cfef/
cf8««f g]kfnn] o's] P8 (UKaid) / cf8««f o's] (ADRA UK) sf] ;xof]udfg]kfnsf dWo t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿ -af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL / dxf]Q/L_ df;fgfls;fg hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dj4{g kl/of]hgf cGtu{t æJofj;flos ;fIf/tfÆgfds kf7\ok':ts tof/ u/L k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tssf] k|of]uaf6kl/of]hgfn] nlIft u/]sf nfeflGjt ju{x¿sf] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf pNn]vgLoof]ubfg k'Ug] cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .
o; k':tssf k|of]ustf{ Pj+ kf7sx¿af6 o;df b]vfk/]sf q'6Lx¿ cf}+NofO{lbg'ePdf cfufdL k|sfzgdf ;+zf]wg ;lxt k|sflzt ug{df ;xof]u k'Ug] cfzf/fv]sf 5f}+ .
æJofj;flos ;fIf/tfÆ kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug]{ sfo{df pNn]vgLo of]ubfgk'¥ofpg' x'g] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ ;lxt s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy}æJofj;flos ;fIf/tfÆ k|sfzgsf] l;nl;nfdf cfˆgf] If]qaf6 ;lqmo of]ubfgk'¥ofpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ldqx¿ k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf ;lxt cf8««f g]kfn wGojfbJoQm ub{5 .
8f= xf];j] j/]nfgfsG6«L 8fO{/]S6/cf8««f g]kfn;fg]kf, nlntk'/
xfd|f] egfO{
;fgf ls;fg hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dj¢{g kl/of]hgf o's] P8 (UKaid) / cf8««f o's](ADRA UK) sf] ;xof]udf g]kfnsf dWo t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿ af/f, /f}tx6,;nf{xL / dxf]Q/Ldf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] cjlw tLgjif{sf] /x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgf ;+rflnt lhNnfx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ /u/LaL ;"rsfÍsf] cj:yf Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf] ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf]5 . Jofj;flos afv|fkfng tyf tfhf t/sf/L pTkfbgdf k|r'/ dfqfdf;Defjgf÷Ifdtf ePtf klg pTkfbsTj eg] cem;Dd Go"g /x]sf] 5 . lghLIf]qsf] ;]jf k|jfx lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tyf d'Vo zx/x¿df ;Lldt /x]sf] xF'bfu|fdL0f If]qsf u/La÷;fgf s[ifsx¿n] Jofj;flos s[lifaf6 ;f]r] h:tf]kmfObf lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . d"No >[ª\vnfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, s[lifpTkfbs tyf ljt/sx¿, ;]jf k|jfxLx¿ / ljqm]tfx¿ aLr sdhf]/cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . pko'Qm k|ljlw tyf ahf/ ;"rgfsf] cefjdf ;fgfs[ifsx¿ :j:k"mt{ 9+un] s[lif Joj;foaf/] 7f]; lg0f{o ug{ g;ls/x]sf]cj:yf 5 . ;fgf s[ifsx¿sf] :yfgLo Ifdtf tyf ahf/ ;Dj4{gsf] dfWodaf6Jofj;flos kz'kfng tyf s[lif ljsf; ug{ vf]h]sf] ;/sf/sf] k|of;nfO{o; kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u ug]{5 .
o; kl/of]hgfn] d'Vo u/L afv|f kfng / t/sf/L v]tL dfkm{t\;fgfls;fgx¿nfO{ ;xof ]u k'¥ofpg] 5, o;sf d'Vo pb]Zox¿;fgfls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/df jf:tljs / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg],vfB ;'/Iff a9fpg], dlxnf ;ZflQms/0f ug]{ / n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{gug]{ /x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] nlIft ju{sf] ?kdf ;fgfls;fgx¿, ;fdflhsPj+ cfly{s ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{ / dlxnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .;du|df o; kl/of]hgfaf6 !@,))) 3/w'/L k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'g]5Gf\ eg]!*,))) 3/w'/L ck|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ .
;fgfls;fgsf kl/jf/x¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/, ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gtyf dlxnf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ / dlxnf ls;fgx¿nfO{ lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgaf6Jofj;flos pTkfbgtkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ^ dlxg]Jofj;flos ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o; sIffdf efulng] ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿ ;fdfGo ;fIf/ dlxnf ls;fgx¿ x'g]5g\ . o;Jofj;flos lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ cf8««f g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf;D´f}tf g]kfnn] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|LnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
o; ;fdu|Ldf ;dflji6 kf7, hfgsf/L / cEof;x¿ :yfgLo kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf],:yfgLo cfjZostf, pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u u/L Jojxf/dfptfg{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf 5g\ . To;}n] of] ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog kZrft clwsf+z;xefUfLx¿n] ;–;fgf Joj;fox¿ ;~rfng u/L :j/f]huf/tkm{ pGd'v x'g]/ :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/ ;d]t ;[hgf ug{ ;kmn x'g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .o;/L g} ;xefuLx¿ lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgaf6 Jofj;flos pTkfbgtkm{ cu|;/x'g], cfly{s ;DkGgtf j[l4 x'g] / pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs x}l;ot ;Ddflgt x'Fb};fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;fdu|LnfO{ cem pkof]uL, Jofjxfl/s / ;/n agfpg tkfO{+x¿sf]cd"No ;'emfj / ;NnfxnfO{ xfdL Åbob]lv g} :jfut ub{5f}+ . ;fy}, pQm;'emfjx? xfdL ;dIf k7fO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g klg cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
laBf dxtsfo{qmd lgb]{zscf8««f g]kfn;fg]kf, nlntk'/
k':tssf] p2]Zo
;fgf ls;fg hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dj¢{g kl/of]hgfn] nlIft ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿sf]hLjg:t/df jf:tljs / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg, pgLx¿sf] ;zlQms/0fug{ / ;d'bfodf n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿;+rfng ug]{5 . tL lqmofsnfkx¿ dWo] ̂ dlxg] Jofj;flos ;fIf/tf sIffsf];+rfng Ps dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfk xf] . o; ^ dlxg] Jofj;flos ;fIf/tfsIffsf] p2]Zo dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tf ;Lk / Ifdtf -n]Vg], k9\g] / lx;fa ug]{_clej[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos ljleGg ljifox¿ vf;u/Lafv|fkfng / t/sf/L v]tL ;DaGwL 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;Demf}tf g]kfn gfds ;+:yfn] @ cf]6f k':tssf]lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . of] k':ts klxnf] k':ts xf] / o; k':tssf] gfd æJofj;flos;fIf/tf -efu !_Æ /x]sf] 5 .
o; æJofj;flos ;fIf/tf -efu !_Æ k':tsdf hDdf !^ cf]6f kf7x¿ 5g\ .oL kf7x¿df ePsf ljifoj:t' tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ cIf/ 1fgÙ zAb / jfSolgdf{0fÙ ;fwf/0f hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg efuÙ Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]uÙ dlxnf ;d"xlgdf{0fÙ n}lËs ;dfgtfÙ dlxnf clwsf/Ù kf]if0fÙ t/sf/L v]tL / afv|fkfng;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .
k':tsnfO{ /f]rs / 1fgd"ns agfpg kf7x¿nfO{ lrq, lrqsyf, bf]xf]/f] ;Djfb/ syfsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;xof]uL / ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lhnf]sf]nflu k9\g], 5nkmn ug]{, cEof; ug]{ / lx;fa ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{/ u/fpg lgb]{zg / nf]uf]sf] k|of]u klg ul/Psf] 5 . of] k':ts cfFvfsdhf]/ ePsf ;xefuLx¿n] klg ;lhn} k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . pgLx¿sf];lhnf]sf] nflu k':tsdf 7"nf] / :ki6 cIf/ tyf lrqx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf]5 .
;/n agfpg k':tsnfO{ tLg v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . h;cGtu{tæv08 s – cIf/ / cÍ 1fgÆ, æv08 v – lx;faÆ / æv08 u – Sofns'n]6/sf]k|of]uÆ x'g\ . oL v08x¿sf p2]Zox¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\M
æv08 sÆ sf] p2]Zo– ;xefuLx¿n] æsÆ b]lv æ1Æ ;Ddsf cIf/x¿nfO{ k'gM l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] zAb lgdf{0f, jfSo lgdf{0f / lr¶L n]vg l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] hf]8]sf cIf/x¿ l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] ljleGg cfjZos ljifox¿df 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf cÍx¿nfO{ k'gM l;Sg]5g\ .
æv08 vÆ sf] p2]Zo– ;xefuLx¿n] ;fwf/0f hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] :yfgdfg tflnsf, :yfgdfg tflnsfdf ;+Vofsf] :yfg,
xftnflu hf]8 / 36fp l;Sg]5g\ .
æv08 uÆ sf] p2]Zo– ;xefuLx¿n] Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] c+u|]hL cÍ / c+u]|hL cIf/nfO{
lrGg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]u u/L hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu ug{
l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]u u/L k|ltzt lgsfNg l;Sg]5g\ .
nf]uf]sf] lrgf/L
cEof;sf] nf]uf]
of] nf]uf] cEof;sf] nf]uf] xf] . o;n];xefuLx¿n] cEof; ug'{k5{ eGg]s'/f bzf{pF5 .
