Victim of the Cultural Revolution -...

download Victim of the Cultural Revolution - ywang.uchicago.eduywang.uchicago.edu/history/victim_ebook_070505.pdf · 王德宏 王德明 王德一 王庚才 王光华 王光华 汪国庞 王海连

If you can't read please download the document

Transcript of Victim of the Cultural Revolution -...

  • 1

    Victim of the Cultural Revolution

    --An Investigative Account of Persecution, Imprisonment and Murder

    2004

  • www.chinese-memorial.org

    [email protected]

    http://www.chinese-memorial.org/mailto:[email protected]

  • 3

  • 5

  • 7

  • ....................................................

    9

    () ....................

    21

    .........................

    31

    ............................................................. 7

    03

    ............................................................. 7

    16

  • 9

    1

  • 2

  • 11

    1966

    1968 1969

    1966 8

    8

    1966

  • 1968

  • 13

    1966

    1966 1968

    3

  • 214

  • 15

    460

    1966

    1968

    1986

  • 1998

    4

    1966 1966

    34

    34

    34

  • 17

    5

  • 1986

    20

    2000 10 16

    17 2002 3

    6

  • 19

    1994 1995

    2000

    659

  • 7

  • 21

  • oral history

  • 23

  • anti-

    intellectualism

    Roger Pethybridge, One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward,

    Oxford,1990, p.213

  • 25

    Miliukov

    Paul

    Miliukov, Bolshivism: An International Danger

    London,1920,P.5

    Richard Pipes, Russia under

    the Bolshvik Regime, New York,1993 pp.318-9

  • 27

  • 1966

    1968

    Roderick MacFarquhar

  • 29

    Hitler Youth

  • National Review

    Jay Nordlinger

    The Diary of Anne Frank

    Kitty

    1979

  • 31

    1966

  • 1957

    1968

    30

    19 1957

    1966 1968

    1968

    2001 723

    1957 571 222

    349 1978 571

    10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 2 19

    1968 2 16

    2 16

    16

  • 33

  • 1957

    1966 1966 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1950 (

    ) 1968

    60

    ()

    1949

    -----------------------------------------------------

    43

    -----------------------------------------------------

    003 1968 5 30

  • 35

    1916

    1966 6

    1966 8 5

    1966 8 5

    7

    7 31

    8 5

    2

  • 8

    7

  • 37

    1990

    7 7 6

    34

    2000 6

  • 1966 8

    5

    1916

    1937

    1938

    1941

    1945 1941 1945

    1949

    50

    17

    1917

    1949

    1965

  • 39

    1966 6 1

    5 16

    5 16 1966 5 7

    6 1

    6 2

    6 3

  • 6 6 7 13

    1957

    1966 1957

  • 41

    1966 6 7

    1964-1967

    472

    1962

    1966

    3

  • 1966 6

  • 43

    6 17

    1966 6 23

  • !

    6 25 482

    61

    3.3 33.3 58.4 5476

    4 42 40 14

    1966 7 3

  • 45

    1966 6

    1966 7 5

    1966 6 4 19

    7 5 6 4 6 4

    6 23

    6 7

  • 1980

    7

  • 47

    1966 6 18

    7

    7 6 18

    7 29

    1966 8 1

    8 5

    1966 395

    1966 7 31

  • 1966 8 4

    45

    8 5

  • 49

    10

    1966 5 16

    8 9

    1966 8 5

  • 13 1966 8 18

    100 7 8 18

    8 18

    8 18

    8 18

    8 18

    115

  • 51

    1966

    101

    138

    1966

    18

    13

    18

  • 18

    1966

    7

    8 333

    61

    1966 10

    1966 8

    20 9 1772

    1966 8 5 8

    8

  • 53

    1966 8

    14

    1966 8

    8 4

    8 6

    1966 8 5

  • 1971 1966 8

    1973

    400

    1976

    1978

    276

    400

    1979 4

    1966 6 23

    1981 3 14

  • 55

    1968 8

    1966

    1978

    1966

    1966

  • 1966 8

    8

    1989 12 25

    1966 8 5

    1966 6 2122

    1966 8 27 22

  • 57

    1930

    1966

    27

    70 80

    2000

  • 1966 8 5

    1980

    1966 8

    1980 12

    5-8 2003

    1966 8

    1966

  • 59

    1966 5

    6

    8

    6

    1966 1968

    1966 8 5

    48

    48

    1968

    1968 8 11

    35 1957

    1960

    1993

    1960

    1968

    1966 8 5

  • 1969

    1953

    40

    1970

    50

    1949

    1969

    1978

    116

    1968 1969 1969

    1969

    1973

    1968 7

  • 61

    1960

    1966 6

    1966 8 5

    1966

    1966 8 5

  • 1993

    20

  • 63

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    2003

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1909 12 30

    1968 5 25 1982

    1952

    1917 6 30

    1967 7 8

    1968 8

    1968 5

    25

    1982

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1966 7 1968 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    1966 8

  • 65

  • 1917

    1966

    1968 5 25

    51

    1964

    1957 1957

    400

    1966 1968

    14

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1966 89

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 67

    101 1966 8 17

    101

    1966 8 17 101

    8 17 8 18

    101

    8 18

  • 8 18 101

    60 1966

    101 1950

    1966

    101

    101

    101

    101

    101

    1979 10 101

    1966

    1966 13

    1995 101

    101

    101

  • 69

    101

    1966

    101

    101

    101 1966 8 17

    1966 8

  • 1968

    1969 2 50

    1950 1966

    1968

    1969 2 17

    4 1978

    -----------------------------------------------------

    ,40 1968

    1967 1968

  • 71

    1957

    1968

    1968 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 6

    50

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 7 8

    1968

    1949

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    1968

    1968 7 5

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1925 3

    1968

    1969 5 24

    44

    16

    1947

    1949 8

    16 1949

    1968

    1969 5 24

  • 73

    1919

    1967 11 19 11

    48

    1930 1947

    1949

    11

    1952

    1957

    1962

    1957

    2002

    1962

    36

    --2002

    1957

    1962

  • 11

    1911

    1957 1966

    1966 9 3

    1980

    1931

    20

    19361940

    195519561956

    1956

    1940 1948

    1951

  • 75

    1952

    1951

    1990

    1984 1984

    George Orwell 1949

    1957

    1960

    1966 1966 8

  • 1966 8 24

    1966 8 24

    1966

    1966 8 24

    8 24

    1966 8 24

    20

    1966 8

    1966 9 3

  • 77

    1966 9 5

    8

    1984

    1950

    1957

  • 1968 8 28 50

    1966 8 24

    1968

    1968

  • 79

    1929 1966 8 27

    28

    109

    1966 8 1

    1966 6

    1966 8 5

    8 18

    (

    )

    8 18

    1966 8 27

    7

    1963

  • 8 26

    7 12

    26

    8

    8 25

    8 26

    8 27

    12

    3

  • 81

    28

    8 26

    5

    1966 7

    (

    )

  • 1957

    9

    37

    28

    28 1966

    28 28

    28

    28

  • 83

    1966829

    28

    28

    ()

    (1)(2)

  • 28

    1966

    1966

    1966

    37 37

  • 85

    1966

    (

    )

    1996 5

    1965

    1917 1958

    1973

  • 1979

    1973

    1973

    1976

    1979

    1966

  • 87

    240 180 1000

    1420

    1080

    2500

    1966 8 27

    1979 2,500

  • 2,500

    1966 8 27

    228

    1966 8 29

    1966 10

    1966

  • 89

    1,772 1772

    1966

    1772

    1772

    1966

    240

    2,500

    1966 8

    80 90

    1966 8

    --

    1966 8 18

  • 1966 8

  • 91

    1966 8

    50 1966

  • 1966 8 9

    (

    )

