:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - 9 10 11 12 13

...... . steam drum [ ] . . 5 . down comers (feed water drum ). . ( (-1) (Tiny Boilers) " " (ASME) . 16 (40 ) (0.14 3 ) . (High Pressure Steam Boilers) . . (Hot- Water-Supply Boilers) 11 120 . . (Low- Pressure Boilers) 1 11 120 . (Packaged Boilers) . . . (Power Boilers) 1 . (Supercritical Boilers) 221.2 374.15. ( ). 221.2 . 374.15 ( 221.2 ) . . (Waste Heat Boilers) ... "" .(-2) (Safety Valve) .

(Stop Valve) .

(Pressure Gauge) (/2) * Boiler check valve

(steam gauge siphon) .

(Inspectors test gauge connection and cock) . (water column) .

(Water Level Indicator)

(water test gauges or try cocks) . (Drain valve) " ". . .

(-3) (horse power) (Btu) (MW) . 34.5 / 212 . 1 33.475 Btu/ 10 2 . 10 2 50 500 /. / Btu/ . Boiler turndown Ratios . (Turndown Ratio) 1:5 . )

:1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9-

1- FIRE TUbE 2- water tube 3- vertical &horizontal boilers4- ( - - )

1- ( ) 17mv42- 17mv43- 17mv44 - 17mv45 - 17mv46 - 17mv47 - 17mv48 - 17mv49 - 17mv410 - st 35.811 - st 37.8 0.06 % 0.35% 0.95% E8018-B2 PERFEKT CRACK TESTS name plate

:1 - 2- ( - - )3 - 4 - 5- 6 - ( )7 - ( )8 - 9 - 10 - 11- ( )

: :-1- 2- 3- 4- :- - - - - - 5- 6- 7-

:- :1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- () 10- 11- ( ) (150 Mb) 12- (5, 3 4 ) ( 4-6 ) 13- ( ) 14- ( photo cell )15- ( ) 16-

- 1- 2- (h.p.s) 3- ( ) 4- 5- ( ) 6- 7- (5, 3-4) (4-6 ) 8-

:-1- 2- 3- 4- (1, /2) (1, /2)5- (2) (pressure state ) ( sensor ) (R) (M) ( ) ( sensor ) 6- ( ) (5, /2 )7- ( fire bricks) 8-

- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12-

Blowdown

( t . d . s ( total dissolved solids

Where:

F= Feedwater TDS (ppm).S= Steam generation rate (kg / h ).B= Required boiler water TDS (ppm).ExampleA 10 000 kg / h boiler operates at 10 bar g - Calculate the blowdown rate, given the following conditions

( photo cell (( )

- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7-

- 1- 2- 3- 4-

- ( ) : 1- 2- 3- (5, ) 4- (1) ( Active charcoal ) 5- 6- 7- 8-

: 1- 2- 3- 4- .

:1 - 25%2- 3 -

= _________________________________ x 100

:-( % ) = 100 % - ( % ) :- : 1- 2- 3- = 6% : = 285 = 4% = 6 % = 30 4 % ( 285 30 ) = 255 17 % = 100 17 6 = 77 % = ( 100 - ) :

:1- : 2- : 3 - : 70 % 90 % 90% 70 % 4- : :

- fouling 5 - : 6 1% ( )6 - : 56 2%

2.5 % 10 %

1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 -

!

- 2 - 3 - 4- 5 - 6 -

BOILER FEED WATER TREATMENT BY LIME

M =135 ppm tem H =100 per H=60 Na Hco3=35 Ca (HCo3)2 =75 CaSo4=45Mg( Hco3)2 =25 Mg So4 =15 all ppm as ca co3 =======================================================

2(Ca( OH

2ca co3+H2O + Ca (HCo3)2 2(Ca (OH 74 + 100 200 +----- 55.5 +75 150 +------

Mg( Hco3)2 +2 Ca (OH 2(2ca co3+Mg (OH)2+H2O

100 + 2*74 200 +5825 + 37 50 + 14.5

2Na Hco3+ Ca (OH 2( ca co3+Na2Co3

100 + 74 100+ 10635 + 25.9 35 +37.1

Mg so4+ca (oH)2+Na 2co3 ca co3+mg (oH)2+Na2so4(cl2)100 + 74 + 106 100 +58 +------ 15 + 11.1 +16 15 +8.7 +------

Ca so4 +Na2co3 ca co3 + Na2so4100 + 106 100 + ---------- 45 +47.7 45 + --------19.9 + 21.1 19.9 + -------

150 1.09 150kg/1090liter=137.6g/l 30 60 Ppm=137.6*30/60=68.8 ppm alum.sulfate

3ca(oH)2+AL2(SO4)3.18(H2O) 2AL(OH)3+3Na2so43*74 + 666 ------- + 42622.9 + 68.8 -------- + 44

Ca (OH) ppm= 55.5+37+25.9+11.1+22.9 =152.4 ppmPrecipitate ppm= 14.5+50+35+15+8.7+14.5+75=293 ppmT.D.S decrease by 140.6 ppmTheoretically p=0 , m=0 but this don't happen

700 3000

Salt quantity=60*24*30*700/(3000*1000) =10.08 ton/month

Lime quantity= 152.4*60*24*30/(1000000*0.7)= 9.4 ton/month

Na(OH)

+ Ca (HCo3)2 ca co3+Na2co3+H2O (Na (OH 80 + 100 100 +106+----- 60 +75 75 +79.5+ ------

Mg( Hco3)2 +4 Na (OH (2Na2 co3+Mg (OH)2

100 + 2*80 212 +5825 + 40 53 + 14.5

2Na Hco3+ 2Na (OH ( 2Na2Co3+H2O

100 + 80 212+-----35 + 28 74.2+ -----

Mg so4+2Na (oH) mg (oH)2+Na2so4(cl2)100 + 80 58 +------ 15 + 12 8.7 +------

Ca so4 +Na2co3 ca co3 + Na2so4100 + 106 100 + ---------- 45 +47.7 45 + --------

150 1.09 150kg/1090liter=137.6 g/l 30 60 Ppm=137.6*30/60=68.8 ppm alum.sulfate

6Na(oH)+AL2(SO4)3.18(H2O) 2AL(OH)3+3Na2so46*40 + 666 ------- + 42624.8 + 68.8 -------- + 44

Na (OH) ppm= 60+40+28+12+24.8 =164.8 ppmPrecipitate ppm= 45 +8.7+14.5+75 =143.2 ppmT.D.S increased by (164.8 -143.2) =21.6 ppm Na2co3 formed =74.2+53+79.5-47.7 =159 ppm

Soda quantity= 164.8*60*24*30/(1000000*0.5)= 14.24 ton/month

*Theoretically M increase from 135 to 159(M =159) so this increase ph

and cause problem in the boiler( foaming ,priming& corrosion)

*T.D.S 146.4 PPM

*M ( ) 159

*M T.D.S (M=20% T.D.S)

* (143.2) (293)

* X =X*(0.17+(0.83*143.2/293)) Empirical Eq .