採用 IFRS之國家如何解決會計問題爭端
勤業眾信會計師事務所審計部協理 黃桂榮
2009 年 12 月 9 日
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IFRSSICs and IFRICs
Before 2002 March After 2002 March
IASB
Reporting Interpretations
Committee (IFRIC)
IFRICs(1~19,16)
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調查狀況彙總說明
編號 國家
第一階段:是否制訂或擬制訂處理會計爭端相關機制
第二階段:已採用 IFRS且設有處理會計爭端機制者之實施概況(僅針對第一階段回覆為” Yes” 者再發函)Yes No/NA
1 香港 V V2 澳洲 V V3 新加坡 V V4 南非 V V5 德國 V V6 奧地利 V V7 斐濟 V V8 英國 V V9 義大利 V
10 瑞士 V11 西班牙 V12 加拿大 V(2011)13 日本 V(2012, under
consideration)14 韓國 V(2011)15 中國 V(部分採用,仍有
差異)16 墨西哥 V(2012)17 印度 V(2011)調查完成比例 100% 100%
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已採用 IFRS 國家- 除 IFRIC外另行成立解釋單位者
國別 解釋單位香港 Financial Reporting Standards Committee of HKICPA
澳洲 Interpretations Agenda Committee (IAC) of Australian Accounting Standards Board(AASB)
新加坡 Accounting Standards Council (ASC)
南非 South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA)/ Accounting Practices Board (APB)
德國 Accounting Interpretations Committee (AIC) of Accounting Standards Committee of Germany (ASCG)
奧地利 Austrian Financial Reporting and Auditing Committee(AFRAC )(http://www.afrac.at/index_en.php)
斐濟 Standards Committee of Fiji Institute of Accountants
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已採用 IFRS 國家-除發布解釋函以外之正式處理機制
國別 處理單位 處理機制
香港 Financial Reporting Standards Committee of HKICPA 提供實務處理意見
新加坡 Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Singapore (ICPAS)
發布會計實務指引Statements of Recommended Accounting Practice (RAPs)
歐盟European Financial Reporting Advisory Group(EFRAG)EUROPEAN COMMISSIONInternal Market and Services DG
蒐集並研究問題提交 IFRIC 討論發布解釋函Roundtable for Consistent Application of IFRSs
英國 Accounting Standards Board 發布 Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF) Abstracts
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已採用 IFRS 國家-非正式處理機制 /未成立解釋機構或其他處理機
制國別 處理單位 處理機制
IASB Financial Crisis Advisory Group (FCAG) 舉行 round table meeting
歐盟 四大會計師事務所 不定期會議
香港 四大會計師事務所 不定期會議
義大利 未成立解釋機構或其他處理機制
瑞士 未成立解釋機構或其他處理機制
西班牙 未成立解釋機構或其他處理機制
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尚未採用 IFRS 國家-目前討論情形
國別 預計適用年度 是否擬成立發布解釋單位 說明
印度 2011 the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) 發布解釋函及指引
加拿大 2011 否 加拿大金融主管機關針對金融業發布會計指引
墨西哥 2012 CINIF 發布解釋令 INIF
韓國 2011 目前尚無具體計劃 現行四大有不定期會議
中國 採用部分 IFRS ,惟仍存在差異
目前尚無具體計劃財政部聲稱其新準則與IFRS 相同,目前其出版刊物只有解釋新準則如何適用
日本 2012 年 (under consideration) 目前尚無具體計劃
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附件-各國正式 /非正式解釋機制介紹
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香港-除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位HKICPA-Interpretations•Interpretations collectively refers to following
Interpretations issued by the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants
–Hong Kong (IFRIC) Interpretations (HK(IFRIC)-Int),–Hong Kong Interpretations (HK-Int),–Hong Kong (SIC) Interpretations (HK(SIC)-Int)
•Interpretations give authoritative guidance on issues that are likely to receive divergent or unacceptable treatment, in the absence of such guidance.
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Interpretation Number
Title Issue Date
HK-Int 1 The Appropriate Accounting Policies for Infrastructure Facilities
Issued in Oct 2004, reissued in May 2005 and June 2006
HK-Int 3 Revenue – Pre-completion Contracts for the Sale of Development Properties
Issued March 2005, reissued in May 2005 and revised in June 2006
HK-Int 4 Leases – Determination of the Length of Lease Term in respect of Hong Kong Land Leases
Issued May 2005
Note: HK int 2 related to accounting for Hotel Properties was not “reissued in May 2005” as the issue is covered by IAS 40 equivalent.
HKICPA-Interpretations(cont’)Interpretations that are developed locally by the Institute are named Hong Kong Interpretations.