    1966 8 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    10 1967 12

    1967 7

    12 31 1968 2 11

    1970 3 16

    1971 7 11 1980

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30 1968

  • 93

    1968

  • 1968

    1968

    11 11 33

    1952

    29

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1913

    1949

    1951

    1968 55

  • 95

    1924 1966 8

    1966 9 8

    25 42

    1958 25 1966

    8

    1950

    1966 8

    1947 1956

    1949

    1956 1957

    1966 9 8

  • 1966 9 1978

    11

    1966

    1966 25

    25

  • 97

    20

    1966 8

    28 38

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    1966 8 27

    1949

    1966

    516

    1966 8 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

  • 1926

    1970 7 4

    36

    -----------------------------------------------------

    , 1968

  • 99

    1912

    1968 9 20

    56

    1935

    1949 1956

    1949

    1955

    1957

    1968 4

    1967

    1949

    1968

  • 9 20

  • 101

    24 10

    1968 11 29

    50

    1978 108

    108 108

    1978 108 40

    1922

    1968 11 12

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1947

    1966 8 6

    8 7

    54

    1986 1966

    76 53 70

    12

    21

    8

    1966 9

    1968

  • 5

    90

    1978 7 19

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1950

  • 103

    1925 1948

    1966

    1971

    46

  • 1948

    1966 1966

    9 2 38

    1966

    1966

    1966 1

    1966 6 1

    1966 6

  • 105

    1966 6 18 618

    6 18

    6

    18

    618 1966

    6 20

    1966 7 25 26

  • 618

    618

    7 26

    7 27

    8 4

    45

  • 107

    13

    1966 8 15

    1966 8 18

    100

    8 18

    8 24

    8

  • 1966 8 24

    8 24

    8 30

    7 27 8 30

    8 31

    9 1

    9 2

  • 109

    9 2

    1968 1 25

  • 1968

    6 18

    618

    1966 6 18

    1966 6 1

    9 2

    6 1 6

    18

    1898

    2001

  • 111

    1966 6 9

    1957

    1948

    1950

    1948

    1951

    19

    1950

    1998

  • 1950 1951

    1959 1966

    1957 7716

    8983 1399

    1949

    15

    1957

    1966

    1950 1957

    1966

  • 113

    -----------------------------------------------------

    20 1965

    1968

  • 49 1957

    1968 12 13

    1950

    1957

    1960

    1949

  • 115

    64

    1968 1 9

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1918

    1966

    1966 9 6

    48

    1966 8 25

  • 1957 4

    6 1966 8

    57

    1946

    1957

    4 1957 6 1

    1957 6 2

    100

    1966 8

    1966

  • 117

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1945 68

    1970

    1949

    1970

  • 60 2122 65

    1968 5

    1968 5

    40

    6

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    10 16 28

    49

    1966 6

    7

    1967 4

    1968 7

    1968 9

  • 119

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1885

    1966 8 30

    9 4

    81

    1936

    1940 1948

    1949

    1955

    1966 7

    1966 8

    1966 8 18

  • 1966 8 30

    1966 8

    9 3

    9 4

  • 121

    1966

    1966 9 5

    1966

  • 8 9

    9

    1966

    1966

  • 123

    1967

    1971 9 1972

    1976 1977

    1980

    1966

    81

    ,

  • 30

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 125

    1966 3

    4

    1966 5 18

    1979

    1966 5

  • 1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8 4

    1966 8 4

    190

    8 4

    8 4

    1957

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967

    1967 2 9

  • 127

    1966 6

    1967 7 28 40

    1966 6 1964

    1965

    1966 6 5

    1966 6 18

    1966 7

    1980

    1966 7 26

    618

    7 27

    1966 7 28 618

    44

  • 1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    43

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970

    8 4

    1966 8 1

    1967 7

    1970 3 27 516

    516

    1967

    516

    1971 2 25

  • 129

  • 58 1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1917 1956

    28 1968 10 18 28

    1956

    1898-1997(509 1998)

    1956 11 7 96 7

    1956 1957

    1958

    1966 1968

    1968 8

    (

    )

    900 ()

    28

  • 131

    1968 10

    18 28

    1898-1997

    1968 10 18

    1898-1997

  • 1966 8

    30

    1950

  • 133

    1968

    1966 12 28

    1963

    1967 4

    1963

    1967

  • 19661228

    6

  • 135

    1968

    1968 5

    2002180

  • 137

    1968

    40

    1971

    16

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 30

    1950

    30

  • 1968

    19

    1968 5 30

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1944

    1968 7 21

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1909

    1970 12 23

    1991

    1936

    30 1930

    1939

    1949 1949

    1949

    1952 1936

  • 139

    1991

    1952 1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    50

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1915 1966 8

    25

    1966

    1966 8 25

  • 1985 8 19

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    1966 7 1968 7

    14 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    64

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1913

    1967

  • 141

  • 30 1966 8

    31 325

    1966 8 31

    1986

    1985 2

    1966 8

    1966 8 26

    8 27 9 1 13 48

    325 80

    38 22

  • 143

    1966

    8 1966 8 18

    333

    325

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    7 12

  • 1934 1969 1 9

    1969 1

    1969 1 9

    1971 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970 3 6

    1980

  • 145

    1950

    1955

    1972

    1955 7

    1961

    60

    1972

  • 1966

    50

    50

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1963 1968

    1968

    23

  • 147

    1908

    1957 1966 8 9

    3 58

    53

    1930 1966

    1966 8

    1958

    1980

    1958 12

    49 1986

    1966 8 9

  • 1966 6

    1965

    11

    1966

    1966 6

    1966 6

    1966 6 20

    1964-1967 480

    1966 6 11

    1966 6 15

    1949

  • 149

    1966 8 24

    1966

    1968

    1968 11 5

    1968 11 5

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    50

    1930

    1966 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 1968 4 16

    1968 4 16

    5 16

    6 20 1950

    1968 1966 5 16

    1968

    1968.05.126871

  • 151

    ----------------------------------------------------

    1940

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968 7 30

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1914

    1968

  • 1968 6 5

    54

    1940

  • 153

    26 1966 6

    8 8 25

    8 28

    42

    1966 6

    26

    1966 7

    26

    46

    1966 8 25

    46

    46

    26

  • 26

    ,

    1905

    1968 7 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1910

    1966 7 6 56

  • 155

    1967

    15

    1967

    826 1966 8 26

    826

    826

    826

    15

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1912

    1966

    8 21

  • 1931

    1968

    1968 11 7

    37

    1970

    1968 8

    9

  • 157

    900

    1968 11 7

    90

  • 1968

    20

  • 159

    24

    1998 18981997

    1998

    24

    1979

    1990

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1915

    1970 6 18

    55

  • -----------------------------------------------------

  • 161

    1937 1967 1 31

    1355 73 30

    1954

    1958

    1967 1 31

    1956 1958

    20 1949

    1955

    1963

    15 1967 1970

    1977 1982

    1955

    1956

    1957

  • 1966 6 1966 9

    1971

    1966

    5 28 1968 4 28

    1968

  • 163

    1967 1 30

    1972

    30

    2001 12

    17 1989

    1957

    1968 4 29

    1944

  • 165

    1956

    1957 1970

    1970 3 5

    36

    1957

    1975 4 4

  • 1970 55

    1998 1957

    1957 1957

    1950 1970

    --

    55

  • 167

    55

    100

  • 55 39

    55 20

    1950

    1968

    1968

    1970 3 5

    20

    1993 1979

    10

  • 169

    195019601970

    1989

    55

    55

  • 1970 3 5

    1970 3 5

    1926 140

    58 58

    58 58

    58

    58

    58

    58

  • 171

    59

    1983 9

    1959

    1967 2

  • 1968 3

    1987 21 9804

    1976

    1977 1

    27

    1977 5 18

  • 173

    1966

    1968 1969

    1970

    1970 1 31

    19704

    1968 4 28

    10

    4823

    6

    934 6

    3138

    4823

    934 8

    1968 11

    1988333

    1970 2 11

  • 184 28.48

    1957

    1957

    18981997

    (517 )

