120424 Concrete Midterm
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Transcript of 120424 Concrete Midterm
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
1.0 C O N C R E T E
Definition: The word Concrete comes from the latin word concretus (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participle
of concrescere, from con. (together) and crescere (to grow).
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
1.1 C O N C R E T E
PasteCementWater Paste
7-15%
14-21% 60-80%
Water Cement Aggregates (Admixture)
+ + +
Binder Filler Accelerator
H20
Chemical Substance
What is Concrete? Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregate (fine and coarse) and admixture.
=
Concrete
Process of Mixing:
Proportions: 100%
Air6-8%
Proportions GraphAggregatesCement (C)Water (W)
W:C ratio
0.50- Exposed
to freezing &
thawning.
0.45- Sulphate
Conditions
Smoother surface,
easy to place
however, resuting
concrete will shrink
& be less economical
Difficult to place,
rough & porousHigher Quality
concrete.
+ =+ =
Synthetic
Conglomerate
Aggregates
Quantity depends
on type of
Admixture
Chemical Reaction
Hydration
Process of
hardening and
gaining stength
+
Admixtures
Variables affecting
Concrete Strength:
Keep Cost Low
added to the concrete to give it certain charachteristics
not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
Strength of concrete Quality of paste Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C) Workability
Ability of fresh (plastic)
concrete mix to fill the
form/mould properly with
the desired work (vibration)
and without reducing the
concretes quality.Timimg is
critical
Less Water results in a
stronger concrete mix. Less
water is achievable if there
is proper curing, placing &
consolidating.
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
2.0 C E M E N T
Cement is a material component of concrete. It is classified the chemically active component, but its reactivity
is only brought into effect when mixed with water.This reaction is called hydration Cement is a mixture of proportioned
and finely interground mixture of portland cement clinker and a small amount of certain substances such as lime, magnesia,
(Gypsum)calcium sulphate, etc.
C3S C2S C3A C4AF
Portland cement clinker is made up of four major compounds: Tricalcium Silicate (C 3S), Dicalcium Silicate (C2S),
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) and Tetra Calcium Aluminate (C4AF). A small quantity of other substances such as Lime (CaO),
Magnesia (MgO), Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), Silica (SiO2 ), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), Sulphur Trioxide (SO3),
Alkaliks (Na2O + K2O) are also added.
100
0
80
60
40
20
(%)
Compounds
Percentage of Cement
Composition:
Compounds
Speed of Hydration
Quick
Slow
Very Quick
What is Cement?
Very Slow
Time of Hydration/
Strength Development
7 days
Slow Contributes to development
in strength after 7 days
Develops early Strength
7 days +
1 Day
After 24 hours Contribution to
Strength is almost 0
Insignificant time of hydration and
strength development. More than 10%
C3A makes cement prone to CaSO4 attack.
=+
+ + +
CaO
+
+ MgO CaSO4+Added Substances:
Performance of Compounds: The Silicates C3S and C2S are the main components responsible for the strength of the cement. C3A is the least stable, wherecement containing more than 10 % is prone to Sulphate attack which, causes an overall loss in strength.
C4AF is of less importance than the other componets. It does not have a significant effect on the behaviour. However, it can
increase the rate of hydration of the silicates. The added substances CaO, MgO and CaSO4 should not exist in excess quantities
as they may expand on hydration or react with other substances in the aggregate and cause the concrete to disintegrate. These
compounds affect the speed and time of hydration, as well as the strength developmen of the concrete.
Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:
Chemical Composition:
100
0
80
60
40
20
(%)
Percentage by Weight
in Cement:
Fine Cement Clinker Substances Cement
SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3+ +
+ Na2O + K2OSO3
a
c
Cement Hydration: Unhydrated cement particles
Cement Gel
Capilary Pores and Cavities
a)Immediatley after mixing
b)Reaction around particles - ealry stiffening
c)Formation of skeletal Structure- first hardening
d)Gel infiling - later hardening
b
d
a
c
+
C4AF
C3A
C2S
C3S
C4AF
C3A
C2S
C3S
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
Use: Moderate Sulphate attackand Heat of Hydration
Ordinary (I) Modified (II)
Restrictions: None None
High Early Strength
Rapid Hardening(III)
Mass Concreting
Mass Concreting
Low-heat(IV)
None
Extensive exposure to
Sulphate
Sulphate Resisting (V)
Varying Types of Cement: Different types of cement with unique charachterestics are produced by varying the percentage of the differentcompounds in the mixture.
Portland Cement is the most common type of cement which, is made in five types.Portland Cement:
0
60
40
20
(%)
Compounds
General
Blended Cement:
Portland Blast-Furnace (IS) Slag Modified Portland (I(SM)) Super Sulphated(S)
25%-70%Composition: +
None
C3A-(I)(BFS)
Use: Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.
0-25%(BFS)
+ (I)
Moderate Sulphate attack
0-85% (BFS) + (I)
Mass Concreting, resisting sulphate,peaty acids
and oils.
Portland-Pozzonlan (IP & P)) Pozzolan Modified Portland (I(PM))
Composition:
Cement Clinker
(I) 25%-70%
(PFA)
Use: Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.
0-15%
(PFA)
Cement Clinker
(I) ++
General
Slag Cements:
Intergrinding or blending granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, gypsum and portland Cement together. Blast-Furnace Slag (BFS) is a
waste product in the manufacture of Pig Iron.
Pozzolanic Cements:
Produced by grinding a pozzolanic material with Ordinary Portland (Type I) Cement clinker. Pozzolans occur
naturally as volcanic ash and pulverised-fuel ash (pfa) also, known as fly ash.
2.1 C E M E N T
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
Rate of Strength Development
and Heat Evolution
Medium
Slow
Doesnt affect overall
strength
Gains same strength in 7
Days that type I and II
gain in 28 days.
Other Cement: High Alumina White Portland Coloured Portland Waterproof
Hydrophobic Low-Alkali Shrinkage Compensating or Expansive
Use: Urgent Repair & Temporary Work Architecture Applications General & Architecture Applications Waterproofing
Composition:
Unfavourable conditions of humidityUse: Harmful active Ingredients Reduces Cracking
+
Lime stone
or chalk
Bauxite Grounding cold
mass
Lime stone
or chalk
+
White China
Clay
+
White PortlandMineral Pigments
+
Water Repelling
agents
+
Type (I)
Cement Clinker
(I)Composition:+
Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid,
Boric Acid
Na2O +K2O
0.60% + (I)
Portland Cement
C3A C4AF CaSO4++ + (I)
Portland CementExpanding Cements; Aluminates,
Calcium Sulphates
High
SlowDoesnt affect overall
strengthSlow-Medium
Rate of Strength Development
and Heat Evolution
Medium
Medium
Strongly affected at low and
high temperatures
Varying
Slow
Medium
(Blended Cements):(Portland Cements):
Very High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rate of Strength Development
and Heat Evolution(Other Cements):
Develops 80% strength in 24 hrs
Strength adversely affected by
rise intemperature
Medium
MediumExpand a Little during first
few days of hydration.
