『『産経産経』』図と図と『『明堂図明堂図』』の研究の研究

《《产经产经》》图与图与《《明堂图明堂图》》的研究的研究A Study on the Illustrations between A Study on the Illustrations between

the the ChanjingChanjing and the and the MingtangMingtang

茨城大学　真柳 誠茨城大学　真柳 誠

日本茨城大学日本茨城大学　　真柳 诚真柳 诚MAYANAGI Makoto, National Ibaraki MAYANAGI Makoto, National Ibaraki

University, JapanUniversity, Japan

日本の日本の『『医心方医心方』』（（ 984984 ）巻）巻 2222 には妊娠十ヶには妊娠十ヶ月毎の絵図があり、各々には裸体妊婦・胎児と月毎の絵図があり、各々には裸体妊婦・胎児と関連経脈・経穴・臓腑・骨格等が描かれ、いず関連経脈・経穴・臓腑・骨格等が描かれ、いずれもれも『『産経産経』』からの引用である。からの引用である。

日本的日本的《《医心方医心方》》 (984)(984) 卷卷 2222 中有妊娠十个月中有妊娠十个月的月别图，分别按月别绘制了与裸体孕妇及胎儿的月别图，分别按月别绘制了与裸体孕妇及胎儿相关的经脉、经穴、脏腑、骨骼等，均引自相关的经脉、经穴、脏腑、骨骼等，均引自《《产产经经》》。。

The twenty-second scroll (The twenty-second scroll ( juanjuan) of the Japanese ) of the Japanese text text IshimpôIshimpô (984) [Prescriptions from the Heart (984) [Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine] contains illustrations depicting the of Medicine] contains illustrations depicting the ten months of pregnancy. Month-by-month, ten months of pregnancy. Month-by-month, they show the channels, points, internal organs, they show the channels, points, internal organs, bone structure etc. as they relate to the naked bone structure etc. as they relate to the naked body of the pregnant woman and the fetus. The body of the pregnant woman and the fetus. The entire set is a quotation from the entire set is a quotation from the ChanjingChanjing. .

醫心方 卷醫心方 卷 2222The twenty-second scroll of the The twenty-second scroll of the IshimpôIshimpô

產經產經 妊娠圖 妊娠圖The Illustrations of Pregnancy cited from the ChanjingThe Illustrations of Pregnancy cited from the Chanjing

『『産経産経』』は佚書であるが、は佚書であるが、『『隋書経籍志隋書経籍志』』に著録に著録の「産経一巻」と、の「産経一巻」と、『『日本国見在書目録日本国見在書目録』』に著録に著録の「産経十二、徳貞常撰、産経図三」がかつての「産経十二、徳貞常撰、産経図三」がかつてあった。 あった。

《《产经产经》》虽为佚书，但虽为佚书，但《《隋书经籍志隋书经籍志》》中有“产经一中有“产经一卷”的著录，另外卷”的著录，另外《《日本国见在书目录日本国见在书目录》》中亦有“产中亦有“产经十二，德贞常撰，产经图三”的另一种著录。经十二，德贞常撰，产经图三”的另一种著录。

Although the Although the ChanjingChanjing is a lost text, the is a lost text, the bibliographic catalogue of the Sui dynasty records a bibliographic catalogue of the Sui dynasty records a ""ChanjingChanjing in one in one juanjuan." Moreover, the ." Moreover, the Nihonkoku Nihonkoku Genzaisho MokurokuGenzaisho Mokuroku [Catalogue of Extant Books in [Catalogue of Extant Books in Japan] also records a “Japan] also records a “Chanjing Chanjing 12 12 juanjuan, authored , authored by De Zhenchang, and illustrations to the by De Zhenchang, and illustrations to the ChanjingChanjing 3 3 juanjuan. .

　　　隋書經籍志　　　日本國見在　　　隋書經籍志　　　日本國見在書目書目

Record of the Bibliographic Record of the Bibliographic CataloguesCatalogues

ところでところで『『医心方医心方』』巻巻 2525 第第 6161 葉には葉には｢｢此是徳家秘方不伝。出産経此是徳家秘方不伝。出産経｣｣の記載がの記載があるので、同書巻あるので、同書巻 2222 図の妊娠図は徳貞図の妊娠図は徳貞常撰常撰『『産経図産経図』』 33 巻からの引用に間違巻からの引用に間違いない。いない。

因因《《医心方医心方》》卷卷 2525 第第 6161 叶有叶有““此是德此是德家秘方不传。出产经家秘方不传。出产经””的记载，同书卷的记载，同书卷2222 的妊娠图一定引自德贞常所撰的的妊娠图一定引自德贞常所撰的《《产产经图经图》》 33 卷。卷。

Lastly, the 61th leaf of the 25th Lastly, the 61th leaf of the 25th juanjuan of the of the IshimpôIshimpô contains a comment that “This is contains a comment that “This is a secret formula by De Zhenchang, not to a secret formula by De Zhenchang, not to be transmitted. It comes from the be transmitted. It comes from the ChanjingChanjing.” This proves that the pregnancy .” This proves that the pregnancy illustrations in illustrations in juanjuan 22 of the same text 22 of the same text must come from the 3 must come from the 3 juanjuan “ “ChanjingChanjing Illustrations” by De Zhenchang.Illustrations” by De Zhenchang.