    1957 5 25

    1957 5 13 16

    1957 5 19

  • 175

    6 21

    5 15

    20 1977

    5 19

    6

    189819971958 1 31

    1957 1958 589

    110 699

    1982

    716 890

    8983 1399

    7%

    1957 7 9 1957 7 9

  • 18981997

    1957 10 15

    1957 11 1

    1959 1

    1966 6 1

    1966 6 17

    6 25

    1905 1924 1927

  • 177

    17

    1957

    1957 7 4

    6 6

    1955

  • 1910 19331938

    1957

    2002

    1995

  • 179

    330

    1980

    2001

    18981997

    1957 7 27

    521

    1957 7 7

    1957 5 25

    1949

    1951

    1952 1954

  • 5 25

    1957

    1961 1957

    1962

    1968

    200

  • 181

    11

    41

  • 1955

    1957

    15

    15

    1935 1957

    15

    1957 5 23

    1958 7 21

    5 5

    15 15 15

  • 183

    1957

    21

    14

    50

    1949 15

    1955 6

  • 36

    5

    5

    5

  • 185

    1955

    1950 12 1952

    27 23 71

    18401987

    1989 737 1959

    100

    1993277

    1951 5 10 16

    15

    1 0.5

    40

    1 0.5

    26

    1 0.5

    75 328

    740

    670

    1957

    1998 256261

    5

  • 1957

    1906

    1966 3

    1966 3 18

    1966 12

  • 187

    1990

    1999

    55

    Q

  • Q

    16

  • 189

    1955 1957

    1966 1970

    1949 15

    1955

    1957

    50 100

    1957

    589

    1957

  • 191

    1967

    1 31

    29

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1966 8 20

  • 1966

  • 193

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 4 22

    1962 1963

    16

    1968 4 19

    22

  • 1966 8 27

    1966

    80

    1966

    9

    9

    1966

    1966 8

    6 7

    8 18

    8

  • 195

    1966

    1966 8

    1957

    50

    13

    13

    1966

    1970 12 18

    1930

    1970

  • 1960

    1962

    1968 5

    45

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 197

    1968

    1970

    1968 8 7

    1960

    30

  • ----

    ......

    .....

    ......

    ......

  • 199

    ....

    12

    ......

    ......

    .....

    1968

  • 35

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1950

    1967

    15 1974

  • 201

    -----------------------------------------------------

    13 1966 9 5 13

    13

    13 1949

    1966 9 5

    1966 9 5

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1924 8 29

    1968 5 12

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 10

    1969 1

    1966 8

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    36

    1968 7 27

    9003

    1968 7 27

    61

    1966 6

    7

    1967 1

  • 203

    1968 4 7 27

    414

    2001 12

    6

    10 9003

    7 28 3

    727

    7 26

    7 28

  • 205

  • 12

    1968 7 28

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8 31

  • 207

    1966 8 27 9 1 325

    1955

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 3 25

  • 1900 1955

    40

    1966 8 27

    1968 7

    1966 8

    1948 110

    1985 12 9

    299

    1948 11

    1968 7

  • 209

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    1966

    8

    ""

    1966 11 19

    70

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    1966 8 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8 11

    50

  • 1916

    1966

    1967 11 14

    1940 1957

    80 60

    1966 8

    1980

    50

    1966 9

    9 1

    8 25

    200

    13 17

    1966 69

  • 211

    1966 8

    1967 11 14

    14 18

    1990 1967 11

    69

    19931967 11

  • 738

    1978 1979

    1981

    1996

    1966

    7

    1966 8 29

    1966 8 31

  • 213

    8

    1966 8 29

    1966

    1966

  • 1967 3 18

  • 215

    1968 1973

    1966

    400

    1966 8

    12

    1978

    90

    1978

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    8 8 -----------------------------------------------------

  • 1968 4

    72

    1998

    234

    1997 244

    1968 7 10

    1966 8

    1966 8

    1968 1968

  • 217

    40

    1968 4

    1968 7 18

    40

    67 1958

    1960

  • 1966

    1968 4 25

    1966 6 10

    8

    1966 9

    16

    17

    1968 3 21 5

    1973

    1973

    1973

  • 219

    6

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1919

    1939 13

    1967 5 11

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1923

    13 1968 5 10

    1957

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1966 9 5

    50

  • 1923

    1968 4 1968 5

    1968

    19 1952 1955

    7 1949

    7

    50

    60

  • 221

    1968

    8

    9

    1923 45

    U

    30

    30

  • 90

    10 8 1968 7

    1967 1968

    1967

    1968 7

    1980

    15

    1990

  • 223

    1968

    1967 1

    1968 8

    12

    7 28

    24

    10 10 1968 7

  • 1966 10

    1966 8

  • 225

    1933

    1966 9

    1968

    1968

    8 11 35

    5

    1951

    1954

    1966 12

    64 68

    1966 5

    1949 16

  • 1958 1966

    1964

    28

    1949

    1940

    1979 1949

    1964

    1949

    1966 6

  • 227

    1968 8

    1966 8 5

    8 22

    1966 9 3

    1964

    8 9 3

    28

  • 9 3

    9 4

    1966

    7

    1967 3 18

    1966

  • 229

    11 3

    1967 1 13

  • 1966

    11

    1966

    1966

    1967 3 18

    1966

  • 231

    1966

    1968

    1969 7

    1967 5

    "

  • 1957 1952

    1966 10

    1966 1966 6

    7

    1966 1967

    1967 10 26

    (67)325

    1968

    1968 5 19

  • 233

    5 19

    519

    (68)74

    8341

    1958

  • 1968

    1966

    1949

    1966

    1966

  • 235

    48

    48

    19661968

    19

    1968 6

    8

    1957

    1968

  • 8 11

    8 12

    8 11

    8 11

    1966

    1969

  • 237

    1949

    1966

    1969

    1968

  • 1960 1971

    1973

    1978 1978 7

    1979

    1978

    1979

    1968 8

    11

    1978 6 15

  • 239

    3000 200

    3200

    1967

  • 1997

    1966 8 1968 8

  • 241

    59 42

    1966

    1966 8

    12

  • 1914

    1966 8

    1966 8 22

    52

    1966 8

    8 5

    8

    1966 8 18

    8 19

    1966 8

    8 19

  • 243

    8 19 8

    22

    1 8 21

    2

    43

    9

    3

  • 8

    4

    5

    1966 8

    8 5

    1966 8 20

    1966 8

    22

  • 245

    1978 6 3

    1966 8 22

    1966 8 18

    6

    8

  • 1966 8

  • 247

    1957

    1966 6 14 41

    1968 6 15

    14

    1966 10 26

    1957

    1960

    1966 10 26

    14

    1968

    6 10

  • 1950 1960

    1958

    18 1969

    1878

    1965

    1945

    1949 10

    1954 1965

    1957

    5

  • 249

    1966 8

    8

    8 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

    1966 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    12 3

    1950

    1968

    1968 12 3

  • 14

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    20 1966 8 28

    38

    1966 8

    8 28

    1966 8 28

    1966

  • 251

    5

    1966 8 18

    1966 8 20

    1966

    20

    1949

    1949

    1966 20

    1

    80

    1961

    8 28 38 20

  • 1966 8

    1966 9 24 66507

    6733

    1966 8

    8

  • 253

    1966 8 28 38

    8 24 38

    1966 8 31

    1966 8

    1966 10

    1966 8 9 20 1772

    50

    1966

    1772

    1980 70 1966

    1966

    1966

    17

  • 1966 8

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    20

    1966 8 28 38

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40 1950

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

  • 255

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 5 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1922

