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Jofj;flos ;fIf/tf-efu !_

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cf8««f g]kfnn] o's] P8 (UKaid) / cf8««f o's] (ADRA UK) sf] ;xof]udfg]kfnsf dWo t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿ -af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL / dxf]Q/L_ df;fgfls;fg hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dj4{g kl/of]hgf cGtu{t æJofj;flos ;fIf/tfÆgfds kf7\ok':ts tof/ u/L k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tssf] k|of]uaf6kl/of]hgfn] nlIft u/]sf nfeflGjt ju{x¿sf] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf pNn]vgLoof]ubfg k'Ug] cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .

o; k':tssf k|of]ustf{ Pj+ kf7sx¿af6 o;df b]vfk/]sf q'6Lx¿ cf}+NofO{lbg'ePdf cfufdL k|sfzgdf ;+zf]wg ;lxt k|sflzt ug{df ;xof]u k'Ug] cfzf/fv]sf 5f}+ .

æJofj;flos ;fIf/tfÆ kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug]{ sfo{df pNn]vgLo of]ubfgk'¥ofpg' x'g] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ ;lxt s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy}æJofj;flos ;fIf/tfÆ k|sfzgsf] l;nl;nfdf cfˆgf] If]qaf6 ;lqmo of]ubfgk'¥ofpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ldqx¿ k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf ;lxt cf8««f g]kfn wGojfbJoQm ub{5 .

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;fgf ls;fg hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dj¢{g kl/of]hgf o's] P8 (UKaid) / cf8««f o's](ADRA UK) sf] ;xof]udf g]kfnsf dWo t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿ af/f, /f}tx6,;nf{xL / dxf]Q/Ldf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] cjlw tLgjif{sf] /x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgf ;+rflnt lhNnfx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ /u/LaL ;"rsfÍsf] cj:yf Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf] ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf]5 . Jofj;flos afv|fkfng tyf tfhf t/sf/L pTkfbgdf k|r'/ dfqfdf;Defjgf÷Ifdtf ePtf klg pTkfbsTj eg] cem;Dd Go"g /x]sf] 5 . lghLIf]qsf] ;]jf k|jfx lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tyf d'Vo zx/x¿df ;Lldt /x]sf] xF'bfu|fdL0f If]qsf u/La÷;fgf s[ifsx¿n] Jofj;flos s[lifaf6 ;f]r] h:tf]kmfObf lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . d"No >[ª\vnfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, s[lifpTkfbs tyf ljt/sx¿, ;]jf k|jfxLx¿ / ljqm]tfx¿ aLr sdhf]/cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . pko'Qm k|ljlw tyf ahf/ ;"rgfsf] cefjdf ;fgfs[ifsx¿ :j:k"mt{ 9+un] s[lif Joj;foaf/] 7f]; lg0f{o ug{ g;ls/x]sf]cj:yf 5 . ;fgf s[ifsx¿sf] :yfgLo Ifdtf tyf ahf/ ;Dj4{gsf] dfWodaf6Jofj;flos kz'kfng tyf s[lif ljsf; ug{ vf]h]sf] ;/sf/sf] k|of;nfO{o; kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u ug]{5 .

o; kl/of]hgfn] d'Vo u/L afv|f kfng / t/sf/L v]tL dfkm{t\;fgfls;fgx¿nfO{ ;xof ]u k'¥ofpg] 5, o;sf d'Vo pb]Zox¿;fgfls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/df jf:tljs / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg],vfB ;'/Iff a9fpg], dlxnf ;ZflQms/0f ug]{ / n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{gug]{ /x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] nlIft ju{sf] ?kdf ;fgfls;fgx¿, ;fdflhsPj+ cfly{s ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{ / dlxnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .;du|df o; kl/of]hgfaf6 !@,))) 3/w'/L k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'g]5Gf\ eg]!*,))) 3/w'/L ck|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ .

;fgfls;fgsf kl/jf/x¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/, ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gtyf dlxnf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ / dlxnf ls;fgx¿nfO{ lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgaf6Jofj;flos pTkfbgtkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ^ dlxg]Jofj;flos ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o; sIffdf efulng] ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿ ;fdfGo ;fIf/ dlxnf ls;fgx¿ x'g]5g\ . o;Jofj;flos lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ cf8««f g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf;D´f}tf g]kfnn] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|LnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

o; ;fdu|Ldf ;dflji6 kf7, hfgsf/L / cEof;x¿ :yfgLo kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf],:yfgLo cfjZostf, pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u u/L Jojxf/dfptfg{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf 5g\ . To;}n] of] ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog kZrft clwsf+z;xefUfLx¿n] ;–;fgf Joj;fox¿ ;~rfng u/L :j/f]huf/tkm{ pGd'v x'g]/ :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/ ;d]t ;[hgf ug{ ;kmn x'g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .o;/L g} ;xefuLx¿ lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgaf6 Jofj;flos pTkfbgtkm{ cu|;/x'g], cfly{s ;DkGgtf j[l4 x'g] / pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs x}l;ot ;Ddflgt x'Fb};fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;ul/Psf] 5 .

o; ;fdu|LnfO{ cem pkof]uL, Jofjxfl/s / ;/n agfpg tkfO{+x¿sf]cd"No ;'emfj / ;NnfxnfO{ xfdL Åbob]lv g} :jfut ub{5f}+ . ;fy}, pQm;'emfjx? xfdL ;dIf k7fO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g klg cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

laBf dxtsfo{qmd lgb]{zscf8««f g]kfn;fg]kf, nlntk'/

k':tssf] p2]Zo

;fgf ls;fg hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dj¢{g kl/of]hgfn] nlIft ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿sf]hLjg:t/df jf:tljs / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg, pgLx¿sf] ;zlQms/0fug{ / ;d'bfodf n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿;+rfng ug]{5 . tL lqmofsnfkx¿ dWo] ̂ dlxg] Jofj;flos ;fIf/tf sIffsf];+rfng Ps dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfk xf] . o; ^ dlxg] Jofj;flos ;fIf/tfsIffsf] p2]Zo dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tf ;Lk / Ifdtf -n]Vg], k9\g] / lx;fa ug]{_clej[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos ljleGg ljifox¿ vf;u/Lafv|fkfng / t/sf/L v]tL ;DaGwL 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;Demf}tf g]kfn gfds ;+:yfn] @ cf]6f k':tssf]lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . of] k':ts klxnf] k':ts xf] / o; k':tssf] gfd æJofj;flos;fIf/tf -efu !_Æ /x]sf] 5 .

o; æJofj;flos ;fIf/tf -efu !_Æ k':tsdf hDdf !^ cf]6f kf7x¿ 5g\ .oL kf7x¿df ePsf ljifoj:t' tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ cIf/ 1fgÙ zAb / jfSolgdf{0fÙ ;fwf/0f hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg efuÙ Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]uÙ dlxnf ;d"xlgdf{0fÙ n}lËs ;dfgtfÙ dlxnf clwsf/Ù kf]if0fÙ t/sf/L v]tL / afv|fkfng;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

k':tsnfO{ /f]rs / 1fgd"ns agfpg kf7x¿nfO{ lrq, lrqsyf, bf]xf]/f] ;Djfb/ syfsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;xof]uL / ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lhnf]sf]nflu k9\g], 5nkmn ug]{, cEof; ug]{ / lx;fa ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{/ u/fpg lgb]{zg / nf]uf]sf] k|of]u klg ul/Psf] 5 . of] k':ts cfFvfsdhf]/ ePsf ;xefuLx¿n] klg ;lhn} k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . pgLx¿sf];lhnf]sf] nflu k':tsdf 7"nf] / :ki6 cIf/ tyf lrqx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf]5 .

;/n agfpg k':tsnfO{ tLg v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . h;cGtu{tæv08 s – cIf/ / cÍ 1fgÆ, æv08 v – lx;faÆ / æv08 u – Sofns'n]6/sf]k|of]uÆ x'g\ . oL v08x¿sf p2]Zox¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\M

æv08 sÆ sf] p2]Zo– ;xefuLx¿n] æsÆ b]lv æ1Æ ;Ddsf cIf/x¿nfO{ k'gM l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] zAb lgdf{0f, jfSo lgdf{0f / lr¶L n]vg l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] hf]8]sf cIf/x¿ l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] ljleGg cfjZos ljifox¿df 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf cÍx¿nfO{ k'gM l;Sg]5g\ .

æv08 vÆ sf] p2]Zo– ;xefuLx¿n] ;fwf/0f hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] :yfgdfg tflnsf, :yfgdfg tflnsfdf ;+Vofsf] :yfg,

xftnflu hf]8 / 36fp l;Sg]5g\ .

æv08 uÆ sf] p2]Zo– ;xefuLx¿n] Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] c+u|]hL cÍ / c+u]|hL cIf/nfO{

lrGg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]u u/L hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu ug{

l;Sg]5g\ .– ;xefuLx¿n] Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]u u/L k|ltzt lgsfNg l;Sg]5g\ .

nf]uf]sf] lrgf/L

cEof;sf] nf]uf]

of] nf]uf] cEof;sf] nf]uf] xf] . o;n];xefuLx¿n] cEof; ug'{k5{ eGg]s'/f bzf{pF5 .

