= kLl8t, ;fIfL jf ;a'b k|df0fsf] kl/If0f, lh/x Pj+ d"Nofª\sg ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

j:t'tM s;"/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu cfjZos dfly pNn]lvt ljifo j:t'sf] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhdsf] ;Da4tf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

!= s;"/bf/nfO{ ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ .

@= s;"/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ .

#= kLl8tn] s;"/bf/af6 Joxf]/]sf] Iflt / kL8fsf cfwf/df pko'Qm Ifltk"lt{ Pj+ k|bfg ug{ .

$= lgof]lht jf ;+ul7t ¿kdf s;"/ u/]sf]df pko'Qm ;hfo ug{ .


kl/R5]b Rff/

;;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ n] tLg jif{ eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g ;Sg] jf tL; xhf/ ¿k}oFf eGbf a9L hl/jfgf x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cbfntaf6 s;"/ 7x/ ePsf]df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] afx]s tLgjif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo x'g] cGo s;"/ / lglZrt ;hfo x'g] s;"/df eg] cnu} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ x'b}g . s;"/ 7x/ ubf{s} cj:yfdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{' kb{5 .

$=! s;"/ 7x/ ubf{s} cj:yfdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f x'g] s;"/x¿

b]xfosf] s;"/ 7x/ ubf{s} avt s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{'k5{ .

-s_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf g} s}b jf hl/jfgfsf] lglZrt c+s ls6fg ul/Psf] s;"/,

-v_ tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf tL; xhf/ ¿k}oFf;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] s;"/,

-u_ d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !$% sf] pkbkmf -!s_ adf]lhd 36L ;hfosf] /fo k|:tfj ul/Psf] afx]ssf] hGd s}b 7x/ x'g] s;"/,

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_

$=@ 5'§} ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO ug{' kg{] cj:yf / sfo{ljlw

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu cnu ;'g'jfO x'g] d'2fdf s;"/ 7x/ ePsf cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ cbfntn] s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] tL; lbgleq ;'g'jfO x'g] u/L ;'g'jfOsf] ldlt tf]sL ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO ug{'kb{5 . pQm ;'g'jfOsf cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] jfbL kIf cyf{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ ax;df ;xefuL x'g' kb{5 . ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOdf ;/sf/L jlsnn] d"ntM ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf,


;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt, ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g, @)&% nufotsf ;fdfu|L / tLgdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfx¿sf] af/]df cWoog ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

ssfg"gL Joj:yf

-!_ bkmf * adf]lhd s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ 5'§} ;'g'jfO u/L lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{5 . t/ bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf n]lvPsf] s;"/sf] xsdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{' kg]{ 5}g .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'g'jfO ubf{ s;"/ 7x/ ug]{ GofofwLzsf] d[To' ePsf], cjsf; ePsf], dflyNnf] txsf] GofofwLz kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf], s'g} sf/0fn] ;f] kbsf] sfd ug{ g;Sg] ePdf jf kbdf g/x]df jf lghnfO{ s8f /f]u nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]df afx]s cGo h'g;'s} cj:yfdf lghn] g} ;'g'jfO u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf (

-!_ kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ ePdf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu tL; lbgleq kg]{ u/L csf]{ tfl/v tf]Sg' kb{5 .

-@_ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf cbfntn] lg0f{osf] Joxf]/f /fo lstfadf n]vL ;f]sf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf tof/ u/L ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg' kg]{5 .

-#_ o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO{ / cleo'Qm y'gfdf /x]sf] lghnfO{ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .

-$_ d'2fsf] k'k{Ifsf qmddf w/f}6 jf hdfgt jf tfl/vdf /x]sf] cleo'QmnfO{ tLg jif{ eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g;Sg] s;"/df s;"/bf/ 7x/ eO{ lghsf] xsdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{

d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod ^& -@_, -#_, -$_, -*_


sfg"gL Joj:yf

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf (

d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod ^& -@_, -#_, -$_, -*_

5'§} ;'g'jfO x'g] ePdf To:tf] ;'g'jfO gx'Fbf;DDf lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] afFsL sf/jfxL ug{' kb{5 .

-%_ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf cbfntn] lg0f{osf] Joxf]/f /fo lstfadf n]vL ;f]sf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf tof/ u/L ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg' kg]{5 .