Performance of Cements:
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(V)
(IS)
(I(SM))
(S)
(IP&P)
(I(PM))
(High Alumina)
(White Portland)
(Coloured portland)
(Waterproof)
(Hydrophobic)
(Low- Alkali)
(Shrinkage Compensating
or Expansive)
2.2 C E M E N T
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
3.0 A G G R E G A T E S
+ + + + +
Aggregates are a collection of items which, are gathered together to form a total quantity
=
Coarse Aggregate 5.00mm + Fine Aggregate 0.075mm - 5.00mm
What is Aggregates?
Different Types:
Aggregate Properties:
Free of Excess Clay, Silt Mica, Organic Matter, Chemical salts, Coated Grains
Retains dimensional stability when temperature and moisture change. Resists weathering without decomposition
Develops full strength of cementing mix. Where wear resistance is important, the aggregate should be hard and tough.
Shape Texture
Round Angular Irregular Elongated Flaky Smooth Glassy Granular Rough Crystalline HoneycombPorous
Compressive and Flexural
Large Small
More Highly Sanded
mixes More Cement
and Water (C:W)
Increase
agreggate-
cement bond
Pitted
Smaller
W:C ratio
In structural concrete the Max size is
restricted to 25 mm or 40m due to size of concrete
section and spatial reinforcing.
Fine particles in a mix fill the gaps
Collection of Items Gathered Together Total Quantity
Used in Mass
Concrete work.
Reduces heat of hydration &
corresponding thermal stresses and
shrinkage cracks.
Cleanliness:
Soundness:
Strength:
Physical Properties: Size
Workability: Increases
Decreases
Strength:
Increases
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
4.0 T Y P E S O F C O N C R E T E
P R E C A S T I N - S I T Uis manufactured under factory-controlled conditions& erected on site until it is fully hardened.
is formed on site using the traditional methods offormwork and ready-mixed concrete.
in-situ
precast
save time + cut labour cost
less
time consuming + skilled labour
more
advantages:
disadvantages:
where in New Zealand:
performance:
+form+finish+colour+speed+accuracy+prestressing+high-quality+assured covers+dense & properly cured
-limited design
-not available everywhere-joints between panels are often expensive & complicated-limited panel size-cranes are required- skilled workmanship is required
-time consuming
-workmanship is variable-depends on weather condition
+ economy+ flexibility+mouldability+ continuity+robustness
. Mt.Eden, Auckland
. East Tamaki, Auckland
. Paeroa, Waikato
. Kaiwharawhara, Wellington
. Hutt City, Wellington. Gonville, Wanganui
. Richmond, Nelson
. Balclutha, Otago
. Hornby, Christchurch
. Otorohanga, Waikato
. Porirua, Wellington
cost:
uses:
. strong
. durable
. stable
. readily available
. economic in terms of construction and life time maintenance
. the ability to control of form and shape
. the enclosure of space and structure in one material
. the ability to form integral surface finishes and colour
. its compatibilty with most other materials
. and excellent acoustic and fire resistant properties
. strong
. durable
. stable
. weatherproof
. and excellent acoustic and fire resistant properties
. Manukau, Auckland
. Athol St., Queenstown
. St. Woolston, Christchurch
. Landfill Road, Wellington
. Belmont, Wellington. Johnsonville, Wellington
. Miramar, Wellington
. Upper Hutt, Wellington
. Waikanae, Wellington
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
smooth surface:
textured surfaces:
decorative surfaces:
technique:
stamped concrete
plaster moulds wooden moulds metal moulds
stained concrete
salt finish
coloured concrete
carvings
broom finish
technique:
technique:
exposed(washed)concrete seeded aggregate finish
stains or dyes are applied to the surfaceof the concrete to improve or change itsappearance.
concrete can be colored in two ways,through an integral mix that is addedwhen the concrete is mixed at the plant,or by dusting on a top coat of coloredpowder than gives a colored finish to thetop layer of concrete only.
a concrete panel is cast from aplaster mould and then fixedin the shuttering.
a concrete panel is cast from a woodenmould and then fixed in the shuttering.
a concrete panel is cast from a metalmould and then fixed in the shuttering.
concrete is typically installedand then stamped with largecookie cutter like patterns.
small decorative stones are imbedded intothe top layer of concrete, and during thefinishing process, exposed to give apebble texture to the concrete finish.
cast stones are carved and nished by a sculptor.
rock salt is seeded into the concretesurface, then washed away resultingin small pits in the surface of theconcrete.
the concrete is troweled to a smoothsurfaced and then broomed to create ahigher traction surface.
smooth finishes are typicallyachieved by using a smoothform-face material such as steelor plywood with a phenolic filmon the surface.
the top layer of concrete iswashed away, exposing thenatural aggregate stones used inthe concrete.
4.1 F I N I S H E S
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
5.0 T I M E L I N E
200 A.D.Romans
1414the 1stmodern useof concrete
1824portlandcement.JosephAspodin
1836cement testing(tensile &compressionstrength)
1849iron reinforcedconcrete(ferroconcrete)
1886rotary kihln(made cement& productionconstant)
1889the 1st
reinforcedconcretebridge byErnest L.Ransome
1891the 1stconcretestreet
1913ready mix
1903the 1st concretehighrise (15-storeys)by Elzner & Anderson
1903coloured concrete(colour hardeners,colourwax integralcolour, sealers,chemical stains)byLynn M. Scofield
1931Le Corbusier (modernarchitecture -international style)
1938concreteoverlay
1980sconcretecountertops
1999polishedconcrete
1967c o n c r e t esports dome
1950sdecorativeconcretedeveloped 1990
concreteengraving
translucent concrete
glassfibre reinforcedconcrete (GRC)
self-compacting concrete
recycled concrete
precast composite
fabric-formed concrete
tactile concrete
Ductal
bendable concrete(liquid stone)
self-cleaning concrete
21st century
1970sfiber reinforcement(to strengthenconcrete)
HooverDam(largestscale concreteproject)
1930air entraining agents(to resist againstdamage from frozen &thawing)
Frank L. Wright- exploitcantilever
1936
1812Louis Vicatdevelopedartificialhydrauliclime(synthetict+ limestone+ clay)
1756John Smeatondiscoveredhydraulic lime(coarseaggregate +powderedbrick+cement)
1774quicklime(made cementharder)
1796naturalhydrauliccement.James
Parker
1793EddystoneLighthouse,
Cornwall(influence onlighthousedesign)
Pantheon
Colosseum
Pont de Notre Dame
Eddystone Lighthouse
Alvord Lake Bridge
The Ingalls Building
Villa Savoye
Assembly Hall,
University of
Illinois
Fallingwater
Hoover Dam, Colorado
Bellefontaine,
Ohio
Aqueduct
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6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
#1 #2
Concrete & livingConcrete is the second most
consumed substance on earth,
after water.
