saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi ... · xelisuflebis politika...
Transcript of saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi ... · xelisuflebis politika...
saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis
integracia
mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis xuTi weliwadi
jonatan uiTli
ECMI-is samuSao moxseneba № 44
seqtemberi 2009 w.
umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI)
ECMI saTavo ofisi: Sifbriuke 12 (kompagnietor) D-24939 flensburgi, germania tel: +49-(0) 461-14 14 9-0 faqsi +49-(0) 461-14 14 9-19 vebgverdi:
http://www.ecmi.de
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ECMI-is samuSao moxseneba # 44 umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI) direqtori: doqtori tov h. maloi saavtoro uflebebi 2009 wlisTvis ekuTvnis umciresobaTa sakiTxbis evropul centrs (ECMI) gamoqveynebulia 2009 wlis seqtemberSi umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centris mier (ECMI) ISSN: 1435-9812
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sarCevi
Sesavali………………………………………………………………………………….4
1. demografiuli monacemebi……………………………………………………......5 2. ekonomika …………………………………………………………………………….8 3.saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierToba: xelisuflebis politika samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi.................11 4. adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi………………………………………….....25 5. migracia da sezonuri Sroma……………………………………………….…45 6. miwis ganawileba…………………………………………………………………...53 7. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi……………………………....59 8. daskvna………………………………………………………………………………...70 bibliografia………………………………………………………………………….72
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Sesavali Winamdebare samuSao moxsenebis mizania gamoikvlios saqarTvelo
regionebSi, qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, mcxovreb erovnul
umciresobaTa saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi
integraciis sakiTxi, aseve 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdgom
gatarebuli saxelmwifo politikis gavlena xelisfulebisa da am
regionebis umciresobaTa jgufebis urTierTobaze. naSromi Sedgeba rva
Tavisagan. pirvel TavSi mocemulia am regionebis mosaxleobis zogadi
demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi ZiriTadad maT eTnikur da enobriv
kuTvnilebze yiradRebis gamaxvilebiT. meore Tavi mimoixilavs
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones aRniSnul regionebSi rogorc soflis
meurneobis ise mrewvelobis dargSi. momdevno Tavi eZRvneba
xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis Soris urTierTobebs, kerZod,
naCvenebia, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens xelisuflebis mimdinare politika
ganaTlebis, adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis, infrastruqturisa da
ekonomikis sferoebSi mocemuli ori regionis erovnul umciresobaTa
integraciis procesze. meoTxe TavSi detaluradaa aRwerili
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis formebi erovnuli umciresobebiT
dasaxlebul samcxe-javaxeTis or (axalqalaqi da ninowminda, cnobilia,
rogorc javaxeTi) da qvemo qarTlis xuT municipalitetSi (gardabani,
marneuli, bolnisi, dmanisi da walka); kerZod, naCvenebia adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis rgolebSi bolo xuTi wlis manZilze momxdari
cvlilebebi municipalitetebis gavleniani pirebis gamovlenis
paralelurad. Semdeg TavSi ganxilulia qarTvelebisa da erovnul
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis migraciis procesi saqarTveloSi da
mis sazRvrebs gareT, rogorc samudamo ise maTi sezonuri migracia
sazRvargareT. meeqvse Tavi Seiswavlis miwis ganawilebis problemuri
sakiTxs, romelic saerToa orive regionisTvis. meSvide TavSi yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi
erovnuli umciresobebis Sexedulebaze maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze. naSromi dasrulebulia daskvniTi nawiliT.
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1. demografiuli monacemebi
cxrili 1. qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionebis mosaxleobis
eTnikuri Semadgenloba
regioni/raioni qarTvel
ebi
azerbaijan
elebi
somxebi berZnebi sxva
qvemo qarTli 44.71% 45.14% 6.39% 1.49% 2.27%
q. rusTavi 87.77% 4.29% 2.41% 0.22% 5.30%
gardabani 53.20% 43.72% 0.93% 0.21% 1.95%
marneuli 8.04% 83.10% 7.89% 0.33% 0.63%
bolnisi 26.82% 65.98% 5.81% 0.59% 0.80%
dmanisi 31.24% 66.76% 0.52% 0.78% 0.69%
TeTriwyaro 74.03% 6.47% 10.38% 5.05% 4.07%
walka 12.02% 9.54% 54.98% 21.97% 1.50%
samcxe-javaxeTi 43.35% 0.03% 54.60% 0.36% 1.67%
borjomi 84.21% 0.07% 9.64% 1.67% 4.42%
axalcixe 61.72% 0.03% 36.59% 0.28% 1.39%
adigeni 95.70% 0.08% 3.36% 0.03% 0.82%
aspinZa 82.02% 0.00% 17.47% 0.06% 0.45%
axalqalaqi 5.27% 0.00% 94.33% 0.08% 0.31%
ninowminda 1.39% 0.01% 95.78% 0.01% 2.81%
saqarTvelos cxra mxaridan mxolod samxreTiT da samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT mdebare samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi erovnuli
umciresobebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis umravlesobas. 2002 wlis aRweris
Sedegbis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa 55%
Tavs iyris am or regionSi, Tu ar CavTvliT TviTgamocxadebuli
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respublikebis, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobas, sadac
aRweris Catareba ver moxerxda. somexmebi samcxe-javaxeTSi yvelaze did
umciresobis jgufs warmoadgenen; kerZod, isini Seadgenen axalqalaqisa
da ninowmindis raionebis (erTad aseve cnobili, rogorc javaxeTi)
mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets. qvemo qarTlSi ki, ZiriTad umciresobis jgufs
azerbaijanelebi warmoadgenen. isini mosaxleobis umravlesobas
Seadgnen marneulis, bolnisisa da dmanisis municipalitetebSi, aseve
mosaxleobis 40%-ze mets - gardabnis municipalitetSi. walkis raionSi
somexi umciresoba mosaxleobis 55%-s utoldeba, xolo berZnuli
mosaxleoba TiTqmis gamqralia. samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis
regionebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba efuZneba 2002 wlis aRweris
monacemebs da mocemulia pirvel cxrilSi. walkis raionis berZnuli
mosaxleobis raodenobis aRmniSvneli 21.97% realobas aRar Seesabameba.
am raionSi mcxovrebi berZnebis umravlesoba emigraciaSi gaemgzavra
(ZiriTadad, saberZneTSi), amitom 2009 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 5%-mde
Semcirda. amavdroulad, gaizarda eTnikuri qarTvelebis raodenoba
walkis municipalitetSi (savaraudod, 40%-mde), romlebic
gadmosaxldnen aWarisa (gansakuTrebiT, xulo) da svaneTis maRalmTiani
regionebidan.
pirvel cxrilSi aRniSnuli sxva umciresobis qveS ZiriTadad eTnikuri
rusebi moiazreba, romlebic Seadgenen qalaq rusTavis mcxovreblebis
3.06%-s, ninowmindis raionis 2.75%-sa da TeTriwyaros raionis
mosaxleobis 2.72%-s. ninowmindis raionSi rusebis umravlesoba arian
duxoborebi, religiuri disidentebi, romlebic am raionSi ruseTidan me-
19 saukunis Sua periodSi gadmosaxldnen (lomi, 2006). garda amisa, 2.22%
osi erovnebis mosaxleoba cxovobs borjomis raionSi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, erovnul umciresobebs gauWirdaT
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi
integrireba qarTuli enis arcodnis gamo, romelic gaxda erTaderTi
saxelmwifo ena (garda afxazurisa, romelsac, saqarTvelos
konstitutiis mixedviT, aseve mieniWa saxelmwifo enis statusi
afxazeTis teritoriaze). 2002 wlis monacemebiT, erovnul umciresobaTa
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mxolod 31% flobs srulyofilad qarTuls.1 qarTul enaze
gamarTulad saubroben, ZiriTadad, dedaqalaqsa da Sereuli
mosaxleobis mqone regionebSi mcxovrebi umciresobebi, xolo Soreul
monoeTnikur regionebSi qarTulis flobis done Zalian dabalia.
umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier 2008 wlis maisSi
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romlis drosac samcxe-javaxeTisa da
qvemo qarTlis rva municipalitetidan 1699 erovnuli umciresobis
warmomadgeneli gamoikiTxa, dadginda, rom mxolod borjomisa da
axalcixis raionebSi (sadac eTnikuri qarTvelebis raodenoba metia, ix.
cxrili 1) 10%-ze meti erovnuli umciresoba saubrobs srulyofilad
qarTul enaze. klasifikacia raionebis mixedviT mocemulia qvemoT, 2a
da 2b cxrilebSi.
cxrili 2a. qarTuli enis flobis done samcxe-javaxeTis oTx raionSi2
qarTulis flobis done borjomi axalcixe axalqalaqi ninowminda
ar icis 0.0% 6.7% 47.2% 28.2%
esmis mxolod sityvaTa
garkveuli raodenoba
11.9%
28.9%
30.3%
52.6%
esmis TiTqmis
yvelaferi, magram
saubrobs elementarul
doneze
4.8%
37.0%
16.5%
14.1%
esmis da saubrobs
kargad, magram ar
SeuZlia wera
11.9%
3.7%
0.8%
1.3%
esmis, saubrobs da wers
gamarTulad
71.4%
23.7%
5.1%
3.8%
1 wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli erovnuli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi.
2 kvlevis farglebSi gamoikiTxa erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebidan SeTxveviTi SerCeviT gamovlenili Semdegi respodentebi: 254 erovnuli umciresoba axalqalaqis raionidan, 156 ninowmindis raionidan, 135 axalcixis raionidan da 42 borjomis raionidan.
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cxrili 2b. qarTuli enis flobis done qvemo qarTlis oTx raionSi3
qarTulis flobis done gardabani marneuli dmanisi walka
ar icis 24.5% 42.2% 8.1% 19.3%
esmis mxolod sityvaTa
garkveuli raodenoba
47.0%
35.1%
47.5%
49.5%
esmis TiTqmis
yvelaferi, magram
saubrobs elementarul
doneze
14.0%
12.8%
32.3%
22.6%
esmis da saubrobs
kargad, magram ar
SeuZlia wera
6.9%
6.2%
7.1%
2.8%
esmis, saubrobs da wers
gamarTulad
7.7%
3.8%
5.1%
5.7%
2. ekonomika
qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi ekonomikuri warmoeba
Camouvardeboda dedaqalaqis, Tbilisis, swrafad mzard ekonomikas.
tendencia, romelic ganviTarda yvelgan 21-e saukunis pirvel
aTwleulSi, gamoixateboda dedaqalaqis ekonomikur dawinaurebaSi,
rodesac sxva regionebi kvlav rCebodnen ganviTarebis dabal
safexurze. 2007 welSi wliuri brunva erT sul mosaxleze qvemo
qarTlSi Seadgenda saSualo erovnuli maCveneblis 59.7%-s, rac
gauaresebuli maCvenebeli iyo 2003 wels dafiqsirebul 67.6%-Tan
SedarebiT. samcxe-javaxeTSi Sesabamisi monacemebia 22.0% da 35.5%.
msgavsi suraTi ixateba erT sul mosaxleze produqciis Rirebulebis
gamoangariSebisas, romelmac daiwia saSualo erovnuli maCveneblis
92.1%-dan 89.9%-mde oTxi wlis manZilze 2003 wlidan 2007 wlamde qvemo
qarTlSi da 47.9%-dan 25.7%-mde - samcxe-javaxeTSi. zemoT mocemuli ori
indikatoris mixedviT saqarTvelos TerTmeti regionis dayofis
3 kvlevis farglebSi gamoikiTxa erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebidan SeTxveviTi SerCeviT gamovlenili Semdegi respodentebi: 422 erovnuli umciresoba marneulis raionidan, 379 gardabnis raionidan, 212 walkis raionidan da 99 dmanisis raionidan.
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SemTxvevaSi (cxra agraruli regioni, dedaqalaqi, Tbilisi da aWaris
avtonomiuri respublika), qvemo qarTli inarCunebs mesame adgils oTxi
wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tbilisisa da aWaris Semdeg, xolo samcxe-javaxeTi
mxolod merve adgilzea (uswrebs gurias, kaxeTsa da raWa-
leCxums/qvemo svaneTs, statistikis departamenti 2008a).
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom samcxe-javaxeTSi saerTo Semosavlis donem
aiwia samrewvelo sawarmoebis xarjze, rogoricaa, saqarTvelos minisa
da mineraluri wylis kompania (ix. qvemoT), isic, umTavresad, regionis
qarTul dasaxlebebSi. Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia, rom orive wliuri
brunvac da produqciis Rirebulebac erT sul mosaxleze
axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis (javaxeTi) somxur raionebSi Zalze
badalia.
samcxe-javaxeTi da qvemo qarTli sasoflo-sameurneo regionebia. am
regionebSi modis saqarTveloSi kartofilis mosavlis naxevarze meti.
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mixedviT, daaxloebiT 110,000
tona kartoflis mosavali miiRo samcxe-javaxeTma 2007 wels, ramac
qveyanaSi miRebuli kartofilis saerTo mosavlis 37.4% Seadgina. qvemo
qarTlSi mosavalma Seadgina 60,000 tona (kartofilis saerTo
mosavlis 20.5%). kartofili ZiriTadad moyavT maRalmTian raionebSi,
rogoricaa, axalqalaqi, ninowminda, aspinZa, dmanisi, TeTriwyaro da
walka. bostneulis sxva saxeobebi, kerZod, pomidori, kombosto,
yvavilovani kombosto, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva saxis xili izrdeba
qvemo qarTlis dablobSi, gansakuTrebiT, gardabnisa da marneulis
raionebSi. qvemo qarTlSi bostneulis warmoeba gautolda 79,500 tonas
2007 welSi, romelic bostneulis saerTo warmoebis 40%-s Seadgens
(statistikis departamenti, 2008b). Tumca, bolo wlebSi, bostneulis, maT
Soris, kartofilis mosavlianobam mTel saqarTveloSi daiklo, ramac
gamoiwvia qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi saerTo Semosavlis
Semcireba. garda kartofilisa, xorbali da simindic uxvad izrdeba
qvemo qarTlis dablob raionebSi.
mesaqonleobac aseve xels uwyobs qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi
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soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas. msxvilfexa saqonlisa da cxvris
moSeneba farTodaa gavrcelebuli orive regionSi, gansakuTrebiT, qvemo
qarTlis maRal-mTian raionebSi, sadac saTibi miwa sasoflo-sameurneo
miwis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. bolo xanebSi, gaizarda kvercxis
warmoebac qvemo qarTlSi; 2007 wlisaTvis qvemo qarTlma awarmoa
saerTo kvercxebis raodenobis 57.5%; es ricxvi 2003 wels utoldeboda
14.7%-s (statistikis departamenti 2008b).
samrewvelo warmoeba qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi
warmodgenilia ramdenime sawarmoTi. qvemo qarTlSi cnobilia rusTavis
gadamamuSavebeli metalurgiuli qarxana, rusTavis qimiuri qarxana
(romelic awarmoebs qimiur sasuqebs), haidelbergis cementis qarxana
(rusTavi) da madneulis foladisa da oqros sabadoebi kazreTSi,
bolnisis raionSi. 2005-2006 wlebSi am sawarmoebis privatizebis
kvaldakval, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda maTi warmoebac. sawarmoebi
Seadgenen saqarTvelos eqsportis udides nawils. 2007 wlisaTvis, Sida
qarTlSi samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze orjer
aRemateboda qveynis saerTo maCvenebels. Tumca, sawarmoebis muSaobaze
zemoqmedebda msoflio bazarze mimdinare cvlilebebi da, Sedegad,
rusTavis metalurgiul qarxanaSi Sewyda warmoeba 2008 wlis
dasasruls. msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma Seamcira moTxovna
qarTul foladze, ris gamoc sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa meoTxedi darCa
umuSevari. unda aRiniSnos, rom madneulis gamoklebiT, es sawarmoebi
ganlagebuli rusTavSi, sadac umciresobaTa ricxvi sakmaod mcirea.
samcxe-javaxeTSi ZiriTadi samrewvelo sawarmoa saqarTvelos minisa
da mineraluri wylebis kompania, romelic awarmoebs saqarTveloSi
saukeTeso mineralur wylebs. sawarmo mdebareobs borjomSi, sadac
mosaxleobis udides nawils eTnikuri qarTvelebi Seadgens (ix. cxrili
1), Sesabamisad, erovnul umciresobebs dasaqmebis naklebi SesaZlebloba
rCebaT. mxolod ramdenime sawarmo funqcionirebs javaxeTSi. Tumca,
aRsaniSnavia axlaxan adgilobrivi biznesmenis mier daarsebuli
samkervalo qarxana ninowmindaSi (ix. qvemoT). amrigad, 2007 welSi
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samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze samcxe-javaxeTSi
saSualo erovnuli maCveneblis naxevarze naklebi Seadgenda.
3. saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierToba:
xelisuflebis politika samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo
qarTlis regionebSi
eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi saqarTvelos
xelisufleba ar ereoda uSualod qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-
javaxeTis mosaxleobis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Tumca, calkeuli
saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi iRebdnen TavianTi Semosavlis udides nawils
korufciis gziT, rac zians ayenebda mosaxleobis im fenas, romelTac
biurokratiuli procedurebis gamo Zalze uWirdaT mag. pasportis,
umniSvnelo daxmarebis (rogoricaa, pensiebis) miReba Tu biznesis
dawyeba. ufro metic, SevardnaZis susti xelisufleba ver axerxebda
erovnul umciresobebs Soris saxelmwifo enis, qarTulis, swavlebis
xelSewyobas. Sesabamisad, qarTuli enis flobis done uaRresad dabali
iyo umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi. am garemoebebma xeli
SeuSala erTiani “demos”-is Seqmnas, romlisadmi mikuTvnebulobas
Tanabrad igrZnobdnen qarTvelebic da sxva eTnikuri warmoSobis
moqalaqeebic. enobrivi barieri gaxda qarTvelebsa da umciresobaTa
jgufebs Soris urTierTobisaTvis xelisSemSleli faqtori,
gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rusuli
kargavda inter-eTnikuri komunikaciis mTavari enis funqcia.
axalgazrda Taoba, kerZod, qarTveli axalgazrdebi ukve veRar
saubrobdnen damakmayofileblad rusul enaze. umciresobebisTvis
gankuTvnili qarTuli enis Semswavleli programebi ki araorganizebuli
da uSedego iyo, metwilad saxelmwifos uunarobis gamo
ganexorcielebina swori ganaTlebis politika. ganuviTarebeli
infrastruqtura kidev ufro arTulebda komunikacias, xolo
sazogadoebrivi sargeblis xelmiuwvdomloba aferxebda integraciis
process. skolis Senobebi gamousadegar mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda,
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garda amisa, javaxeTi da walka faqtiurad mowyvetili iqna qveynis
danarCeni nawilisgan, vinaidan gzebis savalalo mdgomareobis gamo
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo dedaqalaqSi CaRweva. sazogadoebrivi
sargeblis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT, umciresobebiT
dasaxlebuli regionebi ar imyofebodnen gansakuTrebiT cud
mdgomareobaSi sxva regionebTan SedarebiT; mxolod enobrivi barieri
aRvivebda izolaciisa da gaucxovebis SegrZnebas umciresobaTa
jgufebSi.
SevardnaZis dros javaxeTSi mosaxleobisaTvis ar iyo xelmisawvdomi
sazogadoebrivi sargebeli; am mxriv mosaxleobas bevrjer daxmarebia
axalqalaqSi ganlagebuli ruseTis 62-e samxedro baza, romelic
uzrunvelyofda adgilobriv ojaxebs saarsebo SemosavliT. am
garemoebam xeli Seuwyo rusuli valutis xSir brunvas regionSi da am
ukanasknelis kidev ufro CamoSorebas danarCeni saqarTvelosgan.
samxedro bazis arsebobas adgilobrivi somexi mosaxleoba mezobeli
TurqeTisgan Tavdacvis garantadac Tvlida.4 aqedan gamomdinare,
saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan bazis daxurvis yoveli mcdeloba
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobida winaaRmdegobas awydeboda.
qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi Tanamdebobis pirTa
daniSvnis kuTxiTac. xelmZRvanel poziciad iTvleba gubernatoris
Tanamdeboba, romelic iniSneba prezidentis mier da, rogorc wesi,
gubernatori qveynis pirvel pirTan daaxloebuli figura iyo.
