14Ircha

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Ports and Shipping Security

Mike Ircha, PhD, P.Eng.

Adjunct Research Professor, Carleton University

Professor Emeritus, University of New Brunswick

Senior Advisor, Association of Canadian Port Authorities

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IntroductionShipping underlies global economy:

• global economic growth: 3.5% in 2010

•

world fleet: 1.3 billion DWT in 2010- 60% increase from 2000 (container fleet: 264%)

Global container port throughput:

• 231,689 TEU in 2000

• 541,000 TEU in 2010 (234%)

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IntroductionContainer growth led to larger ships:

• post-Panamax ships (6,000+ TEU) now common

•

Emma Maersk - largest ship, 14,800 TEU• new build order for 18,000 TEU ships

Canadian ports essential for trade, handling:

• 280+ million tonnes, worth $162+ million

Canadian ports transship U.S. cargo creating a need

for complementary security programs

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Maritime SecurityHistorically, piracy was a ship-to-ship attack for

cargo and passengers

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)• piracy - a universal crime, punishable in every

state

In 2010: 53 ships hijacked and 1,181 seafarerscaptured in 445 attacks

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Maritime SecurityTerrorism undermined definition of piracy:• 1985 hijackers of Achilles Lauro sought political

and religious goals• IMO - 1988 Suppression of Unlawful Acts against

the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA ):- violence on board- damaging or destroying a ship or cargo

- damaging navigation equipment

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ISPS CodeSeptember 11, 2001- demonstrated a clear need for

marine security

December 2002 – IMO added:• new offences to SUA, and• International Ship and Port Facility Security

(ISPS) Code to the International Convention for

the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)

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ISPS CodeISPS Code included:• mandatory requirements for governments, ports,

ships and shipping companies• guidelines for developing multi-layered risk

assessment security plans

National governments:

• set security threat levels• provide instructions and information on threats• approve/certify security plans

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ISPS CodeShips and ports required to:• develop nationally certified security plans• designate ship and port security officers• provide onboard equipment:

- security alert alarms- GPS and ship ID number for long Range

Identification and Tracking (LRIT)

• ensure security awareness, access control, training• provide communications to coordinate ship/port

response

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ISPS CodePort and ship security plans were to be in place by

July 1, 2004

IMO global ISPS compliance survey:• ships - 86%, ports - 69% (2004)• all major Canadian ports compliant• by 2005, ports 97% and ships 90%+ compliant:

No noticeable disruption in world trade.

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U.S. Maritime Security Response“America’s ports have become more secure since 9/11. The

primary emphasis in port security has gone from preventingcargo theft, to protecting people and facilities from terrorism.That's a major shift.” (Kurt Nagle, AAPA, 2006)

U.S. went beyond ISPS Code:• Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA)• Container Security Initiative (CSI)

• Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism(C-TPAT)

• Security and Accountability for Every Port Act(SAFE)

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U.S. Maritime Security ResponseMTSA (2002):• implemented ISPS Code• established Area Maritime Security Committees• undertook security plan vulnerability assessments

to ensure:- security patrols- restricted areas and access controls

- appropriate identification procedures (TWIC)- presence of surveillance equipment

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U.S. Maritime Security ResponseContainer Security Initiative (CSI) (2002):• extended screening out to foreign ports• electronic manifests 24 hours prior to loading• U.S. Customs in foreign ports• radiation and gamma/x-ray screening (about 5%)• electronic seals• Halifax, Montreal and Vancouver - 1st to join CSI

• 58 world ports participate

CSI containers not re-inspected on U.S. arrival

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U.S. Maritime Security ResponseCustoms-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-

TPAT) (2001):• voluntary program to secure U.S. supply chains• by 2008, some 8,150 companies enrolled• joint private/public development:

- security criteria- sharing best practices and procedures

• U.S. Customs teams visit partner/vendors• parallel Canadian program

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U.S. Maritime Security ResponseSecurity and Accountability for Every Port Act

(SAFE) (2006):• TWIC, CSI, C-TPAT• interagency operational centers• Port Security Grant Program:

- training, communication, equipment, facilities• 100% container screen in foreign ports by 2009

- EU concluded SAFE costly, disrupts trade, anddoesn’t improve security- technical problems led to an extension to 2014

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Canadian Maritime Security ResponseMarine Transportation Security Clearance Program

(2003):• background checks for port workers• controversial consultations, resulted in:

- risk-based criteria for specific duties- smaller restricted areas- independent appeal review mechanism

- minimum information for fair assessment• need for national/international TWIC:

- sailor's shore leave

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Gamma/X-Ray Image

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ConclusionCanada’s maritime sector has enhanced security:• programs complement U.S. initiatives• Transport Canada responsible for ISPS and other

marine security programs

Additional port security enhancements are needed:• but added security must be balanced with efficient

trade flows• further federal funding needed to remain

competitive with US counterparts

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