Sustainability &
New Zealand
The importance of sustainable development is currently dominating headlines, and as a concept is frequently defined as the
practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The quest for
sustainability has been compared with New Zealands nuclear free stance in the 1980s, and politicians have been
enthusiastically pledging their support to make New Zealand the first nation to be truly sustainable. There is no question
that sustainable development has been adopted as the philosophy to direct New Zealands way forward, and as a means to find
solutions that provide the best economic, social and environmental outcomes.
Ingredients offinished concreteAs with any building product, production of concrete and its ingredients does require energy that in turn results in thegeneration of carbon dioxide.
Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete
Air Water Aggregate Cement
Average consumption of
concrete is about 1 ton per
year per every living human
being. 1t / Year
6% 18% 66% 10%
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6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
The basic constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregates. During the manufacturing of concrete,
considerable amount of carbon dioxide emissions occurs.
Fine
Aggregates
Production
Coarse
Aggregates
Production
Cement
Production
Electricity
Diesel Fuel
Transport of
Concrete to
Construction
Site
Transport of
Raw
Materials to
Concrete
Batching
Plants
Concrete
Production
Explosives
Unexploited
Resources
CarbonDioxide
Emissions
One Cubic
Meter of
Concrete in
Structure
Placement
(Pumping) of
Concrete on
SiteFly Ash
Processing
GGBFS
Processing
LPG Fuel
Admixtures
Production
Concrete carbon dioxide system diagram
CO2 emissions
during concrete
manufacture
The energy required to
produce 1 ton of cement
is 5 GJ(gigajoule). 2
GJ is required toproduce 1 ton of timber
and 30 GJ is required
to produce 1 ton of
steel.
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Main CO2
contributer
among concrete
ingredients
Water, sand, aggregates and other ingredients make up about 90% of the concrete mixture by weight. The process of mining sand
and gravel, crushing stone, combining the materials in a concrete plant and transporting concrete to the construction site
requires very little energy and therefore only emits a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. The amount of caonbon dioxide
embodied in concrete are mainly from cement production.
from manufacturing
aggregates
Proportion of the total carbon dioxide emission embeded within finished concrete.
14% 17% 5% 18% 6%5% 35%
Other sectors Manufacturing Road transport Heat and Power
Cement Energy Industry Non-road transport
Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors
The cement industry is responsible for 5% of total global carbon dioxide emission.
Difference
between concrete
& cement
The primary difference between concrete and cement is that concrete is a composite material made of water, aggregate, and
cement. Cement is a very fine powder made of limestone and other minerals, which absorbs water and acts as a binder to hold the
concrete together. While cement is a construction material in its own right, concrete cannot be made without cement. The two
terms often are incorrectly used interchangeably, but concrete and cement are distinctly separate products.
20% 80%from manufacturing cement
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Global cement
production &
future trend
r
i
0
100
200
300
400
2 00 6 2015 2 03 0
Production(Mtcement)
2050
European Union 25
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
0
100
200
300
400
20 06 2 015 2 030
Production(Mtcement)
2050
Canada and United States
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
0
100
200
300
400
2 00 6 2015 2 03 0
Production(Mtcement)
2050
OECD Pacific
r
i
0
100
200
300
400
20 06 2 015 20 30
Production(Mtcement)
2050
Economies in transition
r
i
0
100
200
300
400
2 00 6 2015 2 03 0
Production(Mtcement)
2050
Other OECD Europe
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
0
100
200
300
400
20 06 2 015 20 30
Production(Mtcement)
2050
Latin America
low demand scenario
high demand scenario
2006 2015 2030 2050
low demand scenario
high demand scenario
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Production(Mtcement)
European Union 25
Canada and United Stat e
OECDPacic
China
India
Other developingAsia
Economies in transition
Africa and MiddleEast
Latin America
Other OECDEurope
low high low high low high
Global cement production:
2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
0
200
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
2 00 6 2 015 2 03 0
Production(Mtcement)
2050
China
0
200
400
600
800
20 06 2 015 20 30
Production(Mtcement)
2050
Africa & Middle East
0
200
400
800
600
2 006 2 015 2 03 0
Production(Mtcement)
2050
Other developing Asia
0
200
400
600
800
Production(Mtcement)
India
2006 2015 2030 2050
This map and figures
show estimated cement
production for 2006,
2015, 2030 and 2050,
and regional breakdown
of forecast production
under BLUE high and low
demand scenarios.
(Source: International Energy Agency)
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Global cement
productin trend
11851123
12911370
14451493
1547 15401600
16601750
1850
2020
2190
2350
2610
28102860
3060
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Unit: million tons
(Source: U.S geological survey)
Unit: million tonsRegional cement production & CO2 emission in 1994
420
180
150
120111
88101 97
6241
372
129105 105 95
78 80 7160
33
China Europe OECDPacic
Other Asia MiddleEast
NorthAmerica
EE/FSU LatinAmerica
India Africa
Regional cement
production & CO2
(Source:Cambureau)
Global cement production trend
Cement volume
CO2 volume
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576 579
800
900
950974 976
950 960 950 950
1000
10801100
1050
1120
1200 1200 1200
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
New Zealand
cement
production trend
Unit: thousand tons
(Sourec: IPCC/USGS)
New Zealand cement market sectors in 1994
NZ cement market
sectors
New Zealand cement production trend
Ready mixed concreteMerchant bagsPrecastMasonry
2% Pipes and tiles
62%19%10%7%
(Sourec: BRANZ)
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Embodied CO2
from cement
production
Cement manufacturing releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere both directly when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime
and carbon dioxide, and also indirectly through the use of energy if its production involves the emission of carbon dioxide.