5nkmnsf] nf]uf]of] nf]uf] 5nkmnsf] nflu xf] . o;n];xefuLx¿n] ;–;fgf ;d"xdf5nkmn ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f bzf{pF5 .
of] nf]uf] k9\gsf] nflu xf] . o;n];xefuLx¿n] cfkm} cyjf ;d"xdf,cyjf ;xhstf{;Fu} k9\g'k5{ eGg]s'/f bzf{pF5 .
k9\g] nf]uf]
lx;fasf] nf]uf]
of ] nf ]uf ] lx;fasf ] xf ] . o;n];xefuLx¿n] lx;fa ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fbzf{pF5 .
ljifo;"rLzLif{s kfgf g+=
kl/of]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf
k':tssf] p2]Zo
nf]uf]sf] lrgf/L
v08 s M cIf/ / c° 1fg ! b]lv &@kf7 ! b]lv &
v08 v M lx;fakf7 * ;fwf/0f hf]8 &#kf7 ( ;fwf/0f 36fp &*kf7 !) :yfgdfg tflnsfdf lx;fa *#kf7 !! :yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fp (@kf7 !@ ;fwf/0f u'0fg (&kf7 !# ;fwf/0f efu !)&
v08 u M Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]ukf7 !$ Sofns'n]6/sf] kl/ro !!!kf7 !% Sofns'n]6/af6 lx;fa !!&kf7 !^ k|ltztsf] lx;fa !@&
1
kf7 !
c cf O O{ p pmP P]] cf] cf} c+ cM
s v u 3 ªr 5 h em `6 7 8 9 0ft y b w gk km a e do / n j zif ; x If q
1
tnsf] :j/ j0f{ / cIf/ j0f{ k9\g'xf];\ .
2
r rf lr rL r' r" r] r} rf] rf} r+ rM
5 5f l5 5L 5' 5" 5] 5} 5f] 5f} 5+ 5M
h hf lh hL h' h" h] h} hf] hf} h+ hM
em emf lem emL em' em" em] em} emf] emf} em+ emM
` `f l` `L '̀ `" ]̀ `} `f] `f} `+ `M
c cf O O{ p pm P P]] cf] cf} c+ cM
s sf ls sL s' s" s] s} sf] sf} s+ sM
v vf lv vL v' v" v] v} vf] vf} v+ vM
u uf lu uL u' u" u] u} uf] uf} u+ uM
3 3f l3 3L 3' 3" 3] 3} 3f] 3f} 3+ 3M
ª ªf lª ªL ª' ª" ª] ª} ªf] ªf} ª+ ªM
6 6f l6 6L 6' 6" 6] 6} 6f] 6f} 6+ 6M
7 7f l7 7L 7' 7" 7] 7} 7f] 7f} 7+ 7M
8 8f l8 8L 8' 8" 8] 8} 8f] 8f} 8+ 8M
9 9f l9 9L 9' 9" 9] 9} 9f] 9f} 9+ 9M
0f 0ff l0f 0fL 0f' 0f" 0f] 0f} 0ff] 0ff} 0f+ 0fM
tnsf] afx|v/L k9\g'xf];\ .
3
t tf lt tL t' t" t] t} tf] tf} t+ tM
y yf ly yL y' y" y] y} yf] yf} y+ yM
b bf lb bL b' b" b] b} bf] bf} b+ bM
w wf lw wL w' w" w] w} wf] wf} w+ wM
g gf lg gL g' g" g] g} gf] gf} g+ gM
o of lo oL o' o" o] o} of] of} o+ oM
/ /f l/ /L /' /" /] /} /f] /f} /+ /M
n nf ln nL n' n" n] n} nf] nf} n+ nM
j jf lj jL j' j" j] j} jf] jf} j+ jM
k kf lk kL k' k" k] k} kf] kf} k+ kM
km kmf lkm kmL km' km" km] km} kmf] kmf} k+m kmM
a af la aL a' a" a] a} af] af} a+ aM
e ef le eL e' e" e] e} ef] ef} e+ eM
d df ld dL d' d" d] d} df] df} d+ dM
4
z zf lz zL z' z" z] z} zf] zf} z+ zM
if iff lif ifL if' if" if] if} iff] iff} if+ ifM
; ;f l; ;L ;' ;" ;] ;} ;f] ;f} ;+ ;M
x xf lx xL x' x" x] x} xf] xf} x+ xM
If Iff lIf IfL If' If" If] If} Iff] Iff} If+ IfM
q qf lq qL q' q" q] q} qf] qf} q+ qM
1 1f l1 1L 1' 1" 1] 1} 1f] 1f} 1+ 1M
tnsf] lrq 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
8
sIff syfsfd sfgls;fg lstfas]/f s]/fpsf]bf] sf]bfnf]
ut] uGtLufO{ uf]?ufh/ uf]bfdu'0f u'0fg
3/ 3f/3fd 3fpl3p l3paf]8L
38L
/ª gª l;ª lkª /fªf h'ªfemfª Ejfª :jfª Njfª gfª\nf]
v/ va/v;L v';Lvfgf vfgLv]t v]tfnfvf]/ vf]nf
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
9
s'/fsfgL
uf]dfM dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] af/] s'/fsfgL ug]{ ls <
uf]kfnM dlxnfn] s] sfd ug{ ;lS5g\ / <
uf]dfM dlxnfx¿n] ;a} lsl;dsf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .
Joj;fo klg ug{ ;lS5g\ .
uf]kfnM dlxnfn] Joj;fo u/] 5f]/f5f]/L s:n] x]5{ lg <
uf]dfM 5f]/f5f]/L x]g{] sfddf k'?ifn] klg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
uf]kfnM dlxnfsf] klg Joj;fo ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 / <
uf]dfM n]vk9 ug{ hfg]sf / ;Lk ePsf dlxnfx¿n] cj;/
kfPdf ;lhn} Joj;fo u/]/ cfocfh{g ug{ ;S5g\ .
tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
10
dlxnfn] s] sfd ug{ ;lS5g\ <
dlxnfn]
dlxnfx¿n] ;a} lsl;dsf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .
dlxnfsf] klg Joj;fo ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 / <
n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
14
rgf rfdnrf/ rf}aL;lrgL lrofrLh rLnlr;f] r}t
5n 5nkmn5fgf 5fnf5'kL{ 5'g'5f]/L 5f]/f5fq 5fqf
hn hldghft hflthf]8 hf8f]hlxn] htftt}
emf/ emf/Lemf]n emf]nflem+uf em"nemf]k8f emf]k8L
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
d~r d~h'/L k~rdL
;~rf/ ;~rfng ;~rflnt
15
/df l;h{gf ;d"xsL ;b:o x'g\ . pgnfO{ ;d"x w]/} dgk5{ .
pgsf] ;d"xdf /fd|f] /fd|f] s'/fx¿df
5nkmn x'G5 . ;d"xdf a]nf a]nfdf
/dfOnf] klg ul/G5 . s]xLn] dfbn
ahfpF5g\, s]xLn] uLt ufpF5g\ eg]
s]xL gfR5g\ .
/dfnfO{ ;d"xdf ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\ . lsgsL pgL ;w}+ ;d"xsf]
5nkmndf lgoldt ?kdf efu lng] ul5{g\ . pgn] ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿nfO{ /fd|f ] /fd|f ] ;Nnfx
lblG5g\ . pgn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ Joj;fo
rnfpg ;Nnfx lblG5g\ . xfn;fn}
pgn] lrofvfhf a]Rg] Joj;fo z'?
u/]sL l5g\ . pgsf] Joj;fo /fd|f]
rn]sf] 5 . pgsf] k|ult b]v]/ ;d"xsf
afFsL ;b:ox¿n] klg Joj;fo ug]{
;f]r agfPsf 5g\ .
;d"x 5nkmn
tnsf] syf k9\g'xf];\ .
16
;fFRr} Û slt /fd|f]vf]nfgfnf Û
R T
tnsf] lrq 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
tnsf jfSox? 7Ls eP 7Ls lrGx R /a]7Ls eP a]7Ls lrGx T nufpg'xf];\ .
!= /dfnfO{ ;d"x w]/} dgk5{ .
@= /dfsf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn x'Fb}g .
#= /dfnfO{ ;d"xdf w]/}n] dg k/fpFb}gg\ .
$= ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ /dfn] /fd|f] /fd|f];Nnfx lblG5g\ .
%= /dfsf] lrofvfhf a]Rg] sfd /fd|f] rn]sf] 5 .
P
20
7fpF 7]ufgf
7"nf] 7"nL
7]nf 7f8f]
7]sL
6k/L 6f]s/L
6df6/ l6d'/
6f]n 6f]nL
6';f 6x/f
8/ 8f]/L
8f]sf] 8fnf]
8f8' 8;gf
s0f sf/0f r/0f xl/0f
u'0f cju'0f k"0f{ ck"0f{
9s l9nf]
9f8 9fn
9f]sf l9sL
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
21
;kmfkfgL/fwfM d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L ;w}+ la/fdL x'G5g\ . lsg xf]nf <;dfM d]/f] 5f]/L klg ;w}+ la/fdL
x'lG5g\ . clxn] p;nfO{kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 .
;ljtfMtkfO+{x¿n] sxfFsf] kfgLk|of]u ug'{ x'G5 <
/fwfM d]/f] 3/df Ogf/ 5 . xfdLTo;}sf] kfgL lkpF5f}+ . t/;dfsf] 3/df t wf/f 5 .
;ljtfMOgf/ wf/f hxfFsf] kfgLk|of]u u/] klg kfgL rfxLF ;kmf x'g'k5{ . kmf]x/ kfgLsf]k|of]u ubf{ ljleGg /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5g\ .
;dfM To;f] eP /f]ux¿af6 aRg s] ug]{ <;ljtfM;kmf lkpg] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ . To;sf] nflu Ogf/nfO{
a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf ug]{ . kfgLsf] d'xfg / jl/kl/ ;kmf/fVg] . kfgL lemSg] ef8f ;kmf /fVg] . vfgf ksfpg',vfgf vfg' cl3 tyf kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5 / lb;f wf]Pkl5;fa'g kfgL jf v/fgL kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'k5{ .
kfgLsf] d'xfg / jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg'k%{ .
tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9\g'xf];\ .
22
!= kfgLsf] d'xfg ;kmf x'g'k5{ .
@= ;kmf kfgL k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
#= kmf]x/ kfgLn] /f]u nfUb}g .
$= kfgLsf] d'xfg ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
%= kfgL lemSg] ef8f ;kmf x'g'k5{ .
;fa'g jf v/fgL kfgLn] xft w'g'k%{ .
tnsf jfSox? 7Ls eP 7Ls lrGx R / a]7LseP a]7Ls lrGx T nufpg'xf];\ .
n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
Ogf/nfO{ a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf ug'{k%{ .