Cveulebriv, gubernatorebad iniSnebodnen eTnikuri qarTvelebi. amis
sapirispirod, viTareba gansxvavebuli iyo raionebis doneze5, sadac
maRal Tanamdebobebze, rogoricaa, gamgeblis, policiis ufrosis,
prokuroris, sagadasaxados xelmZRvanelisa da raionuli
4 javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleoba xSirad moixseneben somxebis genocids, e.w. somxebis masiur mkvlelobebs Turqi samxedroebis mier pirveli msoflio omis dros.
5 2005 wels miRebuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb axali organuli kanonis
Tanaxmad, raionis nacvlad gamoiyeneba municipaliteti.
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saganmanaTleblo resurscentris ufrosis, pirebi aseve centridan
iniSnebodnen. kerZod, javaxeTis or raionSi, axalqalaqsa da
ninowmindaSi, sadac umravlesobas somxebi Seadgenen, es Tanamdebobebi
ekavaT somxebs, romlebic centridan did mxardaWeras iRebdnen. Ufro
metic, yvelaze gavleniani pirebi am mxareSi iyvnen somexi biznesmenebi,
romlebic, yarabaRis konfliqtSi saqarTvelos “neitraluri” poziciis
wyalobiT, uSualo monawileobas iRebdnen azerbaijansa da somxeTs
Soris navTobiTa da gaziT vaWrobaSi (uiTli, 2004). piradi finansuri
interesebis mimdevari biznesmenebi, cxadia, ver CaiTvlebodnen TavianTi
xalxis warmomadgenlebad.
qvemo qarTlSi ki, azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba TiTqmis ar iyo
warmodgenili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. 1980-iani
wlebis bolos, qveyanaSi gamZvinvarebuli nacionalizmis talRis fonze,
xelmZRvanel postebze myofi azerbaijenelebi erTianad gaaTavisufles.
SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi (1995-2003), qvemo qarTlis
gamgeblebad, iseve rogorc sxva sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobze mxolod
qarTvelebi iniSnebodnen (javaxeTSi igive Tanamdebobebi somxebs ekavaT).
adgilobrivi azerbaijaneli liderebi daiSvebodnen dabali rangis
Tanamdebobebze, samagierod, maTac miuwvdebodaT xeli korupciul
garigebebze qvemo qarTlis gavleniani gubernatoris, levan
mamalaZisadmi erTgulebis sazRaurad. amdenad, azerbaijanul
mosaxleobas gaaCnda ramdenime safuZveli TavianTi ukmayofilebis
gamosaxatavad. yvelaze farTodgavrcelebuli problema iyo sabWoTa
kolmeurneobebis (“sovxozi” da “kolxozi”) daSlis Sedegad mimdinare
miwis ganawilebis procesSi arsebuli korufcia. adre kolmeurneobebis
kuTvnili miwis didi nawili ijariT gaica metad saidulmo
garemoebebSi. miwis moijareebi xdebodnen “adgilobrivi gavleniani
pirebi”, ZiriTadad, yofili kolmeurneobebis Tavmjdomareebi an
adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobasTan daaxloebuli pirebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
maTi umravlesoba qarTvelebi iyvnen. aRniSnuli garemoeba uqmnida
STabeWdilebas adgilobriv azerbaijenelebs, rom isini
meorexarisxovani moqalaqeebi iyvnen TavianTi qveynisTvis.
14
vardebis revoluciis Sedegad axladarCeuli prezidentis, mixeil
saakaSvilis, mTavrobam mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadga qveynis
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi araqarTuli mosaxleobis integraciisaTvis.
kerZod, saakaSvilis administraciam daiwyo muSaoba Semdegi
mimarTulebebiT: qarTuli enis swavleba umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli
raionebis skolebSi, raSic mTavrobas did daxmarebas uwevdnen
saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebi, rogoricaa, euTo; ZiriTadi
infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisa da axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis
sxva qarTul qalaqebTan damakavSirebeli gzebis reabilitacia (es
ukanaskneli ganxorcieldeboda aSS-s mier dafinansebuli aTaswleulis
gamowvevis programis farglebSi); zurab Jvanias (yofili premier-
ministri) saxelobis saxelmwifo administrirebis skolis daarseba,
romelic amzadebs umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs sajaro samsaxurSi
samuSaod; “patriotuli banakebi”-s daarseba, sadac Tavs iyrian
sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis axalgazrdebi; da bolos,
evrosabWos erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo konvenciis
ratificireba, romelic 2006 wlis aprilSi Sevida ZalaSi.
qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobisaTvis udidesi
mniSvnelobis matarebelia saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativa qarTuli
enis umciresobaTa jgufebisTvis swavlebisa da saganmanaTleblo
sistemis harmonizaciis Sesaxeb. 2005 wlis “zogadi ganaTlebis” Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, qarTuli enisa da literaturis,
saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis da sxva “socialuri
mecnierebebis” swavleba qarTul enaze erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
mixedviT unda daiwyos araugvianes 2010 wlisa. garda amisa, amave
kanoniT SemoRebuli erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi moiTxovs, rom
akreditebul universitetSi Cabarebis msurvelma miiRos dadgenili
gamsvleli qula qarTul enasa da literaturaSi.
mTavrobam ganizraxa dasaxuli gegmebis ganxorcieleba umokles
vadebSi, Sesabamisad, dapirebebma ver gaamarTla da umciresobaTa
jgufebSi qarTuli enis codnis dabali done kvlav problemad rCeboda.
15
universitetebSi Cabarebis msurvelni qvemo qarTlidan da samcxe-
javaxeTidan ver axerxebdnen saTanadod momzadebas qarTuli enaze
gamocdebis Casabareblad, romlebic faqtiurad reformis dawyebisTanave
SemoiRes. Sedegad, axalgazrdebi ver abarebdnen saqarTvelos
universitetebSi da Zveleburad kvlav erevansa da baqoSi
miemgzavrebodnen saswavleblad. 2005 welSi, rodesac pirvelad Catarda
erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi, axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis mkvidri
samocdaoTxi araqarTveli abiturientidan mxolod orma Caabara
gamocdebi da Cairicxa akreditebul universitetebSi. 2008 welSi es
ricxvi TiTqmis ar Secvlila. miuxedavad imisa, rom sul ufro meti
somexi abiturienti laxavda CabarebisTvis saWiro qulebis minimalur
zRvars, qarTul enaSi miRebuli qulebi dabla swevda qulebis saerTo
odenobas da isini veRar xvdebodnen qarTul universitetebSi. ufro
metic, abiturientebi veRarc Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
axalqalaqis filialSi iricxebodnen am ukanasknelis daxurvis gamo.
meore mniSvnelovani warmateba iyo erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sagnebis umciresobaTa enebze Targmnili wignebis
gavrceleba. 2007-08 saswavlo wels ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministrom wignebi pirvelad dauriga pirveli, meSvide da meaTe klasis
moswavleebs. 2008-09 saswavlo wels wignebi aseve daurigdaT meore, merve
da meTerTmete klasis moswavleebs. momavalSi igegmeba Targmnili
saskolo wignebis darigeba yvela klasis moswavleebisTvis. aRniSnuli
iniciativis ganxorcielebmade, erovnul umciresobaTa skolebi
maragdeboda erevnidan da baqodan miRebuli saskolo wignebiT garda
saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze
gamocemuli wignebisa. amitom, umciresobaTa enebze saskolo wignebis
gavrceleba wingadadgmuli nabijia ganaTlebis sistemis
unifikaciisaTvis. mTavrobis am wamowyebas miesalmeba qvemo qarTlisa
da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobac miuxedavad wignebis Targmnis
xarisxis Taobaze arsebuli calkeuli SeniSvnebisa.6
6 erT-erTi saskolo wigni, romelic gankuTvnili iyo axalqalaqis somxuri
16
mTavrobis iniciativiT daiwyo adgilobrivi infrastruqturis
gaumjobesebac. satransporto infrastruqturis reabilitaciis
mimdinare proeqtis wyalobiT gaadvilebulia moZraoba axalqalaqis,
ninowmindisa da walkis mTian raionebSi, samomavlod aseve
ganxorcieldeba magistralisa da rkinigzis mSeneblobis proeqtebic.
axalcixesa da axalqalaqs Soris gzebis udidesi nawili aRdgenilia,
ukve SesaZlebelia Tbilisidan axalqalaqamde Casvla oTxsaaTnaxevarSi
nacvlad eqvsi saaTisa. aTaswleulis gamowvevis fondma daafinansa
meore didi proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs Tbilisi-walka-ninowmindis
magistralis rekonstruqcias; proeqti savaraudod 2011 wlisTvis
dasruldeba. Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Tbilisidan javaxeTamde
mgzavroba ufro mcire drois monakveTSi da, amavdroulad,
gaumjobesdeba satransporto infrastruqtura walkaSic. Tbilisidan
manglisamde (TeTriwyaros raioni) gzis monakveTi ukve aRdgenilia,
amdenad Tbilisidan walkamde samgzavro dro Semcirebulia sami
saaTidan (2004 wels) or saaTamde (2009 wels). garda amisa, kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani proeqti iTvaliswinebs yarsi-axalqalaqi-Tbilisi-baqo
sarkinigzo magistralis mSeneblobas. proeqti, romelic saqarTvelos,
azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis mTavrobebis 2007 wlis SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze xorcieldeba, savaraudod 2011 wels dasruldeba.
infrastruqtura viTardeba sxva sferoebSic. calkeul raionebSi
garemontda skolebi; skolebis didi nawili uzrunvelyofilia
kompiuteruli teqnikiT. qalaq axalqalaqis skolebSi yvela moswavles
aqvs kompiuteriT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba, Tumca kompiuterebis
raodenoba soflis skolebSi bevrad naklebia. skolebs aqvs sakuTari
biujeti7, romlidanac maswavleblebi xelfass droulad iReben. amrigad,
mosaxleobisTvis, Seicavda azerbaijanul enaze 20-mde gverdis zomis teqsts.
7 2009 wlis aprilSi axalqalaqis erT-erTi skolis maswavleblebis gancxadebiT, biujeti utoldeboda 550 lars (330 evro-mde) erT mosawavleze, romelic faravda rogorc maswavleblebis xelfass ise skolis Senobis gaTbobis xarjebsac. 2008 wlis biujetidan skolam Semoinaxa saxsrebi moswavleebisTvis wignebis SesaZenad, magram SiSobdnen, rom gaTbobis xarjebis zrdis gamo 2009 wlis biujeti mkveTrad Semcirdeboda.
17
2004 welTan SedarebiT skolebSi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesebulia, Tumca skolebis garkveuli nawili isev saWiroebs
remonts da gaTbobas zamTarSi. 2009 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam
gamoyo 20 milioni lari soflis mxardaWeris programisTvis, romlis
mizania soflis sazogadoebebSi arsebuli mTavari infrastruqturuli
problemebis gadaWra. am mizniT, bevr dasaxlebaSi danerges
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier aprobirebuli meTodebi, romlis
mixedviTac soflebSi airCevian warmomadenlobiTi sabWoebi, romelTac
daevalebaT proeqtis marTva da saTanadod gamoyofili saxsrebis
gankargva. xelisufleba uzrunvelyofs sasaqonlo-materialuri
resursebiT momaragebas, xolo soflis mosaxleoba SromiTi resursis
miwodebis wyaro iqneba. bolnisis municipalitetis mosaxleobam miiRo
476, 903 lari, walkis municipalitetma – 219, 723 lari, dmanisis
municipalitetma – 266, 220 lari, gardabnis municipalitetma – 681, 771
lari, TeTriwyaros municipalitetma – 271, 595 lari, marneulis
municipalitetma – 781, 322 lari da axalqalaqis municipalitetma –
daaxloebiT 500, 000 lari. monacemebi ar aris xelmisawvdomi sxva
municipalitetebisTvis.8
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam daiwyo aseve bunebrivi airis miwodeba
qvemo qarTlis qalaqebisa da soflebisTvis da kerZo kompaniebze
gaasxvisa bunebrivi airiT ojaxebis momaragebis ufleba. qvemo qarTlis
gubernatoris, daviT kirkitaZis gancxadebiT, 2008 wlis oqtomberSi
marneulis raionis oTxi sofeli daukavSirda bunebrivi airis
momaragebis qsels.9 kirkitaZis dapirebiT, bunebrivi airi unda miewodos
aseve walkis raionsac, sadac mxolod ramdenime saxelmwifo
dawesebulebas miewodeba gazi. 2008 wlis bolos xelisuflebam
adgilobrivi sadistribucio kompaniebi miyida azerbaijanul bunebrivi
8 “soflis mxardaWeris programa”, qvemo qarTlis Tavisufali media,
http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/articles.php?id=77; interviu avtorTan. 9 “daviT kirkitaZe moiTxovs regionis mTlianad gaziT momaragebas”. qvemo qarTlis
Tavisufali media: axali ambebi, (2008 wlis 28 oqtomberi), http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php.
18
airis mimwodebel kompanias, sokars. mTavari qalaqebis didi nawili da
rigi soflebisa bunebrivi airiT maragdebian azerbaijanuli kompaniis
saSualebiT. bunebrivi airi miewodeba axalqalaqsac, magram kerZo
mimwodebeli kompania moiTxovs 400 lars (240 evro) saxlebSi bunebrivi
airis gasayvanad; bevri ojaxi moklebulia SesaZleblobas gadaixados
es safasuri. 2009 aprilisTvis, q. axalqalaqSi, 600-mde ojaxSi gaiyvanes
bunebrivi airi. mTavrobam daiwyo bunebrivi airis gayvana javaxeTis
soflebSic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 2004 wlis Semdeg eleqtroenergia Seuferxeblad,
ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, miewodeba qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-
javaxeTis TiTqmis yvela raions. drodadro Seferxebebi gamowveulia
eleqtroenergiis mimwodebeli sistemis avariuli mdgomareobiT; am
viTarebis aRmosafxvrelad, mTavarma energo-distributorma, energo-pro
jorjiam, romelic awvdis eleqtroenergias qveynis or mesameds, daiwyo
bolnisisa da TeTriwyaros raionebSi eleqtroenergiis mimwodebeli
sistemis aRdgena.10
gadasaxadebis mokrefis gaumjobesebuli sistemis SemoRebiT gazarda
regionebis dafinansebac. Sedegad, biujetebi bevr raionSi mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda; amis naTeli magaliTia, axalqalaqis municipalitetis
biujeti, romlis odenoba gaizarda 2005 welSi fiqsirebuli 700, 000 (425,
000 evro) laridan 9 milion (5.5 milioni evro) laramde 2009 welSi.11
municipalitetebs miecaT SesaZlebloba fuladi saxsrebi mimarTon
infrastruqturuli samuSaoebis Casatareblad, rogoricaa, gzebis,
xidebis da sakanalizacio sistemis SekeTeba, aseve sasmeli wylis
miwodeba.
miuxedavad adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da regionebis
10 qvemo qarTlis Tavisufali media: axali ambebi (2009 wlis 13 aprili da 11 ivnisi),
http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php. 11 axalqalaqis gamgebelTan, nairi iriwianTan interviu, 2009 wlis 14 aprili.
19
sabiujeto sistemis resursebiT uzrunvelyofisa, ekonomika
kvlavindeburad ganuviTarebelia rogorc samcxe-javaxeTSi ise qvemo
qarTlSi. regionebSi sruli datvirTviT muSaobs mxolod ramdenime
sawarmo, maT Soris, rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxana, saqarTvelos
minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompania borjomSi da kazreTis oqrosa
da spilenZis sabadoebi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, regionebSi saqonlis
warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze daeca saSualo erovnul maCvenebelTan
SedarebiT 2003 wlidan 2007 wlamde periodSi da ekonomikuri aqtivobebi
Semoifargleba mxolod importirebuli produqciis, kerZod,
samomxmareblo saqonlisa da Txevadi airis avzebis gayidviT.
prezidenti saakaSvilis mier 2007 wlis ivlisSi micemuli dapireba asze
meti sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos gaxsnis Taobaze kvlav
Seusrulebelia.12 soflis meurneoba rCeba regionSi ZiriTad
saqmianobad, amis dasturad ramdenime mcire da saSualo sawarmo
ganagrZobs efeqtur muSaobas. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris
dapirebac axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebSi sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis Sesyidvis Taobaze ruseTis samxedro bazis gayvanis
kompensirebis mizniT aseve Seusrulebelia.13 mcire cvlilebebi
SeimCneva samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis dakompleqtebis kuTxiT. axalqalaqisa
da ninowmindis municipalitetebSi xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebi kvlav
gavlenian somxebs ukaviaT, romlebic cnobili iyvnen jer kidev
SevardnaZis periodSi da ufro adrec (ix. qvemoT). amrigad,
axalqalaqsa da ninowmindis raionebSi gamgeblis, policiis ufrosis,
prokuroris da sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobebi somxebs
ukaviaT. skolis direqtorebic somxebi arian, maT Soris, isinic,
romlebmac ar ician qarTuli ena saTanado doneze. meore mxriv, qvemo
qarTlis umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul raionebSi
12 sivil jorjia: internet Jurnali (2007 wlis 25 ivlisi),
http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=15494 13 sivil jorjia: internet Jurnali (2005 wlis 10 agvisto), http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10516; daniis sagareo saqmeTa saministro: samezoblo programa, “daniis kavkasiis programa 2005-2007: umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centris pozicia”, http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/198301C0-3CFF-4AA0-AA32-3127C7852897/0/NABECMICaucasusProgramme200607final.doc.
20
xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze arian qarTvelebi, rogorc es SevardnaZis
dros iyo. marneulis, dmanisisa da bolnisis municipalitetebSi
mxolod gamgeblis moadgileebi da gamgeobis ramdenime TanamSromeli
arian azerbaijanelebi.
qvemo qarTlis arCeviT organoebSi, sakrebuloSi/sabWoSi
azerbaijanelTa raodenoba proporciulad ufro dabalia adgilobriv
mosaxleobaSi maT saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT. mesame cxrili
asaxavs, rom eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi TiTqmis ar arian warmodgenili
im municipalitetebSi, sadac isini umravlesobas Seadgenen; dmanisisa
da bolnisis municipalitetebis, sadac azerbaijanelebi mosaxleobis
or mesameds Seadgenen, arCeviT organoebSi isini umciresobaSi arian.
aseve marneulis municipalitetSi azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen sabWos
wevrTa mxolod naxevars, rodesac raionis mosaxleobis 80% eTnikuri
azerbaijanelebi arian (Sedareba pirvel cxrilTan). 2006 wlis
adgilobriv arCevnebSi erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis partiuli siiT
arCeulTa Soris TiTqmis ar iyvnen umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi.
cxrili 3. qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis raionuli
sakrebuloebis wevrebis eTnikuri warmomavloba14
regioni/raioni qarTvelebi azerbaij
anelebi
somxebi berZnebi sxva
erovneba
qvemo qarTli 59.41% 28.22% 9.90% 0.99% 1.49%
q. rusTavi 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
gardabani 59.38% 41.62% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
14 umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier Catarebuli kvleva; saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisia, http://cec.gov.ge/uploads/attachments_old/209_2269_892400_MEMBERSOFSAKREBULOELECTEDTHROUGHPROPORTIONALSYSTEM.doc da http://cec.gov.ge/uploads/attachments_old/209_2269_947315_MEMBERSOFSAKREBULOELECTEDTHROUGHMAJORITARIANSYSTEM.doc.