The cement industry produces about 5% of global man-made carbon dioxide emissions, of which 50% is from the chemical process,
and 40% from burning fuel. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of carbon dioxide for
every 1000 kg of cement produced.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Prehomogenization
and raw meal grinding
Crushing
Preheating
Precalcining
Clinker production
in the rotary kiln
Cooling and storing
Quarries
Blending
Cement grinding
Storing in
the cement silo
Quarrying
raw materials
Typical manufacturing process of concrete
Golden bay cement plant,
which is located at Portland
near Whangarei,
produced 522,169tons
(approximately 55% of
national production in 1993)
Holcim cement plant,
which is located near
Westport,
produced 402,000 tons
(approximately 43% of
national production
in 1993)
Cement plant in NZ and their capacity
(Source: International Energy Agency)
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Reduction of CO2The primary options for reducing the quantity of carbon dioxide generated during cement manufacturing process are to use
alternatives to fossil fuels, change the raw ingredients used in manufacture and intergrind additional materials with the
clinker.
Using byproducts such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume to supplement a portion of the cement used in concrete.These industrial products, which would otherwise end up in landfills, are called supplementary cementitious materials or
SCMs for short. The use of SCMs in concrete work in combination with portland cement to improve strength and durability in
addition to reducing the carbon dioxide embodied in concrete by as much as 70%, with typical value ranging between 15 and
40%.
Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants.
Generally, 15% to 20% of burned coal takes the form of fly ash. At one time,
most fly ash was landfilled, but today a significant portion is used in
concrete.
Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of iron manufacture. After
quenching and grinding, the blast furnace slag takes on much higher value as
a supplementary cementitious material for concrete. Blast furnace slag is
used as a partial replacement for cement to impart added strength and
durability to concrete.
Silica fume is a waste byproduct of processing quartz into silicon orferro-silocon metals in an electric arc furnace. Silica fume consists of
superfine, spherical particles that when combined with cement significantly
increases strength and durability of concrete. It is used for some high-rise
buildings to produce concretes which exceed 140MPa compressive strength and
in bridge and parking garage construction to help keep chlorides from deicing
salts from corroding steel reinforcement.
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Raison detre Using Traditional Building materials to bring Identity and Ornament to Architecture in Christchurch
Ornament Define Re Configure
-(Extract Ornament Components)
-Multiply
-Rotate
-Multiply and Join
-Multiply
-Scale up
-(Extract Components Of Component)
-Rotate and Scale up
-Combine and Overlay
-Tile and Multiply
-Stack
Create a new Ornament
- Extrude
- Overlay
- Boolean
- Perforate
- Print
2D 3D
Derive Building Component
- Surface,Facade, Skin, Wall, Roof, Floor
- Detail- Openings, Seat, Frame, Joint
- Structure- Column, Wall, Roof, Floor
- Organization (Circulation,Floor Plans)
DetailSurface Structure
Ornament
Organization
ornament is a decoration used to embellish parts of a building or object. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone,
wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, or painted or impressed onto a surface as applied ornament; in other
applied arts the main material of the object, or a different one such as paint or vitreous enamel may be used.
7.0 M A T E R I A L I N V E S T I G A T I O N
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7.1 O R N A M E N T I N C H R I S T C H U R C H
Architectural Style
Molding
Architectural Style
Pediment
Riccarton House
Government Building
The Riccarton house was commissioned in 1856. A second section was built in 1874. A substansial addition was also added in
1900. The house is open to public and used as a functions and meetings venue.
Victorian/Edwardian
A Molding is a strip of material with various profiles. It is used to cover transitions between surfaces and
decorations. A Sprung molding has beveled edges that allow mounting between two non parallel planes. (walls and ceilings)
Front Elevation Section 3D
Ornament: Molding
Renaissance Palazzo on a small scale
Ornament: Pediment
A Pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure,
typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by cornice moulding.
Front Elevation 3DSection
One of the Government buildings on 28-30 Cathedral Square. Deisgned in 1909 to accomodate many of the government
departments in Christchurch. It has served that role for 70 years yet shows little evidence of changeto its external
apperance. Winner of the Christchurch Heritage Trust- Built Heritage award 2010.
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.1 O R N A M E N T I N C H R I S T C H U R C H
Ornament: Rose Window
Ornament: Quoin
Rose Window A Rose Window is a generic term applied to a circular window. It is especially found in churches of the gothic
architectural style. It is composed of patterned tracery arranged in petal-like formation. The window openings are filled
with stained glass designs. Stained glass windows served three purposes in Gothic architecture: Added beauty to the
structure, allowed more light into the structure and the stained glass designs of biblical accounts served as bible for
the illiterate people.
Quoin A Quoin is a stone or brick helping to form a corner of a wall of masonry.
Front Elevation Section 3D
Front Elevation 3DSection
Architectural Style Gothic
The origins of the Christchurch Cathedral date back to the plans of the Canterbury Association who aimed to build a
city around a central cathedral and college in the Canterbury region based on the English model of Christ Church, Oxford.
The Anglican Cathedral was built in the second half of the 19th century. It is located in the heart of Christchurch
surrounded by the Cathedral Square.
Christchurch Cathedral
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.2 O R N A M E N T M A N P U L A T I O N
Original Ornament 1.0 Multiplied 2.0 Rotated and Joined
3.0 Multiplied 4.0 Scaled up
5.0 Rotated and Scaled Up 6.0 Combined and Overlayed
7.0 Tiled and Multiplied 8.0 Stacked
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.2 O R N A M E N T M A N P U L A T I O N
Original Ornament 1.0 Multiplied 2.0 Rotated and Joined
3.0 Multiplied 4.0 Scaled up
5.0 Rotated and Scaled Up 6.0 Combined and Overlayed
7.0 Tiled and Multiplied 8.0 Stacked
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.2 O R N A M E N T M A N P U L A T I O N
Original Ornament
2.0 Multiplied
3.0 Rotated and Joined
4.0 Multiplied
5.0 Scaled up
1.0 Extractacted Ornament Components
6.0 Extracted Components of Components
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.2 O R N A M E N T M A N P U L A T I O N
7.0 Rotated and Scaled Up
8.0 Combined and Overlayed
9.0 Tiled and Multiplied
10.0 Stacked
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.2 O R N A M E N T M A N P U L A T I O N
Original Ornament 1.0 Multiplied 2.0 Rotated and Joined
3.0 Multiplied
5.0 Scaled up 6.0 Rotated and Scaled Up
4.0 Extracted Components of Ornament
7.0 Combined and Overlayed 8.0 Tiled and Multiplied 9.0 Stacked
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
Barber Osgerby Stella McCartney Store, 2002. Interior Wall
Thomas Faulders Architecture/ Studio M. Airspace
Tokyo, 2007. Facade/ Skin
Matthias Hoch, Amsterdam #15, 2002. Facade
Mount Fuji Architects Studio Masahiro
Harada + MAO Facade/Skin
Jun Aoki, White Chapel, Hyatt
Regency hotel, Osaka, Facade/
Skin
Ornament as a Facade,Skin
and Roof
Barkow Leibinger Architekten Gatehouse of Trumpf
GmbH, Ditzingen,2007.
