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Irrigation Technology in Israel

ANKIT BINDAL

ANCHAL GUPTA

ANKIT SINGHAL

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Physiography

Area of 20,770 km2 Population of about 6.0 million , 90% lives

in urban areas and 10% in rural areas

Land is divisible into three longitudinalstrips running from north to south,comprising a coastal plain, a long inlandescarpment and a large desert area in thesouth.

Main river is the jordan

Mountains are the judean hills, carmelmountain and galilee mountains.

Flat in the coastal plain and flat to hilly

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Continues… 

20% of the land is culturable

Israel is arid or semi-arid

Average annual rainfall in the coastal

plain varies from 600 mm in the northto 150 mm in the south, (November – march).

Major soil types sand dune, sandstone in coastal area and clay in other part .

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Water Resources

Average annual precipitation:- about10,000 MCM,

Of which 60 % evaporates,

10 % flows down the dry river beds ,30 % seeps into the ground

The kineret watershed contributes

about 33% of the total resources.

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Water Quality

10 mg/l of chlorides on avg.

the mineral and other pollutants likenitrate contents in groundwater.

Some salt conc in ground waterbecause of kind of rock availablethere.

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Water Supply and Demand

Water Production and Supply:- 2,000MCM, of which 75% were potable andrest is treated water.

Water Demand:- 2000 MCM/year ,about one half is used for agriculture andthe remaining is used by the urban andindustrial sectors.

Agricultural Consumption:- 1250 MCM(60% of fresh resources, compared to77% in the sixties), agriculture is still thelargest consumer.

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Irrigation Technology

Low volume irrigation:- drip irrigation andmicro-sprinklers

Computer-assisted irrigation

management . Soil and plant moisture sensors:-

information on moisture.

Automatic operation of the system whenneeded

Fertigation via the irrigation systems

Water metering and pricing policy

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Technology continues… 

The emphasis in these drainage works hasbeen on:

(a) Improvement of poorly drained soils

(b) Flood protection(c) Diversion of runoff water from

agricultural lands

(d) Swamp drainage

(e) Concentration of the runoff from localor regional drainage works and theirintegration into the water supply network.

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  CHALLENGES AND

DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES  Increases in spatial and annual climate

variability

Higher frequency of extreme rainfalls anddecreasing precipitation

Decrease of rainfall because ofenvironmental pollution.

Winter temperature of 1.5°C in the coastalareas and 2.5°C in land.

Rapid increase in population andurbanization, pressure on natural resources

An increase of undesirable chemical loads insoil and water because of fertilizers.

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Advancement

To avoid excess standing water

To prevent exposure to watershortage.

Pressurized irrigation with sprinklersand increasing water use efficiency

To prevent soil salinization

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The Role of Research in Arid

Zones  Methods for bettering salinated soils Use of saline water for irrigation, Development of new varieties of seeds

vegetables and crops Methodology for incorporating fertilizers Cooling facilities and water-intensive

devices in industry Control and monitoring of municipal water

systems Climatic control systems Soil-less culture

Biological pest control.

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Israel Science Report

Hybrid seeds and other propagationmaterial,

Production of medicinal plants Engineered organisms for crop protection Utilization of reclaimed wastewater Biotechnology, genetic intervention and

crop breeding Lower water use by drip irrigation To reduce the transpiration rate, change of

leave’s radiation characteristic  Intensive form of aquaculture

Advanced water purification techniques,oxygen diffusion and protein rich food for

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