;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] k|of]u ug'{k%{ .
26
gfd g]kfn gful/s lgj]bglgod g'g gfkmf gf]S;fg
tfn tflnsftfhf t/sf/LtLg tL;t]n tftf]tfdf lttf]
ysfg yk8L
yfn y}nL
yf]kf yf]knf
y/d;
wg wgL
wfg wf/f
w'k w'nf]
wldnf] wdfwd
b"w bxL
bfn bfgf
lbg lbof]
b'O{ b"/L
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
27
/fwf / /d]z a]nlxofdf a:b5g\ . pgLx¿;Fu k};f 5}g . b'j}n]cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yf s;/L ;'wfg{] eg]/ ;f]Rb5g\ .
a]nlxofdf ;fIf/tf sIff cfPsf]5 . /fwfn] sIffdf egf{ eO{ k9\g]ljrf/ ul/g\ .
/d]zn] klg ;fIf/tf sIffsf]af/]df ;'g] . t/ pgL k9\g] sLgk9\g] bf]dg eP .
sIffsf ;a} ldnL 5nkmn ug{yfn] . 5nkmn kl5 ;a} ldn]/k9\g yfn] .
/d]zn] k9\g] cfF6 ug{ ;s]gg\ . ,æs;/L k9\g] < 3/df w]/} sfd 5Æpgn] ;f]r] .
b'O{ JolQmsf] syf
tnsf] lrqsyf k9\g'xf];\ .
28
/fwfn ] ;fIf/tf sIf faf6Joj;fo ug]{ tl/sf l;lsg\ .pgn] ;fgf] k;n vf]lng\ .
/d]znfO{ klg k;n vf]Ng] OR5f5 . t/ pgnfO{ Joj;fo ug]{tl/sf yfxf 5}g .
/fwfn] k;n vf]n]/ lgs} k};fsdfOg\ . ltgsf] kl/jf/ v'zL5g\ . /fwfsf] kl/>d b]v]/l5d]sLx¿ klg 5Ss 5g\ .
/d]zsf] cj:yf p:t} 5 . pgn]df}sfsf] kmfObf lng ;s]gg\ .
29
!= /fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffdf efu lnOg\ .
@= /d]zn] klg ;fgf] k;n vf]n] .
#= /fwfn] k;n yfk]/ k};f sdfOg\ .
$= /d]zn] Joj;fo s;/L ug'{k5{ ;fIf/tf
sIffaf6 l;s] .
/fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffdf k(\g] ljrf/ ul/g\ .
/fwfn] ;fgf] k;n vf]lng\ .
tnsf jfSox? 7Ls eP 7Ls lrGx R / a]7LseP a]7Ls lrGx T nufpg'xf];\ .
n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
/d]zn] df}sfsf] kmfObf lng ;s]gg\ .
33
dn dx ds} d/Lr df5f d'nf
d"No dfl;s df}sf df}/L df};d
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
kq klqsfkrf; krf;Lkf7 kfgfkf]if0f kl/jf/kfgL kf]v/L
kmn km;L{
kmnkm"n kmfObf
kmfObf kmnfd
kmf]xf]/ km/flsnf]
ef/ ef/L
eft efu
efn] e]nf
e]8f esf/L
abfd aGbf
afs; a;f]af;
af]6 la?jf
a];f/ afn'jf
34
kf]if0fdL/f / kbdsf Ps 5f]/L / Ps 5f]/f 5g\ . pgLx¿n] 5f]/L
/ 5f]/f aLr s'g} e]befj u/]sf 5}gg\ . 5f]/L / 5f]/fn] ;dfgvfgf vfG5g\ . ;dfg :s"ndf hfG5g\ / ;dfg ?kdf v]N5g\ .
5f]/L5f]/fsf] vfgf kf]lifnf] x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf dL/f / kbdw]/} ;r]t 5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿n] rflxg] hlt vfg]s'/f cfˆg}af/L / s/];faf/Ldf /f]k]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] s/];faf/Ldf df};dcg';f/sf] xl/of] t/sf/L / kmnkm"n 5g\ . af/Ldf cDaf, gf;kftL,h'gf/ / s]/fsf af]6x¿ 5g\ . 3/df e}+;L, afv|f / s'v'/f kfn]sf5g\ .
tnsf] syf k9\g'xf];\ .
35
kf]lifnf] vfgf s;/L tof/ kfg]{ eGg] s'/f dL/f / kbdn]hfg]sf 5g\ . vfgf ksfpFbf ;/;kmfOdf w]/} Wofg lbG5g\ . xft/fd|/L w'G5g\ . vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{ ksfpg' cl3 kvfN5g\ . xl/of]t/sf/LnfO{ rfxLF sf6\g' cl3g} /fd|/L kvfN5g\ . t/sf/LnfO{sf6]kl5 kvfNg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fpgLx¿n ] hfg ]sf 5g \ .vfg]s'/fx¿ ksfpFbf kf}li6ss'/fx¿ v]/ ghfcf];\ eg]/5f]k]/ ksfpF5g\ .
o;/L dL/f / kbdsf 5f]/L5f]/fn] kf]lifnf] vfgf vfg kfPsf5g\ . 5f]/L5f]/fn] x/]s 5fssf] vfgfdf tfhf tfhf t/sf/LvfG5g\ . b"w / df;"sf] pgLx¿nfO{ sdL 5}g . df};d cg';f/sf]kmnkm"n ;w}+ vfG5g\ . kf]lifnf] vfgf vfPsf]n] dL/f / kbdsf5f]/L5f]/f alnof] / rnfv 5g\ .pgLx¿sf] k|ltef b]v]/ dL/f/ kbd w]/} v';L 5g\ .
36
s_ dL/f / kbdn] 5f]/L / 5f]/f aLr s'g} u/]sf5}gg\ .
v_ 5f]/L5f]/fsf] vfgf x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf dL/f/ kbd w]/} ;r]t 5g\ .
u_ pgLx¿sf] s/];faf/Ldf df};d cg';f/sf] xl/of] / kmnkm"n 5g\ .
3_ vfgf ksfpFbf df w]/} Wofg lbG5g\ .
ª_ xl/of] t/sf/LnfO{ sf6\g' cl3 g} /fd|/L .
r_ vfg]s'/fx¿ ksfpFbf kf}li6s s'/fx¿ v]/ ghfcf];\ eg]/ ksfpF5g\ .
5_ kf]lifnf] vfgf vfPsf]n] dL/f / kbdsf 5f]/L5f]/f / rnfv 5g\ .
tnsf] vfnL 7fpFx?df ;xL zAb eg'{xf];\ .
e]befjkf]lifnf]5f]k]/ kvfN5g\ t/sf/L
;/;kmfOalnof]
40
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
oz oGqotf o:tf]ofqf ofqLo'jf o'jtLof]hgf oxfF
/Iff /Ifs
/ftf] /f]u
¿v ?k
/];d /f]u
jg j8f
jfo' jftfj/0f
ljifo ljZj
lj1fg j}zfv
nx/f n;'g
nfv nfe
nfut nfn6]g
n'uf nf}sf
zAb z/L/ zfGt zflGt lzIfflzIfs lzz' zLtn z}nL zf}rfno
42
sdnfsf] Joj;foufpFsf] :s"n glhs} sdnfn] ;fgf] k;n /fv]sL l5g\ .
pgn] k;ndf lrof, la:s'6, e'6]sf] rgf, kfgL, vL/f, ufh/cflb /fv]sL l5g\ . ufpFn] / :s"nsf lzIfsx¿ ;w}+ pgsf]k;ndf lrof vfg / cGo ;fdfgx¿ lsGg cfpF5g\ .
sdnfn] x/]s lbg cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa /flV5g\ .;fdfg a]Rbf k/]sf] d"Nodf cfˆgf] Hofnf / s]xL gfkmf ;d]thf]l8\5g\ . lbge/Lsf] cfDbfgLdf ;a} vr{x¿ 36fP/ gfkmfsf]lx;fa ul5{g\ .
:s"ndf w]/} s]6fs]6Lx¿ k9\5g\ . :s"nsf gfgLx¿n] pgsf]k;naf6 vfg]s'/f lsGg ?rfpF5g\ . x/]s lbg k;n aGb ug'{cufl8 sdnfn] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa ul5{g\ . o;/L sdnfsf]Joj;fo /fd|f] rn]sf] 5 . vfg]s'/f a]r]/ pgn] w]/} gfkmf sdfPsLl5g\ .
tnsf] syf k9\g'xf];\ .
43
:s"n glhs} sdnfn] ;fgf] k;n /fv]sL l%g\\ .
wsf]{ tfgL hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ / ag]sf jfSox?nfO{vfnL afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
:s"n glhs} sdnfn] ;fgf]
:s"nsf lzIfsx¿ ;w}+ pgsf]
:s"ndf w]/}
/fd|f] rn]sf] 5 .
w]/} gfkmf sdfPsL l5g\ .
k;ndf lrof vfg cfp“5g\ .
sdnfsf] Joj;fo
vfg]s'/f a]r]/ sdnfn]
k;n /fv]sL l5g\ .
s]6fs]6Lx¿ k9\5g\ .
44
if6\sf]0f
;nud, ;fu
kf7 %tnsf cIf/x? k9\g] / n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
if if if if\ i
if
; ; ; ;\ :
;\
i
:
47
kf]if0f kf]lifnf]k'ik if6\sf]0fljifo ci6zf]if0f zf]ifs
;o ;do;kmf ;Grf];fu ;fa'g;Lk ;'vL
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
xnf] xn'sf]xft xf/xfjf xtf/lxdfn xf};nf
Ifdf IfdtfIfo/f]u /IffbIf kIfsIff lzIff
1fg 1fgLlj1fg k|lt1fcf1f cf1fsf/L1ftf lj1
lqz'n lqg]qkq kfqIf]q If]qkmnIf]qLo lqsf]0f
48
pGgt v]tL;kxL ufpFsf dflg;x¿ 5nkmnsf] nflu hDdf eP .
pgLx¿n] pGgt v]tLaf/] 5nkmn ug{ yfn] ./fwfM xfdLn] pGgt tl/sfaf6 v]tL u/f}+ . pGgt v]tLsf] nflu
pGgt hftsf] aLp / h}ljs dnsf]k|of]u u/f}+ . pGgt tl/sfaf6v]tL ubf{ pAhgL a9\5 .