Honeycomb roof Structure/Surface
Ornament as a Wall
Ornament as Surface
7.3 P R E C E D E N T P R O J E C T S
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7.3 P R E C E D E N T P R O J E C T S
Sint Lucas Art Academy, Boxtel, The Netherlands,
2006. Screen and Opening Detail
Ornament as a Column
Michael-Hansmeyer. Subdivision can define and embellish this
column order with an elaborate system of ornament.
Ornament as a Opening, Gateway
Ornament as Furniture Polymer 3d printed bench by Ran San Fratello Architects.
Inspired by Sea Slugs and tesselations of Japanese Karakusa.
40 Bond Street, New York, Graffiti by Herzog and De Meureon.
Gateway Detail
Ornament as Detail
Ornament as Structure
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.4 B U I L D I N G C O M P O N E N T C A T A L O G
Structure
A Structure is a body
or assemblage of
bodies in space to
form a system capable
of supporting loads.
SurfaceOutisde Part or uper-
most layer of something.
- Wall
- Facade
- Skin
- Roof
- Floor
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7.4 B U I L D I N G C O M P O N E N T C A T A L O G
DetailAn Individual feature,
fact or Item. i.e:
- Window Openig
- Door Opening
- Gateway
- Seat
- Joint
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OrganizationA correct order or
placement.
- Floor Plans
- Circulation
7.4 B U I L D I N G C O M P O N E N T C A T A L O G
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7.5 O R N A M E N T T O D A Y
A facade is one exterior side of a
building, usually but not aways
the front.Word Comes from French
Language Literally meaning Front.
A Perforation is a small hole in
a thin material or web. There is
usually more than one perforation
in an organized fashion, where all
of the holes are called a
perforation.
Is a Vertical Structure that
defines and sometimes protects an
area. Partional walls are usually
non-load bearing and are used to
divide up spaces. Walls can also
become a work of art.
Historical
Ornament President Project
Ornament Today Manipulatated
Historical Ornament
Ornament TodayBuilding Component
Ornament as a
Perforated Facade
Ornament as a Facade
Ornament as a Wall
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7.5 O R N A M E N T T O D A Y
Is a Structural element that
transmits,through compression,
the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements
below.
Is a void in a solid matter; a gap
or hole, or aperature. Allows
passage of light, air and sound.
Ornament as a Column
Ornament as a Column
Ornament as a Opening
Historical
Ornament President Project
Ornament Today Manipulatated
Historical Ornament
Ornament TodayBuilding Component
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
Ornament as Furniture
Historical
Ornament
Ornament Today Manipulatated
Historical Ornament
Ornament TodayBuilding Component
Spatial Configuration of
Building Components
7.5 O R N A M E N T T O D A Y
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
7.6 P R O P O S E D P R O G R A M A N D S I T E
Christchurch CBD
4 Major Avenues
Proposed Site-
Concrete Group
South
Hagley ParkChristchurch
Station
RailwayShopping
Complex
Carpark Moorhouse
Avenue
Blenheim
Road
8 Lanes
Industrial
Proposed Site
Site Benifits
Contemporary Temporary Arts Centre
Residential/Accomodation/Retail
Concrete Recycling and Reuse Plant/
Educational Facilities
Overall Choosen Sites - Concrete Group
Group Sites and Programs
The proposed site for the Contemporary Temporary Arts Centre had to accomodate all the group memebers. The proposal needs to
be highly accesible so that it can generate a flow of people from all around Christchurch. This site provides the perfect
oppertunity for this. Blenheim Road and Deans avenue create a prominent corner which is accesible via car, train, walk,
cycle and bus. Its placement is ideal next to one of Christchurchs main train stations, a mall and Hagley park which
connects back to Christchurchs CBD. The proposed building is to be an Iconic building in Christchurch which will reconnect
the people of Christchurch with history that is lost. It will also be an achor point for exciting new architecture to develop
down Moorhouse Avenue.
Site Motive
SA
10,000M2
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Issues Christchurchs vibrant arts centre was severely damaged following the February 22nd earthquake. The site has been issued
a red unsafe placecard. The 23 arts centre heritage buildings are all very significant and will be restored however, itis uncertain how much funds are required, the extent of restoration and strengthining required and the time frame needed.
The arts centre is currently unaccesible and thus, in the meantime the
city is in need of a vibrant place for people to come together.
Aim The aim of this project is to create a Temporary Contemporary Arts Centre which, will temporary replace the arts centre whileit is under restoration. The building will need to be futureproofed so that it can adapt to a new program in the future.
Architectural Proposal To create a building which borrows from the past and adapts to the future. Ornament of a building represents the personalstyleof the building. It is a Snapshot in time. The proposal looks at how ornament was applied to architecture in the past,
and how it is being applied today. Today ornament is no longer just an embellishement but building components; Skin, Detail,
Structure, Wall and Furniture. The ornament on the Christchurch Arts Centre will be formally translated into building
components.
Title Temporary Contemporary Arts Centre
Objectives
Permeability - Many Points of entry from the street and associated alternative routes.
Compatibilty - The building(s) should be contemporary in its architectural expression, but it must be possible to identifyformal and qualitative compatibitly with the Christchurch Arts Centre
Permeability
Accesibility - The building(s) should be accesible by all means of public and private transport.
Density - The new building(s) should be arranged to achieve a distinctive street presence, while ensuring continuedpermeability from the street.
Open Space - Particular emphasis is required to achieve distinct open space(s) within the site.
"What you're seeing now is a series of gaps that have appeared - huge slices of the city, huge gaps in people's memories.
It's about the loss of the memory of the city, the loss of 150 years of the European settlement. - Jenny May (architectural
historian and heritage planner .