5nkmnsf] nf]uf]of] nf]uf] 5nkmnsf] nflu xf] . o;n];xefuLx¿n] ;–;fgf ;d"xdf5nkmn ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f bzf{pF5 .

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;ljtfMOgf/ wf/f hxfFsf] kfgLk|of]u u/] klg kfgL rfxLF ;kmf x'g'k5{ . kmf]x/ kfgLsf]k|of]u ubf{ ljleGg /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5g\ .

;dfM To;f] eP /f]ux¿af6 aRg s] ug]{ <;ljtfM;kmf lkpg] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ . To;sf] nflu Ogf/nfO{

a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf ug]{ . kfgLsf] d'xfg / jl/kl/ ;kmf/fVg] . kfgL lemSg] ef8f ;kmf /fVg] . vfgf ksfpg',vfgf vfg' cl3 tyf kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5 / lb;f wf]Pkl5;fa'g kfgL jf v/fgL kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'k5{ .

kfgLsf] d'xfg / jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg'k%{ .

tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9\g'xf];\ .

22

!= kfgLsf] d'xfg ;kmf x'g'k5{ .

@= ;kmf kfgL k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

#= kmf]x/ kfgLn] /f]u nfUb}g .

$= kfgLsf] d'xfg ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .

%= kfgL lemSg] ef8f ;kmf x'g'k5{ .

;fa'g jf v/fgL kfgLn] xft w'g'k%{ .

tnsf jfSox? 7Ls eP 7Ls lrGx R / a]7LseP a]7Ls lrGx T nufpg'xf];\ .


Ogf/nfO{ a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf ug'{k%{ .

;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] k|of]u ug'{k%{ .

23

yd{;

t/sf/L

t t t t\ T

t\T

y\ Y

y y y y\ Y

24

wfg

bxL

b b b b\ b\

bb\

w\ W

w w w w\ W

25

gl/jn

g g g g\ G

g\ G

t y b w g

26

gfd g]kfn gful/s lgj]bglgod g'g gfkmf gf]S;fg

tfn tflnsftfhf t/sf/LtLg tL;t]n tftf]tfdf lttf]

ysfg yk8L

yfn y}nL

yf]kf yf]knf

y/d;

wg wgL

wfg wf/f

w'k w'nf]

wldnf] wdfwd

b"w bxL

bfn bfgf

lbg lbof]

b'O{ b"/L


27

/fwf / /d]z a]nlxofdf a:b5g\ . pgLx¿;Fu k};f 5}g . b'j}n]cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yf s;/L ;'wfg{] eg]/ ;f]Rb5g\ .

a]nlxofdf ;fIf/tf sIff cfPsf]5 . /fwfn] sIffdf egf{ eO{ k9\g]ljrf/ ul/g\ .

/d]zn] klg ;fIf/tf sIffsf]af/]df ;'g] . t/ pgL k9\g] sLgk9\g] bf]dg eP .

sIffsf ;a} ldnL 5nkmn ug{yfn] . 5nkmn kl5 ;a} ldn]/k9\g yfn] .

/d]zn] k9\g] cfF6 ug{ ;s]gg\ . ,æs;/L k9\g] < 3/df w]/} sfd 5Æpgn] ;f]r] .

b'O{ JolQmsf] syf

tnsf] lrqsyf k9\g'xf];\ .

28

/fwfn ] ;fIf/tf sIf faf6Joj;fo ug]{ tl/sf l;lsg\ .pgn] ;fgf] k;n vf]lng\ .

/d]znfO{ klg k;n vf]Ng] OR5f5 . t/ pgnfO{ Joj;fo ug]{tl/sf yfxf 5}g .

/fwfn] k;n vf]n]/ lgs} k};fsdfOg\ . ltgsf] kl/jf/ v'zL5g\ . /fwfsf] kl/>d b]v]/l5d]sLx¿ klg 5Ss 5g\ .

/d]zsf] cj:yf p:t} 5 . pgn]df}sfsf] kmfObf lng ;s]gg\ .

29

!= /fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffdf efu lnOg\ .

@= /d]zn] klg ;fgf] k;n vf]n] .

#= /fwfn] k;n yfk]/ k};f sdfOg\ .

$= /d]zn] Joj;fo s;/L ug'{k5{ ;fIf/tf

sIffaf6 l;s] .

/fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffdf k(\g] ljrf/ ul/g\ .

/fwfn] ;fgf] k;n vf]lng\ .

tnsf jfSox? 7Ls eP 7Ls lrGx R / a]7LseP a]7Ls lrGx T nufpg'xf];\ .


/d]zn] df}sfsf] kmfObf lng ;s]gg\ .

30

kf7 $tnsf cIf/x? k9\g] / n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

k k k k\ Kk/jn

Kkm km km km\ ˆ

k\

km\ˆ

kmnkm"n

31

a\

A

a a a a\ A

e\E

af/L

e e e e\ EeG6f

32

d d d d\ D

d\ D

k km a e d

ds}

33

dn dx ds} d/Lr df5f d'nf

d"No dfl;s df}sf df}/L df};d


kq klqsfkrf; krf;Lkf7 kfgfkf]if0f kl/jf/kfgL kf]v/L

kmn km;L{

kmnkm"n kmfObf

kmfObf kmnfd

kmf]xf]/ km/flsnf]

ef/ ef/L

eft efu

efn] e]nf

e]8f esf/L

abfd aGbf

afs; a;f]af;

af]6 la?jf

a];f/ afn'jf

34

kf]if0fdL/f / kbdsf Ps 5f]/L / Ps 5f]/f 5g\ . pgLx¿n] 5f]/L

/ 5f]/f aLr s'g} e]befj u/]sf 5}gg\ . 5f]/L / 5f]/fn] ;dfgvfgf vfG5g\ . ;dfg :s"ndf hfG5g\ / ;dfg ?kdf v]N5g\ .

5f]/L5f]/fsf] vfgf kf]lifnf] x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf dL/f / kbdw]/} ;r]t 5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿n] rflxg] hlt vfg]s'/f cfˆg}af/L / s/];faf/Ldf /f]k]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] s/];faf/Ldf df};dcg';f/sf] xl/of] t/sf/L / kmnkm"n 5g\ . af/Ldf cDaf, gf;kftL,h'gf/ / s]/fsf af]6x¿ 5g\ . 3/df e}+;L, afv|f / s'v'/f kfn]sf5g\ .


35

kf]lifnf] vfgf s;/L tof/ kfg]{ eGg] s'/f dL/f / kbdn]hfg]sf 5g\ . vfgf ksfpFbf ;/;kmfOdf w]/} Wofg lbG5g\ . xft/fd|/L w'G5g\ . vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{ ksfpg' cl3 kvfN5g\ . xl/of]t/sf/LnfO{ rfxLF sf6\g' cl3g} /fd|/L kvfN5g\ . t/sf/LnfO{sf6]kl5 kvfNg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fpgLx¿n ] hfg ]sf 5g \ .vfg]s'/fx¿ ksfpFbf kf}li6ss'/fx¿ v]/ ghfcf];\ eg]/5f]k]/ ksfpF5g\ .

o;/L dL/f / kbdsf 5f]/L5f]/fn] kf]lifnf] vfgf vfg kfPsf5g\ . 5f]/L5f]/fn] x/]s 5fssf] vfgfdf tfhf tfhf t/sf/LvfG5g\ . b"w / df;"sf] pgLx¿nfO{ sdL 5}g . df};d cg';f/sf]kmnkm"n ;w}+ vfG5g\ . kf]lifnf] vfgf vfPsf]n] dL/f / kbdsf5f]/L5f]/f alnof] / rnfv 5g\ .pgLx¿sf] k|ltef b]v]/ dL/f/ kbd w]/} v';L 5g\ .

36

s_ dL/f / kbdn] 5f]/L / 5f]/f aLr s'g} u/]sf5}gg\ .

v_ 5f]/L5f]/fsf] vfgf x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf dL/f/ kbd w]/} ;r]t 5g\ .

u_ pgLx¿sf] s/];faf/Ldf df};d cg';f/sf] xl/of] / kmnkm"n 5g\ .

3_ vfgf ksfpFbf df w]/} Wofg lbG5g\ .

ª_ xl/of] t/sf/LnfO{ sf6\g' cl3 g} /fd|/L .

r_ vfg]s'/fx¿ ksfpFbf kf}li6s s'/fx¿ v]/ ghfcf];\ eg]/ ksfpF5g\ .