;l/tfM h}ljs dn xfn]sf] pTkfbgn]:jf:YonfO{ c;/ ub}{g . laqmL ubf{ a9L df]n kfOG5 .o;af6 cfDbfgL a9L x'G5 .
;dL/M kfgL klg t rflxG5 lg . v]t af/Ldf kfgL eP w]/}t/sf/L kmnfpg ;lsG5 .
uf]dfM To;f] eP xfdL ;a} ldn]/ l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf u/f}+ g .;dL/M l;+rfO{sf] nflu s'nf] vGbf x'G5 . t/ sfd Tolt ;lhnf]
5}g . y'k|} k};f rflxG5 .uf]dfM k};f lsg < ;a} ldn]/ vGg] lg . clg l;+rfO{ u/L pGgt
v]tL nufP/ cfDbfgL a9fpg] .;l/tfM pGgt v]tL ug]{ tl/sf l;Sg s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|af6 h]l6P
af]nfcf}+ .;dL/M h]l6Paf6 h}ljs dn agfpg klg l;sf}+ .
tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9\g'xf];\ .
49
xfdLn] pGgt tl/sfaf6
kfgL klg t
l;+rfO{sf] nflu
s'nf] vGbf x'G5 .
y'k|} k};f rflxG5 .
v]tL u/f}+ .
;a} ldn]/
h]l6P af6 h}ljs
dn agfpg klg l;sf}+ .
rflxG5 lg .
vGg] .
wsf]{ tfgL hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ / ag]sf jfSox?nfO{vfnL afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
50
afv|f kfng Joj;fo
df]xgL / nlntfn] afv|f kfng u/]/ k};f sdfpg] ljrf/ u/] .t/ Joj;fo ug'{eGbf klxn] pgLx¿n] ;NdfnfO{ e]6]/ o;Joj;foaf/] /fd|/L a'em\g] lg0f{o u/] . ufpFdf ;Ndfn] u/]sf]afv|f kfng Joj;fosf] af/]df ;a}n] s'/f u5{g\ . pgLx¿ ToxfFk'Ubf ;Ndfn] afv|fx¿nfO{ 3fF; lb+b} lyOg\ .
df]xgLM s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5,;Ndf lbbL <
;NdfM oxL xf ] d ]/ f ]sfd . d}n] oLafv|fx¿ kfn]sL5' .
nlntfMtkfO{+n] of] Joj;fo s;/L 5fGg' eof] t <
;NdfM s'g} klg Joj;fo 5fGg' cufl8 cfkm"n] hfg]sf s'/fx¿af/];f]Rg'k5{ . d]/f] dfOtLdf a:t'efp y'k|} lyP . d klgltgLx¿ ;Fu;Fu} x'ls{P . a:t'x¿nfO{ s:tf] 3fF; v'jfpg] <pgLx¿ la/fdL kbf{ s] ug]{, d}n] oL ;a} s'/fx¿ ;fg}
tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
51
pd]/b]lv l;Sg] df}sf kfPF . a:t'x¿ slxn];Dd kfn]/a]Rg'k5{ h:tf s'/f klg hfg]sL 5' .
df]xgLM o;sf] cy{ tkfO{+;Fu a:t' kfNg] cg'ej /x]5 . To;}n]afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug'{ eof], x}g t <
;NdfM xf] Û t/ afv|f kfNg] cg'ejsf] ;fy;fy} cfkm";Fu ePsf;fwgx¿af/] klg;f]Rg'k5{ . * jif{cufl8 xfdLx¿ oxfFa;fOF ;/]sf lyof}+ .To;}n] xfdL;Fu w]/}hUuf lyPg .To;a ]nf hLjglgjf{xsf] nflu s]sfd ug]{ eGg]af/]ljrf/ ubf{ cfkm";Fu afv|f kfNg] cg'ej ePsf] ;fy}h+un glhs ePsf]n] 3fF;sf] b'Mv gx'g] eP/ of] Joj;fo5fg]sL x'F . kfgLsf] nflu klg snwf/f lyof] .
nlntfMclg tkfO{+n] of] Joj;fo s;/L z'? ug'{ eof] <
;NdfM ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] b'O{ tLg dlxgfsf tLgj6f afv|fx¿lsg]+ . Ps jif{;Dd /fd|/L x]/ljrf/ u/]kl5 tLgj6}
52
af]sfx¿ a]Rg] of]Uosf eP . Pp6f af]sf a]r]/ cfPsf]k};fn] C0fsf] ;fjfF / Aofh ltg{ k'Uof] . afFsL b'O{j6faf]sf a]r]/ cfPsf] k};fn] d}n] vf]/ agfPF . To;kl5 d}n];d"xaf6 csf]{ C0f lnPF / w]/} afv|fx¿ lsg]+ . o;kl5afv|fx¿nfO{ 7"nf] kfg]{ / a]Rg] sfd ub}{ uPF . clxn]x]g'{xf];\ t d]/f] vf]/df !) j6f dfp afv|f, @) j6f v;L/ !) j6f ;fgf kf7fkf7Lx¿ 5g\ .
df]xgLM o; afv|f kfng Joj;foaf6 clxn] tkfO{+sf] sdfO{ s:tf]5 <
;NdfM clxn] afv|f kfng Joj;fo d]/f] dfq geP/ d]/f] kl/jf/sf]Joj;fo ePsf] 5 . d nufot d]/f] >Ldfg\, ;f;" /;;'/f ;a} hgf o;df nfu]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] sDtLdfjif{sf] @) j6f v;L laqmL u/]/ sDtLdf # nfv ¿k}ofFsdfpg] nIo lnPsf 5f}+ / of] cg';f/ xfd|f] sdfO{ eO/x]sf]5 .
nlntfM xf] /x]5 Û d]xgtsf ;fy afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug{ ;s] w]/}k};f sdfpg ;lsg] /x]5 . d}n] ;f]lr ;s]+ . 3/ uP/ kl/jf/;Fu5nkmn u5'{ / of] Joj;fo ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpF5' .
df]xgLM d klg of] Joj;fo g} u5'{ .
53
!_ s'g} klg 5fGg' cufl8 cfkm"n] hfg]sf s'/fx¿af/]
;f]Rg'k5{ .
@_ afv|f kfNg] sf] ;fy;fy} cfkm";Fu ePsf
;fwgx¿af/] klg ;f]Rg'k5{ .
#_ Ps jif{;Dd /fd|/L u/]kl5 tLgj6} af]sfx¿
a]Rg] of]Uosf eP .
$_ To;kl5 d}n] ;d"xaf6 csf]{ lnPF / w]/}
afv|fx¿ lsg]+ .
%_ xfdLn] sDtLdf jif{sf] @) j6f v;L laqmL u/]/ sDtLdf
sdfpg] nIo lnPsf 5f}+ .
^_ d]xgtsf ;fy afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug{ ;s] w]/} k};f
;lsg] /x]5 .
tnsf vfnL 7fpFx?df ;xL zAb eg'{xf];\ .
cg'ej # nfv ¿k}of““ Joj;fo
sdfpg C0f
x]/ljrf/
56
c;n c;/ cgf/
cb'jf crf/ cgfh
cdnf cldnf] c7f/
cfh cfxf/ cfsf/
cfn' cfuf] cfhsfn
cfzf cfl6nf] cfkm\gf]
O;f/f Onfsf Ogfd
Ogf/ Onfh OdfGbf/
O{v l;vfO{
O{Zj/ O{vfn'
pv' pBf]u pBd
pkfo pkrf/ pksf/
Ps Pstf Psf/
Pp6f P3f/ Psf;L
cf]sf/ cf]v/ cf]emn
cf]7 cf]; cf]8f/
cf}sf/ cf}hf/
cf}ifwL cf}nf]
P]g P]gf
pmg pmgL
tnsf zAbx? k9\g'xf];\ .
57
tnsf] lrq ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
x]/ a'9L, s;}nfO{ klg 7"nf] / ;fgf]hflt egL e]befj gug'{ lg . gq
b08 ;hfo ef]Ug' knf{ .
dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] dfgj clwsf/ a/fa/xf] eg] ufpFdf ;dfg sfdsf] nflu b'j}n]
a/fa/ Hofnf kfpg'k5{ .
58
v\ +/f = v|f afv|f
/\ + r = r{ vr{
/\ + b} = b{} ub{}5g\
u\ + b} = Ub} k'Ub}g
r\ + b = Rb a]Rbl5g\
;\ + t = :t d:t
s\ + ;L = S;L /S;L
v\ + ly = lVy /flVyg\
h\ + of = Hof Hofnf
8\ + b = 8\b hf]8\blyg\
d\ + lt = lDt lglDt
s\ + y\ + of}+ = SYo+} ;SYof}+
tnsf hf]8]sf cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .
59
s[kf s[kfn' s[kof
s[lt s[lqd
:jLs[t ljs[lt
C0f C0fL C0fkq
Ct' Ct'/fh Ct'j0f{
C
s[
tnsf cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .
