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T HN HN XT T GC CI NGUN

L KNH HIN () 1

Ting Hn l mt trong nhng ngn ng c nhiu t vay mn t ngn ng cacc quc gia khc, v iu ng ch l s lng t ngoi lai cn vt tri hn nhiuso vi t bn ng. Trong s cc loi t ngoi lai th t ng gc Hn chim t l lnhn c trong ngn ng thuc loi hnh chp dnh ny, thm ch cn p o t bnng(t thun Hn) v s lng. Theo thng k th t Hn Hn chim t l dao ngtrong khong t 50% n 70% vn t vng ting Hn 2. iu ny cho thy tm quantrng ln lao ca lp t vay mn ny. Lch s vay mn ca lp t ny cng thucdin lu i bc nht, tnh n nay hn hai nghn nm. T ng gc Hn xm nhp

vo bn o Hn kh sm nhng vic xc nh thi gian du nhp ban u l mt vickhng h n gin cht no. Tuy nhin, nu cn c theo c liu lch s th c th xcnh c ci mc du nhp chnh thc tng i chnh xc l vo nm 108 trc CN,thi im nh Hn thit lp 4 qun trn bn o Hn v c gi l (Hn tqun)3.

Xt v gc ci ngun th t mn Hn trong ting Hn c th chia lm baloi ln l t Hn Hn c du nhp t Trung Quc, t Hn Hn c du nhp t

Nht Bn v t Hn Hn t to ti Hn Quc. Nu xt v nin i th cc loi t HnHn c ngun gc t Trung Quc c lch s lu i nht v c nhp vo bn oHn t thi k u cho n tn thi cn i, t Hn Hn gc Nht Bn c du nhpch yu trong sut thi k Nht Bn h bn o Hn t nm 1910 n 1945. Bncnh , t Hn Hn t to ti Hn Quc c xem l sn phm mang tnh sng tokh c o ca dn tc Hn thng qua qu trnh s dng v lnh hi ch Hn cngnh t ng Hn.

Sau y s ln lt xem xt cc loi t Hn Hn va nu cng nh cc tiu loica chng.

1. T Hn Hn c ngun gc Trung QucLoi ny c s lng ln nht, chim hn na s lng t vng ting Hn 4. S

lng t khng l ny trng tn v gn lin vi i sng vn ha tinh thn ca

1 Thc S, Ging vin Hn ng hc, H KHXH & NV, HQG TPHCM2 T l cc loi t vng ca ting Hn trong T in ln(Hc hi Hangeul, 1957) v i

t in quc ng(Lee Hee Seung, 1961) nh sau:T bn ng T Hn Hn T ngoi lai khc

T in ln 45,46% 52,11% 2,43%i t in quc ng 24,40% 69,32% 6,28%

3 Trong khi Nam Vit, Hn v cng thit lp 9 qun trc thuc chnh ph

trung ng vo nm 112 TCN.4 Sim Jae Gi(1981, tr. 363)

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dn tc Hn sut hn hai nghn nm qua. Nhm t mn Hn ny c th chia ra lmba tiu loi l t Hn Hn gc vn ngn, t Hn Hn gc Pht gio v t Hn Hn gcBch thoi.

1.1. T Hn Hn gc c vny l loi t gc Hn c ngun gc t cc th tch c ca Trung Quc nh cc

loi kinh th, sch s, vn tp Vo thi Silla(, Tn La, 57TCN - 935), sau khiQuc hc c thit lp vo nm 682, Lun ng v Hiu kinh c dng dy v hc thi tam khoa(ta nh ch khoa c Vit Nam). Ngoi ra cn c Lk, T truyn, Thng th, Chu dch, Vn tuyn chnh v vy m cc tmn Hn xut hin trong cc th tch ny c xem nh l nhng t ng Hn c mttrong x hi Hn Quc sm nht.

Sau y l mt s v d v nhng t c ngun gc t T truyn, Vn

tuyn, Hiu kinh vn cn c s dng ph bin cho n tn ngy nay. C th kra mt s t tiu biu nh trong T truyn c (, quc gia), (, ngminh), (, th lnh), (, y phc),(, thng minh); trong Vntuyn c (, bn cng), (, sinh mnh), (, thc vt), (, a th),( thin bin vn ha), ; trong Hiu kinh c (,cung knh), (, bt knh), (, phi php), (, x tc), (,tu thn),(, thin a),

C th d dng nhn thy nhng t ng ny phn nh kh r nt h t tng

Nho gio, t t tng l nhc, s phc tng v trung thnh i vi vua cha, tm lnghiu tho i vi cha m, n s thnh chnh tm v mt tinh thn, tu thn Nhngt ng ny trng tn cng vi ngi Hn sut hn hai thin nin k, chim mt vth ng k trong ngn ng Hn nh mt th kim ch nam xuyn sut trong t tng,nh ngi bn ng hnh trong mi hnh ng ca dn tc Hn.

