Par$cipatory  research  for  development    to  upgrade  smallholder  pig  value  chains    in  Uganda  

Emily  Ouma,  Kris.na  Roesel,  Michel  Dione,  Natalie  Carter,  Danilo  Pezo,  Francis  Ejobi  and  Delia  Grace  

Pictures  

Kris+na  Roesel  k.roesel@cgiar.org  ●  P.O.  Box  24384  Kampala,  Uganda  ●  Tel  +256  781705166  hJp://livestockfish.cgiar.org/focus/uganda/  and  hJp://aghealth.wordpress.com  and  hJp://safefoodfairfood.wordpress.com/  ●  www.ilri.org          Acknowledgements:  The  CGIAR  Research  Programs  on  Livestock  and  Fish  and  on  Agriculture  for  Nutri+on  and  Health  (A4NH)  and  the  Interna+onal  Livestock  Research  Ins+tute  (ILRI).  Funding:    IFAD-­‐EC,  CGIAR,  BMZ/GIZ  

This  document  is  licensed  for  use  under  a  Crea+ve  Commons  AJribu+on–Non  commercial-­‐Share  Alike  3.0  Unported  License                                                                                                                        September  2014  

September  2014  

Inputs  &  services   Pig  farms   Live  pig  collec+on   Slaughter  &  processing   Meat  

transport   Retail   Consump+on  Enabling  environment  

Value  chain  

actors  

•  Pigs  are  not  a  priority  in  government’s  agricultural  sector  agenda    

•  Weak  implementa$on  of  policies  related  to  feeds  and  veterinary  drugs  

•  Many  outdated  rules  and  regula$ons  regarding  pig  farming,  transport,  slaughtering  and  marke$ng  (i.e  Public  Health  Act  last  updated  in  1962)  

•  High  risk  for  spread  of  transboundary  diseases  due  to  lack  of  surveillance  and  enforcement  (i.e  fraudulent  use  of  movement  permits,  movement  at  night)  

•  Lack  of  qualified  extension  staff  specialized  in  pigs  

•  Expensive,  of  poor  quality  and  difficult  to  access  

•  Risk  of  disease  transmission  from/to  village  boars  due  to  communal  use  

•  Scarcity  and  price  fluctua$on  of  raw  materials  for  feeds  

•  Commercial  feeds  and  ingredients  contaminated  or  adulterated    

•  Weak    implementa$on  of  quality  assurance  systems  

•  Inappropriate  storage  of  bona  fide  drugs  and  lack  of  educa$on  of  pig  owners  on  why  which  drug  is  administered.    

•  Poor  bargaining  power,  lack  of  organiza$on  and  lack  of  informa$on  on  pig  weights  result  in  poor  farm  gate  prices  

•  Poor  access  to  extension  services  and  market  informa$on,  especially  for  women  

•  Lack  of  capacity  to  formulate  low-­‐cost,  nutri$onally-­‐balanced  feed  ra$ons  

•  Lack  of  record  keeping  •  Farmers  list  African  swine  fever  (ASF),  

intes$nal  helminths  and  sarcop$c  mange  as  major  disease  constraints  

•  Prevalence  survey  in  22  villages  showed  no  presence  of  Brucella  suis,  Fasciola  hepa/ca  and  Balan/dium  coli  but  high  prevalence  of  gastrointes$nal  helminths  (strongyles  14-­‐90%;  Ascaris  spp.  0-­‐19%;  Metastrongylus  spp.  0-­‐18%;  Strongyloides  spp.  0-­‐17%;  Trichuris  spp.  0-­‐13%),  Coccidia  spp.  (14-­‐70%)  and  high  seroprevalence  for  Taenia  solium  (0-­‐46%),  Toxoplasma  gondii  (3-­‐47%),  Trichinella  spp.  (0-­‐26%);  analysis  for  other  swine  pathogens  ongoing  

•  Poor  husbandry  prac$ces,  poor  housing  and  hygiene  

•  Poor  applica$on  of  biosecurity  measures    •  Farmer-­‐determined  disease  diagnoses  and  

treatment    •  Inappropriate  drug  administra$on  (type,  

dose,  frequency,  route)      

•  High  transac$on  costs  (transporta$on    during  search  for  pigs)  

•  Poor  quality  pigs  (i.e.  underweight)  due  to  poor  management  and  disease  

•  Poor  handling  during  transport  resul$ng  in  poor  animal  welfare  and  reduced  quality  of  meat    

•  Poor  biosecurity  measures  resul$ng  in  disease  spread  especially  ASF  between  farms  or  villages      

•  Poor  handling  during  slaughter  results  in  reduced  shelf-­‐life  of  meat    

•  No  systema$c  meat  inspec$on  due  to  lack  of  evidence  on  pig  diseases  in  Uganda,  no  support  in  enforcement  and  gaps  in  training  curricula  

•  High  amount  of  slaughter  waste  •  Very  few  formal  processors  

despite  high  demand  •  No  link  between  producers  and  

formal  processors  •  Verbal  contracts  between  traders  

and  processors    at  traders’  financial  risk    

•  Lack  of  designated  areas  for  centralized  slaughter  and  inspec$on  due  to  lack  of  poli$cal  will  and    mul$-­‐religious  society  wherein  for  some  people  contact  with  pigs/pork  is  prohibited    

•  No  feasible  prerequisites  for  meat  transporters  

•  No  intact  cold  chain  •  Prolonged  $me  

between  slaughter  and  processing  in  urban  areas  

•  Pork  delivery  delays  •  Inability  to  meet  consumer  

demands  (quality  and  quan$ty)  due  to  unsteady  supply  

•  Lack  of  prerequisites  for  pork  storage  and  prac$cing  good  hygiene  (cold  chain,  water)  