Problem
7.6 P R O P O S E D P R O G R A M A N D S I T E
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
Total Surface Area of Proposed Building
A place for Artists
A place for Craftspeople
A place where Anything Might Happen
A place to Eat
A place to Find A Bargain
A place for ArtistsA place to See A Play
A place to See A Play
Public Plaza (3000M )
2
Retail (600M )
Flexible Exhibition/ Event Space (900M )
Indoor Performance Stage (300M )
2
2
2
Public
Private
Flexible Education Space (700M )2
Live + Work Studios (60m/Studio x 10 = 600M )2
Offices (60m/Studio x 10 = 600M )2
Private Plaza/Terrace (500M )2
A place of Learning
A place of Quiet Reflection
A Place to Live + Work
A Place to Work
Program Breakdown
4800M + 2400M2 2
7200M2
=
++
10,000MClaimed Surface Area:2
7.6 P R O P O S E D P R O G R A M A N D S I T E
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.0 M A T E R I A L I N V E S T I G A T I O N
pre-fabricationprecast modulevolume_3D
face
variable
patterns_2D
joints
types of joint
variable
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
reason to be:
variations in repetition
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.1 P A T T E R N 2 D
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.1.1
> > > > >
> > >
>>>
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.2 V O L U M E 3 D
volume
face
4 faces
8 faces
16 faces
36 faces
2 faces
variable
variable01
same
variable03
variable02
mix
other objects
+
+
+ +
/ / /
+ +
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.2.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1
+
+
+
+
+
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
+
+
+
+
+
8.2.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.3 J O I N T S
joints
type of joints
variable
+
+
neutral
variable01
neutral
variable02
same
variable03
mix
joints
joints
+ + + + + + + +joints other joints
joints
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
+
neutral
+
neutral
+
neutral
+
neutral
joints
joints
joints
joints
8.3.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
+
neutral
+
neutral
+
neutral
+
neutral
+
neutral
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
+
+
+
+
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
8.3.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
+
+
+
+
+
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
joints
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
+
+
+
+
+ ++ + + ++
jointsjoints
joints
joints joints
joints
8.3.3 V A R I A B L E 0 3
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
8.4 P R O P O S E D S I T E & P R O G R A M
area
Proposed site
Location Plan not to scale
Site Plan not to scale
248,125m
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
aim
objectives
issue
a place people want to spend time in and invest in.
to become a vibrant and comfortable living space which
stimulate & foster new lifestyle to the people of Christchurch.
...lives were lost, peoples homes and livelihoods destroyed...
Bob Parker
Mayor of Christchurch
a place that fosters business investment and growth, attracts
visitors and invites residents to wander, explore and
discover the new public spaces and network of green spaces.
easy to get around, with a business-friendly compact core, an
array of inviting green spaces and plenty of activities to
draw people into the area throught the day and into the
evening.
accessibility - supported by excelent walking and cycling
paths.
people-friendly and responds to the needs of todays and
future generations.
+
+
+
+
+
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
proposed program
usermeans of transportation activities
residential
accommodation
retail
office
f&bcafe
restaurant
studio
2-bedrooms
3-bedrooms
entertainment
residents sleep
eat
shop
socialize
recreation
work
walk
cycle
car
public transport
family
children
adults
workers
retailers
disabled
tourists/
visitors
teenagers
mixed-use development
program
++ live
live
play
play
work
work
suite
deluxe twindeluxe king
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Reason for
recycling
The life cycle of a buliding used to be a one-way street. Building materials were extracted and used to manufacture building
products, and once the building reached the end of its useful life and was demolished, the materials were buried in a landfill
or incinerated. Societal and economic factors require that todays building life cycle be circular, with the loop completed to
the largest extent possible by reusing demolition materials to manufacture new products.
Some key benefits of recycling concrete include:
Reduction of waste, landfill or dumping and associated site degradation
Substitution for virgin resources and reduction in associated environmental costs of natural resource
exploitation
Reduced transportation costs: concrete can often be recycled on demolition or construction sites or close to
urban areas where it will be reused
Reduced disposal costs as landfi ll taxes and tip fees can be avoided
Good performance for some applications due to good compaction and density properties (for example, as road
sub-base)
In some instances, employment opportunities arise in the recycling industry that would not otherwise exist in
other sectors
Resource extration
Manufacturing
Construction
Use/Occupancy
Demolition
Recycling
Desired closed loop building life cycle
Disposal
Resource extration
Manufacturing
Construction
Use/Occupancy
Demolition
Existing one way building life cycle
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Myths and
reality about
concrete
recyclingConcrete cannot be recycled Although concrete is not broken down into its constituent parts, it can be recovered
and crushed for reuse as aggregate (for use in ready-mix concrete or other
applications) or it can be recycled through the cement manufacturing process in
controlled amounts, either as an alternative raw material to produce clinker or as
an additional component when grinding clinker, gypsum and other additives to cement.
Recycled concrete aggregate
cannot be used for structural
It is generally accepted that about 20% (or more) of aggregate content can be
replaced by recycled concrete for structural applications.
Although some concrete can be
recycled it is not possible
to achieve high rate
Countries such as the Netherlands and Japan achieve near complete recovery of waste
concrete.
Concrete can be 100% made byrecycling old concrete
Current technology means that recovered concrete can be used as aggregate in newconcrete but (1) new cement is always needed and (2) in most applications only a
portion of recycled aggregate content can be used (regulations often limit content
as do physical properties, particularly for structural concrete).
Recycling concrete will
reduce greenhouse gases and
the carbon footprint
Recycling concrete into
low-grade aggregate is
down-cycling and is
environmentally not the bestsolution
Recycled aggregate is more
expensive
Most greenhouse gas emissions from concrete production occur during the production
of cement. Less-significant savings may be made if transportation needs for
aggregates can be reduced by recycling.
A full lifecycle assessment should be undertaken. Sometimes low-grade use is the
most sustainable solution as it diverts other resources from the project and uses
minimal energy in processing. That is not to say more refined uses might not also
suit a situation.
This depends on local conditions (including transportation costs).
Myths Reality
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Truth and
rationale of
concrete
recycling
Truth Rationale
Cement cannot be recycled
Demolition concrete is inert
Recycled concrete can be
better than virgin aggregates
for some applications
Using recycled aggregate
reduces land-use impact
Recycling all construction
and demolition waste (C&DW)
will not meet market needs
for aggregate
Figures are not complete for
recovery rates
Once cement clinker is made, the process is irreversible. No commercially viable
processes exist to recycle cement.
Compared to other wastes, concrete is relatively inert and does not usually require
special treatment.
The physical properties of coarse aggregates made from crushed demolition concrete
make it the preferred material for applications such as road base and sub-base. This
is because recycled aggregates often have better compaction properties and require
less cement for sub-base uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to obtain than
virgin material.
By using recycled aggregates in place of virgin materials (1) less landfill is
generated and (2) fewer natural resources are extracted.
Even near complete recovery of concrete from C&DW will only supply about 20% of
total aggregate needs in the developed world.