香港-除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位
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香港-非正式處理機制 : 四大會計師事務所不定期會議
範例 :Financial Reporting Standards Committee Meeting–HKICPA ( April 2008 )The Committee considered a referral from the Professional Standards Monitoring Committee regarding the presentation of the gains and losses on sale of financial assets arising in the ordinary course of business in the income statement. It was noted that some preparers show sales proceeds from the sale of financial assets as revenue (gross), while others present gains and losses on disposal net in the income statement.The Committee agreed that gains and losses arising from the disposal of financial assets must be presented net in accordance with HKAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition Page 3 of 3 and Measurement - paragraphs 26 and 55 and HKFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures - paragraph 20(a). The Committee therefore agreed that it is inappropriate to present gross sales proceeds as revenue.
However, the Committee also noted that the standards do not preclude an entity providing additional information in the financial statements related to gross sales proceeds provided that they are not described as “revenue”.
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澳洲 - 除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位
•Australia is fully IFRS compliant, and so has issued Interpretations equivalent to all the SIC and IFRIC Interpretations.
•Apart from the SIC and IFRIC equivalent Interpretations, 14 local Interpretations have also been issued, 4 of which have since been superseded by other Interpretations or Standards.
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澳洲 - 10 local Interpretations (effective)
Item Interpretation Number
Title Issue Date Application Date Interpretation body
1 1003 Australian Petroleum Resource Rent Tax
Nov 2007 Annual reporting periods ending on or after 30 Jun 2008
Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB)
2 1019 The Superannuation Contributions Surcharge
Sep 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
3 1030 Depreciation of Long-Lived Physical Assets: Condition-Based Depreciation and Related Methods
Sep 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
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澳洲 - 10 local Interpretations (effective)
Item Interpretation Number
Title Issue Date
Application Date Interpretation body
4 1031 Accounting for the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Jul 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
5 1038 Contributions by Owners Made to Wholly-Owned Public Sector Entities
Dec 2007
Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jul 2008
Australian Accounting Standards Board
6 1039 Substantive Enactment of Major Tax Bills in Australia
Jul 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
7 1042 Subscriber Acquisition Costs in the Telecommunications Industry
Dec 2004
Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
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Item Interpretation Number
Title Issue Date Application Date Interpretation body
8 1047 Professional Indemnity Claims Liabilities in Medical Defence Organisations
Nov 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
9 1052 Tax Consolidation Accounting
Jun 2005 Annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 Dec 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
10 1055 Accounting for Road Earthworks
Sep 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB)
澳洲 - 10 local Interpretations (effective)
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Item Interpretation Number
Title Issue Date Application Date
Interpretation body
1 1001 Consolidated Financial Reports in relation to Pre-Date-of-Transition Dual Listed Company Arrangements[superseded by AASB 3 Business Combinations, issued March 2008]
Jul 2005 Annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 Dec 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB
2 1002 Post-Date-of-Transition Stapling Arrangements[superseded by AASB 3 Business Combinations, issued March 2008]
Dec 2005 Annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 Dec 2005
Australian Accounting Standards Board
澳洲 - 4 local Interpretations (superseded)
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Item Interpretation Number
Title Issue Date
Application Date
Interpretation body
3 1013 Consolidated Financial Reports in relation to Pre-Date-of-Transition Stapling Arrangements[superseded by AASB 3 Business Combinations, issued March 2008]
Apr 2005 Annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 Dec 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB
4 1017 Developer and Customer Contributions for Connection to a Price-Regulated Network[superseded by Interpretation 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers, issued March 2009]
Nov 2004 Annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 Jan 2005
Urgent Issues Group (Predecessor to the AASB
澳洲 - 4 local Interpretations (superseded)
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新加坡 - 除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位• In Singapore, the accounting standards and
interpretations are prescribed by the Accounting Standard Council (ASC), and they follow the IFRS. Currently, the following IFRICs have not been adopted in Singapore yet:– IFRIC 2 - Members’ Shares in Co-operative Entities and
Similar Instruments
– IFRIC 15 - Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate
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新加坡 -除發布解釋函以外之正式處理機制•In addition, the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of
Singapore (ICPAS), a professional body, issues some guidance on topical matters, in the form of Statements of Recommended Accounting Practice (RAPs). Topics include:–Accounting and reporting by Charities
–Reporting framework for unit trusts
–Foreign income not remitted to Singapore
–Pre-completed contracts for sale of development property
–Merger accounting
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Background
• Instances may arise where there is a need for South African specific guidance for certain aspects, transactions or other issues where no guidance is provided in either International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the IASB or in the interpretations issued by IFRIC.