    1968 8 21

    1968 9 15

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1949

    1966 8

  • 8 29 8 29

    1966

    1971

    ,

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 6

  • 257

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1969

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1969

  • 1968 12 18

    70 68

    1951

    1998

  • 259

    1952

    1960

    1957

    1980

    A Single Tear

    1965 12 21

  • 1966 3 17 20

    1966 4 23

    1966 7 21

    7 21

    19981966 4 7

    6 1

    1966 8 24

    1952

  • 261

    1967 4 4

    5 16

    1968 11

    24 40

    125

    120

    200

    64

    120

    56

  • 1966 12 18

  • 263

    1968 9 14

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    1970 10

    14

  • 1905 1966 6

    6 25 61

    1966 5

    1966 5 10

    5 25

    6 4

    1966 6 1

    6 4

    6 6

    1966 11 1966 6

  • 265

    6 17

    70

    6 18

    6 22

    6 25

    7 11

    1966 6 8 6

    14

  • 1966 9

    1978 1 26

    12

    1959 1

    1957 5 25

    189819971998517

  • 267

    1970

    1957 716

    589

    22

    526

    1957

    11 1

    716 1959 1

    18981997

    17

    17

  • 1957 589

    526

    20

    1966 6 21

    1966 6 25

    1966 7 6

    1966 7

    1966 8 2

    1966 8 3

    1966 8 24

    1967 1 23

    1967 8 2

    1967 10

    1967 10 30

    1968 2 18

    1968 3 28

    1968 7 27

    1968 11 2

    1968 5 25

    19687 27

    1968 6 30

    1970 6 7

  • 269

    1966 6

    1966 8

    19661967

    1968

    20

    1970

    19661968

  • 1966 6

    1966 6 1

    ,

  • 271

    1966

    1966 6

    1966 7 3

    618

    18981997

    1998647

    618 1966 6 18

    1966 6 20

  • 1966 7

    618 7

    26

    7 27

    7 28

    8 1

    1966 8

    1966 8 3

    20 76

    1966

    1966

    1968

    1966

    1968

    1968 11

  • 273

    1968 6

    1930

    1966 8 24

    1966 5 16

    516

  • 516 1966 5 7

    1966

    1949

    1966

    1949

    1966

    1957

  • 275

    1949

    1966

    40

  • 1957

    1968 7

    8341

    1975 8 13

    10 26

    486 1998

    2001 1934 1951 1968 8341

  • 277

    409 1936 1952

    497

    1976

    19151966

    1933

    192119911991

    190519661924

    1927 9

    1929 1931

    1936

    1938

    192119911991

    1912 1926

    1929

    1931

    1936

  • 1937

    1952

    10

    381382 1989

    1910-1966

    1932

    1937

    1944 1945

    1914-1966

    1901 8 23

    1914 1919

    1927

    1928 11

    1929

    1930 4

  • 279

    7

    1937 8

    1941 4

    1945

    1946 4

    1966

    1968 3 28

    67 1978

    300

    1914 1933

    1934

    19211991

    1991

    19131988

    1933

    1921

    19911991

    1938 1940 1966

  • 1936

    1966

    1949

    1949

    1950

    1927

    1940

    1959

    1966

    24

  • 281

    KISS THE HAND YOU CANNOT

    BITE: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CEAUSESCUS, BY EDWARD BEHR, NEW

    YORK, VILLARD BOOKS, 1991

    17

    1969 10

    1969 10

    26

    55 18

    1970 5

    10

    1978

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 1950 1969

    1957

    A SINGLE

    TEAR

    1950

    1968 12

    1

    2

    34

  • 283

    1940 1949

    1949 1957

    1959

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    25

    1966 8 25

    1992

  • 33

    8 28

    8 31

    1966 9 1

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968 7 27 60

  • 285

    1968 33

    1968 5

    1968 7 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1922 2 11

    1938

    1969 11 47

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 5 15 5

    16

    1952 1953

    1968

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 ()

    24 1967

    -----------------------------------------------------

    67

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968

    1956

  • 287

  • 1968

    1968 8 29

    -----------------------------------------------------

    65 1966

    1968

    40

    65 1966 8

    149

    40 1968 9

  • 289

  • 1966 8 25

    30

    1966 8 25

    8 25

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957 1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1966 7 1968 7

    14 10

  • 291

  • 1966 8 29

  • 293

    1966 8 23 60

    131 147

    1966 8 23

    1978

    -----------------------------------------------------

    2 1966 8

    2 1966 8

    12

  • 1899

    1966 8 23 28

    8 24

    1966

    1966 8 23

    28 28

    800 1990

    29 1966 4

  • 295

    1980

    8

    1966 8 1

    8 5

    1966 8

    18

    8 18

    1966

    8 23

    8 23 29

    29

  • XXXXXX

    29

    29

    28

    29

    9

    11 1940

    110

  • 297

    8 23

    5 1994

    8

    25

    1978 6

    1994

    31

    1966 8

    28

    28

    1966 8 27

    1966 9 8 25

    28

  • ( 62

    1987

    8 18

    8 25 86 8

    26 125

    8

  • 299

    8 24

    1966 8

    1966 8 23

    8 23

    1966 7

    10

    16 156

    1991

    1966 8 23

  • 61 1987

    1966 7 8

    1981

    1951 10

    1 ( 247249 )

  • 301

    15

  • 1946

    1966

    15

    1951

    15

    15

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 303

    1912 1931

    1940 1953

    1957 1966 8

    20 8

    30 54

    1979 3 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970 5 2

    2003

    8

  • 20

    1990

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1966

  • 305

    93

    1966 8 28

    1966

    1966 8 28

    9

    1966 8 25

    1990

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1910

    1966 9 9

  • 307

    1890 1966 8

    1966 8 24 76

    1921 1927

    1949 1950

    1955 7

    76 1966 6

    1966 7 16

    12

    1966 8

    8

    40 76

    1966

    8 24

    1966 8

    8 17

    651

    1966 9 5

  • 1966

    1966 1950

    1956 1957

    1978

    1978 12 23

    76

    1980 11 16

    24

    1990 100

  • 309

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968

    1968 7

    6874

    1968 5 19

  • 1958

    30

    1968

  • 311

    189819971998 447

    448

    1958

    1968

    900

    2001

  • 1949 1966

    8

    1975

    7 26

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

  • 313

    1906 1968 11 2 3

    1935 1941

    1948

    1949

    1951

    1966

    1968

    1930

    1950

    1960

    1957

  • 1960

    1960

    1966 1968

    1968 1968 11 2 3

    1978

  • 315

    1990

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1914

    1966 8 26

    52

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    5 10 8

    1949

    10 8

  • 317

    40 16

    1966 8 27

  • 1966

    1968 9

    1966

    1966

    1957

  • 319

    1966 8 18

    1966 8 27

    37

    6

    1966

    8 1

    8 18

    15

  • 1997

    1966

    1949

    1966 8

    12

  • 321

    126

    126 200

    1950

    1966 11

    ()

