Tamna Materija u Svemiru Dr.sc. Arnold Hanslmeier
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Transcript of Tamna Materija u Svemiru Dr.sc. Arnold Hanslmeier
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The Universe
What do we know about it age: 14.6 billion years
Evolved from ig ang !hemi!al !om"osition
#tru!tures in the universe gala$y !lusters gala$ies
voids
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Separation of forces
gravity
strong for!e
weak for!e
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what causes interaction?
gravity
ele!tromagnetism
weak for!e
strong for!e
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Some particle physics
Baryons: !om"osed of three %uarks
Mesons: !om"osed of one %uark and oneanti%uark
aryons and mesons: hadrons &adrons are !om"osed of %uarksstrong
intera!tion Leptons: no %uarks' no strong intera!tion
"roton( the only long living hadron' t)1*+1s(measure for " de!ay) test for ,
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Higgs particle, higgs
field mass)intera!tion of a "arti!le
/n em"ty s"a!e' the &iggs 0eld has an
am"litude dierent from zero( i.e.' anon-zero va!uum e$"e!tation value.
he e$isten!e of this non-zerova!uum e$"e!tation "lays a
fundamental role: it gives mass toevery elementary "arti!le whi!h hasmass' in!luding the &iggs boson itself.
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,ala$ies2lusters
wha
t!aus
esstru!
ture
inthe
univ
erse
3
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Das galaktische Zentrum
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La voie lactee
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The solar neighorhood
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,ala$is
**-4** 1*5#terneur!hm.: 1** *** 789otation: rt der #onneetwa ** ;ill
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Determination of themass of a gala!y
2
2
r
MmG
r
vm =
,ala!ti! !enter
#tar
attra!tion!entrigual for!e
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#alactic rotation curve
v ?9
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$epler
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%otation of a gala!y
9otation !urve of A,2 +15=
merde
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,ravity lensing
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2om"osite image of the ullet !luster showsdistribution of ordinary matter' inferred from B-ray emissions' in red and total mass' inferredfrom gravitational lensing' in blue.
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properties of dark
matter undete!table by radiation dete!table only by gravitation
rotation of gala$ies orbital velo!ities of gala$ies in !luster of
gala$ies
gravitational lensing
tem"erature distribution of hot gas ingala$ies and !lusters of gala$ies
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what is dark matter made
of ma8ority: non baryoni! non baryoni! matter
neutrinos a$ions
su"ersymmetri! "arti!les
does not !ontribute to the formation of
elements in the !osmos
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&eutralinos
big bang: neutralino halos
mass of Earth' size e%ual to the solar
system !an be dete!ted:
disturb ort !loud !ometary showers
"rodu!e gamma ray bursts when!olliding
more "robable near gala!ti! !enter
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aryonic matter
!om"osed of baryons "rotons neutrons
!andidates for baryoni! dark matter ;C2&s: massive astro"nomi!al
!om"a!t halo ob8e!ts
brown dwarfs ?;D*.*= ;#un amount !an be !al!ulated from
big bang nu!elosynthesis
!osmi! mi!rowave ba!kground
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'()H*S
ete!t: gravity bends light
;C2& may be dete!ted if it "ass in
front of a star or nearby a star(
brightening of the star
!andidates for ;C2 bla!k holes
neutron stars
bla!k dwarfs
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+'-S weakly interactingmassive particles
intera!t through weak for!e andgravity
do not intera!t throughele!tromagnetism
large mass' slow moving' !old"arti!les
!ould intera!t with the #un' "rodu!ehigh energy neutrinos
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)D'S cryogenic dark mattersearch
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%('.*s Robust associations ofmassive baryonic objects
dark !luster made of white dwarfs
brown dwarfs
radii: 1 "! > 1 "!
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supersymmetry, susy
/n "arti!le "hysi!s' supersymmetry?often abbreviated SUSY is a symmetrythat relates elementary "arti!les of one
s"in to other "arti!les that dier by half aunit of s"in and are known assu"er"artners.
/n a theory with unbroken
su"ersymmetry' for every ty"e of bosonthere e$ists a !orres"onding ty"e offermion with the same mass and internal%uantum numbers' and vi!e-versa.
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/ )D' 'odel of )osmology
F !osmologi!al !onstant asso!iatedwith a va!uum energy or dark energy e$"lains the !urrent a!!elerating e$"ansion
of s"a!e against the attra!tive ?!olla"singeffe!ts of gravity. GF' whi!h is inter"reted
as the fra!tion of the total mass-energy
density of a Hat universe that is attributed
to dark energy. 2urrently' about I4J of the energy density
of the "resent universe is estimated to be
dark energy.
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/ )D' 'odel of )osmology
2; !old dark matter dark matter is des!ribed as
!old ?non relativisti! !ollisionless ?only gravity for!es
J of the mass-energy density of theuniverse
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%uantum !hromodynami!s des!ribes strong intera