21
marneuli 31.03% 55.17% 10.34% 0.00% 0.00%
bolnisi 57.69% 38.46% 3.85% 0.00% 0.00%
dmanisi 57.69% 38.46% 0.00% 0.00% 3.85%
TeTriwyaro 82.35% 8.82% 10.38% 2.94% 2.94%
walka 47.50% 12.50% 37.50% 2.50% 0.00%
samcxe-javaxeTi 59.59% 0.00% 39.73% 0.00% 0.68%
borjomi 95.24% 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 0.00%
axalcixe 69.23% 0.00% 30.77% 0.00% 0.00%
adigeni 92.00% 0.00% 8.00% 0.00% 0.00%
aspinZa 95.45% 0.00% 4.55% 0.00% 0.00%
axalqalaqi 12.50% 0.00% 87.50% 0.00% 0.00%
ninowminda 5.00% 0.00% 90.00% 0.00% 5.00%
aRsaniSnavia, rom gamgeblis daniSvnis moqmedi procedura
uzrunvelyofs mkacri centraluri kontrolis SenarCunebas ara marto
qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, aramed saqarTvelos sxva
mxareebSic. 2005 wlis dekemberSi miRebulma “adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis” Sesaxeb axalma organulma kanonma meti
uflebamosileba mianiWa sakrebulos da mis Tavmjdomares, kerZod,
gamgeoba aRasrulebs sakrebulos gadawyvetilebebs da gamgebeli
iniSneba sakrebulos mier konkursis wesiT. gamgebeli
angariSvaldebulia sakrebulos winaSe, romelic gansazRvravs mis
SromiT pirobebs. Zveli kanonmdeblobiT, gamgebeli formalurad
mxolod prezidents emorCileboda.
Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministros15
15 2004 wels Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan dazvervis samsaxuris gaerTianebis Semdeg, saministrom moipova saxelmwifo aparatis, maT Soris, regionaluri rgolebis kontrolis SesaZlebloba. moqmedi Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, vano merabiSvili, romelic prezidentis axlo megobaria, TiTqmis yvelaze gavleniani politikuri
22
gavleniani pirebs an regionis gubernators gavlena moexdinaT maTTvis
sasurveli kandidatis gamgeblis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnaze. centraluri
kontrolis arsebobis faqts mowmobs is garemoeba, rom 2006 wlis
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi erTianma nacionalurma
moZraobam municipalitetebis sabWoebSi gaimarjva absoluturi
umravlesobiT. amitom, kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis miuxedavad,
lideri partia, erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis saxiT, axorcielebs
centralizebul Zalauflebas saqarTvelos regionebSi.
centralizebuli Zalaufleba gansakuTrebiT Zlieria gamgebelTa
daniSvnis dros qvemo qarTlSi; marneulSi sakrebulom faqtiurad
Sewyvita muSaoba gamgeblis daniSvnis Sedegad, romlis kandidaturac
rusTavis gubernatoris arCevani iyo. axalqalaqSi ramdenime kandidati
iRebda monawileobas gamgeblis arCevnebSi, 2008 wels gamgebeli
Secvales (ix. qvemoT) da, gadmocemiT, axalcixis gubernators didi
wvlili miuZRvis Sesabamisi kandidatis SerCevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,
axalma organulma kanonma realuri gavlena ver moaxdina
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis dakompleqtebis arsebul
praqtikaze qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi.
organuli kanoniT gamowveuli ZiriTadi cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba
regionebSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saqmianobas. axali kanonis
SemoRebiT, gauqmda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo, Temi,
romelic sofels an soflebis gaerTianebas aRniSnavda. sakuTari
sabWos an sakrebulos arCevis nacvlad, TiToeuli sofeli uSualod
airCevs erT warmomadgenels municipalitetis sakrebuloSi, romelic
valdebulia daicvas soflis interesebi sakrebuloSi. amave dros,
gamgeobac niSnavs Tavis warmoamadgenels, an, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
specialists TiToeul sofelSi. paraleluri sistemis mixedviT,
sofels hyavs rogorc arCeuli warmomadgeneli ise municipalitetis
gamgeobis warmomadgenelic. qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi
gamokiTxulTa umravlesobis gancxadebiT, gamgeobis warmomadgenlis
pozicia aris dominanturi Tanamdeboba. cxadia, rom sakrebulo ar
figuraa. cnobilia, rom merabiSvili da misi moadgileebi gansazRvraven regionebSi ZiriTad Tanamdebobebze dasaniSn kandidaturebs.
23
ereva municipalitetis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, adgilobrivi
biujetis ganmkargveli da masze pasuxismgebeli gamgeoba da misi
warmomadgenlebia.
kvlav centralizebuli sistemiT iniSnebian Tanamdebobebze skolis
direqtorebi, Tumca kanonmdebloba am kuTxiTac Seicvala. 2005 wlis
“zogadi ganaTlebis” Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, skolis sameurveo sabWo,
romelSic mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da erTi mosawavle Sedian, irCevs
skolis direqtors. axali sistemiT skolis direqtorTa pirveli
arCevnebi 2007 wels Catarda; marneulSi gamokiTxuli respodentebis
azriT, skolis direqtorTa arCevis axali modeli mainc
centralizebulia. azerbaijanuli skolebis direqtorebad kvlav
rCebian mravali wlis win centris mier daniSnuli pirebi. marneulsa
da bolnisSi ar yofila SemTxveva, rom skolis direqtorebi Tavad
skolebs aerCios. arsebuli monacemebiT, bolnisis erT-erT sofelSi
iyo aseTi mcdeloba, magram mowonebuli kandidati ar daamtkica
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom. uaris mizezad saministrom
ganmarta, rom 2009 wlis oqtombramde saministro niSnavda skolis
direqtorebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba “zogadi ganaTlebis”
Sesaxeb kanonis debulebebs.16 axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis
municipalitetebSi, qarTuli enis arasaTanadod flobis gamo, skolis
direqtorebma ver Caabares axali sakvalifikacio gamocdebi, romelic
2007 wlis ianvarSi Catarda. 150 direqtoridan mxolod orma Caabara
gamocdebi, Tumca bevri maTgani rCeba moqmed direqtorad vidre
xelmeored ar Caabareben gamocdebs 2009 wlis bolos. ramdenime
SemTxvevaSi skolis sameurveo sabWoebma TavianTi kanonismieri ufleba
gamoiyenes da uaryves saministros mier nominirebuli direqtorobis
axali kandidatebi.
bolo xanebSi, qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi momZlavrda
centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan iZulebiTi kontroli,
16 avtoris interviu.
24
gansakuTrebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier. saministros
uSiSroebis samsaxurebma ramdenjerme dakiTxes adgilobrivi
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis liderebi da sxva samoqalaqo
aqtivistebi javaxeTSi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
SeTqmulebebis gamosavlenad. regionis saqmianobaSi Carevas miaweren im
faqts, rom ministri, vano merabiSvili da misi gavleniani moadgile,
amiran mesxeli arian axalcixidan da, sjeraT, rom maT ninowmindasa da
axalqalaqSi mimdinare procesebSi Carevis piradi daintereseba aqvT.
calkeuli adgilobrivi pirebis gadmocemiT, Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros regionuli ofisis axalqalaqis raionis filiali
dazvervis informaciis TavSeyris mTavari adgilia da, amitom, samsaxuri,
Cveulebriv, iwodeba saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetad.17 xolo walkis
municipalitetSi, samarTaldamcavi organoebis naklebi
warmomadgenlobis gamo adgili hqonda Zaladobis faqtebs 2005 wels
(uiTli 2006); mas Semdeg policiis Careva raionSi sagrZnoblad
gaizarda.
4. adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi
adgilobriv elitur fenas sakmao gavlena gaaCnia samcxe-javaxeTis
somexi umciresobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi (axalqalaqsa da
ninowmindaSi, e.w. javaxeTi), aseve qvemo qarTlSi, sadac ZiriTadad
azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba cxovrobs (marneulis, dmanisisa da
bolnisis raionebi). walkis raionSi, sadac sxvadasxva erovnuli
umciresobebi saxlobdnen, gavleniani elita Zalauflebas inarCunebda
2005-06 wlebSi centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolis momZlavrebamde.
17 avtoris interviu. 2004 wels, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro SeuerTda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da uSiSroebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ganawilebuli aqvs saministros sxvadasxva rgols.
25
javaxeTi
calkeulma ekonomikurma jgufebma, e.w. klanebma, xelSi Caigdes
Zalaufleba javaxeTSi 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodidan (uiTli 2004).
klanebs marTavdnen gavleniani adgilobrivi ojaxebi, romlebic
gamdidrnen18 jer kidev komunisturi reJimis dros an misi daSlis
Semdeg, bazaltis, navTobisa da airiT vaWrobis Sedegad. SevardnaZis
prezidentobis dros arsebobda ori Zlieri klani, romlebsac
periodulad aqtiur mxardaWeras uwevdnen prezidentis administraciis,
parlamentis an Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Tanamdebobis pirebi.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris daSlisa da yofili parlamentis
Tavmjdomaris, zurab Jvanias, opoziciaSi gadasvlis Sedegad 2001 wlis
bolos, SevardnaZis mxardamWerebs didi upiratesoba gaaCndaT zurab
Jvanias fraqciasTan SedarebiT.
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, SevardnaZis momxreTa jgufi aRar
ganixileboda liderobis erT-erT kandidatad, magram saakaSvilis
TanamebrZolis, vano merabiSvilis (warmoSobiT axalcixidan, SemdgomSi
Sinagan saqmeTa ministri) wyalobiT bevri maTgani kvlav gvevlineba
mmarTvel Tanamdebobebze.19 ninowmindis parlamentis wevri, enzel
mqoiani, romelic adre SevardnaZis erTguli mxardamWeri iyo, dainiSna
saakaSvilis saarCevno Stabis ufrosad 2004 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebis dros, dResdReobiT ki erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis erT-
erTi gavleniani politikuri figuraa. miuxedavad zurab Jvanias premier-
ministrad daniSvnisa 2004 welSi, misi gundi popularobiT mainc ver
sargeblobda javaxeTSi, xolo misma gardacvalebam 2005 wlis
TebervalSi, gundis avtoriteti kidev ufro Seamcira.
18 magaliTad, erT-erT ojaxs hqonda liTonisa da Camosasxmeli gazis biznesi sabWoeTis xanaSi. wyaro: rusiko mumlaZe, “klanuri samarTali samcxe-javaxeTSi”, rezonansi, 2002 wlis 27 marti. sabWoTa periodis bolos arsebuli Savi bazari msgavsi biznes-sawarmoebis mflobelebs, miuxedavad kerZo mewarmeobis akrZalvisa, kerZoOsaqmianobiT saxsrebis moZiebis saSualebas aZlevda.
19 Tamar asaTiani “mmarTveli partiis problemebi: ‘regionuli’”, 24 saaTi (2005 wlis 4 Tebervali), Http://www.24hours.ge/index.php?n=188&r=8&id=694.
26
enzel mqoiani, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze gavleniani figuraa javaxeTSi.
masTan daaxloebuli pirebi ki, rogorc amboben, warmarTaven javaxeTis
ekonomikis mniSvnelovan nawils. ninowmindis raionis parlamentis
wevris statusiT mas iwveven sxvadasxva saparlamento delegaciebis
Sexvedrebze sazRvargareT.20 mqoianis axloblebi ikaveben maRal
Tanamdebobebs ninowmindisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi, maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia, ninowmindis policiis ufrosi, ninowmindis
municipalitetis sabWos wevri (romelic mqoianis naTesavia),
axalqalaqis resurscentris direqtori da ninowmindis
municipalitetis raionuli saarCevno komisiis ufrosi. amboben, rom
mqoianis ojaxi aqtiurad monawileobs uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul
garigebebSi javaxeTSi, kerZod sofel gorelovkaSi, romelic dRemde
rusi duxoborebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (ix. qvemoT); da bolos, mqoianis
meuRle, saxelmwifo enis arcodnis miuxedavad, 2007 wlis agvistoSi
gaxda axalqalaqis erT-erTi sajaro skolis direqtori metad saeWvo
viTarebaSi.21
ninowmindaSi meore mZlavri figuraa mels bdoiani, yofili parlamentis
wevri imave saarCevno olqSi, romelsac ninowmindis raionis
aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba ekava sabWoTa
reJimis miwuruls. 2004 wlis bolos ninowmindis gamgeblad arCeviT man
kvlav daibruna dakarguli Zalaufleba. 2006 wlis oqtombris
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis dros proporciuli sistemiT
monawile kandidatTa sia waradgina mxolod erTianma nacionalurma
moZraobam (ninowmindis sabWos aTi wevri airCa partiis siebiT, xolo
darCenili aTi kandidati – Temis saarCevno olqidan, romelic
20 saqarTvelos parlamentis veb-gverdi, “saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris, daviT baqraZisa da saparlamento delegacies viziti amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi” (2009 wlis 31 maisi), http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1132&info_id=2334; saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros veb-gverdi, “saqarTvelos delegaciis viziti estoneTSi dasrulebulia” (2007 wlis 4 oqtomberi), http://www.justice.gov.ge/October%202007.html.
21 “axlad-arCeuli direqtori ar flobs saxelmwifo enas”, (2007 wlis 22 agvisto), http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=article&id=1803&lang=en.
27
efuZneboda ukve gauqmebul adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis yvelaze
dabal safexurs); Tumca, es sia Tanabrad ganawilda, erTi mxriv, mqoianis
gundsa da, meore mxriv, bdoianis gunds Soris (lomi, 2007). is
kandidatebi, romlebic SeirCnen uSualod soflis saarCevno olqidan,
aseve Tanabrad ganawildnen. mqoianis gundma mxari ar dauWira axali
sakrebulos Tavmjdomared bdoianis arCevas, Sedegad, samcxe-javaxeTis
gubernatorisa da sxva gavleniani Tanamdebobis pirebis daxmarebiT,
bdoians piradi gancxadebis safuZvelze daatovebines Tanamdeboba.
mogvianebiT, bdoiani daapatimres qrTamis aRebis braldebiT.
regionSi Zalze gavleniani figuraa samvel petrosiani, romelic
centraluri xelisuflebis umoqmedobis Jams 1990-iani wlebSi gavleniani
sazogadoebrivi moZraobis, javaxis lideri iyo (uiTli 2004; lomi 2007).
petrosiani dainiSna adgilobrivi sagzao policiis ufrosis
moadgiled SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis konsolidaciis Semdeg, 1990-
iani wlebis Sua periodSi, magram igi maleve gaaTavisufles. Petrosiani
isev gamoCnda asparezze, rodesac igi dainiSna axalqalaqis raionis
policiis ufrosad 2006 wlis zafxulSi. amrigad, centraluri
xelisufleba kvlav cdilobs adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi SeinarCunos
centris mimarT loialurad ganwyobili somexi erovnebis pirebi.
axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis gamgeblebi arian raionebis
aRmasrulebeli rgolis meTaurebi, magram bolo TxuTmeti wlis
manZilze isini realurad warmoadgenen sxvadasxva ekonomikuri
jgufebis interesebs. Tumca, axalqalaqis moqmedi gamgebeli, nairi
iriciani aris ufro damoukidebeli figura, romelic adre CarTuli iyo
politikuri organizaciis, erTiani javaxis saqmianobaSi da Semdgom
airCies arasamTavrobo organizaciebis asociaciis, javaxeTis
samoqalaqo forumis TanaTavmjdomared (ix. qvemoT). arasamTavrobo
seqtorSi samuSao gamocdilebis wyalobiT, gamgebelma SeZlo
calkeuli demokratiuli mimdinareobebis danergva municipalitetSi.
upirvelesad, man gaaZliera demokratiuli kontrolis meqanizmi soflis
mxardaWeris programis farglebSi gamoyofili saxsrebis gankargvaze
28
(ix. zemoT), romelic 2009 welSi 500,000 lars utoldeboda
(municipalitetis saerTo biujetis nawilia, ix. zemoT) da am sakiTxis
gadawyveta miando adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier arCeul gamgeobas.
misi meore iniciatica gamoixata sofelSi gamgeobis warmomadgenlis an
specialistis SesarCevad arCevnebis wesis SemoRebaSi in SemTxvevebSIi
roca erTze meti kandidatia msurveli.22
javaxeTis dominanti jgufebis mier xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebis
Sedegad, safrTxe daemuqra adgilobrivi xelisuflebis struqturul
gamWvirvalobas. javaxeTis ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali donis gamo,
mxolod ramdenime saxis ekonomikuri saqmianoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos
Semosavlianad, maT Soris, Txevadi airisa da navTobis import-eqsporti,
romelic gavleniani ekonomikuri jgufebis srul kontrol
eqvemdebareba (uiTli 2004). bolo wlebis manZilze, sxva
dainteresebuli jgufebic cdilobdnen am ekonomikur qselSi moxvedras
Tumca cvalebadi warmatebiT.
am mxriv, yvelaze naklebi warmatebis mqoned CaiTvleba opoziciuri
partiebi. maTi umravlesoba TbilisSi saqmianobs da interesi TiTqmis
ar gamouCeniaT javaxeTis mimarT bolo aTi wlis manZilze. garda amisa,
adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba, romlisTvisac xelmiuwvdomelia
qarTuli media saSualebebi enobrivi barieris gamo, naklebad aris
informirebuli opoziciuri partiebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. 2008 wlis
maisSi umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier Catarebuli
kvlevis mignebebis Tanaxmad, saparlamento arCevnebamde ori kviriT adre,
araqarTuli mosaxleobas spontanurad asaxelebda saSualod 1.94
partias arCevnebSi monawile Tormeti partiidan da blokidan, xolo
kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis qarTuli mosaxleoba –
saSualod 4.01 partias. partiaTa siis wakiTxvis Semdegac, javaxeTis
araqarTuli mosaxleoba cnobda saSualod mxolod 2.83 partias, xolo
22 avtorTis interviu.
29
samive regionis qarTuli mosaxleoba – 6.67-s.23 savaraudod,
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xmas mainc erTian nacionalur moZraobas
micemda, Tumca arc opoziciurma partiebma izrunes saarCevno
kampaniebis organizebaze javaxeTis raionebSi 2008 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebis dros. aRniSnulma garemoebam kidev ufro Seamcira maTi
gavlena regionSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze opoziciuri partiebi arCevnebSi warmatebas
mxolod adgilobriv gavlenian jgufebTan daaxloebis SemTxvevaSi
aRwevdnen. kerZod, 1998 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis
dros, adgilobrivi sainiciativo jgufi, romelic ukmayofilo iyo
SevardnaZis moqalaqeTa kavSiris mmarTvelobiT, gaerTianda erovnul
demokratiul partiasTan da moagrova xmebis 19.45% axalqalaqis
raionSi, xolo 26.56% - q. axalqalaqSi (samoqalaqo kulturis
saerTaSoriso centri, 1999). analogiurad, 2003 wlis sadavo
saparlamento arCevnebSi, romelsac Sedegad vardebis revolucia
mohyva, opoziciurma saarCevno blokma “burjanaZe-demokratebma” zurab
Jvaniasa da nino burjanaZis liderobiT miiRo xmaTa 23.36%
axalqalaqis raionSi JvaniasTan daaxloebuli adgilobrivi gavleniani
jgufis daxmarebiT (ix. zemoT). amave arCevnebSi, araRiarebuli
adgilobrivi partiis, “virkis”, (ix. qvemoT) lideri, daviT rstakiani,
gaerTianda partia axal memajrveneebTan da moipova xmebis TiTqmis
10% axalqalaqsa da ninowmindaSi. 2006 wlis oqtombris adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi, erTianma javaxma Tavisi kandidatebi
partia, “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos”, siaSi iricebodnen da
Sedegad xmebis 32.55% moipoves axalqalaqis municipalitetSi, romelic
aris opoziciuri partiebis mier odesme regionebSi mogrovebuli xmebis
umaRlesi odenoba. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi, rodesac
adgilobriv jgufebs ar yoliaT sakuTari kandidatebi opoziciuri
partiebis siebSi, absoluturi umravlesobiT moigo erTianma
23 orive SemTxveva statistikurad mniSvnelovania 0.001 doneze , orive SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebulia levinis testi Tanasworobis variaciaTa da testi saSualebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. .
