suka1 1. - talmudha-igud.org.il IV-V/third... · [eypf \kcn ogypc ,wzbn wgic fh kegfk hmzpn bygge...

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F S G D K B F [ N K [ K \ : P K [ N B Z B F ) R B T " B = T " C ( P [ R F P K [ N B Z B F [ P I \ C K \ F [ G B C F N B Z B F [ P I F P K P K G . C P G X B K K G O J G C F Z B [ G Q [ N I D K Z E G N T H Z \ R [ K O G P \ Y R K Q [ O \ K Y G Q D E G N . P R G Z G \ [ N H F C F K G [ O , G B Z C T F S V N K O [ N H F C C Z B [ K F O , G B Z C T F S G N P G \ N M N B I E G B I E , G B Z C T F K N E K O P V K Z I K M F G R F , G C K E K F O M E K O [ N P B F G T [ Z K O N G D [ F Q P J K N K Q N M N S V N G S V N . P C N B K P M R S K M F R K O G P F P K K R K F Q , P F Q F K G P V Y K T K Q , G C F Q F K G P E N K Y K Q . G N B F K F I X Z C K Z G [ N K O [ B K R F P B K Z F P B G Z C K \ F [ G B C F . I S K E K O G B R [ K P T [ F F K G P Z Y E K Q C V R K F O C B C G Y G \ [ N B G Z [ C K E K F Q , G B G P Z K O N V R K F O E C Z K [ K Z G \ G \ G [ C I G \ , G F N G K O C M R G Z G \ G C R C N K O G C P X N \ K O G C I X G X Z G \ G C M N K [ K Z C N B P S V Z , T N I P [ T [ Z F P T N G \ F K G Z E G \ P T H Z \ K [ Z B N N T H Z \ R [ K O M R D E I P [ T [ Z F P T N G \ [ C \ F N K O , [ T N K F Q N G K O T G P E K Q C M N K [ K Z G B G P Z K O [ K Z F . G T P E G [ R K M F R K O C [ T Z F T N K G Q [ K G Z E P T H Z \ K [ Z B N N T H Z \ R [ K O , G [ R K I X G X Z G \ C K E K F Q . Y Z B F D C Z , \ Y T G G F Z K T G G \ Y T G . F D K T G N P T N F T [ K Z K \ , \ Y T G G F Z K T G G \ Y T G . F D K T G N T H Z F \ Y T G G F Z K T G G \ Y T G . F K G \ G Y T K Q G F G N M K Q T E [ P D K T K Q N [ T Z F K G X B P P H Z I . F D K T G N [ T Z F K G X B P P H Z I , F V M G V R K F Q P P H Z I N P T Z C G B P Z G : B C G \ K R G [ F K G C P Y G O F H F B I G Z K F O B N F F K M N G V R K F O Y E P F , G P [ \ I G K O Y E P F N [ P [ , G B R G N K F T K R K R G . Z C K K F G E F B G P Z : F K G [ G R K Q G B G P Z K Q B R G N K F G N K F T K R K R G . D P Z B B . C Z K K \ B ~ 1 | \ R G Z C R Q : P K [ N B Z B F [ P I \ C K \ F [ G B C F N B Z B F [ P I F P K P K G . ~ 2 | P K [ N B Z B F K Z G [ N K O C \ V B Z \ F N B Z B F M Z L R I P E P T G N O . ~ 3 | P K [ N B Z B F C K \ F P Y E [ C C R K R G N B Z B F C R K Q P V G B Z P T G N O . C . V K Z G [ K B P G Z B K O N C C B F B I Z G R F [ C C Z K K \ B ~ 4 | P B K F K B ? { B P Z B C K K G B K \ K P B Z C I S E B : H F C R K Q F G Z E G S . ~ 5 | C P B K C R K F ? { B P Z Z C B : C B C R K [ K [ B G P Z P Z B . B K M B E B P Z K : C B C R K [ K [ B M G I N B G P Z P Z B . B V K Y [ V F G T K K N [ V F , M K F K M K E N Y C N S K E B . S C Z N P [ T K K Q C E F C B , B P Z G N K F Z C R Q : [ C Y K F , E F M K [ V K Z J V K , E P K \ I H K M B E G \ B E K P B . D . C Z K K \ B R G S V \ ~ 6 | \ R K B , Z C K K F G E F B G P Z : P K [ N B Z B F E K G V N G S J G Q [ N B N M S R E Z K B [ N P X Z K O N B Z B F C M C G E Q [ N K [ Z B N . B P Z G : M P K Q C S K N Y K D E G N F F K \ F , S J K G N V R K O P S J K G , V T P K O [ F K G C F [ [ K O Z C G B T N [ [ K O Z C G B M V N K O M K G X B K P X Z K O , G F K G C F [ C T K O G B I \ Y \ E Z B G \ [ N H F C M R D E [ C T K O G B I E [ N S R F E Z K D E G N F , M N B I \ G B I \ B K R F V I G \ F P T [ Z K O G B I E Z C G B M M Z K H F C . G C K P F [ N T W C B P X T K \ F , G I H Q F M R S \ T G P E T N K F G F S G E Z K Q C K E G . G M K G Q [ F D K T N T R G \ B P Q { F N F P R K U C S G E Z , G M N F T O T G R K Q B P Q . G N B F K G K G [ C K Q P T G Z C K Q , B N B H F C K Q C V R K T X P Q , G M S V K Q C V R K T X P Q , G R V I K Q C V R K T X P Q , G J Z S K K O C V R K T X P Q , G D Z E K K O C V R K T X P Q . G M [ T R K R M R S [ O F K F P M K Z C T N K B G P R \ G G R V R F N [ O , G P [ O V Z R S \ G G V Z R S \ B R [ K C K \ G . 531

Transcript of suka1 1. - talmudha-igud.org.il IV-V/third... · [eypf \kcn ogypc ,wzbn wgic fh kegfk hmzpn bygge...

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[[1:"weisser Marmor, Alabaster".18

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14ZBGD. Huff, Encyclopedia Iranica, s.v. ‘‘Architecture iii: Sasanian’’, volume 2, p. 330.

15kima gai u kupri uqni u gisnugalli subat biti usalbis,M\GC\RCGMERXZ,JGZ2,[GZF49;ZBGChicago Assyrian

Dictionary, volume 5, p. 105, s.v. gisnugallu;RCGMERXZP[GGFMBQCKQIHK\[NMGINB)lapis lazuli(G[K[B)alabaster;

ZBGNFNQCSPGL(NIHK\V[GJF[NNCRKOGMGVZ,GFIMPKOCECZKZCBP[GGKOCKQIHK\[NMGINBG[K[BNIHK\[NHFC.

NPYE[KOCCNKKO[XGVGCNCRKOTOHKDGDMIGNZBG[O,volume 1, p. 162, s.v. agurru.

16CVKZG[KFONCCBC\ZBET"B;VKZG[KZ["KFGT\YGP[ODONSGMFRBT"C.

17[’YZGKS,YEPGRKG\F\NPGE,MZLB,INYC,CZNKQ=GKRF\ZV"E,TP’.252KXGKQ[TNBUPGCBFHGBKQYZGKSPMZKTCKQZ["K

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19ZBGS. Krauss, Talmudische Archaeologie, I, Leipzig 1910, p. 288, n. 165,GZBGNTKN,FTZF.17

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