  • 1966

    1966

    1968

    1966

  • 323

    --

    1966

    1990

    1966 1968

  • 325

    1895

    1968 7 25

    1917 1918

    1926 1928

    1938

    1948

    1949

    1949

    1955

    1969 6 15

    1966 8 4 100

    8 4

    1966

  • 1957

    1957

    1966

    1967

    1966 9 15

    915

    915

    1968

    26

    12

    10 96

    40

  • 327

    1966

    1968 6 30 7 1

    26

  • 30

    1957

    73

    1968 7 25

    25 26

  • 329

    1957 400

    100

    9 9

    176 3

    70

    30

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    1960

  • 1968

    1976 9 9

  • 331

    1966

    1966 8 3

    53

    1

    1949

    1966

    1966 5 16

    516

    516

    1962

  • 1966

    1986 8 3

    1966 4 14

    1966 5 5

  • 333

    2

    1966 6 1

  • 1966 6 20

    1966 7

    8 1

    1966 8

    1966 8 3

    8

    5

    53 56

  • 335

    15

    50

    17

    1966 8 5

    6

    1966 8

    1966 8

  • 1966 8

    1966 8 4

    1966 8 11 ,

    1966 8 19

    3

    1996

    1966 8

    16 1966 8 8

    528

  • 337

    1966 8 18

    8 3

    1966 8 26

    13

    1966 1772

    1966 8 3

    8 3

    8 3

  • 1999

    60

    33

  • 339

    60 1966

    8

    1990

    1966

    8 18

    1966 8 22

    8 27

    1966 8 18 8

  • 65

    1966

    1966

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 341

    1966 9 11 9 13

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1946 1966

    1968 1977

    12 14 1980

    1980

    1998

    1968 1969

    1972

    1974

    1975 5 15

    1977 12 14

    1977 2 22 1977

    50

    1981 1

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968 6 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1918

    1968

    4 22

    1969 2 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1971

    516

    -----------------------------------------------------

    154

    1966 8 8 27

    1964

  • 343

    20

    50

    1966 8

    22

    1966 9 16

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1912

    1968 11 29

    57

    1970 5

    7

    27 10 727

    7 27 1968

  • 345

    1907 1966 6

    15 6 15

    1966 5 16

    516

    1966 6 10

    8

    6 11

    6 15

    1927

    1952

    157

    8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1934

    1952 1968

  • 1968 12 8

    34

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1915

    1968 6 30

    1234

  • 347

    11 5

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967 12 132

    ()

  • 349

    1949 1958

    1967 12 17

    1967 12 17

    8110

    1968 4 24

    1985

    7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    35 1972

    196667

  • 1914

    121 1966 8

    25

    1966 8

    1966 9 10

    1966

    9 25

  • 351

    63

    1966 8

    1966 8 25

    32 1998

    1998

  • 9 10

    1966 9 12

    66 345

  • 353

    8 24

    52

    1981 3 26 81 222

    121 50

    1949 1966

    8 25

  • 8 25

    54

    ,8 26

  • 355

    8 26

    26

    "

    "

    8 27

    37

    8 28

    93

    8 29

    1966 8

    26 28

    8 26

  • 1995 152

    155

    13

    1966 8 27 9 1 325

    22 81

    1988 2

    325

    "" 1966

    1966 8

  • 357

    1966

    8 26

    8 25 8 26 8 26

    8 27 9 1

    8 31

    8 24 8 25

    8

    1966 8

    "" ""

    7

    8 5

    8 17 101

    1966 8 18

  • "" 8 18

    8 18 8 19

    8 19

    8 20

    8 22

    8 18

    1966 8 23

    29 (

    )

    8 24

    1966 8 24

    2

  • 359

    6

    70 50

    1966 9

    1966 8 25

    8

    28

    8 31

    90

    1966 8 18

  • 1966 9 5 10

    8

    1966 10

    8 9 40 1

    772 1772

    1772

    1966

    1980 1930

  • 361

    1966 8 23

    1966

    1966

    1966 8 29

    1966

    8

  • 1966 10 1

    1968 3

    89 1968 3 27

  • 363

    1966 1968

    34

    1966

    1966

    2000 8 16

    1999

  • 36 1968 7 27

    9003

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    40

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1916 10 21

    1957

    1970 7 12

    1941 19451947

    1947

    1950 1956 8

    1957 9

  • 365

    1916

    1954 1970.7.11

    1940 5

    1941

    1949

    1952

    1978.4.9

    -----------------------------------------------------

    20

    1966 8 28 38

  • 37

    B 14 1970 3

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 7 8

    36

    2001

    1949

    1966 6

    1949 18 1949

    36

    1968

  • 367

    1928

    1968 4 20

    4 6 9

    1959

    1950

    -----------------------------------------------------

    50

    400 1968 108

    -----------------------------------------------------

    58

    1969 4 23

  • 1966 8

    1968 3

    22

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    11

    60

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

  • 369

    1912

    1966 8 25

    1966 8

    1966 8 25

    9 12

    9 13 10

    1

    1966 8 25

  • 1938 1942 1950

    1958

    26 49 59

    15 14

    1966 8

  • 371

    , 1968

    1968

    38

    1968

    7

    1978 7 1968

    1966 8 5 8 5

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 1966 9 1

    8 31

    20

    20

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

    1968 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 7 19

    1968 6 24

  • 373

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1950

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 5

    63 9 66 6

    ,

  • 1977

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1952

    1958

    1968 9 27

    39 1979 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    -----------------------------------------------------

    45

    1966 8

    1928

    1966 8

  • 375

    1.65 45

  • 1932 1954

    1957 1960

    20 1968 4 29

    1980

    714 589

    189819971998

    8983

    1957 5 19

    5 15

  • 377

    1957 7 9

    1957

    8

    1962 20 1960

    1963

  • 20

    1957 1966

    1968 4 4 29

  • 379

    1968 4

    1968 6 12

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1957

    1966

  • 1966 10 8

    1966

    1966 6

    1966 8 8

    1966

    10

  • 381

    "When an earthly refuge fails me, can I find a

    shelter in the love of the Christ?"