1.2. T Hn Hn gc Pht gioLoi t ny cng c du nhp vo bn o Hn thng qua cc th tch, sch v

ca Trung Quc nhng cn lu rng chng l nhng t c ngun gc t ngn ngPhn bn n ch khng phi l nhng t ng Hn thng thng c to ra Trung Quc. Loi ny c th chia thnh hai loi nh l t dch m v t dch ngha tting Phn. Nhng t dch m gc Pht gio c tip nhn vo bn o Hn thngqua b lc ca h thng ng m ting Trung Quc nn lc u thng b ng nhn lt gc Hn thay v l t gc ngn ng Phn, dn d cc nh nghin cu mi nhn ranhng t ng ngha gc ting Phn do s tn ti song song ca nhng t dch nghakiu Trung Quc. Tt nhin khng th b qua kh nng lc ny mt t th hin mt

khi nim c du nhp ng thi vo bn o Hn di dng t dch m v t dch

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ngha. R rng phi nhn thc cho ng n rng y khng phi l nhng t Hn Hngc Trung Quc n thun.

Nhng t dch m thng dng c th k n nh (, c sa, c gc l tkasaya), (, b , c gc l t bodhi), (, Pht , c gc l t

Buddha), (, x li, c gc l t sari), Nhng t dch m ny ngy nayhon ton c th c thay th bng cch dng ch Hangeul ghi li trc tip m tingPhn nh trng hp cc t ngoi lai gc phng Ty trong ting Hn.

i vi t dch ngha, tiu biu c(, th gii, c gc l t cokdhatu),(, thc, c gc l t manovi jnana), (, nhn gian, c gc l tmasusyd), (, chng sinh, c gc l t jagat), (, cung dng(cngdng), c gc l tpujana)

1.3. T Hn Hn gc Bch thoiLoi t vay mn ny c du nhp vo bn o Hn t Trung Quc thng qua

con ng khu ng trong qu trnh giao dch gia cc doanh nhn hay quan dn haipha ch khng phi thng qua th tch, chnh v vy chng ch yu l nhng t chtn gi s vt, vt phm. Nhng t thuc loi ny xt v nin i c th ni tri quamt qu trnh lu di t thi c i cho n tn thi cn i. Tuy nhin tht kh xemxt kh nng chng c nhp vo trc c th tch c cho nn y ch cp nhai loi t l t mn Hn c hnh thnh qua qu trnh vn vt phng Ty kinh

qua Trung Quc v loi t mn Hn c gc Bch thoi tiu biu cho khu ng.Cc tri trc v vn vt phng Ty ban u c du nhp vo bn o Hn lthng qua nc Minh bn Trung Quc. Sch s ghi chp li vic cc s thn TriuTin i s sang Minh mang v bn chu u do ngi Trung Quc v. Vo thiInjo(, Nhn T), Jeong Duwon(, Trnh u Nguyn) i s sang nc Minh mang v nhng th nh ha pho, knh thin l, ng h bo thc Ngy nay as nhng t ch vt ny li bc khng cn sc sng na, thay vo l nhngt Hn Hn ch t tng v vn vt phng Ty ch yu c ngun gc Nht Bn chkhng phi Trung Quc.

Mt khc, khng th b qua mt iu l trong s cc t gc Bch thoi chnh thnh qua vic biu k ha khu ng, c mt b phn t ng c du nhp voting Hn di dng t Hn Hn ch khng phi ting Hn. Tnh thusut(transparency) v mt hnh thi hc ca t Hn Hn v nh hng ca nn giodc Hn vn mang tnh c in ca x hi Joseon(Triu Tin) khng dng li victip nhn ting Hn t Trung Quc i lc nh nhng t ngoi lai n thun m lmcho chng ha nhp hon ton vo trong h thng ting Hn tr thnh nhng tHn Hn thc th. C th k ra mt s t Hn Hn c ngun gc Bch thoi thng

