Manegment

Participatory development Community Co-management

Participatory development

Development history

年代 发展思想 说明五十年代 “增长理论” 物质财富在数量上

的增长 六十年代

至八十年代

现代化理论人的观念是制约发展和增长的关键

通过更快有效的技术提高物质生产力，要“多、快、好、省”要改变旧的观念

八十年代 基本需求战略 考虑人在各个方面的基本需求（温饱、卫生保健、教育 )

八十年代中后期

“以人为本的发展”*公平 *参与 *

考虑人在发展过程中的地位，避免两极化

九十年代初

可持续发展 环境资源、社会文化、政治体制、民主法律

Participatory development

Outsiders（expert）

？ know unknow

Local

people

know

我知你知

常 识

（Common

Knowl edge）

你知我不知

土著知识

（I ndi genous

Knowl edge）

unknow

我知你不知

专家知识

（Sci enti fi c

knowl edge）

你我都不知

待探索的知识

（Expl ori ng

knowl edge）

Participatory development

Different awareness

Interact understanding

——Officials, experts, farmers

——Officials at all levels

——Experts in different fields

——Male farmers Female farmers, rich farmers, poor farmers

——stakeholder

Understanding Participatory development

Politics: Empowerment of vulnerable groups

Sociology Interaction and equality

EconomistThe efficiency of intervention

Countryside The Changes

Understanding Participatory development

Decision-making:Implement,Planning, monitoring and evaluation

Beneficiary groups: in the control of resources and affect tactics

Adjustment process Political and economic rights are favorable to vulnerable groups

PartnershipMutual equality of social roles

types description Contoled by outsiders

Controled by local people

i ndependent

Vi l l agers deci de what to do and how to do themsel ves

i ni t i at i ve

vi l l agers and outsi ders deci de together

adapti ve

Outsi ders recei ve the suggesti ons f rom vi l l agers, but outsi ders deci de

i nduced

Outsi ders deci de, vi l l agers are encouraged and i nduced

passi ve

Outsi ders deci de, vi al l agers are tol d how to do

Types of participatory development

participationcommunication Interactive

Take part in

Take part in

Ways Semi-structured interviews

Individual interviews

Group interviews

Insider Interviews

Special groups interviews

Survey

Events Interview

Women's InterviewSimple sortMatrixWealth rankingRisk opportunities analysisCause and effect analysisProblem treeCommunity visual information Community record

Ways

Conflict Diagram

Venn Diagram

Community land use map

Village meeting

Village Group meeting 、Women's groups will 、different stakeholders groups will

Farmers recordsFarmers accountDaily activity chartSecondary data collectionCommunity modelEvolution ChartSeason calendar chart

Community Co-management

Community Co-management

Participation farmer-center

Co-management

Common objective achievement

Together development

Empowerment

Rights to know

Participation

Rights to make decision

Rights to benefit

Democratization

Contents of Co-management

Identify and evaluate opportunities and constrictions of using common property resource

Raising public awareness of protection, and co-management committee establishment

Contents of Co-management

Formulate common agreement and village regulations, setting up mechanisms of PM&E

Design the plan for community and common pool resource use as well as land use planning

Participatory action plan Participatory action plan designing and designing and implementationimplementation

Process of setting up co-management

institution Meetings of multi-stakeholdersMeetings of multi-stakeholders Establishment of co-management

leadership Selection of pilot sites, raising public

awareness PRA implementation, design

community resource management plan and action plan

Process of setting up co-management

institution Election of co-management committee

member, Rights and Responsibility allocation)

formulate co-management rule and revising village regulations

to sign co-management agreement and its implementation

Implementation of PM&E

THE CASEFCCDP Project

WWF project

GEF Project

GTZ Project

UNDP project

Discussion

integrated conservation and development

co-management as effective and efficiency approach for management in national park

Discussion

Application and extension Application and extension of co-managementof co-management

Question in sustainability Question in sustainability Role of NGOsRole of NGOs

Trends

*From national park to other sector (state forest and collective)

*diverse model

*new development

*meaningful and wide participation of stakeholders

*Government involvement

Behavior and attitudes

Behavior and attitudes

Behavior and attitudes

Behavior and attitudes

Biodiversity Action Plan

Objective:

Awareness raising Promotion Management tool Plan delivery of technical services Attracting investment Monitoring progress Payment for Environmental Services

(PES) Carbon trading

1. Select the geographical limits for the Action Plan (County, Nature Reserve, Township, watershed, village)

2. Make an inventory of all stakeholders

for example:• County Level Government Bureau• Township Level Government Bureau• International Projects• Villagers

Biodiversity Action Plan

Biodiversity Action Plan

Tools:

PRA village mapping, Village land use plans (grazing areas, springs)

Nature reserve zoning plan (core, buffer, multiple use)

County economic development zones Market surveys for key products

Biodiversity Action Plan

3.Organize workshops with stakeholders, identify problems and their causes.

Environmental (resource loss, wildlife damage, fires, floods, droughts, soil erosion. conflicts)

Economic (infrastructure and communications, lack of income, low prices, no market information, unreliable traders)

Social (high work loads due to decrease in firewood, safe drinking water)

Biodiversity Action Plan

4. Identify strengths and opportunities

Environmental (see market surveys, tourism attractions)

Economic (infrastructure and communications, investment)

Social (skills, organizations)

Biodiversity Action Plan

5. Prioritize the problems to be solved and formulate solutions

System of regulations, seasons of harvesting, zoning and land use

System of subsidies

System of fines

Biodiversity Action Plan

Biodiversity Action Plan

6.Formulation of the Action PlanSelect time frame (1 year pilot models, 5 years with replication to new sites),

Plan activities Identify the roles and responsibilities of

each of the stakeholders Develop mechanisms for coordination

and cooperation

• Design financial mechanism to ensure long term funding for prioritized activities

8. Implementation of the plan, monitoring and evaluation

Biodiversity Action Plan

7. Plan capacity building needs and sustainable delivery of technical services