  • 1966 8

    1966

    200

    16

  • 383

    1926 1968

    1968 5 31

    42

    15

    1968

    15

    1968 5 31

  • 400

    5

    1977

    1978

    20

    50

    1995 5 31

  • 385

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1924

    1949

    1969 2 4 45

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1919 9

  • 1968

    1969 5 6

    1949

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1924 1966

    8 6

    8 5

  • 387

    63

    82

  • 1896 1928

    1966 8

    1957

    1966 8

    1966

    1996

    1966 8 8 18

  • 389

    8

    1966 8

  • 8

    18 100

    8 5

    10 8 18

  • 391

    13

    1966 8 25

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967 3 16

  • 1967 6 7 7

    1968 5 8

    1968 5 18

    235236 1997

  • 393

    1898 1966

    1966 8

    1967

    1968 10

    1980 2

    1969 11 13

    1

    1966 8

  • 2

    11 1980

  • 395

    1980

    1980 12 5-8

    1986

    1986 178

    1989

    1996

    286

    1967 9

    860

  • 1969 10

    181182

    1978

    3

    1966 8

    1967 1

    4 30

    7

    9

    12

    1968 10

  • 397

    1969 10

    11 13

    7 1976 9

    1980

    1988

    1967

    1967 7 18

    1988285

    1988

    1967 7

    1967 7 18

    The Private Life

  • of Chairman Mao, 489-491

    1999

  • 399

    1937 1938 2

    1938 14

    1967

    1966 10 1967 7

    1966 5 4 5 28

  • 516

    1998

    5 11

    1998

    2001 3738

    1967 4 1

    1945

    1960

    5

    1971 9

  • 401

    1976

    516

    1968 7 28

  • 1972

    1993180

    1974 7 31

    1966 7

    8 17

    651

    1998

  • 403

    1970

    1966 1971

    1966 8

  • 1957

    516

    516

    17

    6

    1966 6 20

  • 405

    17

    1966 6 7

    6

    1966 6 18

    618

    618

    35

  • 618 1966 8

    5 66392

    618

    8 5

    8

    516

    618

    1967 8 5

    1967 7 8

  • 407

    1970 516

    1967

    516

    1971 2 25

    1970

    20

    20

  • 409

    1968

    1969 3 16 40

    1969 3 16

  • 1966 8 26

    26

    1

    1966 8 1

    1966 8 18 100

    1966 8 26

    7

    12

  • 411

    1957

    1962 8

    26

  • 1966

    1949

    6

  • 413

    1966 7

    8

    18 19

    1966

    8 26

    8 27

    2

  • 26

  • 415

    2

    8 26

    18

    1966

  • 33

    1966 30

    8

    8 24

    12

    12

    1990

    12

    8 24

  • 417

    8 24

    1966 8

  • 100

    1966

    1949

    1966 7

    1966 8 8

    1966 8 20

    1949

    8 20

    19

    1966 8 26

    1

  • 419

    1 1966 6

    1

    3

    1966 3

    15

    1966

  • 8

    1966 8 9

    1966 11

    8 13

    8

  • 421

    1966 8

    1966

    3

    1966

    6 2

    1966 6 1

    1967

    1966 5 29

    29

  • 1978

    1966 5 16 516

    1967 1966

    1966 5 7

    1966

    5

    7 1966 5 25

    5 29 31

    6 1

  • 423

    1966 6

    1966 6 9

    6 10

    7

    516

    1966 1957

    1957

    1966 6 18

  • 1966

    1966 7

    1966 8

    1966

    7 31 8 5

    1966 8 18

    7

    50

  • 425

    8 21

    8 18 8

    19 468

    8 19

    8 20

    8 20

    8 22

    8 25

    8 26

    8 27

    8 18

    8 18

    1966 8 25

    15 121

  • 8 26

    1966 8 26

    8 27

    8 31

    100

    9 1 9 1

    1966 9 5 10

    8

    1966 8 9 5

    1762

  • 427

    1966 8

    1966

    12

    1966 8 24

    18 15

    1966

    1966 8

    8 18

    8 18

    8 18

    8 18

    8 18

    1966

  • 1966

    4

  • 429

    1966 5

    7 516

    1966

    17 25

  • 30

    1966 8 26

    128

    128

    60 500 128

    128

  • 431

    1

    1966 6

    1966 9 28

  • 33

    40 30

    1966 8 26

    1945

    1966

    1000 200

    200

    200

  • 433

    1966

    (

    198619881995 )19941998

    1966

    1966 8 8

    1990

    1966 8 26

  • 1966 1990

    1966

    1966

    1990

    1990

    1966 6 24

    5

    1966 8 27

    37

  • 435

    1966

    516

    1967

  • 1968

    1968 8 9

    1966 8 26

    1966 1967 1968

    1969

    1973

    1978

    1960 6

    12

    1966 6

    1980

    1964

  • 437

    1992

    1966

    214

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 4 22

    16

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1913 121

    1966 8 25

    1966 9 12

    66 345 1966 9 13

    1981 3 26 81 222

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1966

  • 439

    1968 5 2

    16

    -----------------------------------------------------

    19

    1967 8 1

    1957

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1896 1957

    1966 9

    1970 4 15 74

    ,1917

    1928

    1932 1933

    1949

    234 23

    1957

    1966

  • 1966 9

    3 8

    1970

    300

    1978

    1957

    5 19 1957 5 22

    5 19

  • 441

    2000

    1957

    5 25

    1968

    1957

    1978

  • 1979 1981 3

    1995

    1930 1940

    1949

    1990

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967

  • 443

    1904 1938

    1957

    1967

    10 1968

    1970 15 1974

    1 70

    1998

    1999

    1999 200

    67 15

    15

    25 25

  • 30

    10

    -

  • 445

    1999

    1904 1938

    1949

    1957

  • 1979 8

    1957 1979 22

    1966 12 26

    1950

    1949

    7

    1951

  • 447

    1966

    1966 8

    1966

    1967

    10

  • 18 10

    1968

    1970 9 27 15

    1970

    1970

    2 11

  • 449

    184 284,800

    1966

    1967 1

    16

    1987

    1989 1971 7

    11

  • 20

    1970 9 27

    66

    1

    2

  • 451

    1 5

    1 5

    1960

    18 10

    1990

  • 453

  • 455

  • 1999 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    50 1966

    70

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 12

    2

  • 457

    1919 1943

    1950 1954

    1965

    1966 5

    5 28 1968 4

    27

    1965 1

    1966

    1956

  • 1968

  • 459

    1966

    1984 11510

  • 1967 1 13

  • 461

    1979

    1967

    1975 4

    1967

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1925

    1957

    1966 8 27

  • 1957

    1966 8

    7 1966 9 1

    1957

    7

    1990

  • 463

    1917

    1970 7 4

    1982

    1949

    1942 1993

    1942 1946

    1949

    1996175

    1996

  • 1970

    2848

    1988337

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 6 24

    1968 7 19

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

  • 465

    -----------------------------------------------------

    41

    1969 2 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1966

    1964 1964

    -----------------------------------------------------

    20 12

    1970 3

    22

    1995

    13 19661967

    1969 11 3

    26 21

  • 1970 3

    13 3

    15

    8 3 6

    22

    1978 8 8 1978 8 7

    8 5

    1978 9 29

    1970

  • 467

    1916

    1966 12 13

    -----------------------------------------------------

    43

    1967 2 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    28

    1968 4 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1950

    1968 6 6

    16

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    7 1966 9 1

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    54

    1968

    1968 9 7

    1949

  • 469

    1970

    1975

  • 1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    7 10

    11 1968 7 11

    63

    1966

    1967 1

    65

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1910

    1968

    5 24 58

    1950

    1966 1968

    1976

  • 471

    10

    1966

    1978

    -----------------------------------------------------

    161

    1966

    1966

    8 9

    1950

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968 6

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1968 3 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    50

    1966

  • 473

    -----------------------------------------------------

    60

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 9 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    1968