このこの『『産経産経』』佚文には佚文には『『葛氏方葛氏方』』が間接引用されが間接引用されるので、るので、『『産経産経』』は葛洪は葛洪 (283-343)(283-343) 以後の書に間以後の書に間違いない。また違いない。また『『日本国見在書目録日本国見在書目録』』 (875-891(875-891頃頃 )) の著録から、その成書下限は唐代の著録から、その成書下限は唐代 99 世紀末以世紀末以前となる。前となる。

因为该因为该《《产经产经》》佚文中引用了佚文中引用了《《葛氏方葛氏方》》，所以，所以《《产经产经》》一定成书于葛洪一定成书于葛洪 (283-343)(283-343) 之后。另外之后。另外因其著录于因其著录于《《日本国见在书目录日本国见在书目录》》 (875-891)(875-891) ，，它的成书下限应为唐代它的成书下限应为唐代 99 世纪末以前世纪末以前。。

Because of the fact that the cited paragraph of Because of the fact that the cited paragraph of ChanjingChanjing contains quotations from the contains quotations from the Formulas Formulas by Mr. Geby Mr. Ge, it must have been composed after the , it must have been composed after the lifetime of Ge Hong (283-343). On the other lifetime of Ge Hong (283-343). On the other hand, since it was recorded in the hand, since it was recorded in the Nihonkoku Nihonkoku Genzaisho MokurokuGenzaisho Mokuroku (875-891), its time of (875-891), its time of composition must have been before the end of the composition must have been before the end of the ninth century Tang dynasty.ninth century Tang dynasty.

ならば本書の絵図は体系的に妊娠十ヶ月の胎児発ならば本書の絵図は体系的に妊娠十ヶ月の胎児発育等を描いたものとして、世界で現存最古と考え育等を描いたものとして、世界で現存最古と考えていいだろう。しかも絵図以外のていいだろう。しかも絵図以外の『『産経産経』』の文章の文章は、紀元前約は、紀元前約 165165 年に埋葬された馬王堆の年に埋葬された馬王堆の『『胎産胎産書書』』に多くが由来し、内容の淵源は極めて古い。に多くが由来し、内容の淵源は極めて古い。

据此可以推论本书的绘图，为世界现存最早的系统描据此可以推论本书的绘图，为世界现存最早的系统描绘妊娠十个月的胎儿发育等的绘图。而且，图绘以外绘妊娠十个月的胎儿发育等的绘图。而且，图绘以外《《产经产经》》的文章，多来源于公元前约的文章，多来源于公元前约 165165 年被埋葬年被埋葬于马王堆的于马王堆的《《胎产书胎产书》》，其内容的来源也极为古老。，其内容的来源也极为古老。

From this evidence, we can deduct that the drawings in From this evidence, we can deduct that the drawings in this text constitute the earliest illustrations in the world this text constitute the earliest illustrations in the world to systematically portray the development of the fetus to systematically portray the development of the fetus during the ten months of pregnancy. Moreover, the text during the ten months of pregnancy. Moreover, the text that accompanies the drawings from the that accompanies the drawings from the ChanjingChanjing originates to a large extent from the originates to a large extent from the TaichanshuTaichanshu [Book [Book of the Generation of the Fetus], buried in 165 BCE at of the Generation of the Fetus], buried in 165 BCE at Mawangdui, and the origin of its content is therefore Mawangdui, and the origin of its content is therefore also extremely ancient.also extremely ancient.