60
x\ + /} = x|} ;fx|}
x\ + C = Å Åbo
b\ + / = b| ;d'b|
s\ + /f = qmf 6'qmf, sfo{qmd
\̀ + h = ~h k~hf
6\ + 6} = §} l5§}
6\ + of = 6Ø 5'6Øfpg'
ª\ + uf = Ëf rËf, 9'Ëf
w\ + o = Wo cWoIf
tnsf hf]8]sf cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .
b\ + o = B pBdL, pBf]u
s\ + C = s[ s[kof
61
dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf]xgM d~h' gfgL, stf lxF8]sL <
d~h'M ;fIf/tf sIffdf k9fpg bfO .
df]xgM s:tf] /fd|f ] . d]/L>LdtL /df ts ]x L klgulb{gg\ . s'g}sfd ug]{ pgsf]Ifdtf g} 5}g .;w}+ 3/d} al:5g\ .
d~h'M o;f] geGg';\ g bfO . nf} eGg'xf];\ t tkfO{+sf] >LdtLn]tkfO{+ / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nflu s] s] sfd ug'{ x'G5 <
df]xgM P===== 3/sf] sfd Û pgL kfgL cf];fl5{g\ . bfp/f NofpFl5g\,eft ksfpFl5g\, 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ vfgf v'jfpFl5g\, To;kl5dnfO{ vfgf kl:slG5g\ . cfkm"n] vfgf vfPkl5 efG;fsf]sfd l;WofP/ vf]nfdf uP/ n'uf w'lG5g\ . lbpF;f]df xKtfsf]Ps lbg ldndf uP/ ux'F, ds} lkg]/ NofpFl5g\ . x/]s
tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9\g'xf];\ .
62
lbg lbpF;f] glhssf] ahf/df t/sf/L k'¥ofpFl5g\ . pgn]k};f klg sdfpFl5g\ . Tof] k};fn] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ sfkL,snd / 3/sf] nflu d/d;nf lslG5g\ . 3/df cfP/5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nflu vfhf tof/ kf/]/ /flV5g\ . To;kl5/f]k]sf] t/sf/LnfO{ uf]8d]n ul5{g\, kfgL xflN5g\ /ufOe}+;LnfO{ :ofxfg]{ sfd ul5{g\ . clg /ft k/]kl5 vfgfksfP/ ;a}nfO{ v'jfpFl5g\ . pgL w]/} /ft;Dd sfdul//xlG5g\ .
d~h'M tkfO{+ rflxF s] sfd ug'{ x'G5, bfO <
df]xgM d lbpF;f] v]tdf hfG5' . ToxfF s]xL sfd 5 eg] u5'{ .To;kl5 ;fyLx¿;Fu /fhgLlt / ufpF3/sf] s'/f u5'{ .
d~h'M df]xg bfO, tkfO+{n] eGg' ePsf] s'/f ;'Gbf tkfO{+ eGbftkfO{+sf] >LdtL /dfn] w]/} sfd ug'{x'G5 . /df lbbLn] 3// v]taf/Lsf] ;a} sfd ug'{ x'G5 . t/sf/L a]r]/ k};f klgsdfpg' x'G5 . /df lbbLsf] Ifdtf gePsf] eP jxfFn]olt w]/} sfd s;/L ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . n ljrf/ ug'{xf];\t .
df]xg M xf] gfgL, aNn d]/f] cfFvf v'Nof] . d}n] d]/L >LdtLsf]Ifdtf / of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug'{k5{ . ;fy} pgnfO{ sfddf;xof]u klg ug'{k5{ .
63
nf} s' l/ n uf] n l3sf s s{ nf] n ;' /f}km" k ;f u e]+ g nfn / Kof h 8f ;L dLsf] j uf h / sf qmf]kL n /f d tf] l/ of
tnsf sf]7fx?df ePsf cIf/x?af6 aGg]t/sf/Lx?sf] gfd kQf nufO{ 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ .
!_ d]/L >LdtL /df t s]xL klg .
@_ efG;fsf] sfd vf]nfdf uP/ n'uf w'lG5g\ .
#_ x/]s lbg lbpF;f] glhssf] ahf/df k'¥ofpFl5g\ .
$_ /ft k/]kl5 vfgf ;a}nfO{ v'jfpFl5g\ .
%_ d}n] d]/L >LdtLsf] / of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug'{k5{ .
t/sf/L Ifdtf ulb{gg\ ksfP/ l;WofP/
tnsf vfnL 7fpFx?df ;xL zAb eg'{xf];\ .
64
kf7 &
!! Ps
@ b'O{
# tLg
$ rf/
% kfFr
^ 5
& ;ft
* cf7
( gf}
!) bz
!! P3f/
!@ afx|
!# t]x|
!$ rf}w
!% kGw|
!^ ;f]x|
!& ;q
!* c7f/
!( pGgfO;
@) aL;
@
tnsf c°x? k9\g] / n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
65
@! PSsfO;
@@ afO;
@# t]O;
@$ rf}aL;
@% kRrL;
@^ 5AaL;
@& ;QfO;
@* cÝfO;
@( pgGtL;
#) tL;
#! PstL;
#@ aQL;
## t]QL;
#$ rfF}tL;
#% k}FtL;
#^ 5QL;
#& ;}FtL;
#* c7tL;
#( pgGrfnL;
$) rfnL;
66
%! PsfpGg
%@ afpGg
%# lqkGg
%$ rjGg
%% krkGg
%^ 5kGg
%& ;GtfpGg
%* cG7fpGg
%( pgG;f7L
^) ;f7L
$! PsrfnL;
$@ aofnL;
$# lqrfnL;
$$ rjfnL;
$% k}FtfnL;
$^ 5ofnL;
$& ;trfnL;
$* c7rfnL;
$( pgGrf;
%) krf;
67
^! Ps;ÝL
^@ a};ÝL
^# lq;ÝL
^$ rf};ÝL
^% k}F;ÝL
^^ 5};ÝL
^& ;t;ÝL
^* c7;ÝL
^( pgG;Q/L
&) ;Q/L
&! PsxQ/
&@ axQ/
&# lqxQ/
&$ rf}xQ/
&% krxQ/
&^ 5oxQ/
&& ;txQ/
&* c7xQ/
&( pgf;L
*) c;L
68
(! PsfGgAa]
(@ aofGgAa]
(# lqofGgAa]
($ rf}/fGgAa]
(% kGrfGgAa]
(^ 5ofGgAa]
(& ;GtfGgAa]
(* cG7fGgAa]
(( pgfG;o
!)) Ps ;o
*! Psf;L
*@ aof;L
*# lqof;L
*$ rf}/f;L
*% krf;L
*^ 5of;L
*& ;tf;L
** c7f;L
*( pgfGgAa]
() gAa]
69
tnsf hf]8]sf cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .
ª\ + s = Í cÍ
s\ + C = s[ s[kof
u\ + C = u[ u[x, u[xsfo{
x\ + C = Å Åbo
ª\ + vf = Îf kÎf
ª\ + u = Ë cË
7\ + 7 = ¶ n¶
b\ + b = 2 d2t
6\ + 6 = § s§/
6\ + / = 6« 6«s
8\ + /f = 8«f 8«fOe/
70
ufp“ e]nf
wgf}hL ufpFsf ;fIf/tf sIffdf k9\g] dlxnfx¿n] Pp6f 7"nf]e]nf u/] . e]nfdf ufpFsf ;a} dflg;x¿ hDdf eP .
/]0f'n] elgg\, æclxn] ufpFsf dflg;x¿df lgs} kl/jt{g cfPsf]5 . ;a}n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k9\g k7fPsf 5g\ . ;/;kmfOaf/];a} ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . ;a}sf] 3/df rkL{ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .Æ
;Gtf]ifn] eg], æof] kl/jt{g dlxnfx¿n] ;fIf/tf sIffdf k9\gyfn] kl5 cfPsf] xf] . pgLx¿n] k'?ifx¿nfO{ ;r]t kf/]sf 5g\ .Æ
nIdLn] elgg\, æxfd|f] cfly{s cj:yf cem} sdhf]/ 5 . xfdL;a}n] cfocfh{gsf] sfd yfNg'k5{ .Æ
cGTodf dlxnfx¿n] kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u lnO{ afv|f kfng Joj;foug]{ lg0f{o u/] . afv|f kfng tflndsf] nflu uf=lj=;=af6 ;xof]udfUg] klg lg0f{o u/] .
tnsf] syf k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
71
ldltM d+l;/ (, @)&!>Ldfg\ uf=lj=;= ;lrjHo",wgf}hL uf=lj=;= sfof{no,wg'iff .
ljifoM afv|f kfngsf] nflu tflnd pknAw u/fO{ lbg];DaGwdf .
dxf]bo,wgf}hL ufpFdf a:g] dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf w]/} sdhf]/
5 . cfkm\gf] cfly{s cj:yf dfly p7fpg o; uf=lj=;=sf j8f g+=@ sf xfdL @% hgf dlxnf ls;fgx¿n] afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug]{lg0f{o u/]sf 5f}+ .
t;y{ uf=lj=;=df cfpg] s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ah]6af6 xfdLdlxnfx¿sf nflu afv|f kfng ;DaGwL tflnd pknAw u/fO{;xof]u u/L lbg' x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .
;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb . ejbLo,/])f'
wgf}hL uf=lj=;=wg'iff
wgf}hL ufpFsf dflg;x?n] uf=lj=;=nfO{k7fPsf] lgj]bg k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
72
ljifoM afv|f kfngsf] nflu tflnd pknAw u/fO{ lbg];DaGwdf .
tnsf vfnL 7fpFx?df n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
g\ + 5' = ln
s\ + l5 = ; g\
;\ + 5' = a
/\ + h = l; gf
/\ + y = ;f s
tnsf] pbfx/0f h:t} hf]8]sf] cIf/nfO{ vfnL7fpFdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
ljif
wgf}hL ufp¤df a:g] dflg;x?sf] cfly{s cj:yf w]/}sdhf]/ % .
73
!+@ =#@+!=#)+#=#
!+ =$)+ =$
#+ =$$+ =$
!+ =%@+ =%
$+ =%# + =%
kf7 *;fwf/0f hf]8
t];f]{ hf]8 l;Sg'xf];\ .