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dng nh (, a thiu), (, dung d), (, t ti), (,im kim),(, s u)

2. T Hn Hn c ngun gc Nht Bny l loi t mn Hn c nhiu im ng ch nht. Nht Bn vn l quc

gia tin hnh duy tn t nc sm nht phng ng thng qua phong tro MinhTr Duy Tn, trong qu trnh hc hi v tip nhn nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thutca phng Ty thng qua vic c nhng ngi c chuyn mn i du hc sang ccquc gia u M, nhng ngi Nht ny khi quay v kho lo s dng ch Hn dch nhng thut ng thuc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau y sang ting Nht. Mt slng ln thut ng mi c to ra bi ngi Nht c du nhp t vo bn oHn vo u th k 20 trong sut thi k Nht Bn h Joseon(1910-1945). Tt

nhin trong cng vic chuyn i tn gi ca vn vt phng Ty sang t ng Hn,ngi Trung Quc cng tin hnh cng tc dch thut cc thut ng theo kiu camnh, ngi Nht tip nhn mt s t dch ca Trung Quc tham kho ri to ranhng thut ng mi. Vo thi k ny, khng phi Hn Quc khng c tinh thn ci

bin sng to nh th ny. Vo khong nm 1870, thi k m phong tro Khai hami bt u, t Hn Hn mi ch ca Trung Quc v t Hn Hn do ngi Hn t chcng tr nn kh thng dng bn o Hn nhng bc sang u th k 20, dndn mt s lng ln nhng t ng ny c thay th bi t Hn Hn gc Nht. V

vy a s nhng t Hn c pht trin vo na cui th k 19 bin mt nh nhngt ng th hin mt chng ng lch s tng i ngn ngi m thi.

Sau khi bn o Hn c gii phng khi ch h ca Nht Bn vo thng 8nm 1945, din ra thi k cao tro ca cuc vn ng trong sch ha quc ng -xa b mt cch c thc v trit b phn t Hn Hn gc Nht cng nh khngs dng ting Nht. Loi tr s tn ti an xen ca ting Nht trong ting Hn l mtcng vic khng kh lm nhng cn t Hn Hn gc Nht bm r kh chc trongting Hn nn khng nhng khng b trit tiu m nhiu t vn cn c tip tc s

dng mi tn sau ny. Thm ch mt b phn t Hn Hn gc Nht y li nhngt Hn Hn t to thng qua qu trnh xung t dn khng nh ch ng ca mnhv tr nn thng dng trong ting Hn. C th k ra mt s t thuc loi ny nh sau:(, tng h) thay cho (, h tng), (, np c) thay cho (, l gii), (, tng m) thay cho(, tng ngh), (,c thc) thay cho (, ngn c), (, n ni) thay cho (, dno).

Bt k phong tro trong sch ha quc ng ch trng qut sch t ng Nhttrong ting Hn, vic nhng t trn vn ngang nhin tn ti ng vai tr ca nhng tng th hin chng c lch s khi gi vt thng lng t chnh sch ng ha ca 4

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quc Nht trong sut 30 nm, mt khc l v sc to t mnh m ca ch Hn trnc s mt t mt ngha bt k c phi c to ra ti Nht hay khng v v c tnh dc hp thu vo cng chng ca lp t ny. C mt s tht hin nhin l mi mtch Hn trong trng hp cn thit th bt c lc no v bt c u u c kh nng

to t mi. iu th v y nm ch s tip nhn v tn vong ca t Hn gcNht, nhng t c cch c kiu ting Nht phn ln b loi b, trong cng cnhng t cn tn ti nhng c chuyn sang cch c Hn Hn hoc phi xemnh nhng t c dng t trc.

3. T Hn Hn c ngun gc Hn QucSau cng l loi t Hn Hn do chnh ngi Hn Quc l ch nhn sng ch

nn. Lch s Hn Quc lun song hnh vi qu trnh du nhp v pht trin m rng

ca ch Hn bn o Hn, s pht trin v bin thin ca nn vn ha i i vi sgia tng ca vn t Hn Hn. Vn ha Hn Quc n na cui thi k Joseon c thc gii thch theo quan h i ng song hnh cng vi t ng Hn. Tuy nhin khinim mang tnh t vng hc l (Hn t ng, tc t ch Hn) khng tn ticho n trc khi xy ra phong tro Ngn vn nht tr vo Thi k Khai ha(-Khai ha k) din ra vo cui th k 19. V vy t ch Hn trc Thi k Khai ha lnhng t c gi nh tn ti trong khu ng, cng vi c tnh ring bit ca vnha Hn Quc, trong s nhng t ny th ngun gc hnh thnh ca chng nm t