5_ kf]lifnf] vfgf vfPsf]n] dL/f / kbdsf 5f]/L5f]/f / rnfv 5g\ .

tnsf] vfnL 7fpFx?df ;xL zAb eg'{xf];\ .

e]befjkf]lifnf]5f]k]/ kvfN5g\ t/sf/L

;/;kmfOalnof]

37

/\ {

/fdtf]/L

o o o o\ ø

o

ø/ / / /\ {

oGq

38

n;'g

n n n n\ N

n\N

j j j j\ J

j\ J

jlsn

39

zl/kmf

z z z z\ Z

z\ Z

o / n j z

40


oz oGqotf o:tf]ofqf ofqLo'jf o'jtLof]hgf oxfF

/Iff /Ifs

/ftf] /f]u

¿v ?k

/];d /f]u

jg j8f

jfo' jftfj/0f

ljifo ljZj

lj1fg j}zfv

nx/f n;'g

nfv nfe

nfut nfn6]g

n'uf nf}sf

zAb z/L/ zfGt zflGt lzIfflzIfs lzz' zLtn z}nL zf}rfno

41

dfntL dfnfdfn eOg\ .

dfntLsf] sfd


t/sf/L v]tL

afv|f kfng

42

sdnfsf] Joj;foufpFsf] :s"n glhs} sdnfn] ;fgf] k;n /fv]sL l5g\ .

pgn] k;ndf lrof, la:s'6, e'6]sf] rgf, kfgL, vL/f, ufh/cflb /fv]sL l5g\ . ufpFn] / :s"nsf lzIfsx¿ ;w}+ pgsf]k;ndf lrof vfg / cGo ;fdfgx¿ lsGg cfpF5g\ .

sdnfn] x/]s lbg cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa /flV5g\ .;fdfg a]Rbf k/]sf] d"Nodf cfˆgf] Hofnf / s]xL gfkmf ;d]thf]l8\5g\ . lbge/Lsf] cfDbfgLdf ;a} vr{x¿ 36fP/ gfkmfsf]lx;fa ul5{g\ .

:s"ndf w]/} s]6fs]6Lx¿ k9\5g\ . :s"nsf gfgLx¿n] pgsf]k;naf6 vfg]s'/f lsGg ?rfpF5g\ . x/]s lbg k;n aGb ug'{cufl8 sdnfn] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa ul5{g\ . o;/L sdnfsf]Joj;fo /fd|f] rn]sf] 5 . vfg]s'/f a]r]/ pgn] w]/} gfkmf sdfPsLl5g\ .


43

:s"n glhs} sdnfn] ;fgf] k;n /fv]sL l%g\\ .

wsf]{ tfgL hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ / ag]sf jfSox?nfO{vfnL afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .

:s"n glhs} sdnfn] ;fgf]

:s"nsf lzIfsx¿ ;w}+ pgsf]

:s"ndf w]/}

/fd|f] rn]sf] 5 .

w]/} gfkmf sdfPsL l5g\ .

k;ndf lrof vfg cfp“5g\ .

sdnfsf] Joj;fo

vfg]s'/f a]r]/ sdnfn]

k;n /fv]sL l5g\ .

s]6fs]6Lx¿ k9\5g\ .

44

if6\sf]0f

;nud, ;fu

kf7 %tnsf cIf/x? k9\g] / n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

if if if if\ i

if

; ; ; ;\ :

;\

i

:

45

x x x x\ x\

x\ x\

xnf]

If If If If\ IIf]qkmn

If\I

46

q\œ

q q q q\ œ lqsf]0f

1 1 1 1 1

1\

1fgL

¡

47

kf]if0f kf]lifnf]k'ik if6\sf]0fljifo ci6zf]if0f zf]ifs

;o ;do;kmf ;Grf];fu ;fa'g;Lk ;'vL


xnf] xn'sf]xft xf/xfjf xtf/lxdfn xf};nf

Ifdf IfdtfIfo/f]u /IffbIf kIfsIff lzIff

1fg 1fgLlj1fg k|lt1fcf1f cf1fsf/L1ftf lj1

lqz'n lqg]qkq kfqIf]q If]qkmnIf]qLo lqsf]0f

48

pGgt v]tL;kxL ufpFsf dflg;x¿ 5nkmnsf] nflu hDdf eP .

pgLx¿n] pGgt v]tLaf/] 5nkmn ug{ yfn] ./fwfM xfdLn] pGgt tl/sfaf6 v]tL u/f}+ . pGgt v]tLsf] nflu

pGgt hftsf] aLp / h}ljs dnsf]k|of]u u/f}+ . pGgt tl/sfaf6v]tL ubf{ pAhgL a9\5 .

;l/tfM h}ljs dn xfn]sf] pTkfbgn]:jf:YonfO{ c;/ ub}{g . laqmL ubf{ a9L df]n kfOG5 .o;af6 cfDbfgL a9L x'G5 .

;dL/M kfgL klg t rflxG5 lg . v]t af/Ldf kfgL eP w]/}t/sf/L kmnfpg ;lsG5 .

uf]dfM To;f] eP xfdL ;a} ldn]/ l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf u/f}+ g .;dL/M l;+rfO{sf] nflu s'nf] vGbf x'G5 . t/ sfd Tolt ;lhnf]

5}g . y'k|} k};f rflxG5 .uf]dfM k};f lsg < ;a} ldn]/ vGg] lg . clg l;+rfO{ u/L pGgt

v]tL nufP/ cfDbfgL a9fpg] .;l/tfM pGgt v]tL ug]{ tl/sf l;Sg s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|af6 h]l6P

af]nfcf}+ .;dL/M h]l6Paf6 h}ljs dn agfpg klg l;sf}+ .


49

xfdLn] pGgt tl/sfaf6

kfgL klg t

l;+rfO{sf] nflu

s'nf] vGbf x'G5 .

y'k|} k};f rflxG5 .

v]tL u/f}+ .

;a} ldn]/

h]l6P af6 h}ljs

dn agfpg klg l;sf}+ .

rflxG5 lg .

vGg] .

wsf]{ tfgL hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ / ag]sf jfSox?nfO{vfnL afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .

50

afv|f kfng Joj;fo

df]xgL / nlntfn] afv|f kfng u/]/ k};f sdfpg] ljrf/ u/] .t/ Joj;fo ug'{eGbf klxn] pgLx¿n] ;NdfnfO{ e]6]/ o;Joj;foaf/] /fd|/L a'em\g] lg0f{o u/] . ufpFdf ;Ndfn] u/]sf]afv|f kfng Joj;fosf] af/]df ;a}n] s'/f u5{g\ . pgLx¿ ToxfFk'Ubf ;Ndfn] afv|fx¿nfO{ 3fF; lb+b} lyOg\ .

df]xgLM s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5,;Ndf lbbL <

;NdfM oxL xf ] d ]/ f ]sfd . d}n] oLafv|fx¿ kfn]sL5' .

nlntfMtkfO{+n] of] Joj;fo s;/L 5fGg' eof] t <

;NdfM s'g} klg Joj;fo 5fGg' cufl8 cfkm"n] hfg]sf s'/fx¿af/];f]Rg'k5{ . d]/f] dfOtLdf a:t'efp y'k|} lyP . d klgltgLx¿ ;Fu;Fu} x'ls{P . a:t'x¿nfO{ s:tf] 3fF; v'jfpg] <pgLx¿ la/fdL kbf{ s] ug]{, d}n] oL ;a} s'/fx¿ ;fg}

tnsf] s'/fsfgL k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

51

pd]/b]lv l;Sg] df}sf kfPF . a:t'x¿ slxn];Dd kfn]/a]Rg'k5{ h:tf s'/f klg hfg]sL 5' .

df]xgLM o;sf] cy{ tkfO{+;Fu a:t' kfNg] cg'ej /x]5 . To;}n]afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug'{ eof], x}g t <

;NdfM xf] Û t/ afv|f kfNg] cg'ejsf] ;fy;fy} cfkm";Fu ePsf;fwgx¿af/] klg;f]Rg'k5{ . * jif{cufl8 xfdLx¿ oxfFa;fOF ;/]sf lyof}+ .To;}n] xfdL;Fu w]/}hUuf lyPg .To;a ]nf hLjglgjf{xsf] nflu s]sfd ug]{ eGg]af/]ljrf/ ubf{ cfkm";Fu afv|f kfNg] cg'ej ePsf] ;fy}h+un glhs ePsf]n] 3fF;sf] b'Mv gx'g] eP/ of] Joj;fo5fg]sL x'F . kfgLsf] nflu klg snwf/f lyof] .

nlntfMclg tkfO{+n] of] Joj;fo s;/L z'? ug'{ eof] <

;NdfM ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] b'O{ tLg dlxgfsf tLgj6f afv|fx¿lsg]+ . Ps jif{;Dd /fd|/L x]/ljrf/ u/]kl5 tLgj6}

52

af]sfx¿ a]Rg] of]Uosf eP . Pp6f af]sf a]r]/ cfPsf]k};fn] C0fsf] ;fjfF / Aofh ltg{ k'Uof] . afFsL b'O{j6faf]sf a]r]/ cfPsf] k};fn] d}n] vf]/ agfPF . To;kl5 d}n];d"xaf6 csf]{ C0f lnPF / w]/} afv|fx¿ lsg]+ . o;kl5afv|fx¿nfO{ 7"nf] kfg]{ / a]Rg] sfd ub}{ uPF . clxn]x]g'{xf];\ t d]/f] vf]/df !) j6f dfp afv|f, @) j6f v;L/ !) j6f ;fgf kf7fkf7Lx¿ 5g\ .

df]xgLM o; afv|f kfng Joj;foaf6 clxn] tkfO{+sf] sdfO{ s:tf]5 <

;NdfM clxn] afv|f kfng Joj;fo d]/f] dfq geP/ d]/f] kl/jf/sf]Joj;fo ePsf] 5 . d nufot d]/f] >Ldfg\, ;f;" /;;'/f ;a} hgf o;df nfu]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] sDtLdfjif{sf] @) j6f v;L laqmL u/]/ sDtLdf # nfv ¿k}ofFsdfpg] nIo lnPsf 5f}+ / of] cg';f/ xfd|f] sdfO{ eO/x]sf]5 .

nlntfM xf] /x]5 Û d]xgtsf ;fy afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug{ ;s] w]/}k};f sdfpg ;lsg] /x]5 . d}n] ;f]lr ;s]+ . 3/ uP/ kl/jf/;Fu5nkmn u5'{ / of] Joj;fo ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpF5' .

df]xgLM d klg of] Joj;fo g} u5'{ .