74
! + = ^@ + = ^) + = ^
% + = ^$+ = ^^ + = ^# + = ^
! + = &^ + = &) + = &
# + = &$+ = && + = &
@ + = &% + = &
! + = *& + = *) + = *
# + = *% + = ** + = *
@ + = *^ + = *$+ = *
75
! + = (@ + = ($+ = () + = (# + = (
* + = (& + = (% + = (( + = (^ + = (
@ + = !)# + = !)) + = !)$+ = !)! + = !)
* + = !)& + = !)
+ = !)^ + = !)( + = !)
!)
% + = !)
77
k|Zg !M lkFh8fdf hDdf & cf]6f r/f lyP < zf]efn] @ cf]6f r/fkm]l/ ylkg\ . ca lkFh8fdf sltcf]6f r/f 5g\ <
k|Zg @M d~h'sf] ufpFdf vfg]kfgLsf] w]/} ;d:of 5 . pgL kfgLlng ufpFaf6 @ lsnf]dL6/ k/ uOg\ . t/ ToxfF k'UbfkfgLsf] d'xfg ;'s]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 pgL km]l/ ! lsnf]ld6/lxFl8g\ / csf]{ d'xfgdf k'lug\ . ca eGg'xf];\ d~h'n] hDdfslt lsnf]ld6/ lxFl8g\ <
tnsf k|Zgx¿ k9L hf]8 ug'{xf];\ .
78
kf7 (;fwf/0f 36fp
%– @ = #
% – $=
$– ! = $– ! =
$– # =$– $ =# – ) =
$– @ =) – ) =# – @ =
t];f]{ 36fp l;Sg'xf];\ .
79
* – % =( – ^ = ( – @ =
!)– %=^ – # = * – $ =
* – # =^ – $ = & – @ =
( – $ =& – % = * – ^ =
( – ^ =!)–#= % – ) =
80
^– $@
$– @
@– !
*– $
^– #
!)– %
$– $
&– #
%– @
4
(– #
*– %
^– )
%– %
*– #
&– %
(– @
7f8f] 36fp l;Sg'xf];\ .
81
* – % = % + = *dtna
æ* af6 % 36fpFbf # x'G5 . o;sf] dtna % / # hf]8\bf * x'G5 .Æ
& – $ = $ + = &dtna
!)–&= &+ =!)dtna
^ – @ = @ + = ^dtna
( – # = # + = (dtna
hlt c° 36fPsf] 5 Tolt j6f uf]nfx¿sf6\g'xf];\ / afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .
82
k|Zg !M ;Ltf;Fu * y'Ëf km"nx¿ 5g\ . pgn]/fdnfO{ # y'Ëf km"nx¿ lbOg\ . ca;Ltf;Fu slt y'Ëf km"nx¿ afFsL5g\ <
k|Zg @M % j6f Eofu'tfx¿ 9'Ëfdf a;]sf lyP .@ j6f rfxLF kfgLdf xfdkmfn] . ca9'Ëfdf sltj6f Eofu'tfx¿ 5g\ <
k|Zg #M ( hgf dflg;x¿ e]nfdf cfP . lrofNofpg] s]6fn] ̂ lunf; lrof Nofof] .ca slthgf dflg;x¿nfO{ lrofk'u]g <
k|Zg $M k"gdn] xf6ahf/df * j6f v;L laqmLug{ nlug\ . lbge/Ldf pgn] # j6fv;L dfq laqmL ug{ ;lsg\ . cak"gd;Fu slt j6f v;L laqmL ug{afFsL 5g\ <
tnsf k|Zgx¿ k9L 36fp ug'{xf];\ .
83
kf7 !):yfgdfg tflnsfdf lx;fa
:yfgdfg tflnsf eg]sf] cÍx¿sf] :yfg hgfpg] tflnsf xf] . o;n]Ps, bz, ;o, xhf/, bz xhf/, nfv cflbdf cÍx¿sf] :yfg hgfpF5 .:yfgdfg tflnsfdf cÍx¿sf] dfg bfofFaf6 afofFtkm{ a9\b} uPsf]x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M!_ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf %$ -rjGg_ df ePsf cÍx¿sf] :yfg lgDg
cg';f/sf] x'G5 M
%) $
bz Ps
% $
@_ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf !#$ -Ps ;o rf}FtL;_ df ePsf cÍx¿sf]:yfg lgDg cg';f/sf] x'G5 M
;o bz Ps
! # $
!)) #) $
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf c°x¿ /fVg l;Sg'xf];\ .
85
3_ &#%
r_ #&%*(
;o bz Ps
5_ !@^$@%nfv bzxhf/ xhf/ ;o bz Ps
bzxhf/ xhf/ ;o bz Ps
ª_ %#^*
xhf/ ;o bz Ps
86
k|ZgM l;h{gf ;fIf/tf s]Gb|df !% hgf dlxnf / !@ hgfk'?if 5g\ . dlxnf / k'?if u/L s]Gb|df hDdf slt hgf;xefuLx¿ 5g\ <
pQ/M l;h{gf ;fIf/tf s]Gb|df hDdf @& -;QfO;_ hgf;xefuLx¿ 5g\ .
k|ZgM ;Ldf;Fu #$& j6f lunf;x¿ 5g\ . /df;Fu %! cf]6flunf;x¿ 5g\ . b'j}sf] lunf;x¿sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <
pQ/M b'j} lunf;x¿sf] hf]8 #(* x'G5 .
! %! @@ &
±
! %! @@ &
bz
±
Ps
o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .
# $ & % !# ( *
±o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .
# $ & % ! # ( *
±
;o bz Ps
tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :yfgdfg tflnsfdf hf]8l;Sg'xf];\ .
87
k|Zg $ M %$&# / $!@% sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <
k|Zg ! M $^ / @@ sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <
k|Zg # M ^*$ / @)% sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <
g
g
$ ^@ @^ *
±$ ^@ @^ *
±
bz Ps
^ * $@ ) %±
^ * $@ ) %±
;o bz Ps
g% $ & #$ ! @ %±
% $ & # $ ! @ %±
xhf/ ;o bz Ps
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf hf]8sf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
88
æxft nfluÆ cfpg] hf]8æxft nfluÆ cfpg] hf]8 ug]{ tl/sf o; k|sf/ 5 M
n hf]8 ubf{ ;w}F bfofFaf6 cyf{t\ Pssf] :yfgaf6 ;'?ug'{k5{ .
n Pssf] :yfgdf /x]sf cÍx¿ hf]8\bf hf]8kmn (eGbf a9L cfPdf hf]8kmn cÍsf] bzsf] :yfgdfePsf] cÍnfO{ xft nflu dflgG5 / o; xft nflucÍnfO{ bzsf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍx¿df hf]8\g'k5{ .
n o;}u/L bzsf] :yfgdf /x]sf cÍx¿ hf]8\bf hf]8kmn( eGbf a9L cfPdf bzsf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍnfO{xft nflu dfgL ;osf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍdfhf]8\g'k5{ .
n o;}u/L ;osf] :yfgdf /x]sf cÍx¿ hf]8\bf cfpg]xft nflunfO{ xhf/sf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍdfhf]8\g'k5{ .
æxft nfluÆ cfpg] hf]8 l;Sg'xf];\ .
89
xft nflu cfpg] hf]8sf] pbfx/0fM
k|ZgM pdfn] xf6ahf/df ¿= ^*#÷– sf] sfpnL /
¿= $&(÷– sf] Kofh a]lrg\ . pgn] hDdf slt
¿k}ofF sdfOg\ <
lx;fa ug]{ tl/sfM
xft nflu^ * #
$ & (±
xhf/ ;o bz Ps!! !
! ! ^ @
g ^ * #
$ & ( ! ! ^ @
±
pQ/M pdfn] xf6ahf/df sfpnL / Kofh a]r]/ hDdf¿= !!^@÷– -Ps xhf/ Ps ;o a};ÝL_ sdfOg\ .
!! !^ !@
90
k|Zg @M zagdn] s'v'/fkfngsf] nflu ;d"xaf6 ¿= %^&÷– C0flnOg\ . /fwfn] klg s'v'/fkfngsf] nflu ;d"xaf6¿= @%$÷– C0f lnOg\ . b'j}n] lnPsf C0fsf] hf]8 sltx'G5 <
k|Zg !M sdnfn] s/];faf/Lsf] nflu ¿= #%÷– sf] uf]ne]+8fsf]aLp / ¿= @^÷– sf] v';f{gLsf] aLp lslgg\ . sdnfn]hDdf slt ¿k}ofFsf] aLp lslgg\ <
# %
± @ ^
xft nflug
±
bz Ps;o
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf xft nflu hf]8sf] cEof;ug'{xf];\ .
bzxft nflu g
±
Ps
±
91
k|Zg @M k|ult ;d"xsf] sf]ifdf ¿= %&*!÷– / b]p/fnL ;d"xsf]sf]ifdf ¿= !@%)÷– hDdf ePsf] 5 . b'j} ;d"xsf] sf]ifsf]/sdnfO{ hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <
k|Zg #M kbdn] afv|fkfng Joj;fo ug{ b'O{ cf]6f vf]/agfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] klxnf] vf]/df %$* cf]6fafv|fx¿ 5g\ eg] bf];|f] vf]/df *@$ cf]6f afv|fx¿5g\ . b'j} vf]/sf afv|fx¿nfO{ hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <
xft nflug
±
bz Ps;oxhf/
xft nflug
±
bz Ps;oxhf/
±
±
92
36fp ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M
n 36fp ubf{ klg ;w}F bfofFaf6 cyf{t\ Pssf]
:yfgaf6 36fpg ;'? ug'{k5{ .
n 36fp ubf{ dflysf] cÍaf6 tnsf] cÍ 36fpg'k5{ .
n dflysf] cÍ eGbf tnsf] cÍ 7"nf] ePdf afofF
:yfgdf /x]sf] cÍaf6 ! cÍ ;fk6L lng'k5{ .
n bzsf] :yfgaf6 ! ;fk6L lnPdf Pssf] :yfgdf
cfpFbf !) Ps x'G5 .
n ;osf] :yfgaf6 ! ;fk6L lnPdf bzsf] :yfgdf
cfpFbf !) bz x'G5 .
kf7 !!:yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fp
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fp l;Sg'xf];\ .