th Hn Quc l iu khng cn bn thm. Nhng t c xem l t Hn Hn t toc th k n l (, cm kh), (, kh sinh), (, phc c

phng), (, t tr),(, hn tm)Trn y khi qut cc loi t mn Hn trong ting Hn t gc nhn ci

ngun ca chng. Xt theo ngun gc hnh thnh ca lp t ny, c th phn ra 3 loiln l t Hn Hn c du nhp t Trung Quc, t Hn Hn c nhp t Nht Bnv t Hn Hn t to. Trong t Hn Hn c du nhp t Trung Quc c th chiatip ra thnh t c ngun gc c vn Trung Quc, t c ngun gc Pht gio, t c

ngun gc Bch thoi.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Lee Gangro, 1987,, tp ch s 8.2. L Knh Hin, 1997, Vn quan h gia ngn ng v vn ha trong qu trnh

hc ting Hn, Kha lun tt nghip i hc chuyn ngnh Trung Quc hc, HKHXH&NV, HQG TPHCM.

3. L Knh Hin, 2004, Tm hiu Vng vn ha ch Hn, Khoa ng Phng hc

- 10 nm xy dng v pht trin(1994-2004), NXB Tng hp TPHCM.

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4. L Knh Hin, 2005, Vai tr ca t ng gc Hn trong qu trnh ging dy vhc tp ting Hn,bi tham lun cho hi tho Trung Quc vi Vng vn ha chHn, H KHXH&NV, HQG TPHCM.

5. L Knh Hin, 2006,Ng php ting Hn hin i, NXB Vn ha Thng tin.

6. L Knh Hin Nguyn Th Tnh, 2007, T in Hn-Vit, NXB Vn ha Thng tin.

7. L Knh Hin Nguyn Th Tnh, 2008, T in Vit-Hn, NXB Moonyealim,Hn Quc.

8. L Knh Hin, 2009,Nghin cu so snh t Hn Hn vi t Hn Vit ng t,Lun vn Thc s Ng vn, H Inha, Hn Quc.

9. L Knh Hin, 2009, Tm hiu v t Hn Hn gc Nht, bi tham lun cho hitho Thc y Hn Quc hc Vit Nam, H KHXH&NV, HQG H Ni.

10. L Knh Hin, T vng hc ting Hn(bn tho).11. L Knh Hin, 2009, T in t Hn Hn(bn tho).12. Nguyn Vn Khang, 2007, T ngoi lai trong ting Vit, NXB Gio dc.13. Park Yoengseob, 1995,, NXB Parkijeong, Hn Quc.14. Sim Jae Gi, 1981, , trong K yu mng th

TS. Kim Heung Gyu, NXB Iljogak, Hn Quc.

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ABSTRACT

SINO-KOREAN WORDS FROM VIEWPOINT OF ORIGIN

Gyeong-hyeon, Lee ()

Korean is one of the languages which have many borrowed words from otherlanguages, especially the quantity of loan words is significantly much more than thoseof native words. Among loan words, Sino-Korean words occupy the biggest ratio inthis agglutinative language. According to recent statistics, Sino-Korean words occupyabout 50%-70% of Korean vocabulary. The percentage proves the importance of thiskind of borrowed words in Korean language. The borrowing history of Sino-Korean

words is also longest, over 2,000 years till now.From the viewpoint of origon, it can be devided into 3 big kinds of Sino-Koreanwords, they are Sino-Korean words inflowed from China, Sino-Korean wordsinflowed from Japan, and Sino-Korean words created by Korean people. In which,Sino-Korean words inflowed from China can be divided into 3 small kinds, they areSino-Korean words originated from Chinese classics, Sino-Korean words originatedfrom Buddhism, Sino-Korean words originated from colloquial(spoken) Chinese.

Regarding history of introduction and acceptance, Sino-Korean words originated from

China have longest history because they were imported into Korean peninsula from theearly stage until the modern age, Sino-Korean words originated from Japan inflowedduring the period that Japan occupied Korean peninsula from 1910 till 1945. Besidethat, Sino-Korean words created in Korea is considered as a creative product ofKorean people through the process of using and comprehending Chinese characters aswell as Sino-Korean words.

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