    5

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970 516

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

  • 1966 8 27

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 1968

    1968 5

    1966

    1968

    1968

    1947

    1968 4

  • 475

  • 1968

  • 477

    179 1966

    8

    15

    1966

    18

    1966 8

    1966

    1966 8

    1966

    8 5

    1966 8 13

    47 1966 8

    1998

    15

  • 8 18

    1966 8 23

    15

    1966 8 ,

    26

    1966 8 179

  • 479

    1966 8 15 1981

    1996 1998

    -----------------------------------------------------

    60 1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1940 179

    1966 8

    26

  • 1899 1913

    1922 1957

    1966

    1967 6 10

    S

    1 SSURRENDERSUBMITSURVIVE, SUCCUMB

    1967

    1966

    1957

    S S

    S SURRENDERSUBMITSURVIVE

    S S

    S S SUCCUMB

    SUCCUMB

    1967 6 10

    S

  • 481

    S

    23 14 1990

    18991967

    1899 8 13 19131922

    19221926

    1926

    1934

    1952 1967

    1967 6 10

    1957

    1952

  • S

    1950

    2

    1949

    S

    1951

  • 483

    1951 9 29

    1951 10 23

    1952

    1949

  • 1952 5

    6070

    1225

    13

    2

    1950

    1 0.5

  • 485

    2001

    2001 4

    18981997

    1998

    1933

    18981997 447448

    1952 3 7

    5

    3 29

    4 9

    4 10

    14

    1920 7 4

  • 20

    1898

    1997 449

    1952 4 21

    1898

    1997 449

    4 22

    14

    18981997 449

    1952 5 6

    5 14

    18981997 450

    1952

    5 6 1952

  • 487

    18981997 1952 3 5 7

    5 24

    20 18981997

    451

    1952 5 31

    6

    2

    2865 6 3

    18981997 451

    1952 3 21

  • 1952 6 8 3387

    758

    1239 940

    91 3028 894

    2448 775 580

    3

    6 11 41

    25 9 7

    18981997 451452

    XXX

  • 489

    1907

    1952

    1966 6 15

    1966 6 10

    1950

    1930 1949

    1950

    ,

    1917 1952 35

    3028

    1957

    1962 5

    5

  • 1967 11 19

    46

    1950

    1949

    975

    1721952

    1952

  • 491

    1

    23

    1951 9

    1951 71 127

    23

    1999

    1955

    1955

    1930

  • 1955 11

    18981997

    497

    1952

    1950

    1956

    5

    S

    S S

  • 493

    3

    1957

    1957

    55 1957

    100

    5 15

    7 9

    424441

    714 571

  • 1957 8 19

    6 9

    1957

  • 495

    1952

    1957

    1958

    30

    1/5

    2000 3000 2000 20

    1958 6 16

    39

    1958 9 18 13

  • 188219821906

    1914

    1940

    1950

    19491982

    1983 481951 9

    1952

    1955 7

    1950

    1958

    36

    1960 3 31

    3 28

    2001 8 1 D15

  • 497

    1955

    1922

  • THE DESCENT OF MAN

    1958

    1958

    1960

    1950

    1961 10

    2000

    10 2000 200

    20 342

    1995

    1959 12

  • 499

    4

    1966 1970

    1930

    599 1989

    1989

    1966 4 28

    1966 5 5 4 14

  • 1966 6

    1966 8

    67 1966

    1966 15

  • 501

    15

    ,

    1940 1967

    1973

    1995

    30 1966 6 18

    90

    60

    30

    1966 1967

  • 1966 8 3

    1921 45 1957

    22

    1966 9 3

    1911 12

    1957 1966

    8

    8 24

    6

    10

    S

    1966

    1969

  • 503

    1966

    7

    1967 6

    1966 9 2

    1951

    S

    S S

    5

    1968

    1966

    1968

    1955

    73

  • 1990

    1968

    96

    1968 7 25

    1968 5

    1968 6 18

    6 18

    1952

    1957

  • 505

    1952

    14 1966

    1968

    190119811922

    20

    19

  • 507

    1968 11

    125 120

    1966 12 18

    64

    1969 3 12

  • 57

    57 7

    1990

    10

    516

  • 509

    1973

    1976

  • 1980

    1949

  • 511

    Out of Red China, by Liu Shaw-tong. New York,

    Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1953) 1950

    1952 4 17

    1962

    1949

  • 513

    30 1968 7 27

    12

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 6

  • 1901 1966

    1968 3 27

    3 28 67

    1966 8 24

    1966 1968 3 28

    1968 3 27

    28

    67

    1966 516

    1966 6

    2

    1966 8

  • 515

    1966 1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    1966 8

    50

    1966

  • 1966

    131 1966 84

    1966 8 24

    9 17

    19

    1966 8

    1966 8 19

    131 147

    8 23

    5

    8 24

    84

  • 517

    36

    8 18

    1966

  • 1966 9 17

    12 16

    8

    9 17

    19

    1974 1976

    1978

    1982

    1995

  • 519

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967

    -----------------------------------------------------

    25 82

    1968 7 18

    -----------------------------------------------------

    50 56

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 1909

    1950 2

    1968 4

    3

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40

    -----------------------------------------------------

    20

    516

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

    1966

    6

    50

    1

  • 521

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 10 1

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1891

    1968 10 16

    51 77

    23

    -----------------------------------------------------

    21

    1968 8 10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957 1959

  • 1968 6 20

    5 12

    1968 4 16 5 16

    1980

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

  • 523

    99

    1919

    1966 6 1

    6 1

    8

  • 1966 8 20

    159

    8 18 19

    20

    1966 8

    4

    14

    1966 7

    1966 8 18

    8 19

  • 525

    1966 8 20

  • 1966 8

    28

    28

    115

    1966

  • 527

    1966 8 5

    8 17 101

    8 19

    8 19

    8 20

    8 22

    8 25

    8 26

    26

    8 27

    9 6 52

    36

    9 8 25

    10 1

    10 3

    8 18

    8

    18

    1966

    25 138

    1966

  • 65

    1966 8

    8 18

    15 1966 8 5

    8 8

    8 18

    7 8 18

    8 18

    51

  • 529

    5

    1931

    1937 1

    1966 9 13

  • 1966 8

    8 30

    1984 450

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    13

    8

  • 531

    28

    1966

    1966 1968

    1966

    1966

    1957

    1957

  • 1979

  • 533

    1966 1968

    40

    1968 11 23 48

    -----------------------------------------------------

    45

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 6 13

    1967 1 23

  • 1914 1966

    1966 9

    1966 9 8

    52

    1949

    1950

    5

    17

    1966 8 9

    19951966 8 8

    1966 8 20 21

    69

    69

  • 535

    50

    1966 8 9

    6

    6 18

    1966 9 8

    10

  • 17

    1949

    1949

    1966

    13

  • 537

    5 28

    1966 9 1

    1966

    1967 11

  • 1921

    1969 1 19 1

    21 48

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1966 10 9

    52

    1966 8

    1966

    1968

  • 539

    1966

    1966 8

    1966 9

    10

    1969

    1972

    1972

  • 1966 8

    50

    1966

    8 18

    50

    1966

  • 541

    8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 60

    1968 1968

    4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    .1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    (

    )

    40

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1970 3 30

  • 1904 1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1937 230

    1968 12 31 31

    -----------------------------------------------------

    40 1966 1967

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 19681968

    1968 5

    1940

    1949

    1966 1968

    1968

    1999

  • 543

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    1966 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1971 516

    400

    4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    54 19

    1966 12 7 1971 5 24

    1917 1938 1950

    1958

    1960 1962

    1966 12 2

    1966 12 7 1969 10

    1971 5 24

    2000 7

    19681968

    19701975

    1938

    1917 1939

    1966 12 30 1968

    1969 5 27

    86

  • 545

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967 6

    15

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1935

    1968 5 1971 3

    17 8

    1972 3 28

    1972 9 30

    1973 6 22 1980

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    36

    7 1966 7

    2 3 3

    1949 1949

    157

    1966 8

  • 547

    157

    1966 8 18

    1966 8

    1966 8

    1966 13

    1966 8 18

  • 27

    1966 8

    1966

    1966

  • 549

    1966

    36

    1966

  • 150

    1968

    100

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1964

    1970 5

    1969

    99

  • 551

    1970

    516

    1971

  • 30 1957

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

    1967

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967

    1967 8

  • 553

    1968 4

    8

  • 1966

    30

    1966

    1966

  • 555

    1934

    1957 1966

    1968

    7 12 34

    1

    1996 1950

    1980

    1949

    1957

    1966

  • 1982

    11 1993

    1966 8 20

    1966

    1968

    1968

    2000

  • 557

    1957

    1970 1980

    12

    2 1957

  • 1934 5 24

    1949

    18

    1952

    1956 1957

  • 559

    1957 55

    55 55

    1959 1

    1961 1958

    1957

    31

    3 1966

    1966 8

  • 1966 8 12

    25

    1966 1966 8

    1966 9 24 1966507

    52

    8 20 8 18

  • 561

    1966

    1995

    1960

    1998

    1966

    1966

    4 1968

    1968

    1968

  • 1968 7 12

    9

  • 563

    7

    1957 1968

    1968

    14

    27

    1966

  • 1968

    5

    1968

  • 565

    1978

    1957

    100

    80

    1966

    8

    1957

    1957

  • 1966

    1968

  • 567

    2000

    1966 10

    10

  • 1966

    1966

    1966

    ,

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 569

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1968 8

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1966 7 1968 7

    14 10

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    7 21

    -----------------------------------------------------

    18

    1967

    3 7

    1968 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967

    10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    2 1966 8 29

    58

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1967 30

  • 571

    1967

    30

    1957

    -----------------------------------------------------

    2 1966 8 24

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1966 7 1968 7

    14 10

  • 1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30 1966 8 31

    325

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 573

    1970 4 25 1979 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 10

    1950

    1968

    10

  • 1950

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1911

    1968 2 18

    57

    1938 1950

    1959

    1962

    1966 6

    8 27

    1966 8

  • 575

    15

    1966

    1957

    1967 10 16

    17 1957

    (

    )