30
nacionalurma moZraobam (xmebis 90.21% axalqalaqis raionSi, 91.69% -
ninowmindaSi xmebis 59.18% qveynis saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT).24
bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze, javaxeTSi gamoikveTa ramdenime
aqtiuri adgilobrivi politikuri organizacia. pirveli adgilobrivi
somxuri organizacia, javaxi daarsda 1988 wels, romlis mizani iyo
somxuri mosaxleobis dacva maTi SexedulebiT qarTveli
nacionalistebisagan momavali safrTxisagan 1991 wels prezidentad
arCeuli zviad gamsaxurdias liderobiT. javaxs SeeZlo iaraRis
mopoveba ukve daSlis piras myofi sabWoTa jaris ukontrolo
samxedro bazebidan. organizaciis calkeuli wevrebi exmarebodnen
somxur mxares 1988 wlidan 1994 wlamde mimdinare yarabaxis konfliqtSi.
javaxi faqtiurad marTavda politikur cxovrebas regionSi 1990-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi. moZraobis winaaRmdegobis Sedegad gamsaxurdiam ver
daniSna Tavisi kandidati axalqalaqis raionis prefeqtad (gamgebeli).
samagierod es Tanamdeboba javaxis erT-erT liders, samvel petrosians,
xvda wilad (ix. zemoT). 1992 wlis martSi, SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg, javaxma nel-nela dakarga Tavisi gavlena. 1990-iani
wlebis Sua periodidan SevardnaZem daiwyo “gaTiSe da ibatone”-s
politikis gatareba, kerZod, organizaciis liderebs Tavazobda
Tanamdebobes adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi; maT Soris, petrosiani
dainiSna sagzao policiis ufrosis moadgiled.
meore gavleniani organizaciaa virki. virki dafuZnda 1990-iani wlebis
bolos regionuli politikuri partiis saxiT, romlis mizani iyo
saqarTvelos farglebSi javaxeTis politikur avtonomiad gardaqmna;
gaerTianebas uari eTqva politikur partiad registraciaze im
safuZvliT, rom moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanoni
krZalavs regionul partiebs (uiTli 2004; lomi 2007). virks arasdros
hyolia im raodenobiT mimdevari, ramdenic javaxs.
24 ixileT monacemebi centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb-gverdze, www.cec.gov.ge.
31
SedarebiT axlad Camoyalibebuli organizaciebs warmoadgenen
javaxeTis axalgazrduli sportuli kavSiri da araregistrirebuli
partia, erTiani javaxi, romelic sportuli kavSiris ramdenime liderma
daafuZna. javaxeTis axalgazrduli sportuli kavSiri arasamTavrobo
organizaciis saxiT Camoyalibda 2001 wels da miznad isaxavda
javaxeTis axalgazrdobis masiuri migraciis SeCerebas sportuli
RonisZiebebis organizebiTa da ocze meti sportuli darbazis
daarsebiT axalqalaqsa da mimdebare soflebSi. 2005 wels organizaciis
ramdenime aqtivistma, maT Soris, jgufis liderma, vaag Caxalianma
daafuZnes politikuri organizacia erTiani javaxi. erTiani javaxi
pirvelad gamoCnda 2005 wlis 13 marts, rodesac maT farTomasStabiani
saprotesto mitingi moawyves axalqalaqidan ruseTis samxedro bazis
gayvanis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis samxedro baza adgilobrivi ekonomikis
mamoZravebeli Zala da mosaxleobisTvis TurqeTis agresiis Tavidan
acilebis garanti iyo. ramdenime aTasi adamiani gamoTqvamda protests am
mitingzec da 31 marts xelmeored gamarTul mitingzec. erTian javaxi
iyo axalgazrda aqtivistebis gaerTianeba, romlebic ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamdnen Zveli javaxis organizaciis wevrebis xelisuflebasTan
damokidebulebis Taobaze. erTianma javaxma popularobis piks miaRwia
2006 wlis seqtemberSi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis
arCevnebis dros. marTalia, organizacias uari eTqva registraciaze
msgavsi mizeziT, rac virkis registraciaze uaris safuZveli iyo, partia
“mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos”-Tan SeTanxmebiT, misi wevrebi
Sevidnen partiis kandidatTa saarCevno siaSi. Sedegad, erTiani javaxis
ramdenime wevri kenWs iyrida axalqalaqis soflebis masStabiT ocdaor
saarCevno olqSi. partiam “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” miiRo
30%-ze xma (ix. zemoT), xolo axalqalaqis yofilma merma da ukve
erTiani javaxis momxrem, nairi iricianma, moigo q. axalqalaqis erT-
mandatian saarCevno olqSi ufro meti xmiT vidre xelisuflebis
favorits hqonda. erTiani javaxis momxrem, andranik abelianma, aseve
arCevnebSi gaimarjva kumurdos dasaxlebaSi. naklebi warmateba qonda
organizacias ninowmindis raionSi, sadac erTian nacionalur moZraobas
faqtiurad ar yavda konkurenti da maTi kandidatebi mxars uWerdnen an
32
enzel mqoians an mels bdoians (ix. zemoT).
erTiani javaxis warmatebam miipyro adgilobrivi Tu centraluri
xelisuflebis yuradReba, romlebmac ganizraxes moZraobis
Zalauflebis daknineba. arCevnebidan ori dRis Semdeg, erTianma javaxma
moawyo demonstracia axalqalaqSi xmebis masiuri gayalbebis faqtTan
dakavSirebiT.25 demonstraciis monawileebma ganizraxes javaxeTis
rainuli saarCevno komisiis Senobis dakaveba, Sedegad adgili qonda
fizikuri dapirispirebas, romelsac moyva haerSi srolebi. Sedegad,
policiis meTauri, samvel petrosiani, msubuqad daSavda. maleve daakaves
Caxaliani somxeTSi gadasvlisTanave, Tumca sami kviris Semdeg isev
gaaTavisufles. adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi daupirispirdnen
erTiani javaxis moZraobas, raSic maT mxari odesRac yofilma
oponentma radikalma, daviT rstakianma (virkis lideri).
erTianma javaxma daiwyo daSla 2007-08 wlebSi. viTareba kvlav
daZabuli iyo sadavo arCevnebis Semdgom TveebSic. iriciani
akritikebda adgilobriv xelisuflebas, vinaidan ar daniSnes
axalqalaqis sakrebulos erT-erTi komitetis Tavmjdomared mainc
miuxedavad imisa, rom man xmebis didi raodenobiT gaimarjva arCevnebSi.
2007 wlis aprilSi is daakaves kidevac erTiani javaxis aqtivistebTan
erTad (maT Soris, abelianTan) da adgilobrivi prokuroris mZRolTan
Cxubis faqtze.26 Tumca, mogvianebiT iricianis Tanamoazre, aruciun
ovanesiani, dainiSna axalqalaqis municipalitetis gamgeblad (2007
wlis 7 Tebervals), Tavad iriwiani ki - mis moadgiled.27 2008 wlis 2
maiss ovanesianis axalqalaqis erT-mandatiani saarCevno olqSi
saparlamento arCevnebisTvis erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis
25 gadmocemiT, erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam 100%-ze meti xma miiRo erT-erT sofelSi.
26 “axalqalaqis yofili meri dakavebulia”, Armenian News (2007 wlis 25 aprili),
http://www.armtown.com/news/en/lra/20070425/12105/. 27 “sabWos axali prezidenti” (A-info-s veb-gverdi, 2008 wlis 10 Tebervali), http://www.a-
info.org/eng/full.php?id=1922, mopovebulia 2009 wlis 28 ivniss.
33
kandidatad SerCevis Semdeg ki, iriciani gaxda gamgebeli.28 iricianma,
yofilma opozicionerma, SeZlo saerTo enis gamonaxva
xelisuflebasTan da, SesaZloa, swored misi gavlenis gamo, ovanesianma
da erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam moipova uprecedento gamarjveba
axalqalaqSi 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi (ix. zemoT).
xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeni (rogoricaa, erTiani javaxis SemorCenili
aqtivistebi) SemdgomSic ar sargeblobdnen romelime opoziciuri
partiis mxardaWeriT.
vaag Caxaliani ki ganagrZobda adgilobriv mTavrobasTan dapirispirebas,
misi urTierToba gansakuTrebiT daZabuli iyo axalqalaqis policiis
ufrosTan, samvel petrosianTan. petrosianis saxlTan moxda afeTqeba
2008 wlis 17 ivliss, rac dabralda erTiani javaxis aqtivists, gurgen
Sirinians. policiam daiwyo spec-operaciebi erTiani javaxis wevrebis
asayvanad, romlis drosac ori policieli daiRupa sakmaod gaurkvevel
viTarebaSi, xolo erTiani javaxis ofisebSi, gadmocemiT, cecxlsasrol
iaraRebs miakvlies. 15 aqtivisti, maT Soris, Caxaliani da am
ukanasknelisa da Sirinianis ojaxis wevrebi daakaves. Siriniani gaiqca
da mis kvals ver miakvlies. erTianma javaxma daadanaSaula
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi petrosianis saxlTan afeTqebis
mowyobasa da organizaciis ofisebSi iaraRebis damalvaSi. Caxalians
brali wauyenes iaraRis tarebisTvis, 2006 wels demonstraciebis dros
da oqtombris arCevnebis Semdgom provokaciuli qmedebebisTvis,
romlebzec adre braldeba misTvis ar wauyenebiaT. 2008 wlis dekemberSi
Sirinians dauswreblad miusajes 17-wliani patimroba mkvlelobisTvis,
xolo mis mamasa da deidas - orwliani vadiT patimroba cru Cvenebis
micemis braldebiT.29 sabolood, Caxaliani braleulad cnes ramdenime
braldebiT, maT Soris 2006 wlis movlenebSi monawileobisTvis, da
28 “nair iriwiani axalqalaqis regionaluri administraciis Tavmjdomarea” noian tapani,
Armenians today, 2008 wlis 8 maisi, http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/archive/136998.html. 29 “somexi aqtivistebi politikuri devnis msxverplni arian javaxeTSi” Hetq online (2009 wlis 12 ianvari), http://www.hetq.am/en/court/armenian-activists-in-javakh-subject-to-political-persecution/; “javaxeTis lideri marTlmsajulebis ZiebaSia”, http://www.armenhes.blogspot.com/2009/03/leader-of-georgias-javakheti-region.html.
34
miusajes 10-wliani patimroba, xolo mis mamasa da mcirewlovan Zmas
daekisraT mZime fuladi jarimebi iaraRis SeZenisa da tarebisTvis.30 Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom Caxalians braldeba droulad ar
warudgines aRniSnul danaSaulebebSi, mis mimarT gamoyenebuli zomebi
SesaZloa aixsnas, albaT, mxolod xelisuflebis surviliT daSalos
moZraoba erTiani javaxi.
erTiani javaxis meore nawili CaerTo adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan
brZolaSi ekonomikis marTvis sadaveebis mopovebisTvis. bevri gavleniani
biznesmeni, romelic daxmarebas uwevda erTini javaxis moZraobas,
CarTuli aris politikuri elitis mier tradiciulad
monopolizirebul biznes saqmianobaSic, rogoricaa magaliTad
benzingasamarTi sadgurebis biznesi. maTi nawili sofel kumurdodan
arian warmoSobiT. erT-erTma biznesmenma, romelic ZiriTadad ruseTSi
saqmianobs, licenziis safuZvelze moipova saqarTveloSi xis moWrisa
da somxeTSi gayidvis ufleba, romelic mas SemdgomSi CamoerTva
(saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006). sofel kumurdos mosaxleobam
2006 wlis arCevnebSi sabWos wevrad erTiani javaxis warmomadgeneli
airCia (ix. zemoT). biznes interesebis gadanawilebaze 2009 wlis
ianvarSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen, erTi mxriv, kumurdos biznesmenis
momxreebi da, meore mxriv, enzel mqoianis Tanamoazreebi. Cxubis Sedegad
Tavad mqoiani daSavda, ris gamoc daakaves oTxi pirovneba; Tumca, ori
maTgani maleve gaaTavisufles jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg.31
axalqalaqis somxuri axalgazrdobis centris direqtori, grigol
minasiani, da Sarl aznauris sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare, sargis
akofanianic, daupirispirdnen adgilobriv xelisuflebas. mogvianebiT
erTi incidenti moxda, romelSic CarTuli iyo axalqalaqSi
30 “vaag Caxalians miesaja 10 wliani patimroba”, Oratert (2009 wlis 9 aprili), http://www.
eng.oratert.com/Armenia-hotline/58.html; mopovebulia 2009 wlis 28 ivniss. 31 avtoris interviu, “erTiani javaxis wevris, xaCik saharianis manqana afeTqda: es ukanasknelia gadayvanilia saavadmyofoSi”, wyaro, veb-gverdi “javaxi: damaluli simarTle”, noian topanis citata: Armenians Today (2007 wlis 13 marti), http://www.djavakhk.com/detail.php?r=0&id=4992&l=en; “bombi afeTqda erTiani javaxis wevris manqanaSi” (2007 wlis 12 marti), http://www.armtown.com/news/en/lra/20070312/10749/.
35
mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis Casatareblad Casuli belorusiuli
arasamTavrobo organizaciis, mosaxleobisTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis
asociacia (ALAP). kiTxvari Seicavda provokaciul SekiTxvebs Turqi
mesxebis gadmosaxlebisa da separatistuli moZraobebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis organizatorebi dapirdnen 800 aSS dolaris gadaxdas
TiToeuls, vinc Caatarebda gamokiTxvas.32 minasiani da akofaniani
aqtiurad Caebnen kvlevis organizebaSi. Sedegad aqtivistebi daapatimres
SeTqmulebis braldebiT 2009 wlis ianvarSi, xolo martSi
gaaTavisufles, Tumca gamoZieba aRniSnul saqmeze ar Sewyvetila.
sinamdvileSi, aRmoCnda, rom belorusiuli organizacia ALAP ar
arsebobda, aramed am saxeliT moqmedebda sxva romelime organizacia.
erTaderTi adamianis uflebaTa organizacia saxelwodebiT ALAP
moqmedebda belorusiaSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos, romlis liderebi
idevnebodnen aleqsandr lukaSenkos reJimis mier, xolo
belorusiulma sasamarTlom gaauqma organizacia jer kidev 2003
welSi.33 saqarTvelos mTavrobis gancxadebiT, incidenti iyo ruseTis
spec-samsaxurebis gegmis nawili, romelic miznad isaxavda javaxeTSi
separatistuli ganwyobis Seqmnas 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-
saqarTvelos omis kvaldakval. bevri adgilobrivi gavleniani piri
varaudobda, rom provokacia mowyobili iyo saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis mier pro-rusuli aqtivistebis gamosavlenad (ix. qvemoT).
rac Seexeba regionis biznes-elitas, emigrirebul biznesmenTa didma
nawilma daiwyo kapitalis investicia javaxeTSi. maT Sorisaa aram
sanosiani, ninowmindis raionis sofeli saTxis mkvidri, romelic amJamad
ruseTSi moRvaweobs. man aaSena wylis gamyvani arxi mSobliur sofelSi
da Seudga ninowmindis samkervalo qarxnis aRdgenas (ix. zemoT).34
32 avtoris interviu. 33 adamianis uflebebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, cenzuris akrZalva, a.S., organizaciebi,
http://www.belarus-misc.org/bel-hrbl.htm; moli korso da gaiane abrahamiani, “saqarTvelo: eTnikuri somxebis ruseTis monawileobiT SeTqmulebis mowyobis braldebiT daapatimres”, Eurasia insight, 2009 wlis 12 Tebervali, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav021209b.shtml.
34 noian tapani: Armenians today, 2007 wlis 4 marti,
36
rogorc amboben, biznesmeni CarTulia axalqalaqis bunebrivi airiT
momaragebis proeqtSic.35 misi Zma, haik sanosiani aris “qarTul-somxuri
kavSiris” prezidiumisa da somxeTis parlamentis wevri. sanosianebi
monawileoben javaxeTis regionis sxva biznesisa Tu infrastruqturis
ganviTarebis proeqtebSic, maT Soris, axalqalaqis fqvilkombinatisa da
yvelis qarxnisa da sxva mcire biznesSi. gadmocemiT, maT kargi
urTierToba aqvT saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan.
dResdReobiT, asze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia arsebobs javaxeTSi,
mxolod ocamde maTgani axorcielebs proeqtebs. javaxeTis
arasamTavrobo seqtorSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs javaxeTis
samoqalaqo forumi, romelic aerTianebs 25 arasamTavrobo
organizaciasa da 458 individualur wevrs. forumi daarsda 2004 wels,
umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris (ECMI) daxmarebiT,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan konatruqciul
dialogSi CarTvis mizniT. forumma Camoayaliba Tematuri samuSao
jgufebi, romlebic regularulad ikribebian adgilobrivi
sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad da
CamoTvlil sferoebSi mTavrobisaTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis
mizniT: socialur-ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, adamianis uflebebis dacva,
kulturisa da enis da aseve adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebi.
forumma adgilobrivi skolebis direqtorebisa da
maswavleblebisaTvis sxvadasxva treiningebi Caatare. centralur
xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, forumi
TanamSromlobs umciresobaTa da samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebze
prezidentis mrCevelTan. kerZod, 2008 wlis zafxulSi mimdinareobda
molaparakeba axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis saavadmyofoebis statusTan
dakavSirebiT, ris Sedegadac axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis
saavadmyofoebi kvlav municipaluri biujetidan dafinansdebian.
forumi mWidrod TanamSromlobs ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
http://www/djavakhk.com/detail.php?r=0&id=5235&l=en.
35 qristine aRalariani, “javaxeTi safrTxeSia: saqarTvelos mTavrobis maxinaciebi da somxebis apaTia”, hetq online (2009 wlis 6 aprili), http://www.hetq.am/en/politics/javakhk-5/.