• The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) acts as the Secretariat to the Accounting Practices Board (APB) in the standard setting process. The Accounting Practices Committee (APC) is the technical advisory body to the APB. The APB is the official standard setting body in South Africa. It approves and issued Statements of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (Statements of GAAP) and Interpretations of Statements of GAAP.
南非 - 除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位
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Background (cont’)
• Where guidance is required, the APC would generally first circulate the query amongst the National Standard Setters. If there is no clarity following this consultation, SAICA would generally then submit an agenda request to the IFRIC. If the agenda request does not result in any guidance, SAICA would then consider whether it is appropriate to issue local guidance.
• Local guidance tends to be issued only when the circumstances are South Africa specific, for example, recent interpretations have focussed on Black Economic Empowerment transactions (which are a South African regulatory issue) and their interaction with IFRS 2, and on South African pension fund legislation & its interaction with IFRIC 14.
南非 - 除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位( 續 )
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南非-解釋函內容
Interpretation Subject Issue DateISSUED PRIOR TO IFRS ADOPTION IN 2005
Preface to South African Statements and Interpretations of Statements of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice
November 2003
Accounting for "Secondary Tax on Companies (STC)" November 2003
ISSUED BETWEEN IFRS ADOPTION AND 2008Substantively Enacted Tax Rates and Tax Laws February 2006
ISSUED SUBSEQUENT TO 2008Accounting For Black Economic Empowerment (Bee) Transactions
March 2009
IAS 19 (AC 116) The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction in the South African Pension Fund Environment
March 2009
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德國 - 除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位• The Accounting Standards Committee of Germany (ASCG) is registered in the
register of Associations in Berlin as a non-profit organisation. The governing bodies of the Association are the Executive Board and the General Assembly. The standing committees of the Association are the German Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and the Accounting Interpretations Committee (AIC).
• ASCG is one of standard setters to work with the International Accounting Standards Board.
• GASB has the following three duties: 1. the elaboration of recommendations on the application of German accepted group
accounting principles ,
2. the provision of advice to the Federal Ministry of Justice on accounting regulations and
3. representation of the Federal Republic of Germany in international standard-setting bodies
Data source: http://www.standardsetter.de/drsc/news/news_eng.php
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• Which enterprises have to apply German Accounting Standards?
– Enterprises preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with the German Commercial Code (HGB) should apply German Accounting Standards (GAS).
– Enterprises whose securities are publicly traded and which have their domicile in the European Union have to prepare consolidated financial statements complying with IFRS for financial years beginning after 31 December 2004.
– As from then onwards, all these enterprises are exempted from applying the German Accounting Standards (GAS). However, enterprises applying international accounting principles shall continue to apply German Accounting Standards (GAS) to the extent international accounting principles do not include any requirements. This holds especially for the German Accounting Standards concerning risk reporting and management reporting (GAS 5 and GAS 15).
Data source: http://www.standardsetter.de/drsc/news/news_eng.php
德國 - 除 IFRIC外另行成立之解釋單位(cont’)
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英國 - EU-endorsed IFRS
•In the UK, there is the option for non-listed entities to either apply UK GAAP or EU endorsed IFRS. Listed entities need to apply EU-endorsed IFRS.
•The only difference between IFRS and EU-endorsed IFRS is in relation to EU-endorsed carve out version of IAS 39 where there is a difference in relation to Hedge Accounting.
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英國 - EU-endorsed IFRSEU-endorsed IFRS
• There is no interpretation of IFRS in the EU other than endorsed IFRIC interpretations.
• There is a mechanism established to endorse each IFRS and IFRIC for use in EU. – This process has both a technical level and a political level. The technical merits of
each IFRS and IFRIC interpretation are considered by the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) which is a private sector body. EFRAG makes recommendations to the Accounting Regulatory Committee (ARC).
– The Chairman of the UK Accounting Standards Board participates in the work of the Technical Expert Group (TEG) of EFRAG, as an observer with full rights to participate in debates.
– ARC comprises representatives of the member state governments of the EU and advises the Commission. The UK is represented by BERR (previously the DTI).
– The final decision on endorsement is formally made by the European Commission.
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英國 -除發布解釋函以外之正式處理機制UK GAAP
• For the UK, there is no IFRS interpretation body but the UK Accounting Standards Board(ASB) is moving UK GAAP to an IFRS copy situation (IFRS convergence). The UK ASB established the Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF) to assist it in areas where a UK GAAP or Companies Act provision exists, but where unsatisfactory or conflicting interpretations have developed or seem likely to develop. The results of the UITF's deliberations on a subject are promulgated by means of published Abstracts. The UITF is independent from IFRS body and can make its own decision.