53

!_ s'g} klg 5fGg' cufl8 cfkm"n] hfg]sf s'/fx¿af/]

;f]Rg'k5{ .

@_ afv|f kfNg] sf] ;fy;fy} cfkm";Fu ePsf

;fwgx¿af/] klg ;f]Rg'k5{ .

#_ Ps jif{;Dd /fd|/L u/]kl5 tLgj6} af]sfx¿

a]Rg] of]Uosf eP .

$_ To;kl5 d}n] ;d"xaf6 csf]{ lnPF / w]/}

afv|fx¿ lsg]+ .

%_ xfdLn] sDtLdf jif{sf] @) j6f v;L laqmL u/]/ sDtLdf

sdfpg] nIo lnPsf 5f}+ .

^_ d]xgtsf ;fy afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug{ ;s] w]/} k};f

;lsg] /x]5 .

tnsf vfnL 7fpFx?df ;xL zAb eg'{xf];\ .

cg'ej # nfv ¿k}of““ Joj;fo

sdfpg C0f

x]/ljrf/

54

kf7 ^

c cf O O{ p pm

tnsf :j/ j0f{x? k9\g] / n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

55

P P] cf] cf} c+ cM

56

c;n c;/ cgf/

cb'jf crf/ cgfh

cdnf cldnf] c7f/

cfh cfxf/ cfsf/

cfn' cfuf] cfhsfn

cfzf cfl6nf] cfkm\gf]

O;f/f Onfsf Ogfd

Ogf/ Onfh OdfGbf/

O{v l;vfO{

O{Zj/ O{vfn'

pv' pBf]u pBd

pkfo pkrf/ pksf/

Ps Pstf Psf/

Pp6f P3f/ Psf;L

cf]sf/ cf]v/ cf]emn

cf]7 cf]; cf]8f/

cf}sf/ cf}hf/

cf}ifwL cf}nf]

P]g P]gf

pmg pmgL


57

tnsf] lrq ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

x]/ a'9L, s;}nfO{ klg 7"nf] / ;fgf]hflt egL e]befj gug'{ lg . gq

b08 ;hfo ef]Ug' knf{ .

dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] dfgj clwsf/ a/fa/xf] eg] ufpFdf ;dfg sfdsf] nflu b'j}n]

a/fa/ Hofnf kfpg'k5{ .

58

v\ +/f = v|f afv|f

/\ + r = r{ vr{

/\ + b} = b{} ub{}5g\

u\ + b} = Ub} k'Ub}g

r\ + b = Rb a]Rbl5g\

;\ + t = :t d:t

s\ + ;L = S;L /S;L

v\ + ly = lVy /flVyg\

h\ + of = Hof Hofnf

8\ + b = 8\b hf]8\blyg\

d\ + lt = lDt lglDt

s\ + y\ + of}+ = SYo+} ;SYof}+

tnsf hf]8]sf cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .

59

s[kf s[kfn' s[kof

s[lt s[lqd

:jLs[t ljs[lt

C0f C0fL C0fkq

Ct' Ct'/fh Ct'j0f{

C

s[

tnsf cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .

60

x\ + /} = x|} ;fx|}

x\ + C = Å Åbo

b\ + / = b| ;d'b|

s\ + /f = qmf 6'qmf, sfo{qmd

\̀ + h = ~h k~hf

6\ + 6} = §} l5§}

6\ + of = 6Ø 5'6Øfpg'

ª\ + uf = Ëf rËf, 9'Ëf

w\ + o = Wo cWoIf


b\ + o = B pBdL, pBf]u

s\ + C = s[ s[kof

61

dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf]xgM d~h' gfgL, stf lxF8]sL <

d~h'M ;fIf/tf sIffdf k9fpg bfO .

df]xgM s:tf] /fd|f ] . d]/L>LdtL /df ts ]x L klgulb{gg\ . s'g}sfd ug]{ pgsf]Ifdtf g} 5}g .;w}+ 3/d} al:5g\ .

d~h'M o;f] geGg';\ g bfO . nf} eGg'xf];\ t tkfO{+sf] >LdtLn]tkfO{+ / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nflu s] s] sfd ug'{ x'G5 <

df]xgM P===== 3/sf] sfd Û pgL kfgL cf];fl5{g\ . bfp/f NofpFl5g\,eft ksfpFl5g\, 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ vfgf v'jfpFl5g\, To;kl5dnfO{ vfgf kl:slG5g\ . cfkm"n] vfgf vfPkl5 efG;fsf]sfd l;WofP/ vf]nfdf uP/ n'uf w'lG5g\ . lbpF;f]df xKtfsf]Ps lbg ldndf uP/ ux'F, ds} lkg]/ NofpFl5g\ . x/]s


62

lbg lbpF;f] glhssf] ahf/df t/sf/L k'¥ofpFl5g\ . pgn]k};f klg sdfpFl5g\ . Tof] k};fn] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ sfkL,snd / 3/sf] nflu d/d;nf lslG5g\ . 3/df cfP/5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nflu vfhf tof/ kf/]/ /flV5g\ . To;kl5/f]k]sf] t/sf/LnfO{ uf]8d]n ul5{g\, kfgL xflN5g\ /ufOe}+;LnfO{ :ofxfg]{ sfd ul5{g\ . clg /ft k/]kl5 vfgfksfP/ ;a}nfO{ v'jfpFl5g\ . pgL w]/} /ft;Dd sfdul//xlG5g\ .

d~h'M tkfO{+ rflxF s] sfd ug'{ x'G5, bfO <

df]xgM d lbpF;f] v]tdf hfG5' . ToxfF s]xL sfd 5 eg] u5'{ .To;kl5 ;fyLx¿;Fu /fhgLlt / ufpF3/sf] s'/f u5'{ .

d~h'M df]xg bfO, tkfO+{n] eGg' ePsf] s'/f ;'Gbf tkfO{+ eGbftkfO{+sf] >LdtL /dfn] w]/} sfd ug'{x'G5 . /df lbbLn] 3// v]taf/Lsf] ;a} sfd ug'{ x'G5 . t/sf/L a]r]/ k};f klgsdfpg' x'G5 . /df lbbLsf] Ifdtf gePsf] eP jxfFn]olt w]/} sfd s;/L ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . n ljrf/ ug'{xf];\t .

df]xg M xf] gfgL, aNn d]/f] cfFvf v'Nof] . d}n] d]/L >LdtLsf]Ifdtf / of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug'{k5{ . ;fy} pgnfO{ sfddf;xof]u klg ug'{k5{ .

63

nf} s' l/ n uf] n l3sf s s{ nf] n ;' /f}km" k ;f u e]+ g nfn / Kof h 8f ;L dLsf] j uf h / sf qmf]kL n /f d tf] l/ of

tnsf sf]7fx?df ePsf cIf/x?af6 aGg]t/sf/Lx?sf] gfd kQf nufO{ 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ .

!_ d]/L >LdtL /df t s]xL klg .

@_ efG;fsf] sfd vf]nfdf uP/ n'uf w'lG5g\ .

#_ x/]s lbg lbpF;f] glhssf] ahf/df k'¥ofpFl5g\ .

$_ /ft k/]kl5 vfgf ;a}nfO{ v'jfpFl5g\ .

%_ d}n] d]/L >LdtLsf] / of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug'{k5{ .

t/sf/L Ifdtf ulb{gg\ ksfP/ l;WofP/

tnsf vfnL 7fpFx?df ;xL zAb eg'{xf];\ .