37
saministrosTan ganaTlebis sakiTxebis mimarTebaSi, kerZod, qarTul
enaze swavlebis Taobaze. 2008 wlis dasasrulidan forumi
damoukideblad ganagrZobs saqmianobas da umciresobis sakiTxTa
evropuli centris mier 2009 wels forumisadmi gaweuli finansuri
daxmareba mcire grantebis programiT Semoifargla. 2009 wlisaTvis
javaxeTis samoqalaqo forumi iTvleba yvelaze Zlier da efeqtian
arasamTavrobo organizaciad regionSi, romelsac angariSs uwevs
xelisuflebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom celkeuli magaliTebi miuTiTebs
centraluri mTavrobasa da forums Soris TanamSromlobaze, SedarebiT
Zlevamosili organizaciis arsebobas, romelic metwilad somxuri
warmoSobis pirebiT aris dakompleqtebuli xelisuflebis garkveul
fenebSi separatistuli moZraobis aRzevebis SiSs iwvevda. forumis
TanaTavmjdomaris, nairi iricianis keTilganwyoba erTiani javaxis
mimarT aseve eWvs badebda forumis realur ganzraxvebSi. Tumca,
iricianis gamgeblad daniSvnam (ix. zemoT) xeli Seuwyo xelisuflebasa
da regionis samoqalaqo seqtors Soris ndobis gamyarebas. ruseT-
saqarTvelos omis Semdgom periodSi, iseve rogorc ararsebuli
belorusiuli organizaciis (ix. zemoT) urTierTobam arasamTavrobo
seqtorTan, maT Soris, forumis wevrebTan, kvlav gamoiwvia
xelisuflebis kontr-dazvervis Zalebis mxridan regionis samoqalaqo
seqtoris mimarT kontrolis gaZliereba.
qvemo qarTli
adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi ufro mcire raodenobiT gvevlinebian
qvemo qarTlSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom centraluri xelisufleba
metadaa CarTuli regionis yoveldRiur marTvaSi, xolo umciresobis
warmomadgenlebi naklebad arian warmodgenilni adgilobriv politikur
elitaSi. qvemo qarTlis administraciis wevrebi arian, rogorc wesi,
nacionaluri moZraobis aqtivistebi an samarTaldamcav organoebSi
muSaobis gamocdilebis mqone pirebi. marneulisa da dmanisis
gamgeblebi miekuTvnebian pirvel kategorias, xolo walkisa da
bolnisis gamgeblebi – meores. walkis moqmedi gamgebeli (2008 wlis
38
ivnisis mdgomareobiT) policiis yofili ufrosia.36 eqspertTa azriT, is
aris yvelaze gavleniani pirovneba municipalitetSi.37 Tanamdebobis
pirebi erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul municipalitetebSi arian,
ZiriTadad, Tbilisidan an rusTavidan.
erTmandatiani parlamentis wevrebi regionSi cnobili biznesmenebi arin.
erT-erTi maTgania koba nakofia, ss madneulis samTo mrewvelobis
kompaniis sameTvalyureo sabWos yofili Tavmjdomare. kidev erTi
gavleniani piria pirovnebaa daviT beJuaSvili, parlamentis wevri 1999
wlidan da saqgazis yofili direqtori. misi Zma, gela beJuaSvili aris
saqarTvelos dazvervis samsaxuris ufrosi da yofili sagareo saqmeTa
ministri. erTaderTi azerbaijaneli, romelic arCeulia erTmandatian
saarCevno olqSi, aris didi xnis parlamentis wevri da SevardnaZis
yofili Tanamoazre, azer suleimanovi, romelic didi popularobiT ver
sargeblobs regionSi. kidev ori azerbaijaneli, ramin bairamovi da
isvaxan Samilovi arCeulni arian parlamentSi erTiani nacionaluri
moZraobis sapartio siiT. pirvelma maTganma daiwyo Tavisi kariera
gardabnis arasamTavrobo seqtorSi muSaobiT.
adgilobrivi somexi, haik meltoniani airCies parlamentis wevrad walkis
raionidan partiis, “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” siiT 2003
wlis arCevnebSi da igi, cxadia, sargeblobda walkis raionis somxuri
soflebis mosaxleobis didi mxardaWeriT.38 meltoniani
ewinaaRmdegeboda 2002-2006 wlebSi mimdinare aWarisa da svaneTis
mkvidri qarTvelebis raionSi gadmosaxlebis process da amiT moipova
adgilobrivi somxuri da berZnuli mosaxleobis xmebi.39 misi
36 “qvemo qarTlis policiis struqturuli reorganizacia”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media (2008 wlis 23 ianvari), http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php?id=745; “walkis axali gubernatori”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media (2008 wlis 11 ivnisi), http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php?id=1758.
37 avtoris interviu, 2009 wlis 13 aprili. 38 marTlia, proporciuli sistemiT 150 wevris asarCevad xelmeored Catarda arCevnebi 2004 wlis martSi, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, samandato sistemiT arCeuli kandidatebi datoves 2004-2008 wlebis parlamentSi.
39 zaza baazovi, “qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis gegma gaxda daZabulobis mizezi”, Caucasus
39
kandidatura waradgina blokma “tradicionalistebi – Cveni
saqarTvelo da qalTa partia”-m 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi,
magram arCevnebamde aTi dRiT adre tradicionalistebma moxsnes misi
kandidatura.40 Sedegad walkis municipalitetis registrirebul
amomrCevelTa mxolod mesamedi gamocxadda saarCevno ubnebze.41 es
maCvenebeli bevrad dabali iyo qvemo qarTlis sxva raionebTan
SedarebiT, rac SeiZleba gamoewvia samuSao asakis somxebis migracias
sezonur samuSaoze ruseTSi da im faqts, rom berZnebi, romlebic ukve
aRar cxovroben raionSi, isev iricxebian saregistracio siebSi. Tumca,
meltonianis mSobliuri soflis, nardevanis 1 500 mosaxlidan mxolod
269 miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom somxebis
didma nawilma Segnebulad aarida Tavi arCevnebSi monawileobas.42
eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi, sazogadoebriv
organizacia, geiraTi, sargeblobda popularobiT marneulisa da
bolnisis mosaxleobaSi. organizacia daafuZna azerbaijanulma
inteligenciam 1990 wels azerbaijanuli mosaxleobisadmi 1990-iani
wlebSi agresiuli politikisgan dasacavad. mogvianebiT, organizacia
cdilobda azerbaijanuli sazogadoebiSi gaCenili dapirispirebebis
aRmofxvras da asrulebda mediatoris rols adgilobrivi
sazogadoebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis urTierTobaSi.
moZraoba 1990-iani wlebis bolos TandaTanobiT daiSala, vinaidan
wevrTa umravlesobam Tanamdebobebi daikava saxelmwifo struqturebSi
(uiTli 2005). vardebis revoluciis Semdeg geiraTi TiTqmis gaqra
scenidan. centraluri xelisuflebis rgolebma da samarTaldamcavma
organoebma moipoves sruli monopolia regionSi konfliqturi
situaciebis regulirebis procesze da geiraTma dakarga mTavari
Reporting Service, #280, 2005 wlis 1 aprili, www.iwpr.net.
40 ix. saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisia, http://www.cec.gov.ge/?que=eng/press-center/press-releases&info=1264. 2008 wlis arCevnebSi erT-mandatiani kandidatebi unda daesaxelebina partias an bloks.
41 “arCevnebSi gamarjvebulebi”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media, http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/articles.php?id=32.
42 http://e-vote-count.info/?lang=en&district_id=15&precinct_id=656, informacia mopovebulia 2009 wlis 4 aprils.
40
mediatoris funqcia.
geiraTis liderebis gancxadebiT, organizaciis wevrebi ganicdidnen
zewolas gamgeobisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan, raTa maT
ar mieRoT monawileoba 2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
arCevnebSi. dResdReobiT, geiraTi arsebobs arasamTavrobo organizaciis
saxiT, romlis saqmianoba mimarTulia eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis
uflebebis dasacavad. marTalia, organizacia drodadro marTavs
saprotesto gamosvlebs mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, TanamSromlobs
garkveul politikur jgufebTan da media saSualebebTan baqoSi, maTi
popularoba sul ufro mcirdeba (saerTaSorisokrizisis jgufi 2006).
kidev erTi azerbaijanuli nacionalisturi organizacia qvemo qarTlSi
saqarTvelos aris azerbaijanelTa nacionaluri asamblea, romelic 2001
wels dafuZnda. asamblea ufro radikaluri organizaciaa vidre
geiraTi. misi lideri, daSgin gulmamedovi, moiTxovda saqarTvelos
konfederaciad gadaqcevasa da azerbaijanulis saxelmwifo enad
gamocxadebas.43 baqoSi daarsebul da 14, 000 wevrisgan Semdgar
organizacias cudi urTierToba aqvs rogorc saqarTvelos ise
azerbaijanis xelisuflebasTan. mas Semdeg, rac gulmamedovma
daadanaSaula qarTveli ginekologebi azerbaijaneli mSobiare qalebis
daSavebaSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam brali dasdo gulmamedovs, rom misi
organizacia finansdeboda uSiSroebis samsaxuris yofili ufrosis,
pro-rusulad ganwyobili, igor giorgaZis mier.44 gulmamedovi mokle
vadiT daapatimres erovnuli SuRlis gaRvivebis mcdelobis45
braldebiT 2007 wlis noemberSi, xolo 2009 wlis martSi, mas miusajes
orwliani patimroba TaRliTobisTvis azerbaijanSi.46 erTi sityviT,
43 “eTnikuri azerbajanelebi moiTxoven saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis cvlilebas”,
Interfax (2009 wlis 28 ianvari), http://www.groong.network.mine.nu:8888/wmu/tag/ethnic/. 44 axali ambebi, 2006 wlis 26 aprili, http://003eaa4.netsolhost.com/news.asp?news=8350. 45 “saqarTvelos uSiSroebis samsaxurma daapatimra azerbaijanuli diasporis
lideri”, Eurasian Security Services daily Review (2007 wlis 29 noemberi), http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=1440.
46 “daSgil gulmamedovi dapatimrebulia TaRliTobisTvis”, Turan, (2009 wlis 11 marti), http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/HR-Georgia-eng/message/916; “saqarTvelos azerbaijanelebi
41
azerbaijanis mTavroba mxars uWers saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
azerbaijanuli separatizmis momxre calkeuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi, aqedan gamomdinare, gulmamedovis dapatimreba SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc orive mTavrobis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis Sedegi.
gulmamedovis saxels ukavSirdeba qvemo qarTlis aseve gavleniani
figura, fazil alievi. miuxedavad azerbaijanuli warmoSobisa, igi
Tavidan iyo nacionalisti lideris, zviad gamsaxurdias mxardamWeri.
gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis dros, alievi dainiSna gardabnis merad
mokle vadiT, Semdeg ki gardabnis raionis prefeqtis moadgiled.
SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi man wamoiwyo bunebrivi airis
biznesi, magram zewolas ganicdida qvemo qarTlis gubernatoris, levan
mamalaZis mxridan, romelmac surda regionis TiTqmis yvela sawarmos
xelSi Cagdeba. alievis mtkicebiT, mas devnidnen adgilobrivi organoebi
da rom niRbiani pirebi Tavs daesxnen skolas, romelSic misi Svilebi
swavlobdnen. 2005 wlis ivnisSi SeiraRebuli Tavdasxma moxda alievis
saxlze, romelic misi gancxadebiT, xelisuflebis dakveTa iyo. am
incidentis Semdeg, alievma Tavi Seafara azerbaijans.47 2007 wlis
noemberSi, rodesac asambleam waradgina alievis kandidatura 2008
wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis, is dabrunda saqarTveloSi da
daniSna gulmamedovi saarCevno kampaniis xelmZRvanelad. Tumca, alievi
iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva arCevnebSi monawileobaze gulmamedovis
dapatimrebis Semdeg. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi alievis
kandidatura wamoayena qristian-demokratiulma aliansma, Tumca
kandidatma moipova mxolod xmaTa 2%.
protests acxadeben”, Today.Az. (2009 wlis 15 maisi), http://www.today.az/news/politics/52331.html; “saqarTvelos azerbaijanelTa nacionaluri asambleis meTauri dapatimrebulia baqoSi” (2009 wlis 11 marti), http://www.today.az/print/news/society/51003.html.
47 f. Teimurxanli, “saakaSvilma meti problemebi Seuqmna saqarTveloSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelebs”, gazeTi zerkalo (azerbaijani), 2005 wlis 10 oqtomberi, http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/forum/showthread.php?t=39332; “saqarTvelos prezidentebi: fazil alievis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba”, News Bakililar.az., http://news.bakililar.az/news_kandidat_v_prezidenty_11310.html.
42
qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelTa interesebis dasacavad 2008 wlis
martSi dafuZnda axali gaerTianeba saxelwodebiT saqarTvelos
azerbaijanelTa kongresi, romelic aerTianebs 12-ze met saqarTveloSi
moqmed azerbaijanul organizacias.48 kongresi uaryofs, rom
organizacia aris politikuri gaerTianeba da acxadebs, rom maTi
mizania eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis uflebebis dacva da maTi
daxmareba qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciis procesSi.49 kongresis
Tavmjdomare da Tana-damfuZnebeli, ali babaevi, akritikebda
saqarTvelos mTavrobis damokidebulebas azerbaijanuli umcireosobis
mimarT, rogorc meore-xarisxovani moqalaqeebisadmi, da fazil alievis
msgavsad, isic iRebda monawileobas 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi
respublikuri partiis saxeliT, Tumca, SeZlo mxolod xmebis 4%-is
mogroveba. bolo xanebSi, kongresi gamodioda marneulSi sadaxlos
bazris aRdgenis moTxovniT. 2005 wels xelisuflebam daxura bazari,
romelic somxeTisa da azerbaijanis saRvarTan iyo ganlagebuli,
kontrabandis aRkveTis mizniT (ix. qvemoT).50 garda amisa, kongresma
miiRo monawileoba erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo
konvenciis Sesrulebis Taobaze arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
alternatiuli angariSis momzadebaSi qvemo qarTlis regionSi.
miuxedavad organizaciis zomieri opoziciuri Sexedulebebisa,
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli eWvis TavliT
uyurebs mis saqmianobas. organizaciis damfuZnebel konferenciamde 2008
wlis martSi, xelisuflebam araformalurad zewola moaxdina mTel
48 ix. “tolerantoba”, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebrivi asociacia, “saqarTvelos mier erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo konvenciis implementacia qvemo qarTlSi (saqarTvelo): arasamTavrobo organizaciis alternatiuli angariSi” (Tbilisi 2008), http://www.minelres.lv/reports/georgia/Shadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf; “saqarTvelos azerbaijanelTa kongresi”-s sadamfuZneblo Sexvedra 17 marts”, Trend News (2008 wlis 15 marti), http://news-en.trend.az/society/diaspora/1157388.html.
49 radio Tavisufleba, kavkasiis angariSi, saqarTvelos azerbaijanul umciresobas epyrobian rogorc meore-xarisxovan moqalaqeebs, (2009 wlis 4 marti), http://www.rferl.org/content/Georgias_Azeri_Minority_Treated_As_SecondClass_Citizens/1621243.html.
50 “azerbaijanelTa kongresi Txovs saqarTvelos prezidents sadaxlos bazris aRdgenas”, Turquli yovelkvireuli, 2009 wlis 22 aprili, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/73615.-congress-of-georgia-s-azerbaijanis-applies-georgian-president-to-restore-sadakhlo-fair.html.
43
rig damfuZnebel organizaciebze, rom ar daswrebodnen Sexvedras.51
rac Seexeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, kidev erTi gavleniani
organizaciaa walkis samoqalaqo forumi, romelic dafuZnda 2005 wels
umciresobis sakiTxTxTa evropuli centris mxardaWeriT, walkis
mosaxleobasa da centraluri xelisuflebas Soris dialogis
xelSesawyobad. ukve 2009 wels forumi aerTianebs 7 arasamTavrobo
organizacias da 120 individualur wevrs. forumi axorcielebs mcire
grantis proeqtebs; mis resurscentrTan aseve gaxsnilia kompiuteris
Seswavlis kursebi. forumi marTavs Sexvedrebs adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan, mWidrod TanamSromlobs javaxeTis
samoqalaqo forumTan da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis ofisTan
arsebul erovnul umciresobaTa sabWosTan mravalenovani ganaTlebis
sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.
soflebSi gavlenian pirebs rac Seexeba, aRsaniSnavia, qvemo qarTlis
soflebSi mcxovrebi uxucesebi, romlebic tradiciulad sargeblobdnen
avtoritetiT azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi da araerTxel Seuwyves xeli
dapirispirebis aRmofxvras soflebs Soris da soflebSi. aksakalebis
saxeliT (“TeTri wveri”) cnobili es pirebi miekuTvnebodnen soflis
inteligencias da xSirad muSaobdnen skolis direqtorebad an
ubralod kargad icnobdnen islamuri qcevis kodeqss, adaTs (uiTli
2005). geiraTis zogierTi wevrebi aksakalebi iyvnen. bolo xanebSi,
aksakalebis roli Sesustda, gansakuTrebiT, mas Semdeg, rac
konfliqturi situaciebis mogvarebas samarTaldamcavi organoebis
axorcieleben. zogierTi angariSis mixedviT, aksakalebi monawileobdnen
soflis mxardaWeris programis farglebSi sxvadasxva prioritetuli
proeqtebis gamovlenaSi. maTi iniciativiT, 16 sazogadoebrivi Sekrebis
adgili aSenda marneulis raionis soflebSi am programis farglebSi.52
51 tolerantoba, “saqarTvelos mier CarCo konvenciis implementacia. . .”. 52 “soflis mxardaWeris programa”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media,
http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/articles.php?id=77.
44
javaxeTis msgavsad qvemo qarTlis umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
raionebSic, opoziciuri partiebi popularobiT ar sargebloben.
umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier 2008 wlis maisSi
Catarebuli kvlevis mignebebis Tanaxmad, gardabnis, marneulisa da
dmanisis municipalitetebis araqarTuli mosaxleoba (ZiriTadad
azerbaijanelebi) ufro naklebadaa informirebuli partiuli sistemis
Sesaxeb vidre javaxeTis umciresobaTa jgufebi. respodentebma
saSualod 1.38 partia daasaxeles arCevnebSi monawile 12 partiidan da
blokidan, xolo partiebis siis gacnobis Semdeg, saSualod – 2.05. maSin
roca, kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis qarTulma
mosaxleoba icnobda saSualod 6.67 partiasa da bloks da javaxeTis
araqarTuli mosaxleoba (ZiriTadad, somxurma) – 2.83-s.53 qvemo qarTlis
umciresobaTa didi nawili icnobs mxolod mmarTvel partias, erTiani
nacionaluri moZraobas. sakvirveli arc unda iyos, rom nacionalurma
moZraobam didi upiratesobiT moigo arCevnebi qvemo qarTlSi.
5. migracia da sezonuri Sroma
ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmanvlobaSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovan
demografiul cvlilebebs qonda adgili, rasac Sedegad moyva
mosaxleobis didi nawilis qveynidan gadineba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
qveyana datoves rogorc eTnikurma qarTvelebma ise erovnulma
umciresobebma, am uknasknelTa xvedriTi wili emigrantebs Soris ufro
maRali iyo. 1989 wlisa da 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRwerisa da qveynis
im regionebis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sedareba, sadac
orive aRwera Catarda (garda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis
konfliqturi zonebisa, sadac 2002 wels mosaxleobis aRweris Catareba
ver momxerxda) miuTiTebs imaze, rom erovnuli umciresobebis
procentuli raodenoba saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobis 26.4%-dan
53 es monacemebi statistikurad mniSvnelovania 0.001 doneze, orive SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebulia levinis testi Tanasworobis variaciaTa da testi saSualebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. .
