Selasturkiye Social Surveys RM
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Transcript of Selasturkiye Social Surveys RM
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Social Surveys Research projects which use a questionnaire to
collect standardized data from a large number of
people.
Can be eitherPopulation orSample surveys.Sample surveys are the most common
The collection ofstandardized data requires thatthe same questions be given to all respondents inthe same order.
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Types of Surveys Factual Surveys Use to collect descriptive
information. Example, Population census, The Survey ofLiving Conditions and The Labour Force Survey.
Attitude Surveys Carried out by opinion pollorganizations, market researchers, etc.
Explanatory Surveys - Used to test hypotheses or to
test and develop theories.
Common to all types, is the use of the Questionnaire
as the instrument of data collection
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The Questionnaire A questionnaire is a collection of questions
and /or statements that is designed to collect
information on a particular topic. It is an instrument used by researchers to
convert into data, information directly givenby respondents.
In essence, it provides access to what isinside the person's head
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The questionnaire facilitates the
measurement of what a person:
knows - knowledge, information
likes & dislikes - values, preference
thinks - attitudes, beliefs
experiences - past & present
It is a useful alternative when direct observation is
not possible.
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This approach to data collection requires
that the respondent:
co-operates in the completion of questionnaire
tells what is, instead of what he thinks ought to be, orwhat he imagines the researcher would like to hear.
knows how he feels or thinks in order to report.
It is possible therefore for the questionnaire to measure notnecessarily what a person likes, believes or thinks but what
he/she indicates in these regards.
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The researcher must, therefore, pay attention
to the following factors:
the respondent will have a tendency to show self in goodlight.
he/she may be unduly helpful by providing answers hethinks the researcher wants instead of telling it like it is.
he/she may not be able to provide answers to thequestions posed - out of ignorance etc.
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Types of Questions Direct versus indirect (Specific vs. Non Specific)
a. Do you like your job? - direct (specific)
b. How do you feel about your job? - indirect (non-specific)
a. How you feel about teacher A? - direct (specific)b.How do feel about class taught by teacher A? - indirect (non-specific)
Direct or specific questions may cause respondent to
become guarded or cautious and give less than honestanswers. Non-specific ones lead to desired information
with less alarm.
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Types of Questions cont.
Fact versus opinion
a. What kind of car do you drive?
b. Do you prefer Japanese or American?
Factual questions do not always solicit factual answersbecause:
i. faulty memory
ii. conscious desire to create a certain impression
Nor do opinion ones always solicit honest opinions.
Respondents are normally inclined to provide socially
desirable answers.
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Types of Questions cont. Questions versus Statements - Can be a direct
question as those types above (requiring a direct
answer) or a statement requiring an optionalresponse.
Predetermined versus Response Keyed
Questions - Answer all vs. answer those that arerelevant.
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5. Do you drink alcoholic beverages?1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Frequently 4. Always
(If never, go to 6 and then terminate. Otherwise,
skip to 7 and continue)
6. Why dont you drink alcoholic beverages?
1. Religious reasons 2. Health reasons 3. Others (Specify) ______
7. When you drink, which of the following are you
most likely to have?1.Rum 2. Beer 3. Stout 4. Wine 5. Others (Specify)________
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RESPONSE
MODES
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Structured Response (Close-ended) Provide respondent with possible answers and ask him/her
to choose the most appropriate option.
When the closed-ended format is used, the researchershould be guided by the following:
- Response categories provided should be exhaustive
- Response options should be mutually exclusive
- There should be clear instruction to select the best answer
This format is respondent friendly and facilitates greater ease in theprocessing of data, since it can be transferred directly to computer. It
however, limits the possible answers to those thought of by the
researcher.
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Unstructured Response (Open-ended)
Researchers ask questions and allow
respondents to provide answers
Exert control only in regard to the questions
asked and the time and space provided.
Respondents give own answer, rather than
just agreeing with those given.