-^_ o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO{ / cleo'Qm y'gfdf /x]sf]df lghnfO{ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .

dd''n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod ^&

s'g} JolQm s;"/bf/ 7x/ e} kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu 5'§} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ ePdf cbfntn] ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu tL; lbgleq kg]{ u/L csf]{ tfl/v tf]Sg' kb{5 .

t/ tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ ;'? txsf] cbfntaf6 km};nf eO{ ;s]sf] jf s'g} cbfntdf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu Ps k6s ;'g'jfO eO{ ;s]sf] s;"/sf] s;"/bf/nfO{ ;f]xL s;"/df dflyNnf] txsf] cbfntaf6 ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 5'6\6} ;'g'jfO ug{'kg]{ 5}g .

tf]lsPsf] k]zLsf lbgdf d'2fsf] s'g} kIf cbfntdf cg'kl:yt /x]klg ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sf/afxL ug{ afwf kg]{ 5}g .

;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;'g'jfOsf] k]zLsf] tfl/v tf]Sbf ;Dej eP;Dd ;DalGwt kIf / lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foL ;d]t;Fu k/fdz{ u/L tf]Sg' kg]{5 .

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod #


;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k]zL d'2fsf kIf jf sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;fdfGotofM :yut ug{ kfpg] 5}g .

s'g} d'2fdf Ps eGbf a9L k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ 7x/ eO{ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{' k/]df To:tf ;j} s;"/bf/sf] xsdf Ps} k6s ;'g'jfO u/L ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{' kg]{5 .

;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cfkm\gf] s'g} lhls/ /x]df jfbL jf s;"/bf/ jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO x'g' k"j{ To:tf] lhls/ lnlvt ¿kdf cbfntdf k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 .

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ;'g'jfO x'g] ldlt / ;dosf] hfgsf/L lnO{ ldl;n ;fy /fVg] / ;'g'jfOsf] nflu cWoog ug]{,

;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg cbfntdf k|fKt ePkl5 To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/L cWoog ug]{, ;f] k|ltj]bg pk/ cWoog u/L cfkm\gf] /fo cbfnt ;dIf k|:t't ug]{,

cbfntn] ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ cfb]z lbPsf]df k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cbfntdf k]z ug]{,

$=# ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ cfb]z lbg' kg]{

;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;'g'jfO k"j{ cbfntn] cfjZos 7fg]df ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfb]z lbg' kb{5 . ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf o:tf] k|ltj]bgsf] dxTj /xG5 . o; ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

sfg"gL Joj:yf

-!_ tLg jif{eGbf a9L s}b jf tL; xhf/ ¿k}ofF eGbf a9L hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg] s;"/sf ;DaGWfdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ cl3 cbfntn] cfjZos 7fg]df s;"/bf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;hfo

kmf}hbf/L s;"/

-;hfo


$=# ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ cfb]z lbg' kg]{

sfg"gL Joj:yf

kmf}hbf/L s;"/

-;hfo

k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ k|f]j]zg clws[t jf Kof/f]n clws[tnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfb]z k|fKt ePkl5 k|f]j]zg clws[t jf Kof/f]n clws[tn] s;"/bf/sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf s'/fx¿ pNn]v u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ kg]{5M–

-s_ s;"/bf/sf] JolQmut, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld,

-v_ s;"/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt,

-u_ s;"/ ug'{ cl3sf] s;"/bf/sf] rfnrng,

-3_ s;"/bf/sf] pd]/,

-ª_ k|f]j]zg clws[t jf Kof/f]n clws[tn] cfjZos 7fg]sf cGo s'/fx¿ .

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ePkl5 k|f]j]zg clws[t jf Kof/f]n clws[tn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg cbfnt ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 cbfntn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLn, s;"/bf/ / lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ tyf s;"/bf/ afnaflnsf eP lghsf] ;+/IfsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .

-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/]kl5 To:tf] ;/sf/L jsLn, s;"/bf/, ;+/Ifs jf sfg"g Joj;foLn] To; ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf] /fo cbfnt ;dIf k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-^_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg k|f]j]zg clws[t jf Kof/f]n clws[t tf]lsPsf] jf lgo'Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] jfbL / k|ltjfbLsf] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ cfb]z lbg' kg]{5 .