93
pbfx/0fM ;l/tfn] #&@ cf]6f d"9f agfOg\ . pgn] !%* cf]6f d"9fahf/df nu]/ a]lrg\ . ;l/tf;Fu slt cf]6f d"9f afFsL/xG5 <
36fp ug]{ tl/sfM
g
n @ af6 * 36\b}g lsgls @ eGbf * 7"nf] 5 .n & cÍ bzsf] :yfgdf /x]sf] x'Fbf & bzaf6 ! bz ;fk6 lng] .n ! bz Pssf] :yfgdf cfpFbf !) Ps x'G5 .n !) Ps / @ Ps hf]8\bf !@ Ps x'G5 .n !@ Ps af6 * Ps 36fpFbf $ Ps x'G5 .n !) sf] :yfgdf & bzaf6 ! bz ;fk6L lb+bf ^ bz afFsL
/xG5 .n ^ bzaf6 % bz 36fpFbf ! bz afFsL /xG5 .n # ;oaf6 ! ;o 36fpFbf @ ;o afFsL /xG5 .
pQ/ M ;l/tf;Fu @!$ cf]6f d"9f afFsL /xG5 .
# & @— ! % * @ ! $
—
bz Ps;o
# & @
! % *
@ ! $
!)±^
94
k|Zg !M zagdn] @% cf]6f cfFk lslgg\ . !@ cf]6f cfFk3/df ;a}n] ldn]/ vfP . pgL;Fu slt cf]6f cfFkafFsL /Xof] <
k|Zg @M hfgsLn] cfh c08f laqmL u/]/ ¿= *@÷– sdfOg\ .To;af6 5f]/Lsf] nflu ¿= #&÷– sf] sfkLx¿lslgg\ . pgL;Fu hDdf slt ¿k}ofF afFsL 5 <
g @ %— ! @
@ %— ! @
bz Ps
g * @— # &
* @— # &
bz Ps
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fpsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
95
k|Zg #M u'/fF; ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf %#*afv|f kfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] @&^ afv|f ufpFdfcfPsf Jofkf/LnfO{ a]r] . ;d"x;Fu slt afv|f afFsL5g\ <
k|Zg $M piff;Fu **# ld6/ sk8f 5 . pgn] #(^ ld6/sk8f a]lrg\ . pgL;Fu slt ld6/ sk8f afFsL5 <
g —
bz Ps;o
% # *— @ & ^
—
bz Ps;o
g—
96
k|Zg %M /flwsfn] t/sf/L a]r]/ ¿= ̂ $&%÷– sdfOg\ . pgn]¿= #(#&÷– a}+sdf hDdf ul/g\ . pgL;Fu slt
¿k}ofF afFsL 5 <
g— —
bz Ps;oxhf/
k|Zg ^M bL3{n] %^@$ ¿k}ofF kg]{ df]afOn $$%* ¿k}ofFdf
lsg] . bL3{n] slt /sd 5"6 kfof] <
g— —
bz Ps;oxhf/
97
kf7 !@;fwf/0f u'0fg
o;nfO{ csf] { tl/sfaf6o;/L n]Vg ;lsG5 .
dtna
# Ï @ = ^
ð
#
Ï@
^
# # ^+ =
# Ï @ sf] cy{ # cÍnfO{ b'O{ k6s hf]8\g] xf] .
o;/L cfPsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ u'0fgkmn elgG5 .
u'0fg l;Sg'xf];\ .
98
u'0fgsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
% Ï $ ð + + + =
$ Ï @ ð + =
%Ï%ð + + + + =
^ Ï @ ð ^ ^ !@ + =
# Ï # ð + + =
@ Ï # ð + + =
^ Ï $ ð + + + =
&Ï%ð + + + + =
$Ï^ ð + + + + + =
99
# Ï & ð + + + + + + =
#Ï^ ð + + + + + =
@ Ï * ð + + + + + + + =
! Ï ( ð + + + + + + + + =
% Ï & ð + + + + + + =
$ Ï * ð + + + + + + + =
100
b'O{sf] u'0fg tflnsf
tnsf] u'0fg tflnsf k9\g'xf];\ .
@ × ! = @
@ × @ = $
@ × # = ^
@ × $ = *
@ × % = !)
@ × ^ = !@
@ × & = !$
@ × * = !^
@ × ( = !*
@ × !)= @)
101
# × ! = #
# × @ = ^
# × # = (
# × $ = !@
# × % = !%
# × ^ = !*
# × & = @!
# × * = @$
# × ( = @&
# × !)= #)
tLgsf] u'0fg tflnsf
102
@ × ! = @
@ × @ =@ × # =@ × $ =@ × % =@ × ^ =@ × & =@ × * =@ × ( =@ × !)=
# × ! =# × @ =# × # =# × $ =# × % =# × ^ =# × & =# × * =# × ( =# × !)=
tnsf] vfnL 7fp“df eg'{xf];\ .
103
% × ! = %
% × @ = !)
% × # = !%
% × $ = @)
% × % = @%
% × ^ = #)
% × & = #%
% × * = $)
% × ( = $%
% × !)= %)
$ × ! = $
$ × @ = *
$ × # = !@
$ × $ = !^
$ × % = @)
$ × ^ = @$
$ × & = @*
$ × * = #@
$ × ( = #^
$ × !)= $)
tnsf] u'0fg tflnsf k9\g'xf];\ .
104
& × ! = &
& × @ = !$
& × # = @!
& × $ = @*
& × % = #%
& × ^ = $@
& × & = $(
& × * = %^
& × ( = ^#
& × !)= &)
^ × ! = ^
^ × @ = !@
^ × # = !*
^ × $ = @$
^ × % = #)
^ × ^ = #^
^ × & = $@
^ × * = $*
^ × ( = %$
^ × !)= ^)
105
( × ! = (
( × @ = !*
( × # = @&
( × $ = #^
( × % = $%
( × ^ = %$
( × & = ^#
( × * = &@
( × ( = *!
( × !)= ()
* × ! = *
* × @ = !^
* × # = @$
* × $ = #@
* × % = $)
* × ^ = $*
* × & = %^
* × * = ^$
* × ( = &@
* × !)= *)
106
!! × ! = !!
!! × @ = @@
!! × # = ##
!! × $ = $$
!! × % = %%
!! × ^ = ^^
!! × & = &&
!! × * = **
!! × ( = ((
!! × !)= !!)
!)× ! = !)
!)× @ = @)
!)× # = #)
!)× $ = $)
!)× % = %)
!)× ^ = ^)
!)× & = &)
!)× * = *)
!)× ( = ()
!)× !)= !))
107
dtna
kf7 !#;fwf/0f efu
* ÷ @ = $
o;nfO{ csf]{ tl/sfaf6o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .
ð = $ *
@
s'g} klg j:t' cyjf ;d"xnfO{ a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;–;fgf
;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{nfO{ efu elgG5 .
efu l;Sg'xf];\ .
108
lsgsL $ Ï @ = *
efu u'0fgsf] pN6f] k|lqmof xf] .
h:t} M
= $ *
@
efusf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
lsgls Ï @ = ^= ^ @
lsgls Ï # = (= ( #
lsgls Ï @ = !)= !) @
109
lsgls Ï % == !) %
lsgls Ï $ == * $
lsgls Ï $ == !@ $
lsgls Ï ^ == !@ ^
!% #
lsgls Ï # ==
!% %
lsgls Ï % ==
110
efusf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
!%
@$
#)
#^
@!
@*
!*
@*
$)
#
$
%
^
&
&
#
$
%
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
112
;/nf M xfdL dWo] w]/}n] Joj;fo ug]{ ;f]ragfPsf 5g\ . Joj;fo ubf{cÍx¿sf] lx;fa w]/} ug'{k5{ . To;}n]; lhnf ] / l56f ]sf ] nf luSofNfs'n]6/af6 lx;fa ubf{ /fd|f]x'G5 .
sdn M xf], cr]n t ;a}n] SofNfs'n]6/af6g} lx;fa u5{g\ . o;af6 lx;fa ubf{ uNtL x'g] 8/ sdx'G5 / l56f] klg x'G5 . km]l/ o;sf] d"No klg w]/} kb}{g .
glkm;f M t/ SofNfs'n]6/ rnfpg cfpg' klg t k¥of] lg Û
k]df M SofNfs'n]6/df hf] sf]xLn] klg ;lhn} lx;fa ug{ ;S5g\ .of] l;Sg w]/} ;lhnf] 5 .
;Ltf M To;f] eP cfh}b]lv Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg l;sf}+ .
Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg l;Sg'xf];\ .
Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]u
113
Sofns'n]6/df c+u|]hL cÍx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n]Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg] JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'j} cÍx¿sf]1fg x'g' h?/L 5 .
g]kfnL cÍx? c+u|]hL cÍx? g]kfnL cÍx? c+u|]hL cÍx?
!@#$%^&*(!)
12345678910
!!!@!#!$!%!^!&!*!(@)
11121314151617181920
Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] c°x¿ k9\g'xf];\ .
114
Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] c+u|]hL cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .
Sofns'n]6/df c+u|]hL cIf/x¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n]Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg] JolQmnfO{ c+u|]hL cIf/x¿sf] 1fg x'g' h?/L5 .
c+u|]hL cIf/x?
A B C D EF G H I JK L M N OP Q R S TU V W X Y
Z
115
ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/CON/C ON/C
ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/CON/C ON/C
C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CEC/CE C/CE
AC AC ACAC AC AC ACAC AC
ON ON ON ON ON ON ONON ON
C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CEC/CE C/CE
AC AC ACAC AC AC ACAC AC
Sofns'n]6/df ePsf lgDg a6gx¿ lyRbf Sofns'n]6/rN5 .
Sofns'n]6/df ePsf lgDg a6gx¿ lyRbf c°x¿d]l6G5 .