45
16.2%-mde daeca. amgvari cvlilebebi metwilad eTnikuri rusebis (6.3%-dan
1.5%-mde), somxebisa (7.5%-dan 5.7%-mde) da berZnebis (1.8%-dan 0.3%-mde)
qveynis mTlian mosaxleobaSi xvedriTi wilis SemcirebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. aRniSnulma demografiulma cvlilebebma SedarebiT
naklebi gavlena iqonia qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis
regionebze garda Semdegi calkeuli raionebisa: walkis raionSi
eTnikuri berZnebis ricxvi 1989 wels 61.0%-dan 2002 wels 22.0%-mde
Semcirda (dReisaTvis ki daaxloebiT 5%-s Seadgens); axalcixis raionSi
eTnikuri somexi mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili 1989 wels 42.8%-dan 2002
wels 36.6%-mde daeca; xolo ninowmindis raionSi eTnikuri rusebis
procentuli raodenoba 1989 wels 8.3%-dan 2002 wels 2.7%-mde Semcirda
(dRes maTi ricxvi gacilebiT naklebia). aRniSnuli demografiuli
cvlilebebidan, winamdebare moxsenebaSi yuradReba ZiriTadad
gamaxvilebulia walkis raionidan berZnebisa da ninowmindis raionidan
duxoborebis emigraciaze. Tumca, ganxilulia aseve migraciis damatebiT
ori tendencia, romelTac ukanasknel wlebSi erovnuli umciresobebis
cxovrebaze iqonies gavlena, kerZod, walkidan da javaxeTis
raioenebidan eTnikuri somxebis ruseTis federaciaSi zafxulobiT
sezonuri dasaqmebis mizniT migracia da aseve aWarisa da svaneTis
maRalmTiani regionebidan qarTvelebis gadasaxleba erovnuli
umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT walkis raionSi.
walka: berZnebis masobrivi emigracia da ekologiuri da ekonomikuri
migrantebis Camosaxleba
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli
politikuri daZabulobas Sedegad walkis raionis berZnuli
mosaxlebois saberZneTSi emigracia moyva. qarTvel berZnebs saberZneTSi
moxvedra SedarebiT uadvildebodaT, vinaidan saberZneTis saimigracio
kanonmdebloba efeqtianad ar xorcieldeba da, garda amisa, berZnuli
warmoSobis pirebis imigraciisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi iyo Seqmnili.
walkis raionis gamgeblis mier mowodebuli araoficialuri monacemebis
Tanaxmad, 2006 wlisaTvis eTnikuri berZnebis ricxvi dReisaTvis
46
daaxloebiT 1,500 utoldeba, maSin roca maTi raodenoba 1989 wels
27,000 kacs Seadgenda, xolo 2002 wels – 4,600 kacs. adgilobrivi
eqpertebis gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, 2009 wlisaTvis walkis raionSi
berZnuli warmoSobis mosaxleoba 1,000 kacs ar aRemateba, romelTa
umravlesobac xanSi Sesulia.
berZeni mosaxlebis emigraciis paralelurad mimdinareobda walkis
raionSi saqarTvelos sxva mxareebidan mosaxleobis Camosaxlebis
procesi. walkis raionis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli monacemebis
Tanaxmad, 2006 wlisaTvis raionSi daaxloebiT 6,500 qarTveli migranti
dasaxlda. aRniSnuli migrantebis umravlesoba (daaxloebiT 70%)
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikidan metwilad ki xulos raionidan
gadmosaxlda, romelic xSiri mewyerebiTa da zogadad miwis simciriT
gamoirCeva. migrantTa nawili warmoSobiT aseve qveynis Crdilo-
dasavleTSi mdebare maRalmTiani svaneTis regionidan iyo, sadac zvavebi
iSviaT movlenas ar warmoadgens. migracia farTo masStabiT aWaridan
da svaneTidan 1998 wels daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT 2002 wels
SeiniSneboda miuxedavad imisa, rom eduard SevardnaZis mTavroba ar
uwyobda xels am process da verc axerxebda Sida migraciis
regulirebas an Tundac aRricxvas. 2002 wels dawyebuli migraciis
axali talRa sruliad mouloldneli iyo, vinadian walkaSi ukve
dasaxlebulma ojaxebma TavianTi naTesavebis gadmosaxlebas Seuwyves
xeli. es ukanaskneli nawilobriv baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadebis
mSeneblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic walkaSic gadioda da
axalmosulTa didi nawilis dasaqmebis SesaZelblobas qmnida. 2004
wlamde am Sida migraciis procesis regulireba saerTod ver
xerxdeboda. axalmosulTa umravlesoba adgilobriv sakrebuloSi
daregistrirebulic ar iyo da maTi saxelebi adgilobriv aRwerebSi ar
aisaxa (uiTli 2006). 2005-2006 wlebis manZilze mTavroba Seecada
daregulirebina migraciis procesi. garda amisa, 2006 wels
ekonomikurma migraciamac iklo, vinaidan navTobsadenis samSeneblo
samuSaoebi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. 2006 wlis Semdeg mTavrobam
gadmosaxlebis neba darTo migrantebis mcire jgufs, romlebic
47
metwilad mewyerebiT dazaralebuli aWaris maRalmTiani raionebidan
iyvnen. Tumca, es procesi gacilebiT ufro efeqtianad imarTeboda da
amjerad gadmosaxlebulTa umravlesobas ekologiuri da ara
ekonomikuri migrantebi Seadgenda.
walkaSi migraciam viTarebis destabilizacia gamoiwvia, radgan raionis
mosaxleobis or ZiriTad jgufs Zalian uWirda Tanaarseboba. erTi
mxriv iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, romelTa umravlesobasac eTnikuri
somxeri Seadgendnen, aseve mcire raodebiT darCenili berZnebi da
azerbaijanuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis ramdenime dasaxleba, romelTac
danarCen mosaxleobasTan Zalian SezRuduli kontaqti qondaT. meore
mxriv, iyo axalCamosaxlebuli qarTvelebis did jgufi, romelbic
metwilad soflis mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen da Sesabamisad ar
flobdnen rusuls, romelic inter-eTnikuri komunikaciis mTavari ena
iyo. gasakviri ar aris, rom komunikaciis barierma da saxelmwifos mier
migraciis procesis daregulirebis uunarobam, daZabuloba gamoiwvia
walkis raionSi, rasac aseve amwvavebda miwis simcire da adgilobriv
mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom
navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze dasaqmebisas upiratesoba axalmosulebs
eniWeboda. mas Semdeg rac adgili qonda ramdenime Setakebas
adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da axalmosulebs Soris, ramac piks 2005
wlis dasawyisSi miaRwia, raionSi wesrigis aRsadgenad saqarTvelos
samarTaldamcavi organoebi Caerivnen (uiTli 2006). viTareba SedarebiT
ganimuxta migraciis Semcirebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis
Carevis Sedegad.
sezonuri migracia
ruseTis federaciaSi sezonur migracias metwilad adgili aqvs
javaxeTisa da walkis somxur mosaxleobas Soris. am eTnikuri jgufis
samuSao asakis mamakacTa didi nawili yovel wels ruseTSi
miemgzavreba (rogorc wesi gazafxulis dasawyisSi) droebiTi samuSaos
saZevneblad (metwilad samSeneblo seqtorSi). es procesi grZeldeba
48
bolo periodSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federacias Soris
urTierTobis gauaresebis miuxedavad, vinaidan SromiTi migrantebis
umravlesobam somxeTis an ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeobis mopoveba
SeZlo. somxeTis moqalaqeebs ruseTSi Casvla SedarebiT uadvildebaT,
maSin roca saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi sagrZnob winaaRmdegobebs
awydebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar
iTvaliswinebs ormag moqalaqeobas da is piri, vinc sxva qveynis
moqalaqeobas iRebs, avtomaturad kargavs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas.
Tumca, am ukanaskneli garemoebis Sesaxeb javaxeTsa da walkaSi
mcxovreb somexTa umravlesoba ar aris informirebuli.
arsebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, javaxeTis daaxloebiT or an sam aTas
mosaxles savaraudod ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeoba aqvs, romelTa
umravlesobamac rusuli pasportebi maSin SeiZina, roca axalqalaqSi
ruseTis federaciis 62-e samxedro baza iyo ganTavsebuli (2007 wels
bazis gayvanamde). bazaze dasaqmebuli mTeli samxedro personali
(romelTaganac daaxloebiT aTass adgilobrivi somxebi Seadgendnen)
valdebuli iyo ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeoba mieRo. aRniSnuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi da mas Semdegac axalqalaqSi SesaZlebeli iyo
rusuli (aseve somxuri) pasportebis SeZena maTTvis, visac ruseTSi
samuSaod gamgzavreba surdaT. garda amisa, mosaxleobis nawili
erevanSic miemgzavreba ruseTis federaciis pasportis mosapoveblad.
ruseTis moqalaqeobis mqone somxuri warmoSobis pirTa raodenobis
zrdam saqarTvelos xelisuflebis yuradReba miipyro, romelic SiSobs,
rom ruseTma SesaZloa es garemoeba javaxeTSi intervenciis mizniT
gamoiyenos, vinaidan samxreT oseTis konfliqtSi Careva rusulma mxarem
swored am mizeziT gaamarTla.54 2007 wlis Tebervlidan, rodesac
somxeTma axali kanoni miiRo, romelic iTvaliswinebs somxuri
warmoSobis ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis ormagi moqalaqeobis
miniWebis uflebas, somxuri pasportebis mopovebis msurvelTa ricxvma
sagrZnoblad imata. rac aseve ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom
54 2002 wlis Semdeg samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi mcxovrebTa umravlesobas ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeoba mieniWa.
49
saqarTvelo-ruseTis 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miReba Zalze garTulda. 2009
wlis pirveli ramdenime Tvis manZilze somxur pasportebze moTxovna
gansakuTrebiT gaizarda, vinaidan adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sezonur
samuSaoze ruseTSi gamgzavrebas gegmavda. erT-erTi wyaros Tanaxmad,
2009 wlis dasawyisSi javaxeTis 1,500-ma mcxovrebma moipova somxeTis
moqalaqeoba.55 garda amisa, adgilobrivi axalgazrdobis nawilma
somxeTis moqalaqeoba erevanSi samuSaod an swavlis gagrZelebis
mizniT miiRo.
zusti monacemebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze sezonuri migrantebis ricxvma
iklo. aRniSnuli garemoeba garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia
biurokratiuli barierebis gamo, aseve ruseTSi kavkasiis
saxelmwifoebidan Casuli migrantebisadmi diskriminaciuli mopyrobis
xSiri SemTxvevebisa da nawilobriv javaxeTis zogierT dasaxlebaSi
infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis gamo (ix. zemoT), ramac SesaZloa
calkeul pirebs saqarTveloSi darCenaSi xeli Seuwyo. magaliTad,
sofeli kartikamidan, romelic axalqalaqidan ramdenime kilometriTaa
daSorebuli, dReisaTvis TiTqmis aravin miemgzavreba ruseTis
federaciaSi sezonur samuSaoze, rac sakmaod miRebuli iyo ramdenime
wlis winaT. Tumca, ufro Soreuli soflebidan sezonur migracias
dResdReobiTac aqvs adgili.
duxoborebis gadasaxleba
ruseTis religiuri umciresoba, duxoborebi, 1830-ian da 1840-ian wlebSi
ruseTis imperiis periferiaSi iqna iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli samxedro
samsaxuris an gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze uaris Tqmis gamo. maT dRevandel
ninowmindis raionSi (romelsac winaT bogdanovkas uwodebdnen) Semdegi
rva dasaxleba daaarses: qalaqi bogdanovka (Tanamedrove ninowminda)
55 avtoris interviu.
50
da soflebi gorelovka, tambovka, orlovka, spasovka, troickoe igive
kalinino (Tanamedrove sameba), efremovka da rodionovka. 1989 wels
ninowmindis raionSi 3,161 duxobori iyo darCenili. Tumca, 1990-iani
wlebis manZilze maTi umravlesoba ruseTSi gadasaxlda, rac metwilad
ganpirobebuli iyo zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobis periodSi (1990-
1991 wlebSi) qveyanaSi gabatonebuli eTnikuri Sovinizmisa da Sedegad
Seqmnili arastabiluri viTarebis gamo (am periodSi regions somxuri
paramilitaristuli organizacia, javaxi, akontrolebda. ix. zemoT).
duxoborebis ruseTis federaciaSi gadasaxlebas aseve xel uwyobda
ramdenime rusuli patriotuli organizacia. Sedegad, 2002 wlis
mosaxleobis aRweris Tanaxmad, mxolod 943 duxobori cxovrobda
raionSi, ZiriTadad sofel gorelovkasa da orlovkaSi. zogierT
soflebSi, mag.: spasovkaSi, duxoborebi aWaridan gadmosaxlebulma
ekologiurma migrantebma (eTnikurma qarTvelebma) Caanacvles, xolo
sxva soflebSi Casaxlebulma qarTvelebma maleve datoves axali
sacxovrebeli (lomi 2006).
duxoborebis emigracia ocdameerTe saukunis pirvel aTwleulSic
gagrZelda da winamdebare moxsenebis werisas (2009 wlis Sua TveebSi)
duxoborebis ukanaksneli ojaxebis nawilic emzadeboda saqarTvelos
dasatoveblad. ris gadamwyvet mizezsac 2005-2006 wlebSi duxoborebze
raionis adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier maT miwebze kontrolis mopovebis
mizniT ganxorcielebuli zewola warmoadgens (ix. momdevno qveTavi).
duxoborebis sakuTrebaze 2006 wlis miwuruls ganxorcielebuli
vandalizmis ramdenime faqtis Semdeg, duxoborebis Temma ruseTSi
sabolood gadasaxlebla gadawyvita. 2007 wels daaxloebiT
ormocdaaTi ojaxi ruseTSi tambovis mxaris bondarskis raionSi
gadasaxlda. aseve gadawyda, rom darCenili ojaxebi 2008 wels
gadavidodnen ruseTSi sacxovreblad. Tumca, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos
Soris gaCaRebulma omma duxoborebis gegmebs xeli SeuSala, vinaidan
gaurkveveli iyo ramdenad advilad SeZleben duxoborebi, romlebic
metwilad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi arian, ruseTis federaciis vizebis
miRebas. duxoborebis Temis lideris Tanaxmad, 2009 wlis Sua periodSi
51
gorelovkaSi duxoborebis 58 ojaxi iyo darCenili, rac daaxloebiT 200
adamians Seadgens.56
duxoborebis gadasaxlebam qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris
dapirispireba gamoiwvia imis Taobaze, Tu vis qonda ufleba
emigrantTa mier mitovebuli saxlebis dakavebisa. adgilobrivma
somexma mosaxleobam umal daiwyo mitovebul saxlebSi Sesaxleba da
arsebuli saerTo miwebis ganawileba da arsebuli informaciiT am
process koordinirebas uwevda gorelovkis Temis sakrebulos yofili
Tavmjdomarisa da ninowmindis raionis saarCevno komisiis amJamindeli
Tavmjdomaris ojaxi. arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos
ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro iZenda duxoborebis saxlebs,
romlebic somxuri mosaxleobis Sexedulebisamebr ekonomikuri
migrantebis (eTnikuri qarTvelebis) raionSi Casasaxleblad iqneboda
gamoyenebuli. erT-erTi wyaros Tanaxmad, saministro im saxlebs
yidulobda, romlebic nacionalisturma organizaciam, merab kostavas
fondma, eko-migrantebisaTvis SeiZina duxoborebis 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad. am saxlebis did nawilSi
araformalurad adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba iyo Sesaxlebuli
mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelma migranteba raionSi gadmosaxlebaze uari
ganacxades an gadmosaxlebidan mcire drois gasvlis Semdeg datoves
axali sacxovrebeli.57 duxoborebis gadasaxlebis Semdeg ninowmindis
raionSi gavrcelebulma gansxvavebulma Sexedulebebma maT saxlebsa
da miwaze sakuTrebis uflebis sakiTxi gaurkveveli datova. 2009
wlisaTvis, adgilobrivi monacemebis Tanaxmad, aWaridan 35 qarTuli
ojaxi gadmosaxlda gorelovkaSi, rac daaxloebiT 120-140 adamians
Seadgens.58
56 ECMI-is TanamSromlebis mier Catarebuli interviuebi. 57 1989-1991 wlebSi kostavas fondma 258 saxli SeiZina eko-migrantebisaTvis da sxva gaWirvebuli ojaxebisaTvis, romelTagac 217 saxli ninowmindis raionSi mcxovrebi duxoborebis yofil sakuTrebas warmoadgneda. kerZod, 14 saxli fondma qalaq ninowmindaSi SeiZina, 31 – sofel spasovkaSi, 36 – sofel efremovkaSi, 20- sofel orlovkaSi, 47 sofel gorelovkasa da 69 sofel samebaSi. Tumca, aRniSnuli 217 saxlidan, mxolod 68 gadaeca axal mesakuTreebs, danarCenebi dRes an carielia an maTSi adgilobrivi somexi ojaxebia Sesaxlebuli (trieri da turaSvili 2007).
58 ECMI-is TanamSromlebis mier Catarebuli interviuebi.
52
6. miwebis ganawileba
sami garemoeba SeiZleba gamxdariyo eTnikuri daZabulobis mizezi
qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze; esenia:
1) miwebis nakleboba marneulisa da bolnisis municipalitetebSi,
gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi; 2) adre
berZnuli mosaxleobis kuTvnili miwebis ekologiur da ekonomikur
migrantebs (metwilad qarTvelebs) Soris ganawileba walkis raionSi; 3)
xelaxali gadanawileba im miwebisa, romlebic samcxe-javaxeTis
ninowmindis municipalitetSi mcxovrebi rusi duxoborebis Tems
ekuTvnoda.
miwebis ganawileba marneulisa da bolnisis municipalitetebSi
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1992 wlis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, akrZaluli
iyo miwebis privatizacia saxlemwifo sazRvridan 21 km-is farglebSi.
imave dadgenilebiT kerZo mesakuTreebs gadaeca yofili
kolmeurneobebis miwebic, ramac safuZveli Cauyara privatizaciis
process, romelic 1996 wels sasoflo-sameurneo miwis sakuTrebis
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis miRebiT daiwyo. 21 km-iani SezRudva
saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetma jer kidev 1994 wels miRebuli
dadgenilebiT daauqma, Tumca saxemwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanonma (1998) 500 metriani sasazRvro zoli da 5 km-iani sasazRvro
zona gansazRvra, romlebSic miwis privatizacia SezRuduli iyo. 21 km-
iani SezRudvis gauqmebisas am zonaSi ganlagebuli miwis nakveTebis
umravlesoba saxelmwifos mier ukve gacemuli iyo ijariT metad saeWvo
viTarebaSi. Sedegad, maT, viszec am kanonma iqonia gavlena, ar qondaT
SesaZlebloba aRniSnuli miwis nakveTebis dabrunebisa, sanacvlod
maTTvis gadacemuli miwebi sakarmidamo nakveTebs ar aRemateboda
(saSualod 0.15-0.25 ha). meore mxriv, saqarTvelos sxva regionebis
mosaxleobam 1.25 ha-mde miwa miiRo yofili kolmeurneobebis sakuTrebis
gadanawilebis Sedegad. miuxedavad imisa, rom 21 km-iani SezRudva
53
saqarTvelos sasazRvro zonaSi mcxovreb mTel mosaxleobas exeboda,
realurad gavlena kanonis es debuleba SerCeviT iqna gamoyenebuli da
ZiriTadad qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaze iqonia gavlena. Sedegad
dazaraldnen marneulisa da bolnisis raionebSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri
azerbaijanelebi, xolo mogebuli darCa adgilobrivi gavleniani pirebi
da mdidari biznesmenebi Tbilisidan, romelTa umravlesobac
qarTvelebi iyvnen. calkeul SemTxvevebSi mogebis miRebis mizniT es
pirebi qve-ijariT gascemdnen aRniSnul miwis nakveTebs adgilobriv
mosaxleobaze.59 am garemoebam adgilobrivi azerbaijanelebis
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac miwis ganawilebis niadagze
warmoqmnili daZabuloba calkeul SeTxvevebSi konfliktur
situaciebSi gadaizarda. sofel yularis (marneulis raioni)
mosaxleobasa da Tbilisis sacxenosno klubis TanamSromlebs Soris
(romelic sofelTan axlos mdebare cxenebis fermas flobda) 2004 wlis
dekemberSi momxdari dapirispirebis Sedegad asakovani azerbaijaneli
qalbatoni gardaicvala.
saqarTvelos parlamentma 2005 wlis ivlisSi miiRo kanoni saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
privatizebis Sesaxeb. am kanonis Tanaxmad, privatizebas eqvemdebareba
saxnavi da saTibi miwis nakveTebi, aseve miwa, romelzec ganlagebulia
mravalwliani nargavebi, meTevzeobis xelovnuri tborebi da “wylis
Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameureno
daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli saerTo wyalsargeblobis kategoriis miwis
nakveTebi. kanoni iTvaliswinebs sasazRvro zonaSi ganlagebuli miwis
privatizebasac; ufro metic, saqarTvelos mTavrobis nebarTvis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxda sasazRvro zolSi (sazRvridan 500 m)
ganTavsebuli miwis privatizebac. miwis privatizeba xorcieldeboda
rogorc auqcionebis, aseve pirdapiri miyidvis wesis mixedviT.
59 teqnikuri TanamSromlobis germanuli organizacia (GTZ) da mSvidobis, demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institute (Tbilisi), “miwis problemebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebi gardabnisa da marneulis raionebSi”, ix. http://www.pasos.org/content/download/57477/203611/file/45_171_803701_LandProblem-Eng%5B1%5D.pdf.