    1968 2

  • 1968 2 18

    9

    16

    1959

    -----------------------------------------------------

    51 1968

    1969 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 577

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1921

    1968

    1968 11 2

  • 1966 8

    47

    12 8

    2001 84

    1942 1951

  • 579

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1928

    1968 5 19

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1932

    1968

    12 10 70

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1939

    1970 2 12 3 15

    1971 11 9

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967 8 2

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    106

    1966 8 19

    106

    1966 8

    8 18

    8

    19

    1966 8

  • 581

    1967 1

    1990

    1960 1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    1967

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1966

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1949

    1952 1957

    1961 1965

    1968 4 8 54

    1974 12 3 1990

  • 583

    1923

    1968 8 21

    1940

    1956

    1968 8 21 ,

    ,

    1993 5

  • 1965 1966 8

    60

    -----------------------------------------------------

    31

    1969 5 4

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1908

    1968 8 3

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30 1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1970 516

    -----------------------------------------------------

  • 585

    50

    6465 100 1967 1968

    65 1965

    ----------------------------------------------------

    1966 9 27

    9 28 19

    1966

    1956

    1966 7 8

  • 1966

    1966 8

    8

    1966 8 18

    8

    25

    8 31

    8 9

  • 587

    9 7

    9 26

    9 27

    9 27

    1964 1964

    1966

    1964

  • 28

    10 2

    9 28

    1966 11 19 82

    11 12 1978

    400

    1998

    1966 9 6

  • 589

    1966

    1996

    1966

    1951

    1966

    1996

    19

    -----------------------------------------------------

    50

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    350 1928

    1968 12

    5

  • -----------------------------------------------------

    1968 7

    3

  • 591

    1966

    1975

    10

    1996 152

    20

    1949

    1966 6 18

    1977

    1966 7

  • 8 4

    8 5

    1 5 1 2 3 1 | 1 5 1 2 | 3 2 |

    0 0 0 | 0 0 0|

    6 5 3 3 | 2 1 3 3 2 3 | 5 5 |

    6 5 3 3 | 2 2 |

    3 3 2 3 | 5 5 | 6 5 3 3 | 2 1 |

    , ,

    3 3 3 2 3 | 5 5 | 6 5 3 3 | 2 1 |

    , ,

    5 5 6 6 | 0 7 7 | - - ||

  • 593

    1966 8 19

    1966

  • 1966 8 9

    300 60

    5

    8

    25 1966

    8 31

    9 1 9 4

    1966 8

    1966 8 29

    8

  • 595

    13

    1997

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1955

    1957

    1949

  • 1968

    1968 7

    50

    1949

    1968 7

    -----------------------------------------------------

    41

    1968 11 6

    42

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 8

    23

    1970 3 5

  • 597

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966 9 29

    9 28

    1966

    1966

  • 1966 8 25

    37 9 2 36

    37

    1966

    1966 8

    37

    13 8

    1966

    900

    37 1966 2

    1966 8 25 37

    37

    8 28 20

  • 599

    8 29

    8 30

    8 31

    9 2

    37

    36 8 31

    9 2

    37

  • 37

    8 31

    1965

    37

    9

    1990

    1966 1990

    1966 8 18

  • 601

    1999

  • 1933 1960

    1968

    7 31

    13

    35

    1966 1967

    1950

    30

  • 603

    1998

    100 100

    1955

    1960

    1980

    1990

    1968

  • 1968

    13 35

    35 35

    35

    -----------------------------------------------------

    4 4

    1967

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1913

    1966 8

    20

  • 605

    1916

    1966 6 10

    50

    1934

    1950

    1966 6

    1968

  • 1968

    1990

    1957

    1966 9 17

    10

    11 10

  • 607

    1966 7 26

    1977

    1966 6 20

    1954

    1980

    1990

  • 1969

    11

  • 609

    1926 10 20

    1966 8 19

    8 20

    40

    1978

    1972

    1972

    1972

  • 1972

    1966 1971

    1972

    1978

    1972

    1978

    1966 8 19 ,

    1966 8 18

    100

    8 5 8 18

  • 611

    8 18

    1966 6

    7

    8 18

    8 18

    11 9 8

    1966

  • 1978

    1966 1978

    1966

    8 20

    1979

    1978

    1978 8 15

    2190

    240 1800

    11

    15 1966 9

    1800

    1949

    1966

  • 613

    1966

    2002

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1967

    1967

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

  • 1963

    1976

    1977

    4

    31

    1980

    2001

    1

    1973 1976 1978

    1990

    56

    6

    55

    1977 8 11

  • 615

  • 25 19661968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1926

    1968 9 24

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    -----------------------------------------------------

    36 1968 7 27

    10

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1957

    1960

    1970

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

  • 617

    1968

    12

    1969

    1955 1957

    18

    1966

    1949 1950

    1966 6

  • 1950

    1957

    1968

    1968

    1966

    1960

    1957

  • 619

    1968 9 8

    8

    1968 9

    30

    20

    58

  • 1969

    1968 1969

    ,

    12

    99

    7

    1

  • 621

    1974

    1976 1979 1

    11

    1957 11

    1969

  • 7

    1969 3

    1969 4 27

    60

    -----------------------------------------------------

    5

    1966

    1963 1964

  • 623

  • 1913

    1942

    1955

    1974 3 3

    -----------------------------------------------------

    21 1943

    1966 6

    32 162 1966 7 9

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1855

    1952

    1968

    1966 100

  • 625

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1932

    1970 7 5

    ----------------------------------------------------

    1966

    1968 10

    1966 31

    1966 33

    1966 8 18

    8 18 9 1

    8 18

  • 1957

    1966 9 3

    1958

    1966

    8 5

    1966

  • 627

    1968

    1949 1968

    ----------------------------------------------------

    1903

    1957 1966 11 26

    1971 8 5

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1949

    1966 8

    1997 338 1966 8

    1966 8

  • 1966 8 19 1966 8

  • 629

    20

    1966 8 16

    80

    80

    20

    8

    1966 8

  • 1913 53

    26

    2003

    53

    1966 8

    1966

  • 631

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1936

    1968 12 18

    -----------------------------------------------------

    1968

    -----------------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------------

    30

  • 1913

    1939 1968 7

    1969 4 28

    56

    1939

    1941

    1949 8

    1949

  • 633

    1952

    1966

    1967

    1967

    1968 7

    200

  • 1968

    1968 7 1969

    1969 4 29

  • 635

    86

    1919 9

    1949

    1969 5 6

    1940

    1969

  • 2002

    34

    1968

    34

    1974

  • 637

    1941 SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN

    SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN 1916

    RUTGERS

    WAKSMAN

    WAKSMAN

    1952

    WAKSMAN

    1960

    WOKSMAN

    WAKSMAN

    1967 1 13

    [67]19

    WAKSMAN

    WAKSMAN

  • 1949

  • 639

    1985

    WAKSMAN

    1968 80

    --------------------