-&_ pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z k|fKt ePkl5 To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cbfnt ;dIf

llgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !@


k]z ug{' kg{]5 .

cbfntdf k]z ul/g] ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bg lgwf{l/t kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f sfof{Gjog_ lgodfjnLsf]

cg';"rL - @ sf] 9fFrfdf k]z ug{'kg]{5 . pQm k|ltj]bgdf lgDg s'/f pNn]v ug{'kg]{5 .

s;"/bf/sf] z}lIfs, cfly{s, zfl/l/s / dfgl;s cj:yf, k]zf, Joj;fo h:tf JolQmut Ifdtf / x}l;ot,

s;"/bf/sf] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt / bfloTj, ;fdflhs ;DaGw, kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] lzIff / r]tgfsf] :t/, ;f+:s[lts d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f h:tf ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld .

cbfntdf k|fKt ;hfo k"j{sf] k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLn, s;"/bf/, s;"/bf/ afnaflnsf eP lghsf] ;+/Ifs jf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] s'g} /fo ePdf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO x'g' k"j{ lnlvt ¿kdf k]z ug{' kg]{5 .

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod $

$=$ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf cfwf/x¿

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ 7x/ ePkl5 ul/g] ljifo xf] . k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;j} s;"/df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] cnu ;'g'jfOsf] clgjfo{ k|aGw u/]sf] 5}g . ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf nflu lgDg cfwf/x¿ k"/f x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cbfntaf6 s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePsf], 7x/ ePsf] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf cleo'QmnfO{ tLg jif{ eGbf a9L s}b

;hfo jf tL; xhf/ ¿k}Fof eGbf a9L hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf],

k|rlnt sfg"gdf s}b jf hl/jfgfsf] lglZrt c+s ls6fg gul/Psf],


kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog_ lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod $

$=$ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf cfwf/x¿

-s'g} s;"/df s;"/bf/nfO{ kfFr jif{ s}b jf krf; xhf/ ¿k}Fof hl/jfgf x'g] /x]5 eg] s;"/ 7x/ x'Fbf s} cj:yfdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;d]t ug{' kb{5_ .

kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g nfu" gx'g] egL s'g} sfg"gdf plNnlvt s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f gePsf] .

$$=%= ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf] ax;df ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug{'kg]{ tof/L

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfO s;"/ 7x/ ePsf] tL;lbg leq x'g] u/L cbfntaf6 ldlt tf]lsg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf ;'g'jfOsf] ax;sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ tof/L ug{' kb{5 .

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ;'g'jfOsf] k]zL tfl/v tf]Sbf cbfntn] ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj:ffoL;Fu k/fdz{ u/L k]zL Joj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f]sf nflu pko'Qm lbg k]zL tf]Sg k/fdz{ lbg],

;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;'g'jfOsf] k]zLsf] tfl/v tf]Sbf ;Dej eP;Dd ;DalGwt kIf / lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foL ;d]t;Fu k/fdz{ u/L tf]Sg' kg]{5 .

;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] lgod #-$_

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ;'g'jfO x'g] lbgsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L k]zL lstfadf hgfpg nufpg], ;DalGwt ldl;n cWoog / tof/Lsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ lhDdf lbg],

;Dej eP;Dd s;"/ 7x/ ubf{ ax; ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 g} ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ax; ug{ lhDd]af/L lbg],

s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePsf] km};nf jf lg0f{osf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f ;'g'jfO k"j{ g} cbfntaf6 k|fKt u/L ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg],

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf nflu k]zL tf]lsPsf] d'2fdf k]zL :ylut gug]{,

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k]zLsf] d'2fsf kIf jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;fdfGotof

;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog lgodfjnL,


:yug ug{ kfpg]5}g . @@)&% sf] lgod #-&_

;hfo lgwf{/0fsf] ;'g'jfOsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|L h:t}M ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g, k|ltkflbt l;4fGt, ;fGble{s k':ts, ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cE

2076 Sajay Nirdharan Book... · 2020. 1. 26. · 2;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf ] lhDd...

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Transcript of 2076 Sajay Nirdharan Book... · 2020. 1. 26. · 2;hfo lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf ] lhDd...