Data are often not available. When data are available different methods of counting
make cross-country comparisons difficult.
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Concrete
recycling
process
Mobile sorters and crushers are often installed on construction sites to allow on-site processing. In other situations,
specific processing sites are established, which are usually able to produce higher quality aggregate. Sometimes machines
incorporate air knives to remove lighter materials such as wood, joint sealants and plastics. Magnet and mechanical processes
are used to extract steel, which is then recycled.
Recyling process types
For direct reuse
without treatment
Mobile treatment
on-site and use
material on-site
Stationary treatment
at centralized
treatment plant and
sale of differentproducts to different
construction
companies
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Mobile recycling
facility Demolition
Feeder
Presieve, 15mm
Jaw breaker
Crushed aggregate
Simple base material
Soil and fine grainsSimple filling
e.g. landscaping
e.g. simple roads,parking lot
Demolition
Entrancec ontrol
Stockpile Manualcrushingof oversized parts
Sieve,15 mm
Jaw breakerdischarge < 60 mm
Magnetic sep.
Pickingbelt
Sieve,22 mm
Product30/22mm
Product 10/15 mm
Product222/60 mm
Engineering fillCivilengineering
e.g.sub-baseCivil engineering
e.g.sub-base
Ironscrap
Non-ferrous metal
Waste
LandfillRecyclingindustry
Stationary
recycling
facility
Flowchart of simple stationary recycling facility
Flowchart of
simple mobile
recycling facility
(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H
9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Guiding
principles of
construction &
demolition waste
management
Door frames, pipes, windows,
beams and etc
Aggregate, steel, wood and
etc
Avoidance
Reuse
Recycling
Landfill
Increasing
sustainability
Sustainability ranking of recycling
method
Reuse original form on site
Reuse original form on the other site
Mobile recycling and use it on site
Mobile recycling and use it on the
other site
Treatment plant recycling
Transportation to
plant
Energy
(fossil fuel
and electricity)
Delivery to
destination
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Recycled
concrete
applications
(after mobile or
plant treatment)
1.Concrete road
2.Bituminous road
3.Hydraulically bound road
4.Ground improvement
5.Earthworks - Embankments
6.Earthworks - Cuttings
7.Shallow foundation
8.Deep foundation
9.Utilities
10.Utilities - reinstatement in roads
11.Concrete sub-structure
12.Concrete structure
13.Building - industrial
14.Building - residential
(Source: WRAP)
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Recycled
concrete
applications
(after mobile or plant
treatment)
Building - industrial
1. Precast concrete staircase
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used where properties and performance have
been established by the manufacturer. Recyclied
material allowed in the coarse aggregate is 20%.
2. Heavy duty industrial floor
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse
aggregate.
3. Wall
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse
aggregate.
4. Foundations
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse
aggregate.
5. Blinding concrete
Product Unreinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace up to 100% of the coarse
aggregate.
6. Slab
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
7. Fill to foundations
Product Granular material
Notes A wide range of recycled and secondary materials may be
appropriate, such as RCA and RA, to replace 100% of the
material.
8. Precast concrete drainage pipes and manhole units
Product Concrete pipes and manhole units
Notes RCA may be used where properties and performance have beenestablished by the manufacturer.
9. General industrial floor
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
10. Concrete column
Product Reinforced concrete
Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
11. Precast concrete structural beam
Product Concrete beam
Notes RCA may be used where properties and performance have been
established by the manufacturer.
12. Concrete floor for light foot and trolley traffic
Product
Notes
Reinforced concrete
RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
(Source: WRAP)
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Concrete reuse
applications
Sculpture
Furniture
Construction (embeding)
Sculpture
Furniture
Construction (embeding)
Landscape
Furniture
Construction (embeding)
Landscape
Furniture
Construction (embeding)
Plantation
Furniture
Landscape
Sculpture
Construction (filling)
Landscape
LandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscape
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Concrete reuse
applications
(Gabion wall)
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Concrete reuse
applications
Domus winery
Villanueva public
libraryFurniture
ETC
(Architecture with
gabion system)
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Concrete reuse
applications
(Hesco system)
(Source: Hesco)
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Concrete reuse
application case
studies
Resin + RCA
Note Resin can bind raw RCA
(recycled concrete aggregate)
and create space betweenaggregates at the same time.
By creating space, light can
penetrate through. This has a
potential to be used as
partition wall.
Mixed in gap
Note By filling gap with RCA, it
creates visual contrast
between finished concrete and
RCA.
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Gabion
Note Gabions are cages,cylinders,
or boxes filled with soil,
sand or aggregates. Gabionshave been used in various
applications. This has a
potential to be used as wall
(e.g Dominus estate winery by
Herzog & De Meuron).
Benefits of gabion system are
Concrete reuse
application case
studies
Monolithic : distributes
forces across the wall
Flexible : can deform and
still maintain its
function
Permeable : high voids
prevent hydrostatic
pressure development
Durable : advanced coating
technology to achieve
design life
Versatile : easy to shape
to match the local site
conditions
Environmentally friendly :
built using stone andaggregate that can form
part of the ecosystem.
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Use demolished concrete pieces as part of concrete
Note Demolished concrete pieces
can be used for another
concrete structure such aswall. By placing raw
demolished concrete within
new concrete construction, it
creates contrast between old
and new. Also it displays how
the recycled concrete can be
reused in new structure.
Concrete reuse
application case
studies
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Considered
design for
future reuse
Considering recycling at the time a building is designed improves the chances of closed loop constructoin as introduced
earlier.
Resource extration
Manufacturing
Construction
Use/Occupancy
Demolition
RecyclingDisposal
The benefits are two-fold: eventual C&DW is minimized
and the demand for new materials for a future project
is reduced. Designs should consider ways to maximize
possibilities for reuse, or at least possibilities for recycling
of the structure and its components. As a first step, designsthat allow for eventual adaptation or renovation of a
structure can allow partial replacements that lengthen the
ultimate life of the building. Keeping components separate
or separable is key for component reuse or recycling.
Evaluation of any possible contamination issues is also
relevant.
One of the most important characteristics of concrete is its
durability. The best design for deconstruction for concrete is
to allow for on-site reuse: concrete can be an ideal building
material as buildings made with concrete can be adapted
and renovated for future use for many decades.
In situ and pre-cast concrete materials both play a role in design for future reuse plans.