他方、他方、『『黄帝蝦蟇経黄帝蝦蟇経』』（（ 3-43-4 世紀）の針灸禁穴を示した裸世紀）の針灸禁穴を示した裸体男人図と、体男人図と、『『灸法図灸法図』』（唐代筆写の敦煌文書（唐代筆写の敦煌文書 S.6168S.6168 ととS.6262S.6262 ）の灸穴・骨格を示した裸体男人図には、）の灸穴・骨格を示した裸体男人図には、『『産産経経』』妊娠図と類似した描写内容や身体画法が見出される。妊娠図と類似した描写内容や身体画法が見出される。

另外，从另外，从《《黄帝蝦蟇経黄帝蝦蟇経》》 (3-4(3-4 世纪世纪 )) 中标明针灸禁中标明针灸禁穴的裸体男人图以及穴的裸体男人图以及《《灸法图灸法图》》 (( 唐代抄写的敦煌唐代抄写的敦煌文件文件 S.6168S.6168 、、 S.6262)S.6262) 中标明灸穴、骨骼的裸体中标明灸穴、骨骼的裸体男人图中可以看出与男人图中可以看出与《《产经产经》》妊娠图类似的描写内妊娠图类似的描写内容、身体画法等。容、身体画法等。

In addition, we can compare the illustrations of pregnancy In addition, we can compare the illustrations of pregnancy from the from the ChanjingChanjing with two pictures, to which they are with two pictures, to which they are similar both in the content portrayed as well as the style of similar both in the content portrayed as well as the style of depicting the body: The picture of a male naked body in depicting the body: The picture of a male naked body in the the Huangdi Hama Jing Huangdi Hama Jing [Yellow Emperor's Toad Classic][Yellow Emperor's Toad Classic] (3rd to 4th century) indicates points prohibited for acumoxa, (3rd to 4th century) indicates points prohibited for acumoxa, and the pictures of male naked bodies in the and the pictures of male naked bodies in the JiufatuJiufatu [Illustrations for Moxibustion Methods][Illustrations for Moxibustion Methods] (S6168 and S6262 (S6168 and S6262 of the Dunhuang manuscripts, copied during the Tang of the Dunhuang manuscripts, copied during the Tang dynasty) indicate moxibustion points and bone structures.dynasty) indicate moxibustion points and bone structures.

とりわけ身体の画法と経穴の図示は全てに共通とりわけ身体の画法と経穴の図示は全てに共通している。している。

特别是身体的画法和经穴的图示有共通之处。特别是身体的画法和经穴的图示有共通之处。 Especially the style of depicting the body and the Especially the style of depicting the body and the

way in which the channels and points are marked way in which the channels and points are marked show commonalities.show commonalities.

ところがところが 22 世紀後半の漢代画像石で人面鳥身の針世紀後半の漢代画像石で人面鳥身の針医が治療する患者には、そうした身体画法や経穴医が治療する患者には、そうした身体画法や経穴が一切ない。が一切ない。

但是，但是， 22 世纪后半叶汉代画像石描绘的人面鸟身针世纪后半叶汉代画像石描绘的人面鸟身针医所治疗的患者像中，完全没有上述的身体画法、医所治疗的患者像中，完全没有上述的身体画法、经穴等。经穴等。

However, among the patients treated by the healer with However, among the patients treated by the healer with a bird face and human body, which are depicted in a a bird face and human body, which are depicted in a late second century Han dynasty stone relief, the late second century Han dynasty stone relief, the above-described style of depicting the human body above-described style of depicting the human body and mark channels and points are completely absent.and mark channels and points are completely absent.

隋書 經籍志隋書 經籍志

明堂明堂孔穴孔穴圖圖 三卷 三卷

明堂明堂孔穴孔穴圖圖 三卷 三卷 梁有偃側圖 八卷，又偃側梁有偃側圖 八卷，又偃側圖 二卷圖 二卷

黄帝黄帝明堂明堂偃人偃人圖圖 十二卷 十二卷

黄帝十二經脉黄帝十二經脉明堂明堂五藏人五藏人圖圖 一卷 一卷

以上を総合して推論するなら、これら医療用人体図以上を総合して推論するなら、これら医療用人体図の画法は、の画法は、『『明堂経明堂経』』と前後してと前後して 33 世紀頃に成書し世紀頃に成書しただろうただろう『『明堂図明堂図』』諸本に由来する可能性が示唆さ諸本に由来する可能性が示唆される。れる。

综上所述，可以试推论为，这些医疗人体图的画法有综上所述，可以试推论为，这些医疗人体图的画法有可能来源于大约成书于可能来源于大约成书于《《明堂经明堂经》》前后前后 33 世纪左右的世纪左右的《《明堂图明堂图》》诸本。诸本。

In conclusion, we can tentatively infer that the style of In conclusion, we can tentatively infer that the style of drawing in these various pictures of the human body drawing in these various pictures of the human body in a therapeutic context perhaps originate with the in a therapeutic context perhaps originate with the texts texts MingtangtuMingtangtu [Illustrations of the Hall of [Illustrations of the Hall of Brightness] that was probably composed in the third Brightness] that was probably composed in the third century around the time of the century around the time of the MingtangjingMingtangjing [Classic [Classic of the Hall of Brightness]. of the Hall of Brightness].

Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.MAYANAGI MakotoMAYANAGI Makoto