64

kf7 &

!! Ps

@ b'O{

# tLg

$ rf/

% kfFr

^ 5

& ;ft

* cf7

( gf}

!) bz

!! P3f/

!@ afx|

!# t]x|

!$ rf}w

!% kGw|

!^ ;f]x|

!& ;q

!* c7f/

!( pGgfO;

@) aL;

@

tnsf c°x? k9\g] / n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

65

@! PSsfO;

@@ afO;

@# t]O;

@$ rf}aL;

@% kRrL;

@^ 5AaL;

@& ;QfO;

@* cÝfO;

@( pgGtL;

#) tL;

#! PstL;

#@ aQL;

## t]QL;

#$ rfF}tL;

#% k}FtL;

#^ 5QL;

#& ;}FtL;

#* c7tL;

#( pgGrfnL;

$) rfnL;

66

%! PsfpGg

%@ afpGg

%# lqkGg

%$ rjGg

%% krkGg

%^ 5kGg

%& ;GtfpGg

%* cG7fpGg

%( pgG;f7L

^) ;f7L

$! PsrfnL;

$@ aofnL;

$# lqrfnL;

$$ rjfnL;

$% k}FtfnL;

$^ 5ofnL;

$& ;trfnL;

$* c7rfnL;

$( pgGrf;

%) krf;

67

^! Ps;ÝL

^@ a};ÝL

^# lq;ÝL

^$ rf};ÝL

^% k}F;ÝL

^^ 5};ÝL

^& ;t;ÝL

^* c7;ÝL

^( pgG;Q/L

&) ;Q/L

&! PsxQ/

&@ axQ/

&# lqxQ/

&$ rf}xQ/

&% krxQ/

&^ 5oxQ/

&& ;txQ/

&* c7xQ/

&( pgf;L

*) c;L

68

(! PsfGgAa]

(@ aofGgAa]

(# lqofGgAa]

($ rf}/fGgAa]

(% kGrfGgAa]

(^ 5ofGgAa]

(& ;GtfGgAa]

(* cG7fGgAa]

(( pgfG;o

!)) Ps ;o

*! Psf;L

*@ aof;L

*# lqof;L

*$ rf}/f;L

*% krf;L

*^ 5of;L

*& ;tf;L

** c7f;L

*( pgfGgAa]

() gAa]

69


ª\ + s = Í cÍ

s\ + C = s[ s[kof

u\ + C = u[ u[x, u[xsfo{

x\ + C = Å Åbo

ª\ + vf = Îf kÎf

ª\ + u = Ë cË

7\ + 7 = ¶ n¶

b\ + b = 2 d2t

6\ + 6 = § s§/

6\ + / = 6« 6«s

8\ + /f = 8«f 8«fOe/

70

ufp“ e]nf

wgf}hL ufpFsf ;fIf/tf sIffdf k9\g] dlxnfx¿n] Pp6f 7"nf]e]nf u/] . e]nfdf ufpFsf ;a} dflg;x¿ hDdf eP .

/]0f'n] elgg\, æclxn] ufpFsf dflg;x¿df lgs} kl/jt{g cfPsf]5 . ;a}n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k9\g k7fPsf 5g\ . ;/;kmfOaf/];a} ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . ;a}sf] 3/df rkL{ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .Æ

;Gtf]ifn] eg], æof] kl/jt{g dlxnfx¿n] ;fIf/tf sIffdf k9\gyfn] kl5 cfPsf] xf] . pgLx¿n] k'?ifx¿nfO{ ;r]t kf/]sf 5g\ .Æ

nIdLn] elgg\, æxfd|f] cfly{s cj:yf cem} sdhf]/ 5 . xfdL;a}n] cfocfh{gsf] sfd yfNg'k5{ .Æ

cGTodf dlxnfx¿n] kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u lnO{ afv|f kfng Joj;foug]{ lg0f{o u/] . afv|f kfng tflndsf] nflu uf=lj=;=af6 ;xof]udfUg] klg lg0f{o u/] .

tnsf] syf k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

71

ldltM d+l;/ (, @)&!>Ldfg\ uf=lj=;= ;lrjHo",wgf}hL uf=lj=;= sfof{no,wg'iff .

ljifoM afv|f kfngsf] nflu tflnd pknAw u/fO{ lbg];DaGwdf .

dxf]bo,wgf}hL ufpFdf a:g] dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf w]/} sdhf]/

5 . cfkm\gf] cfly{s cj:yf dfly p7fpg o; uf=lj=;=sf j8f g+=@ sf xfdL @% hgf dlxnf ls;fgx¿n] afv|f kfng Joj;fo ug]{lg0f{o u/]sf 5f}+ .

t;y{ uf=lj=;=df cfpg] s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ah]6af6 xfdLdlxnfx¿sf nflu afv|f kfng ;DaGwL tflnd pknAw u/fO{;xof]u u/L lbg' x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .

;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb . ejbLo,/])f'

wgf}hL uf=lj=;=wg'iff

wgf}hL ufpFsf dflg;x?n] uf=lj=;=nfO{k7fPsf] lgj]bg k9]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

72

ljifoM afv|f kfngsf] nflu tflnd pknAw u/fO{ lbg];DaGwdf .

tnsf vfnL 7fpFx?df n]Vg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

g\ + 5' = ln

s\ + l5 = ; g\

;\ + 5' = a

/\ + h = l; gf

/\ + y = ;f s

tnsf] pbfx/0f h:t} hf]8]sf] cIf/nfO{ vfnL7fpFdf n]Vg'xf];\ .

ljif

wgf}hL ufp¤df a:g] dflg;x?sf] cfly{s cj:yf w]/}sdhf]/ % .

v08 v – lx;fa

73

!+@ =#@+!=#)+#=#

!+ =$)+ =$

#+ =$$+ =$

!+ =%@+ =%

$+ =%# + =%

kf7 *;fwf/0f hf]8

t];f]{ hf]8 l;Sg'xf];\ .

74

! + = ^@ + = ^) + = ^

% + = ^$+ = ^^ + = ^# + = ^

! + = &^ + = &) + = &

# + = &$+ = && + = &

@ + = &% + = &

! + = *& + = *) + = *

# + = *% + = ** + = *

@ + = *^ + = *$+ = *

75

! + = (@ + = ($+ = () + = (# + = (

* + = (& + = (% + = (( + = (^ + = (

@ + = !)# + = !)) + = !)$+ = !)! + = !)

* + = !)& + = !)

+ = !)^ + = !)( + = !)

!)

% + = !)

76

#+@%

!+!

@+@

#+#

$+$

%+%

&+@

(+)

*+!

^+#

%+$

^+@

$+#

%+@

#+&

&+#

7f8f] hf]8 l;Sg'xf];\ .

77

k|Zg !M lkFh8fdf hDdf & cf]6f r/f lyP < zf]efn] @ cf]6f r/fkm]l/ ylkg\ . ca lkFh8fdf sltcf]6f r/f 5g\ <

k|Zg @M d~h'sf] ufpFdf vfg]kfgLsf] w]/} ;d:of 5 . pgL kfgLlng ufpFaf6 @ lsnf]dL6/ k/ uOg\ . t/ ToxfF k'UbfkfgLsf] d'xfg ;'s]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 pgL km]l/ ! lsnf]ld6/lxFl8g\ / csf]{ d'xfgdf k'lug\ . ca eGg'xf];\ d~h'n] hDdfslt lsnf]ld6/ lxFl8g\ <

tnsf k|Zgx¿ k9L hf]8 ug'{xf];\ .

78

kf7 (;fwf/0f 36fp

%– @ = #

% – $=

$– ! = $– ! =

$– # =$– $ =# – ) =

$– @ =) – ) =# – @ =

t];f]{ 36fp l;Sg'xf];\ .

79

* – % =( – ^ = ( – @ =

!)– %=^ – # = * – $ =

* – # =^ – $ = & – @ =

( – $ =& – % = * – ^ =

( – ^ =!)–#= % – ) =

80

^– $@

$– @

@– !

*– $

^– #

!)– %

$– $

&– #

%– @

4

(– #

*– %

^– )

%– %

*– #

&– %

(– @

7f8f] 36fp l;Sg'xf];\ .

81

* – % = % + = *dtna

æ* af6 % 36fpFbf # x'G5 . o;sf] dtna % / # hf]8\bf * x'G5 .Æ

& – $ = $ + = &dtna

!)–&= &+ =!)dtna

^ – @ = @ + = ^dtna

( – # = # + = (dtna

hlt c° 36fPsf] 5 Tolt j6f uf]nfx¿sf6\g'xf];\ / afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .

82

k|Zg !M ;Ltf;Fu * y'Ëf km"nx¿ 5g\ . pgn]/fdnfO{ # y'Ëf km"nx¿ lbOg\ . ca;Ltf;Fu slt y'Ëf km"nx¿ afFsL5g\ <

k|Zg @M % j6f Eofu'tfx¿ 9'Ëfdf a;]sf lyP .@ j6f rfxLF kfgLdf xfdkmfn] . ca9'Ëfdf sltj6f Eofu'tfx¿ 5g\ <

k|Zg #M ( hgf dflg;x¿ e]nfdf cfP . lrofNofpg] s]6fn] ̂ lunf; lrof Nofof] .ca slthgf dflg;x¿nfO{ lrofk'u]g <

k|Zg $M k"gdn] xf6ahf/df * j6f v;L laqmLug{ nlug\ . lbge/Ldf pgn] # j6fv;L dfq laqmL ug{ ;lsg\ . cak"gd;Fu slt j6f v;L laqmL ug{afFsL 5g\ <

tnsf k|Zgx¿ k9L 36fp ug'{xf];\ .

