第五部分 应用生态学
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Transcript of 第五部分 应用生态学
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15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15
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15.1 (global change )
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15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3 15.1
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15.1.1
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H20(CO2)(CH4)(N2O)(CF6)(CFCs)(HFCs)
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GREENHOUSE EFFECT Incoming sunlight warms the surface of the Earth and is radiated back to atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb some of this heat, trapping it in the atmosphere.
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15.1.1.1 15.1.1.2 15.1.1.3 15.1.1
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15.1.1.1 145%15%
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CO2
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Carbon accumulation CO2 has increased from its pre-industrial level data: recent records plus older data such as ice cores mostly fossil fuel burning
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15.1. 1.2
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15.1. 1.2
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15.1.1.2
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2630 3436
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15.1. 1.2 103103
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15.1.1.3
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15.1.2 O33 25~40km
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O2+180~240nm=O+OO+O2 =O3O3+200~320nm = O2+OO+O3 = O2+O2
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DNADNA
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CFCS
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CFCS CFCS CFCS CFCS
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Cl+O3= ClO+O2 ClO+O3=ClO2+O2 ClO2+ =Cl+O2100 000
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19931070%
Chart1
2830
2940
2950
2300
km2
km2
km2
Sheet1
km2
9/3/002830
9/6/002940
9/25/062950
9/12/072300
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
km2
km2
km2
Sheet2
Sheet3
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2000982000932830km2 200096
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20061020
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1994410%~ 20% 2008311
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15.1.3
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193019431948195219531956195519721968198419861986
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20006251400
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15.1.3 15.1.3.1 1215.1.3.2 15.1.3.3 15.1.3.4 15.1.3.5 15.1.3.6
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15.1.3.1
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H2SO4 11952SO2COFe2O3
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1(photochemical smog)
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()NOxCxHy
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2(acid rain )pH5.65 H2SO4HNO3
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1872
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SH2SO4 S+O2SO2 SO2+H2OH2SO3 2H2SO3+O22H2SO4 S+O2SO2 2SO2+2H2O+O22H2SO4
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a.NOHNO32NO+O22NO23NO2+H2O2HNO3+NO4NO+2H2O+3O24HNO3b.NO2HNO34NO2+2H2O+O24HNO3
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(Acid rain) (Acid drop )
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2006331
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15.1.3.2 4
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PCBs
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biochemical oxygen demand, BODBODBOD
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(chemical oxygen demand, COD)CODBOD/COD
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1anywhere in the sea
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(Red Tide )(Red Tide )(Eutrophication )
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1
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2
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1878640 2060
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70km
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3
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4
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60%4
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15.1.3.3 CO[()(TNT)],
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15.1.3.3 2000104hm2130104hm2
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15.1.3.4 7222
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15.1.3.4
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15.1.3.5 (Toxic pollution ) 209DDTP.H.Muller(18991965,)19481972DDT
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15.1.3.6 60dB
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BODCOD
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15.2
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15.2 15.2.1 15.2.1.1 15.2.1.2 15.2.1.3 15.2.2 15.2.2.1 15.2.2.2 15.2.2.3 15.2.2.4
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15.2.1 15.2.1.1 (population explosion )
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5074068 15.2.1.2
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15.2.1.2
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15.2.1.3 (Aging of population )6010%657%
657%14%14%25%7%14%20%1930197520274552189019752012853718651995201913024194520152050703519701996200626101999201620231772000202020292092000202720372710
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15.2.2 (Non-depletion of resources)(Exhaustible resources )(Renewable natural resources )(Natural resources of non-update )
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15.2.2.1
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15.2.2.2 95%
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3t 20251990330
15.2.2.3
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1/42000hm28000300
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15.2.2.4