In situ concrete is sometimes mistakenly believed to have few reuse or recovery
possibilities. However, buildings with post-tensioned slabs can be reused and altered as
required. If the building is demolished, having a record or tag on the concrete
detailing its components may aid in possible future recycling. Sometimes designs note
that this is downcycling as the recycled concrete aggregate is used for projects such
as road sub-base. However, as noted elsewhere, the best overall environmental solution
does not necessarily require refined reprocessing and a closed loop material use can
still be achieved.
Pre-cast designs should consider the use of precast slabs that can be dismantled and
reused. It may be that fillers such as polystyrene should not be used to avoid hampering
later recycling efforts.
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Building
structure
involving
recycled
concrete
Paving
system
Foundation
system
Wall
system
Roof
system
Recycled concrete
(within soil)
Recycled concrete
(within cement)
In-situ concrete
foundation
In-situ concrete
wall
In-situ concrete
roof
Precast concrete
wall
Gabion wall
Gabion foundation
Precast concrete
roof
Concrete debri
within concrete
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Conclusion Throughout this research, it was found that recycling concrete has two main advantages. Firstly, it reduces the use of new
virgin aggregate and the associated environmental costs of exploitation and transportation. Secondly, it reduces unnecessary
landfill of valuable materials that can be recovered and redeployed.
There is, however, no appreciable impact on reducing the carbon footprint apart from emissions reductions from transportation.
The main source of carbon emissions in concrete is in cement production. The cement content in concrete cannot be viably sepa-
rated and reused or recycled into new cement and thus carbon reduction cannot be achieved by recycling concrete. Therefore itis required for us to avoid cement use when possible.
Making considered design for future recycle and reuse of its parts
Try to avoid using cement whenever possible
Try to recycled concrete whenever possible
Try to avoid in-situ concrete to keep components separate so each components can be
reused or recycled (e.g modular system)
Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when recycling)
Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when design)
Try to recycle and reuse material on site
Try to avoid using cement whenever possible
When using recycled concrete the best option is to use it without any treatment and the
least desired option is to use recycling plant treated concrete aggregates. However it
is still better for environment than using virgin aggregates.
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9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Site and program
Primary road
Secondary road
Rail way
Site
Program:
Benefit:
Motive:
Site is located close by
major road and rail way. The
generated possible heavy
volume of traffic including
loading trucks for plant and
visitors can use primary,
secondary roads and rail way.
By using main roads and rail-
way, heavy volume of traffic
and related matters can be
avoided within residential
area.
The challenge was to find the
site, which can accomodate
all of group members proposed
programs. Residential, public
and industrial programs were
chosen to be placed within
close range to create
synergy.
Educationl centre
- Exhibition space
(500 m2)
- Experience space for
children
(250 m2)
- Cafeteria/Lounge
(150 m2)
- Management office
(50 m2)
Recycling and reusing plant
and storage
- Plant
(300 m2)
- Storage
(1200 m2)
Claimed
area: 2450 m2 (approximately)
(Aerial map showing surrounding major transportation paths)
(Close up map showing surrounding of the site)
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10.0 E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N
Summary of the
research and
arguement
Research phase Investigation phase Proposal and arguement
1 ton of concrete is consumed
by every human being on earth
every year.
2nd most consumed substance
in the world is concrete.
Water is the only substance
that has been consumed more
than concrete.
5% of the total global carbon
emission comes from cement
manufacturing. Cement is
crucial element of finished
concrete.
Considered design for
environment is one of the key
topics in this era.
Christchurch earthquake
triggered heavy volume of
destruction and construction.
Traditionally life cycle of
construction is not looped as
heavy volume of demolished
and finished materials end up
filling land fill.
It is essential to promote
environmentally friendly
design within the context of
Christchurch as there are
never seen before volume of
construction and demolition
is happening at the moment.
Create architecture using
construction and demolition
waste whenever possible.
Promote the potential of
recycling and reusing by
creating educational centre
and recycling plant.
By reusing construction anddemolision waste, this will
create good contribution for
environment.
It also close the loop of
construction materials life
cycle.
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10.0 E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N
Glossary
Clinker In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by
sintering limestone and alumino-silicate (clay) during the cement kiln stage.
C&DW Construction and demolition waste
RCA Recycled concrete aggregate
Fly Ash One of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash
which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an indusgtrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during
combustion of coal.
GGBFS Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and
steel-making) from blast furnace in water or stream, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and
ground into a fine powder.
Type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant and delivered to work site by truck mounted
transit mixers.
Ready
mixed
concret
Merchant
bags
Manufactured cement product, which is in powder form. Merchant bag is to carry and sell manufactured cement powder.
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E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N10.0
References CCANZ. Annual report. 2011.
CEMBUREAU. Building a future, with cement and concrete. 2007.
CEMBUREAU. Sustainable cement production. 2007.
Cement & concrete association of New Zealand. Concrete3 economic, social, environmental. 2007.
Holcim. Annual review. 2010.
International Energy Agency. Biofuels roadmap. 2011.
International energy agency. Cement technology roadmap 2009. 2009.
International energy agency. Energy technology transitions for industry. 2009.
International energy agency. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and co2 emissions. 2007.
International Energy Agency and World business council for sustainable development. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009.
Isaacs, Nigel. "Cementing history." Build. no. June/July (2008): 88-89.
Jaques, Roman. Environmental impact associated with New Zealand cement manufacture. BRANZ, 1998.
NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association). Concrete CO2 fact sheet. 2008.
USGS. 2010 Mineral yearbook. 2010.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The cement sustainability initiative. 2009.
Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Ozawa Meida. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement
Industry.
WRAP, Accessed March 23, 2012. http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk.
(For section 6 and 9)
11 0 S I T E R E L A T I O N S H I P S
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11.0 S I T E R E L A T I O N S H I P S
8 Lanes
Shopping Centre
Christchurch Train Station
Train Stop
Gathering of People
Public Seating
Cafes/Restauraunts
Performances
Residential
Hagley Park
Bicycle Parking/ Promotes cycling
Pedestrian Way
Cars
Moorhouse Avenue (1/4 Major avenues)- Accesible
Industrial Zone
Bl h i R d A ibl
Monas Site- Residential/Accomodation/Retail
Farahs Site- Temporary Contemporary Art gallery
Tommys Site- Recycle/Reuse Concrete Plant/ Education
Main StreetsPublic Space
Retail
Train Stations/ Access
Railway Track
Hagley Park
Industrial Area
Residential
8 Lanes
Key:
Bubble Diagram Showing relationships between chosen sites and site features:
Map Of Choosen Sites: Zoomed up map Of Choosen Sites:
Four Major Avenues of Christchurch CBD
The challenge was to find a site, which could accomodate all of the group members proposed programs.
Residential, public and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy
between each programs users.
Site Relationships