83

kf7 !):yfgdfg tflnsfdf lx;fa

:yfgdfg tflnsf eg]sf] cÍx¿sf] :yfg hgfpg] tflnsf xf] . o;n]Ps, bz, ;o, xhf/, bz xhf/, nfv cflbdf cÍx¿sf] :yfg hgfpF5 .:yfgdfg tflnsfdf cÍx¿sf] dfg bfofFaf6 afofFtkm{ a9\b} uPsf]x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M!_ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf %$ -rjGg_ df ePsf cÍx¿sf] :yfg lgDg

cg';f/sf] x'G5 M

%) $

bz Ps

% $

@_ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf !#$ -Ps ;o rf}FtL;_ df ePsf cÍx¿sf]:yfg lgDg cg';f/sf] x'G5 M

;o bz Ps

! # $

!)) #) $

:yfgdfg tflnsfdf c°x¿ /fVg l;Sg'xf];\ .

84

s_ *@

bz Ps@

v_ @$)

;o bz Ps

u_ !$^!

xhf/ ;o bz Ps

tnsf c°x¿nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf /fVg'xf];\ .

85

3_ &#%

r_ #&%*(

;o bz Ps

5_ !@^$@%nfv bzxhf/ xhf/ ;o bz Ps

bzxhf/ xhf/ ;o bz Ps

ª_ %#^*

xhf/ ;o bz Ps

86

k|ZgM l;h{gf ;fIf/tf s]Gb|df !% hgf dlxnf / !@ hgfk'?if 5g\ . dlxnf / k'?if u/L s]Gb|df hDdf slt hgf;xefuLx¿ 5g\ <

pQ/M l;h{gf ;fIf/tf s]Gb|df hDdf @& -;QfO;_ hgf;xefuLx¿ 5g\ .

k|ZgM ;Ldf;Fu #$& j6f lunf;x¿ 5g\ . /df;Fu %! cf]6flunf;x¿ 5g\ . b'j}sf] lunf;x¿sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <

pQ/M b'j} lunf;x¿sf] hf]8 #(* x'G5 .

! %! @@ &

±

! %! @@ &

bz

±

Ps

o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .

# $ & % !# ( *

±o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .

# $ & % ! # ( *

±

;o bz Ps

tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :yfgdfg tflnsfdf hf]8l;Sg'xf];\ .

87

k|Zg $ M %$&# / $!@% sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <

k|Zg ! M $^ / @@ sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <

k|Zg # M ^*$ / @)% sf] hf]8 slt x'G5 <

g

g

$ ^@ @^ *

±$ ^@ @^ *

±

bz Ps

^ * $@ ) %±

^ * $@ ) %±

;o bz Ps

g% $ & #$ ! @ %±

% $ & # $ ! @ %±

xhf/ ;o bz Ps

:yfgdfg tflnsfdf hf]8sf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

88

æxft nfluÆ cfpg] hf]8æxft nfluÆ cfpg] hf]8 ug]{ tl/sf o; k|sf/ 5 M

n hf]8 ubf{ ;w}F bfofFaf6 cyf{t\ Pssf] :yfgaf6 ;'?ug'{k5{ .

n Pssf] :yfgdf /x]sf cÍx¿ hf]8\bf hf]8kmn (eGbf a9L cfPdf hf]8kmn cÍsf] bzsf] :yfgdfePsf] cÍnfO{ xft nflu dflgG5 / o; xft nflucÍnfO{ bzsf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍx¿df hf]8\g'k5{ .

n o;}u/L bzsf] :yfgdf /x]sf cÍx¿ hf]8\bf hf]8kmn( eGbf a9L cfPdf bzsf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍnfO{xft nflu dfgL ;osf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍdfhf]8\g'k5{ .

n o;}u/L ;osf] :yfgdf /x]sf cÍx¿ hf]8\bf cfpg]xft nflunfO{ xhf/sf] :yfgdf ePsf] cÍdfhf]8\g'k5{ .

æxft nfluÆ cfpg] hf]8 l;Sg'xf];\ .

89

xft nflu cfpg] hf]8sf] pbfx/0fM

k|ZgM pdfn] xf6ahf/df ¿= ^*#÷– sf] sfpnL /

¿= $&(÷– sf] Kofh a]lrg\ . pgn] hDdf slt

¿k}ofF sdfOg\ <

lx;fa ug]{ tl/sfM

xft nflu^ * #

$ & (±

xhf/ ;o bz Ps!! !

! ! ^ @

g ^ * #

$ & ( ! ! ^ @

±

pQ/M pdfn] xf6ahf/df sfpnL / Kofh a]r]/ hDdf¿= !!^@÷– -Ps xhf/ Ps ;o a};ÝL_ sdfOg\ .

!! !^ !@

90

k|Zg @M zagdn] s'v'/fkfngsf] nflu ;d"xaf6 ¿= %^&÷– C0flnOg\ . /fwfn] klg s'v'/fkfngsf] nflu ;d"xaf6¿= @%$÷– C0f lnOg\ . b'j}n] lnPsf C0fsf] hf]8 sltx'G5 <

k|Zg !M sdnfn] s/];faf/Lsf] nflu ¿= #%÷– sf] uf]ne]+8fsf]aLp / ¿= @^÷– sf] v';f{gLsf] aLp lslgg\ . sdnfn]hDdf slt ¿k}ofFsf] aLp lslgg\ <

# %

± @ ^

xft nflug

±

bz Ps;o

:yfgdfg tflnsfdf xft nflu hf]8sf] cEof;ug'{xf];\ .

bzxft nflu g

±

Ps

±

91

k|Zg @M k|ult ;d"xsf] sf]ifdf ¿= %&*!÷– / b]p/fnL ;d"xsf]sf]ifdf ¿= !@%)÷– hDdf ePsf] 5 . b'j} ;d"xsf] sf]ifsf]/sdnfO{ hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <

k|Zg #M kbdn] afv|fkfng Joj;fo ug{ b'O{ cf]6f vf]/agfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] klxnf] vf]/df %$* cf]6fafv|fx¿ 5g\ eg] bf];|f] vf]/df *@$ cf]6f afv|fx¿5g\ . b'j} vf]/sf afv|fx¿nfO{ hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <

xft nflug

±

bz Ps;oxhf/

xft nflug

±

bz Ps;oxhf/

±

±

92

36fp ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M

n 36fp ubf{ klg ;w}F bfofFaf6 cyf{t\ Pssf]

:yfgaf6 36fpg ;'? ug'{k5{ .

n 36fp ubf{ dflysf] cÍaf6 tnsf] cÍ 36fpg'k5{ .

n dflysf] cÍ eGbf tnsf] cÍ 7"nf] ePdf afofF

:yfgdf /x]sf] cÍaf6 ! cÍ ;fk6L lng'k5{ .

n bzsf] :yfgaf6 ! ;fk6L lnPdf Pssf] :yfgdf

cfpFbf !) Ps x'G5 .

n ;osf] :yfgaf6 ! ;fk6L lnPdf bzsf] :yfgdf

cfpFbf !) bz x'G5 .

kf7 !!:yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fp

:yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fp l;Sg'xf];\ .

93

pbfx/0fM ;l/tfn] #&@ cf]6f d"9f agfOg\ . pgn] !%* cf]6f d"9fahf/df nu]/ a]lrg\ . ;l/tf;Fu slt cf]6f d"9f afFsL/xG5 <

36fp ug]{ tl/sfM

g

n @ af6 * 36\b}g lsgls @ eGbf * 7"nf] 5 .n & cÍ bzsf] :yfgdf /x]sf] x'Fbf & bzaf6 ! bz ;fk6 lng] .n ! bz Pssf] :yfgdf cfpFbf !) Ps x'G5 .n !) Ps / @ Ps hf]8\bf !@ Ps x'G5 .n !@ Ps af6 * Ps 36fpFbf $ Ps x'G5 .n !) sf] :yfgdf & bzaf6 ! bz ;fk6L lb+bf ^ bz afFsL

/xG5 .n ^ bzaf6 % bz 36fpFbf ! bz afFsL /xG5 .n # ;oaf6 ! ;o 36fpFbf @ ;o afFsL /xG5 .

pQ/ M ;l/tf;Fu @!$ cf]6f d"9f afFsL /xG5 .