116
+ -hf]8 lrGx_
_ -36fp lrGx_
× -u'0fg lrGx_
÷ -efu lrGx_
% -k|ltzt lrGx_
= -a/fa/ lrGx_
g]kfnL c°x¿
c+u|]hL c°x¿
tnsf c°x¿df 3]/f nufO{ hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ .
5 0 6 1 8 4 2 7 3 9
+ + + + + + + +_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
× × × × × × × ×÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷% % % % % % % %
= = = = = = = =
Sofns'n]6/sfc°x¿
Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] lgDg lrGxx¿ lrGg'xf];\ .
117
Sofns'n]6/df hf]8 ug'{xf];\ .
hf]8
eGg'xf];\, æ@%) hf]8 @%) a/fa/ ===================Æ@%)@%)+ 2ON/C 5 +0 2 5 =0
@))!))+
eGg'xf];\, æ@)) hf]8 !)) a/fa/ ===================Æ
2ON/C 0 +0 1 0 =0
@&#%+
eGg'xf];\, æ@& hf]8 #% a/fa/ ===================Æ
ON/C 2 7 + 3 5 =
!@*+
eGg'xf];\, æ!@ hf]8 * a/fa/ ===================Æ
ON/C 1 2 + 8 =
%#+
eGg'xf];\, æ% hf]8 # a/fa/ ===================Æ
ON/C 5 + 3 =
kf7 !%Sofns'n]6/af6 lx;fa
118
a9L ;+Vofx¿sf] hf]8
& *!@ %+
eGg'xf];\, æ& / * / !@ / % hf]8\bfa/fa/ =====Æ
ON/C 7 + 8 + 1 2 + 5 =
!$ % * (
eGg'xf];\, æ!$ / % / * / ( hf]8\bf a/fa/====Æ
ON/C 1 4 + 5 + 8 + 9 =+
&!$ @ ^
eGg'xf];\, æ& / !$ / @ / ^ hf]8\bf a/fa/====Æ
ON/C 7 + 1 4 + 2 + 6 =+
c° lyRbf unt ePdf s] ug]{ <
olb tkfO{+n] unt cÍ lyRg' ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] cÍ /2 ug{
ON/C jf C/CE a6g lyRg'xf];\ / km]l/ hf]8\g z'? ug'{xf];\ .
119
Sofns'n]6/af6 a9L ;+Vofx?sf] hf]8sf]cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
!* !$ !^ !(+
@# @% @& @!+
## #$ #^ #*+
$% $@ $& $$+
%* %& %^ %%+
%! %% %$ %(+
* $ ^ (+
# % & !+
@ $ ^ *+
% @ & $+
* & ^ %+
! % $ (+
!%% !)$ !%& !$$ !##+
@)% @$@ @%% @^) @&! +
!)% @$$ #!$ $(& %%^ +
#&^ (( $)& %% ^@ +
@)) *$ $)) %)) ^)) +
120
36fp
eGg'xf];\, æ%%) 36fp () a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 5 5 0 - 9 0 =%%)()_
**^^_
eGg'xf];\, æ&# 36fp $ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 7 3 - 4 =&# $_
eGg'xf];\, æ@% 36fp * a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 2 5 - 8 =@% *_
&@
_eGg'xf];\, æ& 36fp @ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 7 - 2 =
(%
_eGg'xf];\, æ( 36fp % a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 9 - 5 =
eGg'xf];\, æ** 36fp ^^ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 8 8 - 6 6 =
Sofns'n]6/af6 36fp ug'{xf];\ .
121
Sofns'n]6/af6 36fpsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
$%!*_
!* $_
^$_
!% (_
#) (_
*%_
%($)_
#^@^_
$^@@^*_
!%& *$_
@$&!#^_
^!$%%)%@_
^%)%@&_
^$#!%#$%_
&*@%$^#(_
$(#% (&^_
$%&*!)(&_
**) *$_
^$#!%#$%_
&*@%$^#(_
$(#% (&^_
122
u'0fg
()^#×
eGg'xf];\, æ() u'0fg ^# a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 9 0 × 6 3 =
!@$*×
eGg'xf];\, æ!@ u'0fg $* a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 1 2 × 4 8 =
&%*×
eGg'xf];\, æ&% u'0fg * a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 7 5 × 8 =
(#×
eGg'xf];\, æ( u'0fg # a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 9 × 3 =
tLg jf tLg eGbf a9L ;ª\Vofx¿ u'0fg ug'{ k/]df o;/L c°x¿lyRg'xf];\ .
eGg'xf];\, æ@ u'0fg $ u'0fg & u'0fg # a/fa/ =========Æ
ON/C 2 × 4 × 7 × 3 =
Sofns'n]6/af6 u'0fg ug'{xf];\ .
123
Sofns'n]6/af6 u'0fgsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
@(%& !!%×
$%)! @)%×
#%&@ !%×
!*)) @(×
@^#$ %%×
*$&^#)×
$(%#&&×
#@!@))×
(^$&*^×
@))!))×
#($@@!×
&)%@$^×
*#^)×
^( (×
(@%%×
*&×
!( %×
@%!*×
$*@)×
%##$×
^%$^×
@@×
^#×
&*×
((×
*$×
%$×
124
eGg'xf];\, æ*) efuf @) a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 8 0 ÷ 2 0 =*) ÷ @)
eGg'xf];\, æ$* efuf !@ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 4 8 ÷ 1 2 =$* ÷ !@
efu
eGg'xf];\, æ!% efuf # a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 1 5 ÷ 3 =!% ÷ #
eGg'xf];\, æ$) efuf * a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 4 0 ÷ 8 =$) ÷ *
eGg'xf];\, æ() efuf #) a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 9 0 ÷ 3 0 =*) ÷ @)
Sofns'n]6/af6 efu ug'{xf];\ .
125
eGg'xf];\, æ#%) efuf @# a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 3 5 0 ÷ 2 3 =#%) ÷ @#
eGg'xf];\, æ@&& efuf !^ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 2 7 7 ÷ 1 6 = 17.31
C @&& nfO{ !^ n] efu ubf{ 17.31 cfpF5. yf]KnfnfO{ lx;fadfbzdnj elgG5.
@&& ÷ !^
eGg'xf];\, æ** efuf @@ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 8 8 ÷ 2 2 =** ÷ @@
eGg'xf];\, æ#(@ efuf #^ a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 3 9 2 ÷ 3 6 =#(@ ÷ #^
eGg'xf];\, æ!#* efuf ( a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 1 3 8 ÷ 9 =!#* ÷ (
eGg'xf];\, æ@% efuf % a/fa/ =================Æ
ON/C 2 5 ÷ 5 =@% ÷ %
126
k|Zg %M Pp6f Snan] ̂ #@) n'uf * kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ a/fa/ lbg]lg0f{o u¥of] . Pp6f kl/jf/n] slt n'uf kfpg] eof] <
6320 ÷ 8 =
k|Zg $M #@)) cfFknfO{ !^ hgfnfO{ a/fa/ afF8\g' kbf{ Ps hgfsf]efudf sltcf]6f cfFk x'G5 <
3200 ÷ 16 =
k|Zg #M s[i0ffn] !) lsnf] rfdn !)%) ¿k}ofFdf lslgg\ . Ps lsnf]rfdnsf] df]n slt eof] <
1050 ÷ 10 =
94320 ÷ 4 =
k|Zg @M ghdfn] ($#@) ¿k}ofF lt/]/ $ cf]6f l;nfO{ d]zLglslgg\ . Pp6f d]zLgsf] df]n slt x'G5 <
k|Zg !M !@#% ¿k}ofFnfO{ % hgf JolQmnfO{ afF8\g' kbf{ PshgfJolQmsf] efudf slt /sd x'G5 <
1235 ÷ 5 =
Sofns'n]6/af6 efusf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
127
k|ltzt eg]sf] ;os8f xf] . o;n] k|lt ;osf] slt efu xf] eGg]a'emfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ¿= !))=)) sf] @% ¿= @=))x'G5 . To:t} ¿= !))=)) sf] %% ¿= %=)) x'G5 . Sofns'n]6/af6k|ltzt kQf nufpg w]/} ;lhnf] 5 . ¿= ^)=)) sf] @% slt x'G5eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg Sofns'n]6/df ̂ ) u'gf @ -^) × @_ lyRg'xf];\ .clg a/fa/sf] ;§f k|ltzt -%_ sf] lrGx lyRg'xf];\ .
k|ltzt (%)
eGg'xf];\, æ^) u'0ff % k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ
ON/C 6 0 × 5 % =^) × %%
¿= ^)=)) sf] %% slt x'G5, kQf nufpg
eGg'xf];\, æ^) u'0ff @ k|ltzt a/fa/ !=@Æ
ON/C 6 0 × 2 % = 1.2
!=@ eg]sf] ! ¿k}ofF @) k};f cyf{t ¿= !=@) xf] .
^) × @%
kf7 !^k|ltztsf] lx;fa
Sofns'n]6/af6 k|ltzt lx;fa ug{ l;Sg'xf];\ .
128
eGg'xf];\, æ^) u'0ff !) k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ
ON/C 6 0 × 1 0 % =^) × !)%
¿= ^)=)) sf] !)% slt x'G5, kQf nufpg
&%)× !@%
eGg'xf];\, æ&%) u'0ff !@ k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ
ON/C 7 5 0 × 1 2 % =
(%)× !%%eGg'xf];\, æ(%) u'0ff !% k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ
ON/C 9 5 0 × 1 5 % =
*%^× !*%eGg'xf];\, æ*%^ u'0ff !* k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ
ON/C 8 5 6 × 1 8 % =
Sofns'n]6/af6 k|ltzt lgsfNg'xf];\ .
eGg'xf];\, æ&% u'0ff # k|ltzt a/fa/ ============Æ
ON/C 7 5 × 3 % = &%× #%
eGg'xf];\, æ*) u'0ff % k|ltzt a/fa/ ============Æ
ON/C 8 0 × 5 % = *)× %%
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