54
auqcionebze gasayidad ijariT gaucemeli miwa gaqondaT, xolo ijariT
gacemuli miwis nakveTebis gamosyidva meijareebs pirdapiri miyidvis
wesiT SeeZloT. Sesabamisad, kanonma upiratesoba mianiWa maT, vinc ukve
sargeblobda miwebiT ijaris safuZvelze. axali kanonis safuZvelze
8,000 azerbaijanelma miiRo 0.5 ha miwa ukve 2006 wlis pirveli Svidi
Tvis manZilze (saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006). azerbaijanis
sazRvarTan ganlagebuli sofel vaxtangisis miwa adgilobriv
mosaxleobas daurigda. aseve sxva calkeul SemTxvevebSi qvemo qarTlSi,
rodesac miwis ijariT gacemis proceduraSi darRvevebi dadginda,
aRniSnuli miwa CamoerTva moijareebs da specialuri auqcionis saxiT
gaiyida adgilobriv azerbaijanul mosaxleobaze.60 ramdenime wlis win
azerbaijaneli mosaxleobis nawili miwis naklebobas ganicdida, Tumca
dResdReobiT viTareba sagrZnoblad gamosworda. garda amisa, metwilad
sakuTari uflebebis arcodnis gamo ver axerxebda azerbaijanuli
mosaxleobis didi nawili miwis privatizebis uflebiT sargeblobas.
miwis ganawileba walkis municipalitetSi
rogorc ukve wina qveTavSi aRiniSna, bolo aTi wlis manZilze
momxdarma mniSvnelovanma demografiulma cvlilebebma walkis
municipalitetSi miwis ganawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
dapirispireba gamoiwvia adgilobriv mosaxleobasa (metwilad somxebi
da berZnebi) da axalmosulebs Soris (ZiriTadad aWaridan da
svaneTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebi). wina qveTavi migraciis
process mimoixilavs, xolo es qveTavi miwis ganawilebis sakiTxebs
eTmoba.
walkis raionSi mcxovrebi berZnebis umravlesoba saberZneTSi
gadasaxlda 1991-2006 wlebis manZilze. 1998 wlidan ki aWaridan da
svaneTidan ekologiuri migrantebis gadmosaxlebis procesi daiwyo,
romelTa sakuTrebac mSobliur regionebSi xSiri zvavebisa da
60 informacia miRebulia miwis mesakuTreTa uflebebis dacvis asociaciisgan.
55
mewyerebis Sedegad dazaralda. migraciis procesma procesma piks 2002
wels miaRwia, rodesac migrantebis axali talRa gadmosaxlda walkis
raionSi baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebis
imediT. Ekologiuri migrantebis umravlesoba saxldeboda
emigrirebuli berZnebis mier datovebul saxlebSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi
isini saxlebs emigrantebis raionSi darCenili naTesavebisagan
araoficialurad qiraobdnen an “yidulobdnen”. Tumca, axalmosulebs ar
qondaT iuridiuli ufleba im miwis nakveTebze, romlebzec idga maT
mier dakavebuli saxlebi (mag.: kolmeurneobebis daSlis Sedegad yofili
mesakuTreebis mier miRebuli miwa). saxelmwifo am process saerTod ver
aregulirebda, ramac adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da axalmosulebs
Soris dapirispireba da calkeul SemTxvevebSi konfliktic ki
gamoiwvia (uiTli 2006).
saqarTvelos xelisufleba pirvelad am procesSi 2006 wels Caeria,
rodesac saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom
berZnebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlebis SeZena daiwyo. 2008 wlisaTvis
saministrom 600 saxli SeZina ekologiuri migrantebisaTvis, romelTac
aseve 1.25 ha miwa gadaecaT TiToeul ojaxze. Tumca, sxva migrantebs
(metwilad ekonomikur migrantebs), romelTac saxelmwifom miwa ar
gadasca saerTod ar gaaCndaT miwis nakveTebi, ramac daZabuloba
gamoiwvia ekonomikur migrantebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas da,
aseve, ekologiur migrantebs Soris. prezident saakaSvilis axali
iniciativis Tanaxmad, walkis municipalitetSi mcxovreb yvela im pirs,
romelsac miwa saerTod ar gaaCnia (yvela migrantebs), “prezidentis
saCuqari” gadaecema 0.3-dan 1.0 ha-mde miwis odenobiT. am process
safuZveli Cauyara “fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis
mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis
uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi 2008 wlis 21 marts
Sesulma cvlilebam, romliTac ganisazRvra miwis usasyidlod
gadacemis ufleba. garda amisa, winamdebare samuSao moxsenebis werisas
saqarTvelos parlamenti kanonSi damatebiTi cvlilebebis Setanas
gegmavda, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo yvela im piris dakmayofileba
56
miwis nakveTiT, visac jer miwa ar miuRia.61 am ukanasknel iniciativas
walkis erTmandatiani parlamentis wevri, mixeil cqitiSvili,
xelmZRvanelobda.62 am procesis dasruleba 2009 wlis noembramde
igegmeba da mis farglebSi 1,700-ma ojaxma unda miiRos Sesabamisi
miwis nakevTi.63
ninowmindis municipalitetSiDmcxovrebi duxoborebis miwis ganawileba
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sofeli gorelovkis miwis sakuTrebis uflebis
irgvliv Seqmnilma gaugebrobam ninowmindis municipalitetSi
darCenili duxoborebis umravlesobasac ubiZga saqarTvelos
datovebisaken bolo wlebis manZilze. 1990-ian wlebSi mimdinare miwis
privatizebis pirvel etapze miwis ganawilebis sakiTxebs adgilobrivi
komisia ganagebda, romlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad sofel
gorelovkis miwebi saerTo sakuTrebaSi darCa. kerZod, duxoborebis
miwis marTvis ufleba sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativs, duxoborecs,
gadaeca, romelic saTanadod arc ki iyo daregistrirebuli samewarmeo
reestrSi. 2002 wels ninowmindis municipalitetis imdroindelma
gamgebelma kooperativTan saijaro xelSekruleba gaaforma, romlis
Tanaxmadac yofili kolmeurneobis mflobelobaSi myofi miwis naxevari
duxoborecs ijariT gadaeca. Tumca, aRniSnuli xelSekruleba mTeli
rigir darRvevebiT iyo gaformebuli da Sesabamisad ZalaSi Sesulic
ar iyo.64 Sesabamisad, rodesac 2005 wels amoqmedda saqarTvelos kanoni
“saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb,” duxoborebis miwa oficialurad arc
saerTo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da arc ijariT iyo datvirTuli
61 miwis mesakuTreTa uflebebis dacvis asociaciis veb-gverdi, saqarTvelos kanoni “fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb” 2008 wlis 21 martis mdgomareobiT, ix. http://www.aplr.org/files/2/kquzze0x6.pdf.
62 “walkis mosaxleobas miwis nakveTebi ufasod urigdeba”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidbeli media (2009 wlis 30 ivnisi), ix. http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php?id=2571.
63 avtoris mier Catarebuli interviuebi. 64 xelSekrulebas aklda ijariT datvirTuli miwis azomviTi naxazi, sajaro reestris
erovnuli saagentos raionSi warmomadgenlis xelmowera, da sajaro reestrSi registraciis nomeri (lomi 2006).
57
(zemoTxsenebuli saijaro xelSekrulebis baTilobis gamo). marTalia
kanoni miwis privatizebisas meijares aniWebda upiratesobas misi
auqcionze gatanamde (ix. zemoT), gaurkveveli iyo kooperativis saijaro
xelSekrulebis sadavo statusi aniWebda Tu ara duxoborebs raime
uflebas aRniSnul miwaze. garda amisa, kooperativi duxoboreci yofili
kolmeurneobis samarTalmemikvidre iyo, rac mas regionuli
sagadasaxado samsaxurebisadmi 4 milioni laris (daaxloebiT 2
milioni evro) odenobis davalianebas akisrebda (lomi 2006).
viTarebas aseve arTulebda municipalitetisa da Temis sakrebulos
xelmZRvanelobis damokidebulebac, romelTac 2002 wlidan javaxeTis
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri gavlenian jgufTad asocierebuli adgilobrivi
somxuri warmoSobis piri akontrolebda. male cxadi gaxda, rom
adgilobrivma gavlenianma pirebma miznad daisaxes kooperativis miwis
saijaro xelSekrulebis baTilobis damtkiceba da duxoborebis
miwebis misakuTreba. kooperativ duxoborecis miwis saijaro
xelSekrulebis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad Seqmnil miwis komisiis wevrebis
umravlesobas Temis sakrebulos Tavmjdomare da misi Tanamoazreebi
warmoadgendnen. Sedegad saijaro xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
1,700 ha miwidan kooperativs mxolod 450 ha miwis SenarCunebis neba
darTes. 2006 wels mwiri mosavlis gamo duxoborebs msxvilfexa
saqonlis gamosakvebad sakmarisi Tivac ki ar gaaCndaT, ramac daaCqara
maTi emigraciis procesi. duxoborebis gadasaxlebis Sedegad maTi
sakuTrebis ganawilebis procesSi adgilobriv gavlenian pirebsa da
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Soris dapirispireba qonda adgili, rac
aseve qarTveli ekologiuri migrantebis raionSi Camosaxlebis Tavidan
acilebasac emsaxureboda (ix. zemoT).65
65 privatizaciis procesis ufro detaluri mimoxilvisaTvis ix. lomi (2006).
58
7. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi
rogoria qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobis
Sexeduleba mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxeb? konkretulad ki, ra
damokidebuleba aqvT umciresobebs qarTuli mosaxleobisa da
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT? romeli ZiriTadi problemebi
ipyroben maT yuradRebas? am sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis kvaldakval,
romlis Semdegac qarTul mosaxleobaSi gaCnda SiSi imisa, rom ruseTi
Seecdeboda adgilobrivi umciresobebis gamoyenebiT dapirispirebis
gaRvivebasa da saqarTvelos sabolood daSlas. am naSromis
miznebisTvis, mimovixilav ori didi umciresobaTa jgufis: javaxeTis
somxebisa da qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebis mdgomareobas.
javaxeTis somxebi
javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobisTvis yvelaze mtkivneuli sakiTxia
somxuri enisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
SenarCuneba. maTi azriT, qarTuli mosaxleoba cdilobs maT an gadevnas
qveynidan an qarTul sazogadoebaSi srul asimilacias. somxebisTvis,
rogorc kavkasiis sxva xalxebisTvis, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
identobis maxasiaTebelia ena. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
iniciativa uzrunvelyos qarTuli enis swavleba erovnuli
umciresobebisTvis aRiqmeba ara marto integraciis xelSewyobad,
aramed zogierTis mier, pirvel nabijad asimilaciis procesSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, mTavrobisadmi undoblobis mizezi gaxda Semdegi
garemoebebi: ganaTlebis sistemaSi qarTuli enis swavlebis gaZliereba
da saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi pirebisTvis profesiuli testebis
SemoReba, romelic qarTuli enis codnasac amowmeben.
somxuri mosaxleobisTvis miuRebelia aseve mTavrobis iniciativa 2010
wlidan saqarTvelos istoriis, saqarTvelos geografiisa da sxva
59
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis qarTul enaze swavlebis Sesaxeb (ix.
zemoT). ramdenadac ena da istoria eris identobis mTavari
maCvenebelia, somxebs miaCniaT, rom sakuTari istoria unda iswavlon
mSobliur enaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dakargaven erovnul
TviTmyofadobas. garda amisa, somxuri mosaxleobas aseve aRelvebs
istoriis sxvadasxva saskolo wignebis sakiTxi. kavkasiis xalxebs aqvT
sakuTari istoriuli qronikebi, romelTa mixedviTac erT eri meoreze
ufrom met teritoriebs flobda, Tumca wyaroebi, xSirad,
urTierTgamomricxav informacias Seicaven. amitom, somxebi SiSoben, rom
qarTuli istoriis wignebi, romelsac skolebSi SemoiReben, ar
Seesabameba somxur istoriul wyaroebs.
saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qarTuli enis testuri gamocdis SemoReba
aRiqmeba somxebis adgilobrivi administraciidan ganTavisfulebisa da
maTi qarTvelebiT Canacvlebis mcdelobad. somexi aqtivistebi
miuTiTeben im faqtze, rom 2007 wels javaxeTis skolebis direqtorobis
somexi erovnebis kandidatebis umravlesobam ver Caabara qarTuli enis
gamocda (ix. zemoT), amitom maT emuqrebaT samsaxuris dakargva.
analogiurad, moyavT sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli sxva profesiuli
jgufebis magaliTebic, maT Soris, mosamarTleebis, notariusebisa da
policiis TanamSromelTa enis testebi, romelTa SemoRebac, maTi azriT,
miznad isaxavs am samsaxurebis qarTvelebiT dakompleqtebas.
somxuri enis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi SenarCunebis mizniT,
aqtivistebi iTxovdnen somxuris oficialur enad gamocxadebas
axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis municipalitetebSi. am iniciativas mxars
uWerdnen nacionalisturi organizaciebi, maT Soris, erTiani javaxi,
javaxeTis axalgazrdobis sportuli kavSiri da virki da mTeli rigi
adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.66 bevri organizacia
gamodioda saqarTvelos farglebSi javaxeTis avtonomiad
Camoyalibebis moTxovniT, romelsac eyoleboda sakuTari arCeviTi
66 sivil jorjia: veb-Jurnali (2006 wlis 16 marti), http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=12088.
60
organo.67 saqarTvelos xelisufleba ugulebelyofs orive moTxovnas
im safuZvliT, rom javaxeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba safrTxes
Seuqmnis qveynis mTlianobas, xolo somxuris oficialur enad
gamocxadebam SeiZleba daabrkolos integraciis procesi.
javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis SiSis aRqma xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalze
gadaWarbebulia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilobriv maswavleblebs
Soris qarTuli enis flobis done kvlav dabalia, naklebad savaraudoa,
rom istoriisa da geografiis qarTul enaze swavleba daiwyos 2010
wels. analogiurad, simarTles ar Seesabameba somexi aqtivistebis
warmodgenebi sajaro samsaxuridan somexi erovnebis pirebis daTxovnis
albaTobaze. maRal Tanamdebobebze qarTvelebi dainiSnen mxolod
axalqalaqis saregistracio samsaxursa da sagadasaxado
departamentSi. adgilobrivi organoebis sxva maRal Tanamdebobebze,
rogoricaa, gamgeblis, policiis ufrosis, prokuroris, sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomarisa da notariusis, iseve rogorc sakrebulosa da gamgeobis
wevrebis, arian somexi erovnebis pirebi. miuxedavad imis, rom skolebis
somexma direqtorebma ver Caabares profesiuli gamocdebi da,
oficialurad, veRar SeinarCunebdnen poziciebs, maTi umravlesoba kvlav
moqmedi direqtorebia da aqvT kidev erTi Sansi Caabaron gamocdebi 2009
wlis bolos.
metic, icvleba TviT somxuri mosaxleobis damokidebuleba mimdinare
reformebis mimarT. Tu xuTi wlis win mosaxleobis umravlesobas
qarTulis swavlebis interesi ar hqonda, amJamad, adgilobrivi somxebi
Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo enis codna aucilebelia miuxedavad
arasakmarisi saswavlo resursebisa. garda amisa, sul ufro naklebad
ismis moTxovnebi javaxeTis avtonomiis Seqmnisa da somxuri enisaTvis
adgilobrivi oficialuri enis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb. amis mizezad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom mosaxleoba Tavs aRar grZnobs
67 sivil jorjia: veb-Jurnali (2005 wlis 26 seqtemberi),
http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10827.
61
“miviwyebulad”, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, infrastruqturis ganviTarebam
cxovrebis xarisxi gaaumjobesa regionSi; meore mxriv, mosaxleobam
gaacnobiera, rom javaxeTis sruli avtonomiis idea ararealuria,
gansakuTrebiT, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, Tanac am iniciativas
mxars arc somxeTis xelisufleba uWers.
javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis garkveuli fenebi SiSoben, rom
qarTvelebisa da Turqi-mesxebis regionSi dasaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, maT
ar eqnebaT cxovrebis normaluri pirobebi javaxeTSi dasarCenad.
mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mTavroba apirebda
60,000 mesxis dasaxlebas axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis
municipalitetebSi. aRelvebis ufro safuZvlian mizezad SeiZleba
miviCnioT, javaxeTidan ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis migracia, ZiriTadad,
erevanSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad. mxolod axalgazrdobis mcire
nawili xvdeba saqarTvelos akreditebul universitetebSi, maRali
konkurenciisa da qarTuli enis codnis dabali donis gamo. am mxriv,
uaryofiTi movlena iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo univeristetis
axalqalaqis filialis daxurva 2007 wels akreditaciaze uaris Tqmis
Sedegad, ris gamoc bevr axalgazrdas waerTva saqarTveloSi swavlis
SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, erevanSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis mirebis
Semdeg javaxeTis axalgazrdobis didi nawili ukan aRar brundeba.
mosaxleobis demografiuli cvlilebebis gamo SeSfoTebac
garkveulwilad gazviadebulia. javaxeTis mosaxleobis cxra-meaTeds
eTnikuri somxebi Seadgenen. marTalia, ekologiuri migrantebis mcire
nawili dasaxlda javaxeTSi saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan, magram
maTi ricxvi Zalian mcirea da bevri maTgani 1980-90-ian wlebSi Casaxlda.
duxoborebis migraciis Sedegad gorelovkaSi qarTvelebis
dasaxlebasac ar gamouwvevia mkveTri demografiuli cvlilebebi,
vinaidan adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleobis ricxvi kvlav maRalia.
javaxeTSi Turqi-mesxebis Casaxlebis Taobaze SeSfoTebac
gazviadebulia. mTavrobas ganzraxuli aqvs gadmosaxlebas
daqvemdebarebuli mesxebis yovelwliuri raodenobis gadanawileba,
62
romlebic Casaxldebian axalcixis, adigenisa da aspinZis
municipalitetebSi, saidac isini 65 wlis win iZulebiT gadaasaxles.
mxolod mcire nawils daasaxleben javaxeTSi.
javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da
qarTuli sazogadoebis Soris undobloba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
ruseT-saqarTvelos 5-dRiani omis Semdeg. somxuri mosaxleobis azri
omTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani iyo. regionSi qarTuli, somxuri da
rusuli arxebis arsebobis gamo, Seiqmna azrTa sxvadasxvaoba omis
dawyebis mizezebis Sesaxeb. dasawyisSi, aSkara iyo, rom rusuli
satelivizio arxebiT gadmocemul informacias upiratesoba eniWeboda,
vinaidan ATV-12-ma axalqalaqSi da farvanis televiziam ninowmindaSi,
romlebic gadmocemdnen qarTul axal ambebs somxur enaze, SeaCeres
muSaoba 12 agvistomde. amis gamo, mosaxleobam irwmuna qarTuli
jarebis mier osuri mosaxleobis “genocidis” faqti. Tumca, umciresobis
sakiTxTa evropuli centris kvlevis mixedviT, axalqalaqisa da
ninowmindis araqarTuli mosaxleobis 74%-s xeli miuwvdeba
adgilobriv satelivizio arxebze – imave raodenobas xeli miuwvdeba
somxur da rusul satelivizio arxebze; xolo, mosaxleobis 18%-s xeli
miuwvdeba aWaris televiziis rusulenovan gadacemebze, romlebic aseve
gadmocemdnen movlenebis qarTuli mxaris versias. mogvianebiT, rodesac
mosaxleobas sxvadasxva wyaroebis informaciis Sedarebis
SesaZlebloba mieca, dadebiTad ganewyvnen qarTuli mxarisadmi.
zemoxsenebuli kvlevis SedegebiT, romelic omidan ori Tvis Tavze
Catarda, soflis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, qalaqis mcxovreblebi
omTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebasdmi ufro kritikulad
iyvnen ganwyobili.
omis Semdgom periodSi, javaxeTSi xelisuflebis kontroli gamkacrda;
samarTaldamcavma organoebma daapatimres ramdenime gavleniani somexi
aqtivisti, ramac aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia sazogadoebis politikurad
aqtiur nawilSi. adgilobrivi uSiSroebis samsaxurebi gansakuTrebuli
mondomebiT iZiebdnen centraluri xelisuflebis daumorCileblobis
63
faqtebs. amis magaliTia, somexi aqtivistis, Caxalianis (ix. zemoT)
dapatimreba 10 wlis vadiT saprotesto aqciis organizebisa da sxva
qmedebebisTvis. bevri somexi aqtivisti Caxalianis dapatimrebas
politikur angariSsworebad ganixilavda, xolo belorusiuli
arasamTavrobo organizaciis saqmianobas miawerdnen qarTuli
uSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier gaTamaSebul scenars, romelic miznad
isaxavda adgilobrivi somxebis xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis
Semowmebas. amavdroulad, bevri aqtivisti brals debs minasiansa da
akofanians qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis gafuWebaSi.68
adgilobrivi aqtivistebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia agreTve 62-e rusuli
diviziis samxedro bazis gayvana 2007 wels. miuxedavad, bazis gayvanis
gamo mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobisa, romelic gamowveuli iyo im mizeziT,
rom isini kargavdnen Semosavlis wyaros da javaxeTi ver acdeboda
TurqeTis agresias, bazis gayvanis Semdeg saprotesto talRa Cawynarda.
ufro mniSvnelovani msjelobis Tema gaxda saqarTvelos urTierToba
ruseTTan da dasavleTTan. saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis
perspeqtivis gamo, somxuri sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom Turquli
SenaerTebiT dakompleqtebuli natos jarebi ganlagdebodnen javaxeTSi.
zogierTi somexi nacionalistis azriT, yarsi-axalqalaqi-Tbilisi-baqo
sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba geopolitikuri proeqtia, romlis mizania
somxeTis izolireba. maTi SexedulebiT, mosalodnelia azerbaijanuli
an/da Turquli sajariso nawilebis ganlageba javaxeTSi rkinigzis
dasacavad da axali samuSao Zalis mozidva qveynis sxva regionebidan.
natoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis sakiTxi, savaraudod, uaxloes
momavalSi ar gadawydeba, vinaidan nato ar Cqarobs saqarTvelosTvis
gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis (MAP) SeTavazebas. garda amisa, Tu
rkinigzis mSeneblobis proeqti ganxorcielda da adgilobriv
mosaxleobas daasaqmeben, isini proeqtis winaaRmdeg aRar gamovlen.
bevri gavleniani somexi mxars uWers proeqts. axalqalaqis gamgebeli da
68 avtorTan interviu.