# & @— ! % * @ ! $

—

bz Ps;o

# & @

! % *

@ ! $

!)±^

94

k|Zg !M zagdn] @% cf]6f cfFk lslgg\ . !@ cf]6f cfFk3/df ;a}n] ldn]/ vfP . pgL;Fu slt cf]6f cfFkafFsL /Xof] <

k|Zg @M hfgsLn] cfh c08f laqmL u/]/ ¿= *@÷– sdfOg\ .To;af6 5f]/Lsf] nflu ¿= #&÷– sf] sfkLx¿lslgg\ . pgL;Fu hDdf slt ¿k}ofF afFsL 5 <

g @ %— ! @

@ %— ! @

bz Ps

g * @— # &

* @— # &

bz Ps

:yfgdfg tflnsfdf 36fpsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

95

k|Zg #M u'/fF; ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf %#*afv|f kfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] @&^ afv|f ufpFdfcfPsf Jofkf/LnfO{ a]r] . ;d"x;Fu slt afv|f afFsL5g\ <

k|Zg $M piff;Fu **# ld6/ sk8f 5 . pgn] #(^ ld6/sk8f a]lrg\ . pgL;Fu slt ld6/ sk8f afFsL5 <

g —

bz Ps;o

% # *— @ & ^

—

bz Ps;o

g—

96

k|Zg %M /flwsfn] t/sf/L a]r]/ ¿= ̂ $&%÷– sdfOg\ . pgn]¿= #(#&÷– a}+sdf hDdf ul/g\ . pgL;Fu slt

¿k}ofF afFsL 5 <

g— —

bz Ps;oxhf/

k|Zg ^M bL3{n] %^@$ ¿k}ofF kg]{ df]afOn $$%* ¿k}ofFdf

lsg] . bL3{n] slt /sd 5"6 kfof] <

g— —

bz Ps;oxhf/

97

kf7 !@;fwf/0f u'0fg

o;nfO{ csf] { tl/sfaf6o;/L n]Vg ;lsG5 .

dtna

# Ï @ = ^

ð

#

Ï@

^

# # ^+ =

# Ï @ sf] cy{ # cÍnfO{ b'O{ k6s hf]8\g] xf] .

o;/L cfPsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ u'0fgkmn elgG5 .

u'0fg l;Sg'xf];\ .

98

u'0fgsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

% Ï $ ð + + + =

$ Ï @ ð + =

%Ï%ð + + + + =

^ Ï @ ð ^ ^ !@ + =

# Ï # ð + + =

@ Ï # ð + + =

^ Ï $ ð + + + =

&Ï%ð + + + + =

$Ï^ ð + + + + + =

99

# Ï & ð + + + + + + =

#Ï^ ð + + + + + =

@ Ï * ð + + + + + + + =

! Ï ( ð + + + + + + + + =

% Ï & ð + + + + + + =

$ Ï * ð + + + + + + + =

100

b'O{sf] u'0fg tflnsf

tnsf] u'0fg tflnsf k9\g'xf];\ .

@ × ! = @

@ × @ = $

@ × # = ^

@ × $ = *

@ × % = !)

@ × ^ = !@

@ × & = !$

@ × * = !^

@ × ( = !*

@ × !)= @)

101

# × ! = #

# × @ = ^

# × # = (

# × $ = !@

# × % = !%

# × ^ = !*

# × & = @!

# × * = @$

# × ( = @&

# × !)= #)

tLgsf] u'0fg tflnsf

102

@ × ! = @

@ × @ =@ × # =@ × $ =@ × % =@ × ^ =@ × & =@ × * =@ × ( =@ × !)=

# × ! =# × @ =# × # =# × $ =# × % =# × ^ =# × & =# × * =# × ( =# × !)=

tnsf] vfnL 7fp“df eg'{xf];\ .

103

% × ! = %

% × @ = !)

% × # = !%

% × $ = @)

% × % = @%

% × ^ = #)

% × & = #%

% × * = $)

% × ( = $%

% × !)= %)

$ × ! = $

$ × @ = *

$ × # = !@

$ × $ = !^

$ × % = @)

$ × ^ = @$

$ × & = @*

$ × * = #@

$ × ( = #^

$ × !)= $)

tnsf] u'0fg tflnsf k9\g'xf];\ .

104

& × ! = &

& × @ = !$

& × # = @!

& × $ = @*

& × % = #%

& × ^ = $@

& × & = $(

& × * = %^

& × ( = ^#

& × !)= &)

^ × ! = ^

^ × @ = !@

^ × # = !*

^ × $ = @$

^ × % = #)

^ × ^ = #^

^ × & = $@

^ × * = $*

^ × ( = %$

^ × !)= ^)

105

( × ! = (

( × @ = !*

( × # = @&

( × $ = #^

( × % = $%

( × ^ = %$

( × & = ^#

( × * = &@

( × ( = *!

( × !)= ()

* × ! = *

* × @ = !^

* × # = @$

* × $ = #@

* × % = $)

* × ^ = $*

* × & = %^

* × * = ^$

* × ( = &@

* × !)= *)

106

!! × ! = !!

!! × @ = @@

!! × # = ##

!! × $ = $$

!! × % = %%

!! × ^ = ^^

!! × & = &&

!! × * = **

!! × ( = ((

!! × !)= !!)

!)× ! = !)

!)× @ = @)

!)× # = #)

!)× $ = $)

!)× % = %)

!)× ^ = ^)

!)× & = &)

!)× * = *)

!)× ( = ()

!)× !)= !))

107

dtna

kf7 !#;fwf/0f efu

* ÷ @ = $

o;nfO{ csf]{ tl/sfaf6o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .

ð = $ *

@

s'g} klg j:t' cyjf ;d"xnfO{ a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;–;fgf

;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{nfO{ efu elgG5 .

efu l;Sg'xf];\ .

108

lsgsL $ Ï @ = *

efu u'0fgsf] pN6f] k|lqmof xf] .

h:t} M

= $ *

@

efusf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

lsgls Ï @ = ^= ^ @

lsgls Ï # = (= ( #

lsgls Ï @ = !)= !) @

109

lsgls Ï % == !) %

lsgls Ï $ == * $

lsgls Ï $ == !@ $

lsgls Ï ^ == !@ ^

!% #

lsgls Ï # ==

!% %

lsgls Ï % ==

110

efusf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

!%

@$

#)

#^

@!

@*

!*

@*

$)

#

$

%

^

&

&

#

$

%

÷

÷

÷

÷

÷

÷

÷

÷

÷

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

v08 u – Sofns'n]6/sf]k|of]u

111

kf7 !$Sofns'n]6/sf] kl/ro


112

;/nf M xfdL dWo] w]/}n] Joj;fo ug]{ ;f]ragfPsf 5g\ . Joj;fo ubf{cÍx¿sf] lx;fa w]/} ug'{k5{ . To;}n]; lhnf ] / l56f ]sf ] nf luSofNfs'n]6/af6 lx;fa ubf{ /fd|f]x'G5 .

sdn M xf], cr]n t ;a}n] SofNfs'n]6/af6g} lx;fa u5{g\ . o;af6 lx;fa ubf{ uNtL x'g] 8/ sdx'G5 / l56f] klg x'G5 . km]l/ o;sf] d"No klg w]/} kb}{g .

glkm;f M t/ SofNfs'n]6/ rnfpg cfpg' klg t k¥of] lg Û

k]df M SofNfs'n]6/df hf] sf]xLn] klg ;lhn} lx;fa ug{ ;S5g\ .of] l;Sg w]/} ;lhnf] 5 .

;Ltf M To;f] eP cfh}b]lv Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg l;sf}+ .

Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg l;Sg'xf];\ .

Sofns'n]6/sf] k|of]u

113

Sofns'n]6/df c+u|]hL cÍx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n]Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg] JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'j} cÍx¿sf]1fg x'g' h?/L 5 .

g]kfnL cÍx? c+u|]hL cÍx? g]kfnL cÍx? c+u|]hL cÍx?

!@#$%^&*(!)

12345678910

!!!@!#!$!%!^!&!*!(@)

11121314151617181920

Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] c°x¿ k9\g'xf];\ .

114

Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] c+u|]hL cIf/x? k9\g'xf];\ .

Sofns'n]6/df c+u|]hL cIf/x¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n]Sofns'n]6/ rnfpg] JolQmnfO{ c+u|]hL cIf/x¿sf] 1fg x'g' h?/L5 .

c+u|]hL cIf/x?

A B C D EF G H I JK L M N OP Q R S TU V W X Y

Z

115

ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/CON/C ON/C

ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/C ON/CON/C ON/C

C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CEC/CE C/CE

AC AC ACAC AC AC ACAC AC

ON ON ON ON ON ON ONON ON

C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CE C/CEC/CE C/CE

AC AC ACAC AC AC ACAC AC

Sofns'n]6/df ePsf lgDg a6gx¿ lyRbf Sofns'n]6/rN5 .

Sofns'n]6/df ePsf lgDg a6gx¿ lyRbf c°x¿d]l6G5 .

116

+ -hf]8 lrGx_

_ -36fp lrGx_

× -u'0fg lrGx_

÷ -efu lrGx_

% -k|ltzt lrGx_

= -a/fa/ lrGx_

g]kfnL c°x¿

c+u|]hL c°x¿

tnsf c°x¿df 3]/f nufO{ hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ .

5 0 6 1 8 4 2 7 3 9

+ + + + + + + +_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

× × × × × × × ×÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷% % % % % % % %

= = = = = = = =

Sofns'n]6/sfc°x¿

Sofns'n]6/df k|of]u x'g] lgDg lrGxx¿ lrGg'xf];\ .