Format offers the respondent more flexibly
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Disadvantages of Open-ended Format
Responses must be coded before processing - Thecoding process can be time consuming and can be quiet
technical. It requires the researcher to accurately interpret
the meaning of respondents give to responses. There is
always the possibly of misunderstanding and researchers
bias.
Respondents quite often provide answers that areirrelevant to researcher's intent.
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Fill-in Responses. This is transitional mode between structured and
unstructured mode.
Respondents generate, rather than choose answers Responses are, however, limited in range and
length - often a single word or short phrase
Example: What is your father's occupation?
The very wording of the question restricts thenumber of possible responses and the number ofwords.
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Tabular Responses - Fill response into a table. A veryconvenient way of organizing complex responses.
Scaled Response - A structured response form.Respondents are asked to express endorsement or rejectionof a given statement.
Example: The Likert Scale
Ranking response Respondents are given somestatements, etc. and asked to rank according to some
criteria.
Checklist Response - Respondents choose all possibleanswers from a number of options given to him
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Development IssuesIn constructing the Questionnaire, the researcher
should always consider the following factors:
Format Wording
Precision Questions should be clear and unambiguous
Concision Items should be as short as possible Relevance Question should all be relevant and necessary
Double-barreled Questions Each question should shouldattempt to measure only one variable at a time
Biased Items/Terms Should not use leading questions
Negative Items Questions should be in positive form
Abbreviations and Jargons These should always beavoided
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Development Issues cont.
Format Layout
Uncluttered Items should be well-spaced/ spread-out
OrderItems should flow in a logical order. The orderingof questions affects the quality of responses
LengthShould not be too many items Instrumentshouldnt be too long
Personal Information Request only when required Instructions Always provide adequate instructions
both general and specific.
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Classification of Surveys Three main Categories, based on the
approach use in the completion of the
questionnaires:
- Mail Questionnaire
- Face-to-Face Interviews
- Telephone Interviews
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Mail Questionnaire
Postal services are utilized in the distribution
and return of instrument
Classical approach is to send questionnaireaccompanied by a letter of explanation and self-
addressed stamped envelope.
Respondents asked to complete and returnwithin a specified time.
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Comparative Features of Mail Questionnaire
Cost the cheapest
Time the slowest
Degree of obtrusion the least obtrusive
Specificity the least definite/certain
Literacy absolutely necessary Response rate the lowest
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Low Response Rate
This problem of a low response rate can have implications forgeneralization. Hence the need to incorporate measures in the
design to ensure the highest possible response rate. A common
approach is the use of follow-up mailing. Can take two forms:
Reminder only to non- respondents
Letter to all, thanking those who have responded and a reminderto those who havent as yet.
Always include include a copy of the questionnaire
Even with all practical measures, a 100 % response rate willnever be achieved. Researchers must decide, in advance, what
rate is considered acceptable that is, the minimum rate that
will not introduce response bias.
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Face-to-Face InterviewsMost popular form in the Caribbean. Interviewers ask
questions and record answers as given.Most obtrusive form,
so special attention must be paid to interviewers competence,
behaviour and appearance.
Interviewers should,therefore, always
display a pleasant and professional demeanor
be familiar with questionnaire and research area.
follow wording and format of questionnaire exactly
record responses exactly as given
use probing questions cautiously.
be properly trained.
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Comparative Features of Face-to-Face
Interviews
Cost the most expensive
Time the most time consuming
Degree of obtrusion the most obtrusive
Specificity the most specific
Literacy not necessary Response rate the highest
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The telephone Interview
Most convenient approach, but with obvious
Biases. Will have access only to those
with telephones
who are listed in the directory
are available at the time of the interview
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Comparative Features ofTelephone
Interviews
Cost
Time
Degree of obtrusion
Specificity
Literacy Response rate
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Stages in the construction of a
questionnaire1. Identification and specification of variables.
2. Choosing question format.
3. Choosing response modes.4. Preparing questions/items
5. Construction of the instrument.
6. Pilot testing Test for reliability and validity.
7. Make required adjustments.
8. Repeat 6.