64
erTiani javaxis yofili mxardamWeri, nairi iriciani, 2005 wels, merad
yofnis dros, yarsSi imyofeboda vizitiT da Sexvda adgilobriv
Tanamdebobis pirebs TurqeTTan sasazRvro TanamSromlobis sakiTxebze.
adgilobriv mcxovrebTa didi nawili moxarulia sarkinigzo proeqtis
administraciis dapirebiT mSeneblobaSi mosaxleobis 70-75%-is
dasaqmebis Taobaze, Tumca sxvebi skeptikurad udgebian am sakiTxs.
regionebis mosaxleobisTvis politikurze ufro metad mniSvnelovania
ekonomikuri problemebi, romlebic gamoixateba mosaxleobis survilSi
normaluri sacxovrebeli pirobebis SeqmniT ojaxis wevris ruseTSi
sezonur samuSaoze gamgzavrebis gareSe. mosaxleobis didi nawili Tavs
irCens soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebiT irCens Tavs, magram saqarTvelos
bazarze javaxeTis produqciaze, maT Soris, kartofilze moTxovna arc
Tu ise didia, vinaidan bazarze Turquli produqcia Warbobs. dapirebis
miuxedavad, rom qarTuli jari SeiZenda kartofils javaxeTSi rusuli
samxedro bazris gayvanis Semdeg, 2008 wels cnobili gaxda, rom jari
maragdeboda TurqeTidan importirebuli kartofiliT. Tumca, 2009 wlis
TebervalSi, axalqalaqSi yofnisas qarTuli jaris warmomadgenelma
kvlav SesTavaza javaxeTis mosaxleobas adgilobrivi kartofilis
SeZena. zogierTi wyaros mixedviT, nairi iricianis Txovnis Sedegad,
mTavrobam Seamcira TurqeTidan kartofilis importi, magram ramdenad
Seesabameba es faqti simarTles, gaurkvevelia.69 regionis
mosaxleobisTvis Zalian seriozuli problemaa SeSis nakleboba,
miTumetes javaxeTis mkacri zamTris pirobebSi. marTalia, mosaxleobas
daurigda SeSis vauCerebi 2007-08 zamTarSi saprezidento arCevnebis
kampaniis dros micemuli dapirebis Sedegad, vauCerebi aRmoCnda
gamousadegari, vinaidan mosaxleobam ver gadacvala vauCeri SeSaze.
amitom, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni miiCnevdnen, rom vauCerebis darigeba
mxolod fuWi winsaarCevno dapireba iyo.
69 avtoris interviu.
65
qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebi
qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba metwilad ekonomikuri problemebiT
Semoifargleba Tavis moTxovnebSi, gansxvavebiT javaxeTis
mcxovreblebisag, romlebic politikuri sakiTxebiTac arian Zalze
dainteresebuli. azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis mTavari sazrunavi miwebis
ganawilebis sakiTxia (ix. zemoT). mdidari miwis mesakuTreebi
ganagrZoben qve-ijariT miwis gacemas adgilobriv mosaxleobaze,
Sedegad, bevri maTgani siRaribis zRvarzea. azerbaijanul mosaxleobas
aRarc vaWrobis SesaZlebloba aqvs sadaxlos bazris 2005 wlis
dekemberSi kontrabandis akrZalvis motiviT daxurvis Semdeg. sabaJo
wesebis gamkacrebis Sedegad 2006 wels azerbaijanulma mxarem wiTeli
xidis bazaric daxura mxolod sazRvris azerbaijanul mxares. orive
bazari warmoadgenda adgilobrivi azerbaijanelebis Semosavlis
ZiriTad wyaros (saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006). adgilobrivi
aqtivistebis gancxadebiT, azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba gaxda
saqarTvelos mTavrobis anti-korufciuli kampaniis msxverpli, amitom
isini moiTxovdnen sadaxlos bazris aRdgenas. konkretulad, aqtivistebi
miuTiTebdnen qvemo qarTlis movaWreebisTvis sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciiT vaWrobis akrZalvaze quCebSi, rodesac es daSvebuli iyo
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi.70
qvemo qarTlSi udides problemas warmoadgens azerbaijanuli
mosaxleobaSi umuSevrobis maRali done. zusti monacemebis ararsebobis
miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili umuSevaria.
Tumca, sxvadasxva simwvaviT es problema saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic
dgas, xolo bolo periodis ekonomikuri zrda Seexo mxolod
dedaqalaqs, Tbiliss. azerbaijanelebs mcire SesaZlebloba aqvT
dasaqmdnen adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebSi, xolo umuSevarTa
ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda bazrebis daxurvis Semdeg. javaxeTis
70 “tolerantoba”, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebrivi asociacia, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis alternatiuli angariSis danarTi “saqarTvelos mier erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo konvenciis implementacia qvemo qarTlis regionSi”, http://www.tolerance.org.ge/en/monitoring_reports/files/appendix_FCNM_eng.pdf.
66
msgavsad, axalgazrdebi ukeTesi momavlis imediT miemgzavrebian baqosa
da ruseTSi.
garda amisa, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba TiTqmis ar aris
informirebuli mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. marneulis erT-erTi
arasamTavro organizaciis lideris gancxadebiT, is xSirad TbilisSi
igebs informacias mSobliur qalaqSi momxdar siaxleebze.71
umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,
gardabnis, marneulisa da dmanisis municipalitetebis araqarTuli
mosaxleoba informacias iRebs saSualod 0.95 adgilobrivi arxebidan,
xolo javaxeTis mosaxleoba saSualod – 1.6-dan.72 aseve
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom TbilisTan siaxlovis gamo qvemo
qarTlSi meti qarTuli arxebia. samive municipalitetis araqarTuli
mosaxleobis mxolod 3.5% iRebs informacias adgilobrivi satelevizio
arxebidan javaxeTis 74%-Tan SedarebiT (ix. zemoT). amis mizezia is
garemoeba, rom adgilobrivi arxebi azerbaijanul enaze TiTqmis ar
gadmocemen. mxolod bolnisis satelivizio kompania “me-12 arxi”,
javaxeTis satelevizio kompaniebis ATV-12-isa da farvanas msgavsad,
gadascems qarTul axal ambebs azerbaijanul enaze.73 Seqmnili
sainformacio vakuumis gamo, mosaxleoba ar aris informirebuli
politikisa da mmarTvelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da, zemoaRniSnuli
gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mowmobs, araqarTulma mosaxleobam ar icis ra
partiebi da blokebi iReben monawileobas arCevnebSi.
Sesabamisad, azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis arasaTanado
informirebulobis gamo, iTvleba, rom isini politikurad naklebad
aqtiuri arian, javaxeTis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT. garda amisa,
satelevizio arxebis naklebobam, ris Sedegadac mosaxleoba ar aris
saTanadod informirebuli qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis Taobaze,
SeiZleba Sedegad gamoiwvios moulodnel saprotesto gamosvlebi.
71 avtoris interviu. 72 mniSvnelovania 0.001 doneze, orive SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia levinis testi
Tanasworobis variaciaTa da testi saSualebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb 73 ix. telearxis veb-gverdi, http://tv12.ge/eng/programmes.html.
67
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, miwebis ganawilebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT
2004-05 wlebSi gaimarTa saprotesto aqciebi, romlebic ZaladobaSi
gadaizarda, rasac Sedegad moyva moxuci azerbaijaneli qalbatonis
gardacvaleba (saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006).
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebsa da mosaxleobas Soris
komunikaciis nakleboba qmnis axal problemebs. vinaidan,
xelisuflebaSi, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi arian dasaqmebuli (im
regionebSic ki, sadac azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis absolutur
umravlesobas Seadgens), enobrivi barieris gamo, mosaxleoba
moklebulia SesaZleblobas gaigos administraciis muSaobis
mimarTulebebi da CaerTos maT saqmianobaSi. marTalia, rusuli ena
kvlav rCeba komunikaciis mTavar saSualebad, magram arc mosaxleobis
didi nawili da arc xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi floben enas
saTanado doneze; Tavis mxriv, administracia iRebs qarTul enaze
wardgenil werilobiT dokumentacias. am mxriv, javaxeTSi ukeTesi
viTarebaa, vinaidan mosaxleobac da administraciis warmomadgenlebic
erT enaze saubroben.
azerbaijaneli aqtivistebis mTavari politikuri moTxovna adgilobriv
xelisuflebaSi warmomadgenlobis uflebis mopovebaa. mxolod mcire
nawili moiTxovs azerbaijanelebiT mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionebis
politikur avtonomias. am mxriv, yvelaze radikaluri nabiji iyo
saqarTvelos azerbaijanelTa nacionaluri asociaciis moTxovna
azerbaijanulis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. sxva gavleniani
jgufebi, rogoricaa azerbaijanelTa kongresi, ibrZvian azerbaijanuli
mosaxleobis qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis da moiTxoven
xelisuflebisgan, rom xeli Seuwyos azerbaijenelebisTvis qarTuli
enis swavlebasa da saxlemwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebas. ramdenadac
javaxeTis somxur mosaxleobaSi qarTuli enis Seswavlis
aucileblobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, azerbaijanelTa umravlesoba
mowadinebulia, iswavlos qarTuli, magram, rogorc wesi, moklebulia
aseT SesaZleblobas. azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis survili Seiswavlon
68
qarTuli gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom qvemo qarTli axlosaa
TbilisTan, amrigad maTTvis bevrad advilia saswavleblad Tu samuSaod
gaemgzavron TbilisSi vidre Soreul baqoSi.
adgilobrivi inteligenciisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania soflebis
toponimikis sakiTxi. bevri azerbaijanuli saxelwodebis sofels
mianiWes qarTuli geografiuli dasaxeleba 1990 wlebis dasawyisSi,
rodesac qarTuli nacionalisturi moZraoba Zlier momZlavrda.
adgilobrivi asociaciis, mtredis, monacemebiT, bolnisis
municipalitetSi 31 sofels daerqva qarTuli saxelebi.74 mTavroba
ugulebelyofda sainiciativo jgufebis moTxovnas azerbaijanuli
toponimikis aRdgenaze. amiT, xelisufleba arRvevs erovnul
umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo konvenciis 11.3 muxlis moTxovnas
romlis mixedviTac, “mxareebma unda uzrunvelyon . . . . adgilobrivi
tradiciuli dasaxelebebis, quCebis dasaxelebebisa da sxva sajaro
topografiuli maCveneblebis ganTavseba umciresobaTa enebzec, Tu
arsebobs amis saTanado moTxovna.”
bolnisis municipalitetSi kidev erT sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens
azerbaijanul soflebSi qristianuli jvrebis aRmarTvis damkvidrebuli
praqtika. azerbaijanuli sainformacio saSualebebis gadmocemiT, 2008
wlis bolos, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iniciativiT jvrebi aRmarTes
bolnisis municipalitetis or sofelSi, Wapalasa (azer. gonWulu) da
qvemo bolnisSi (azer. kapanaxCi). mogvianebiT, jvrebi Camoxsnes da
xelisuflebis dapirebiT, msgavsi SeTxveva aRar ganmeordeboda.75
Tumca, adgilobrivi aqtivistebis gancxadebiT jvari aRmarTes sxva
azerbaijanul sofelSic oficialuri pirebis TandaswrebiT, 2009 wlis
74 sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba, mtredi, “toponimikis aRdgena qvemo qarTlis regionSi inter-eTnikuri dialogis ganaxlebis winapirobaa”, http://www.minelres.lv/reports.georgia.PublicAssociationMtredi_Georgia_jan09_en.doc.
75 samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis asociacia, Azerbaijan News Portal, “saqarTvelos azerbaijanul soflebSi jvrebis aRmarTva SeCerebulia” (2009 wlis 4 Tebervali), http://www.avciya.az/eng/2009/02/04/placing-of-crosses-in-azerbaijani.html.
69
aprilSi.76 aqtivistebi ganmartavdnen, rom qvemo qarTlis Tanamedrove
muslimanuri sazogadoeba pativiscemiT epyroboda qristianuli jvaris
simbolos, magram maTi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezi religiuri
grZnobebis mizanmimarTuli Seuracxyofa gaxda.
8. daskvna
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa qarTul sazogadoebaSi
integraciis procesi sagrZnoblad daCqarda vardebis revoluciis
Semdeg. yvelaze mravalricxovani umciresobebiT, somxebiTa da
azerbaijanelebiT, dasaxlebul regionebSi saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis urTierTobis dinamikis ukeT Seswavlis Sedegad, vlindeba,
rom integraciis procesma gamoiRo rogorc pozitiuri ise negatiuri
Sedegebi. pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT, xelisuflebam daiwyo
infrastruqturis ganviTareba, rac gamoixata gzebisa da skolis
Senobebis aRdgenaSi javaxeTis regionSi, aseve miiRo qmediTi zomebi
umciresobaTa jgufebisTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis donis
asamaRleblad. meore mxriv, xelisuflebam TiTqmis araferi moimoqmeda
avtoritaruli Zalebis aRmosafxvrelad da demokratiis realuri
meTodebis gasatareblad. javaxeTis regionSi mTavroba iyenebs
SevardnaZis administraciis meTodebs da somxuri sazogadoebis mdidar
da gavlenian wevrebs aZlevs saSualebas marTon regioni da maTi
saSualebiT axSobs yvela sazogadoebriv moZraobas, romelic safrTxes
uqmnis xelisuflebis hegemonias. qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanuli
mosaxleoba faqtiurad Camocilebulia regionis marTvas.
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, mTavroba realur
safrTxes xedavs ruseTis xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli wreebis
saqmianobaSi, romelic SesaZloa mimarTuli iyos sazogadoebis eTnikuri
niSniT dayofisken qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis mizniT.
Sesabamisad, 2008 wlis agvistos omis fonze aseTi safrTxis arseboba
76 avtoris interviu.
70
ufro seriozulad aRiqmeboda mTavrobis mier. Tumca, umciresobaTa
gaerTianebebis mimarT eWvis TvaliT damokidebulebam SesaZloa ubiZgos
am jgufebs ufro radikaluri nabijebisken. am gagebiT, walkis raionSi
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxurebis gaZliereba gamarTlebulia
adreuli konfliqtebis regulirebisTvis, sxva regionebisgan
gansxvavebiT, sadac samarTaldamcavi organoebis mozRvaveba gamoiwvevs
SiSsa da eWvs umciresobebSi.
saboloo jamSi, erovnuli umciresobebis integraciis procesi
daCqardeba, Tu realurad iarsebebs saxelmwifo enis swavlebis,
saqarTveloSi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis xelSemwyobi pirobebi.
amisaTvis, upirvelesad, saWiroa Sedegiani da organizebuli qarTuli
enis Semswavleli kursebis SemoReba, romlebic daeyrdnoba efeqtian
meTodologias da ganxorcieldeba realuri drois monakveTSi.
ganaTlebis politikam xeli unda Seuwyos axalgazrdebis mizidvas
qarTul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi. swori ekonomikuri
politikis Sedegad unda Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi regionebSi
eTnikuri qarTvelebisa da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis dasaqmebis
mizniT. garda amisa, xelisuflebam unda gaataros demokratiuli
reformebi, ris Sedegadac erovnuli umciresobebi uSualo
monawileobas miiReben regionis mmarTvelobaSi. saqarTvelos mTavrobis
nabijebi qarTulis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT, soflis
infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
reformirebis mxriv misasalmebelia, magram am mimarTulebiT ufro
qmediTi zomebi misaReba aris saWiro.
71
bibliografia
International Centre for Civic Culture (1999), Political Parties of Georgia: Directory 1999, at http://www.osgf.ge/iccc/pages/pdf/eng-ppg99.pdf. International Crisis Group (2006), "Georgia’s Armenian and Azeri Minorities", Europe Report N°178, 22 November 2006, at http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2006/icg-caucasus-22nov.pdf. Lohm, Hedvig (2006) "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon", ECMI Working Paper #35, November 2006 at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf. Lohm, Hedvig (2007). "Javakheti after the Rose Revolution: Progress and Regress in the Pursuit of National Unity in Georgia." ECMI Working Paper #38, April 2007 at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_38.pdf. Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia, Department of Statistics (2008a), Quarterly Bulletin (2008, IV), at http://www.statistics.ge/_files/georgian/Quarterly%20Bulletin%20IV_2008.pdf. Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia, Department of Statistics (2008b), Statistical Yearbook of Georgia 2008, at http://www.statistics.ge/_files/yearbook/Yearbook2008.zip. Trier, Tom and Turashvili, Medea (2007), "Resettlement of Ecologically Displaced Persons Solution of a Problem or Creation of a New? Eco-Migration in Georgia 1981 – 2006”. ECMI Monograph #6, August 2007, at http://www.ecmi.de/download/monograph_6_en.pdf. Wheatley, Jonathan (2004), "Obstacles Impeding the Regional Integration of the Javakheti Region of Georgia", ECMI Working Paper #22, September 2004, at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_22.pdf. Wheatley, Jonathan (2005), "Obstacles Impeding the Regional Integration of the Kvemo Kartli Region of Georgia", ECMI Working Paper #23, February 2005, at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_23.pdf. Wheatley, Jonathan (2006), "Defusing Conflict in Tsalka District of Georgia: Migration, International Intervention and the Role of the State." ECMI Working Paper #36, October 2006 at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_36_en.pdf.