117

Sofns'n]6/df hf]8 ug'{xf];\ .

hf]8

eGg'xf];\, æ@%) hf]8 @%) a/fa/ ===================Æ@%)@%)+ 2ON/C 5 +0 2 5 =0

@))!))+

eGg'xf];\, æ@)) hf]8 !)) a/fa/ ===================Æ

2ON/C 0 +0 1 0 =0

@&#%+

eGg'xf];\, æ@& hf]8 #% a/fa/ ===================Æ

ON/C 2 7 + 3 5 =

!@*+

eGg'xf];\, æ!@ hf]8 * a/fa/ ===================Æ

ON/C 1 2 + 8 =

%#+

eGg'xf];\, æ% hf]8 # a/fa/ ===================Æ

ON/C 5 + 3 =

kf7 !%Sofns'n]6/af6 lx;fa

118

a9L ;+Vofx¿sf] hf]8

& *!@ %+

eGg'xf];\, æ& / * / !@ / % hf]8\bfa/fa/ =====Æ

ON/C 7 + 8 + 1 2 + 5 =

!$ % * (

eGg'xf];\, æ!$ / % / * / ( hf]8\bf a/fa/====Æ

ON/C 1 4 + 5 + 8 + 9 =+

&!$ @ ^

eGg'xf];\, æ& / !$ / @ / ^ hf]8\bf a/fa/====Æ

ON/C 7 + 1 4 + 2 + 6 =+

c° lyRbf unt ePdf s] ug]{ <

olb tkfO{+n] unt cÍ lyRg' ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] cÍ /2 ug{

ON/C jf C/CE a6g lyRg'xf];\ / km]l/ hf]8\g z'? ug'{xf];\ .

119

Sofns'n]6/af6 a9L ;+Vofx?sf] hf]8sf]cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

!* !$ !^ !(+

@# @% @& @!+

## #$ #^ #*+

$% $@ $& $$+

%* %& %^ %%+

%! %% %$ %(+

* $ ^ (+

# % & !+

@ $ ^ *+

% @ & $+

* & ^ %+

! % $ (+

!%% !)$ !%& !$$ !##+

@)% @$@ @%% @^) @&! +

!)% @$$ #!$ $(& %%^ +

#&^ (( $)& %% ^@ +

@)) *$ $)) %)) ^)) +

120

36fp

eGg'xf];\, æ%%) 36fp () a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 5 5 0 - 9 0 =%%)()_

**^^_

eGg'xf];\, æ&# 36fp $ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 7 3 - 4 =&# $_

eGg'xf];\, æ@% 36fp * a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 2 5 - 8 =@% *_

&@

_eGg'xf];\, æ& 36fp @ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 7 - 2 =

(%

_eGg'xf];\, æ( 36fp % a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 9 - 5 =

eGg'xf];\, æ** 36fp ^^ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 8 8 - 6 6 =

Sofns'n]6/af6 36fp ug'{xf];\ .

121

Sofns'n]6/af6 36fpsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

$%!*_

!* $_

^$_

!% (_

#) (_

*%_

%($)_

#^@^_

$^@@^*_

!%& *$_

@$&!#^_

^!$%%)%@_

^%)%@&_

^$#!%#$%_

&*@%$^#(_

$(#% (&^_

$%&*!)(&_

**) *$_

^$#!%#$%_

&*@%$^#(_

$(#% (&^_

122

u'0fg

()^#×

eGg'xf];\, æ() u'0fg ^# a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 9 0 × 6 3 =

!@$*×

eGg'xf];\, æ!@ u'0fg $* a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 1 2 × 4 8 =

&%*×

eGg'xf];\, æ&% u'0fg * a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 7 5 × 8 =

(#×

eGg'xf];\, æ( u'0fg # a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 9 × 3 =

tLg jf tLg eGbf a9L ;ª\Vofx¿ u'0fg ug'{ k/]df o;/L c°x¿lyRg'xf];\ .

eGg'xf];\, æ@ u'0fg $ u'0fg & u'0fg # a/fa/ =========Æ

ON/C 2 × 4 × 7 × 3 =

Sofns'n]6/af6 u'0fg ug'{xf];\ .

123

Sofns'n]6/af6 u'0fgsf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

@(%& !!%×

$%)! @)%×

#%&@ !%×

!*)) @(×

@^#$ %%×

*$&^#)×

$(%#&&×

#@!@))×

(^$&*^×

@))!))×

#($@@!×

&)%@$^×

*#^)×

^( (×

(@%%×

*&×

!( %×

@%!*×

$*@)×

%##$×

^%$^×

@@×

^#×

&*×

((×

*$×

%$×

124

eGg'xf];\, æ*) efuf @) a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 8 0 ÷ 2 0 =*) ÷ @)

eGg'xf];\, æ$* efuf !@ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 4 8 ÷ 1 2 =$* ÷ !@

efu

eGg'xf];\, æ!% efuf # a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 1 5 ÷ 3 =!% ÷ #

eGg'xf];\, æ$) efuf * a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 4 0 ÷ 8 =$) ÷ *

eGg'xf];\, æ() efuf #) a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 9 0 ÷ 3 0 =*) ÷ @)

Sofns'n]6/af6 efu ug'{xf];\ .

125

eGg'xf];\, æ#%) efuf @# a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 3 5 0 ÷ 2 3 =#%) ÷ @#

eGg'xf];\, æ@&& efuf !^ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 2 7 7 ÷ 1 6 = 17.31

C @&& nfO{ !^ n] efu ubf{ 17.31 cfpF5. yf]KnfnfO{ lx;fadfbzdnj elgG5.

@&& ÷ !^

eGg'xf];\, æ** efuf @@ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 8 8 ÷ 2 2 =** ÷ @@

eGg'xf];\, æ#(@ efuf #^ a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 3 9 2 ÷ 3 6 =#(@ ÷ #^

eGg'xf];\, æ!#* efuf ( a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 1 3 8 ÷ 9 =!#* ÷ (

eGg'xf];\, æ@% efuf % a/fa/ =================Æ

ON/C 2 5 ÷ 5 =@% ÷ %

126

k|Zg %M Pp6f Snan] ̂ #@) n'uf * kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ a/fa/ lbg]lg0f{o u¥of] . Pp6f kl/jf/n] slt n'uf kfpg] eof] <

6320 ÷ 8 =

k|Zg $M #@)) cfFknfO{ !^ hgfnfO{ a/fa/ afF8\g' kbf{ Ps hgfsf]efudf sltcf]6f cfFk x'G5 <

3200 ÷ 16 =

k|Zg #M s[i0ffn] !) lsnf] rfdn !)%) ¿k}ofFdf lslgg\ . Ps lsnf]rfdnsf] df]n slt eof] <

1050 ÷ 10 =

94320 ÷ 4 =

k|Zg @M ghdfn] ($#@) ¿k}ofF lt/]/ $ cf]6f l;nfO{ d]zLglslgg\ . Pp6f d]zLgsf] df]n slt x'G5 <

k|Zg !M !@#% ¿k}ofFnfO{ % hgf JolQmnfO{ afF8\g' kbf{ PshgfJolQmsf] efudf slt /sd x'G5 <

1235 ÷ 5 =

Sofns'n]6/af6 efusf] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

127

k|ltzt eg]sf] ;os8f xf] . o;n] k|lt ;osf] slt efu xf] eGg]a'emfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ¿= !))=)) sf] @% ¿= @=))x'G5 . To:t} ¿= !))=)) sf] %% ¿= %=)) x'G5 . Sofns'n]6/af6k|ltzt kQf nufpg w]/} ;lhnf] 5 . ¿= ^)=)) sf] @% slt x'G5eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg Sofns'n]6/df ̂ ) u'gf @ -^) × @_ lyRg'xf];\ .clg a/fa/sf] ;§f k|ltzt -%_ sf] lrGx lyRg'xf];\ .

k|ltzt (%)

eGg'xf];\, æ^) u'0ff % k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ

ON/C 6 0 × 5 % =^) × %%

¿= ^)=)) sf] %% slt x'G5, kQf nufpg

eGg'xf];\, æ^) u'0ff @ k|ltzt a/fa/ !=@Æ

ON/C 6 0 × 2 % = 1.2

!=@ eg]sf] ! ¿k}ofF @) k};f cyf{t ¿= !=@) xf] .

^) × @%

kf7 !^k|ltztsf] lx;fa

Sofns'n]6/af6 k|ltzt lx;fa ug{ l;Sg'xf];\ .

128

eGg'xf];\, æ^) u'0ff !) k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ

ON/C 6 0 × 1 0 % =^) × !)%

¿= ^)=)) sf] !)% slt x'G5, kQf nufpg

&%)× !@%

eGg'xf];\, æ&%) u'0ff !@ k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ

ON/C 7 5 0 × 1 2 % =

(%)× !%%eGg'xf];\, æ(%) u'0ff !% k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ

ON/C 9 5 0 × 1 5 % =

*%^× !*%eGg'xf];\, æ*%^ u'0ff !* k|ltzt a/fa/===========Æ

ON/C 8 5 6 × 1 8 % =

Sofns'n]6/af6 k|ltzt lgsfNg'xf];\ .

eGg'xf];\, æ&% u'0ff # k|ltzt a/fa/ ============Æ

ON/C 7 5 × 3 % = &%× #%

eGg'xf];\, æ*) u'0ff % k|ltzt a/fa/ ============Æ

ON/C 8 0 × 5 % = *)× %%

Jofj;flos ;fIf/tf -efu - ADRA Nepal Literacy...;/n agfpg k':tsnfO{ tLg v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 ....

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