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สั�ปดาห์�ที่ 15
เอกสัารประกอบการสัอนวิ�ชา 427-303 Sociological Theories
เที่อม 1/2553
เร�อง Social Exchange Theory
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OutlineOutline
DefinitionTheoretical ContributorsSpecific ContributorsFounder-PremiseTheory StrengthsTheory Weaknesses and CriticismsExample of Social Exchange Theory
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What is Social Exchange Theory?What is Social Exchange Theory?
Social Psychological and Sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties.
Views that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives.
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Social Exchange Theory Social Exchange Theory (cont’d)(cont’d)
social interaction is likened to transactions in economic marketplace
Exchange is a theory which attempts to explain interpersonal behaviors in terms of the exchange of rewards and costs
roots in Rational Choice theory - but that doesn’t explain seeking benefit for others
so added BEHAVIORISM (operant conditioning) people repeat behaviors which have been rewarded in the past
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Theoretical ContributorsTheoretical ContributorsUtilitarian Economists
◦Humans are rational and will seek to maximize their gain
Behavioral Psychology◦Humans will elicit behaviors that will
produce greatest rewards
Cultural Anthropology◦Exchange process derive from
individuals trying to satisfy basic needs.
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Specific Contributors Marcel Mauss
◦De-emphasized psychological needs and concentrated on groups norms as regulating the exchange relations
Claude Levi-Strauss◦Collectivist exchange viewpoint◦Underlying patterns of society, and
that certain costs may be required of the individual
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OriginatorsOriginators
George Homans◦ Credited with the to consolidation of the
foundations of social exchange theory.◦ Applied reinforcement contingencies from
operant learning theory to social behavior.Peter Blau
◦ recognized that social structures have emergent properties not found in individual elements
◦ identified the norm of reciprocity (not always eye for an eye)
◦ mutual reciprocation is the most basic form of human interaction
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Originators (Cont’d)Originators (Cont’d)
John Thibaut and Harold Kelley◦Role of perceived rewards and costs
in encouraging and constraining behavior
◦Start with psychological concepts build upward to the dyad and build upward from there to small groups
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HomansHomans
Perspective◦people will do things that are rewarding◦the more similar a situation is to one
from the past, the more likely actions that were rewarded will be performed now
◦rewards gain value when deprived (and vice versa)
◦failure to get rewards expected = angergetting rewards not expected = happiness
◦the frequency of a person doing an action depends on the value of the outcome and probability of getting it
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Key ConceptsKey ConceptsRewards
◦ Pleasing a Social InteractionResources
◦ Material or Symbolic Exchanged in a Social Interaction Costs
◦ Investment of Time and EnergyPrinciple of Satiation
◦ Loosing value due to increased availabilityPrinciple of Deprivation
◦ Increasing value due to decreased availabilityComparison Level (CL)
◦ Societal norms, past experiences, observationsComparison Level of Alternatives
◦ Evolving Subjective Individual StandardDependence
◦ Cost as Participating in Relationship Interdependence
◦ Mutually dependent on the Relationship
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Key Concepts (cont’d)Power
◦ Greatest Resources◦ Least Interested
Distributive Justice◦ Reward and Cost being Proprotional
Equity◦ Both individuals derive similar levels of rewards
TrustSatisfaction
◦ Satisfaction = (Rewards - Cost) - Comparison LevelCommitment
◦ Social and Intimate ExchangesNormative Orientations
◦ Societal/ Cultural Views on appropriateness of behavior in relationships
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Social Exchange Theory TodaySocial Exchange Theory Today
Richard Emersonfocus on what people put into
relationships and what they get out of it
centers on dyads, but looks at some more complicated forms as well
everything we do has costs (to be minimized) and rewards (to be maximized) associated◦they range from subtle to explicit
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Social Exchange Theory Today Social Exchange Theory Today (cont’d)(cont’d)
REWARDS = anything that a person gains from a relation◦6 main rewards: love, money,
status, info, goods, servicesCOSTS = negative consequences of a
relation◦time, energy
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PowerPower
POWER = control over rewards and punishments
social power◦a person’s ability to influence the
behavior, thoughts or thoughts of another
◦exists when one member is dependent on the other for rewards
called power-dependence relations
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Strengths of TheoryStrengths of Theory
Most people understand general assumptions
Very Parsimonious
The ability of exchange theory to explain many family issues
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CriticismsCriticisms Assumes humans act rationally when
deciding on an exchangeSome issues are difficult to explain effectively
utilizing exchange theory such as altruismValuing self-interestLimited to dyadic relationshipsDifficult to have a personal approach to
situationsThe theory assumes that the ultimate goal of
a relationship is intimacy when this might not always be the case.
Theory reduces human interaction to purely rational process that arise from economic theory
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Social Social ExchangeExchange Theory in the Theory in the MoviesMovies
http://www.ifilm.com/video/2369479 -
Jerry McguireThe Wedding Singer
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