•  Religious  constraints;  Muslim  control  of  retail  space  precludes  pork  sellers  (i.e.  butchers;  pork  joints  and  sausage  hawkers)    

•  No  cri$cal  mass  demanding  pork  safety  

•  Lack  of  awareness  on  pork  zoonoses  

•  High  consump$on  in  urban  areas,  at  pork  joints  oben  associated  with  alcohol  consump$on  (98%  in  Kampala)  

•  Poor  quality  pigs  remain  in  villages  for  rural  consump$on  

•  Pork  consumed  well-­‐cooked  but  with  relish  composed  of  raw  vegetables  

•  Evidence  for  presence  of  pathogens  causing  zoono$c  diseases,  such  as  salmonellosis,  taeniasis/  neurocys$cercosis,  toxoplasmosis,  trichinellosis    

Results:  C

onstraints  &  opp

ortuni$e

s    

•  Situa$onal  analyses  •  Expert  consulta$on  •  Literature  reviews  •  Outcome  mapping  

Ques$onnaire  survey:  •  36  feed  stockists    •  53  village  vets  •  36  agrovet  stockists  •  90  village  boar  owners  

•  Par$cipatory  rural  appraisals  and  key  informant  interviews  (n=35)  

•  Ques$onnaire  survey  with  pig  farmers  on  animal  health  &  husbandry  (n=1,200)  

•  Pig  sampling  (sera,  blood,  faeces)  of  >1,200  animals  in  22  villages  for  mul$ple  disease  prevalence  es$mates  

•  Feed  samples  for  nutri$onal  analysis  (n=212)  

•  Gender-­‐disaggregated  focus  group  discussions  (n=10)  

Ques$onnaire  survey:  •  86  live  pig  traders  

Ques$onnaire  survey:  •  25  butchers  •  Descrip$ve  survey  urban  

slaughter  house  •  Pork  samples  

Ques$onnaire  survey:  •  7  transporters      

Ques$onnaire  survey:  •  45  retailers  •  84  pork  samples    GPS  mapping  of  urban  pork  outlets  

•  Par$cipatory  rural  appraisals  (n=10)  

•  Focus  group  discussions  with  rural  mothers  of  children  under  5  (n=34)  

•  Focus  group  discussions  with  urban  mothers  of  children  under  5  (n=5)  

•  Ques$onnaire  survey  with  pig  farmers  on  food  safety  and  nutri$on  (n=1,200)  

   

•  Stakeholder  engagement  and  consulta$on  from  the  start  of  the  project  

•  Science  communica$on  •  Pig  Mul$stakeholder  

Plamorm  to  enable  peer  learning  and  networking  among  actors    

•  Develop  biosecurity  protocol  for  extension  services  

•  Training  of  health  workers  and  drug  stockists  on  drug  management  and  use    

•  Develop  and  disseminate  well-­‐balanced  feed  ra$ons  from  locally  available  ingredients  

•  Feasibility  tes$ng  of  implementa$on  of  biosecurity  protocols,  scheduled  deworming,  improved  housing  (i.e.  Indigenous  Microorganisms),  manure  management      

•  Valida$on  of  selected  local  herbal  remedies  for  control  of  internal  parasites  

•  Valida$on  of  organiza$onal  models  for  value  chain  coordina$on  and  integra$on  to  improve  access  to  inputs,  services  and  output  markets  (i.e.  women  groups)  

•  Launch  of  8  training  modules  on  iden$fied  constraints    

•  Organiza$onal  models  for  beoer  and  efficient  linkage  with  buyers  and  service  providers.  

•  Develop  biosecurity  protocol  for  ASF  control    

•  Convert  slaughter  waste  into  energy    

•  Training  of  meat  inspectors  and  butchers  

•  Develop  biosecurity  protocol  for  control  of  ASF  and  other  diseases    

   

•  Develop  biosecurity  protocol  for  control  of  ASF  and  other  diseases    

•  Incen$ve-­‐based  training  on  good  hygienic  prac$ces  

•  Consumer  sensi$za$on  on  pork  zoonoses,    overconsump$on  and  good  prac$ce  butcheries  

       

Research  into  use:    

Plan

ned  interven

$ons  

Materials  &  m

etho

ds  

 

Our  vision:  Improve  the  livelihoods  of  smallholder  pig  value  chain  actors  in  Uganda.  Our  mission:  Showcase  how  exis+ng  livestock  value  chains  can  be  upgraded  for  the  benefit  of  all  actors  in  the  system,  especially  the  many  poor.  Our  challenge:  Very  liJle  has  been  documented  about  how  smallholder  pig  value  chains  operate  in  Uganda,  except  that  pork  produc+on  and  consump+on  have  exploded  over  the  past  three  decades,  and  70%  of  the  pigs  are  in  the  hands  of  smallholder  farmers,  many  of  them  women.  Who  are  the  actors  in  the  current  system?  What  are  input  and  output  channels?  Who  benefits  and  who  bears  economic  health  risks?  Which  problems  do  the  various  actors  face,  how  do  they  deal  with  them  and  can  these  problems  provide  opportuni+es?  

Dominated  by  men  (72%),  mostly  formal  

Dominated  by  women  (60%),  mostly  informal  and  predominantly  

smallholders  (80%)    

 

Dominated  by  men  (94%),  ver$cal  integra$on  (mul$ple  roles)  and  mostly  predominantly  informal  (>90%)  

 

 

Dominated  by  men  (67%),  mostly  informal  

 

 Dominated  by  men