• Financial Reporting Review Panel (FRRP) was established in 1990 as part the Financial Reporting Council. The Panel seeks to ensure that the provision of financial information by public and large private companies complies with relevant accounting requirements The FRRP issues a year end hot issue report in Autumn. Despite not being an interpretation it would give UK companies a view of the focus the UK enforcement agency will take in their review work.
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
• There are 46 Abstracts issued in all with only 8 issued since 2005.
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 46 (IFRIC Interpretation 16)
Hedges of a Net Investment in a Foreign Operation
23 October 2008
UITF Abstract 45 (IFRIC Interpretation 6)
Liabilities arising from Participating in a Specific Market - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
13 February 2007
UITF Abstract 44 (IFRIC Interpretations 11) 'FRS 20 (IFRS 2) - Group and Treasury Share Transactions’
02 February 2007
UITF Abstract 43 The interpretation of equivalence for the purposes of section 228A of the Companies Act 1985
23 October 2006
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 42 Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives
07 April 2006
UITF Abstract 41 Scope of FRS 20 (IFRS 2) 07 April 2006
UITF Abstract 40 Revenue recognition and service contracts
10 March 2005
UITF Abstract 39 Members' Shares in Co-operative Entities and Similar Instruments
10 February 2005
UITF Abstract 38 Accounting for ESOP trusts 15 December 2003
UITF Abstract 37 Purchases and sales of own shares 28 October 2003
UITF Abstract 36 Contracts for sales of capacity 27 March 2003
UITF Abstract 35 Death-in-service and incapacity benefits
21 May 2002
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 34 Pre-contract costs 21 May 2002
UITF Abstract 33 Obligations in capital instruments 14 February 2002
UITF Abstract 32 Employee benefit trusts and other intermediate payment arrangements
13 December 2001
UITF Abstract 31 Exchanges of businesses or other non-monetary assets for an interest in a subsidiary, joint venture or associate
18 October 2001
UITF Abstract 30 Date of award to employees of shares or rights to shares
15 March 2001
UITF Abstract 29 Website development costs 22 February 2001
UITF Abstract 28 Operating lease incentives 22 February 2001
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 27 Revision to estimates of the useful economic life of goodwill and intangible assets
08 December 2000
UITF Abstract 26 Barter transactions for advertising 09 November 2000
UITF Abstract 25 National Insurance contributions on share option gains
27 July 2000
UITF Abstract 24 Accounting for start-up costs 22 June 2000
UITF Abstract 23 Application of the transitional rules in FRS 15
Issued on 18 May 2000
UITF Abstract 22 The acquisition of a Lloyd's business
11 June 1998
UITF Abstract 21 Accounting issues arising from the proposed introduction of the euro
05 March 1998
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 20 Year 2000 issues: accounting and disclosures Withdrawn by UITF Abstract dated 27 July 2000 (see UITF Information Sheet 41)
UITF Abstract 19 Tax on gains and losses on foreign currency borrowings that hedge an investment in a foreign enterprise
20 February 1998
UITF Abstract 18 Pensions costs following the 1997 tax changes in respect of dividend income
12 May 1997
UITF Abstract 17 Employee share schemes 15 December 2003
UITF Abstract 16 Income and expenses subject to non-standard rates of tax Superseded by FRS 16
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 15 Disclosure of substantial acquisitions
30 January 1996
UITF Abstract 14 Disclosure of changes in accounting policy Superseded by FRS 18
UITF Abstract 13 Accounting for ESOP Trusts Superseded by UITF Abstract 38
UITF Abstract 12 Superseded by UITF Abstract 28
UITF Abstract 11 Capital instruments: issuer call options
29 September 1994
UITF Abstract 10 Disclosure of directors’ share options Withdrawn by UITF Abstract dated 19 December 2002 (see UITF Information Sheet 57)
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 9 Accounting for operations in hyper-inflationary economies
09 June 1993
UITF Abstract 8 Repurchase of own debt Superseded by FRS 4
UITF Abstract 7 Superseded by FRS 18
UITF Abstract 6 Superseded by FRS 17
UITF Abstract 5 Transfers from current assets to fixed assets
Issued on 22 July 1992
UITF Abstract 4 Presentation of long-term debtors in current assets
Issued on 22 July 1992
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英國 - UK UITF
List of UK UITF issued (http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/uitf/abstracts.cfm)
UITF Abstract Topic Issue date
UITF Abstract 3 Treatment of goodwill on disposal of a business Superseded by FRS 10
UITF Abstract 2 Restructuring costs Superseded by FRS 3
UITF Abstract 1 Convertible bonds – supplemental interest/premium Superseded by FRS 4
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