humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebidl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/shromebiVI.pdf ·...
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saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis
Sromebi
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gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~
Tbilisi 2016
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SromebSi ibeWdeba samecniero gamokvlevebi, romelic miZRvnilia istoriis, filologiis,
Targmanmcodneobisa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebisadmi.
saredaqcio kolegia profesori sergo vardosaniZe (Tavmjdomare), akademikosi roin
metreveli, profesori mindia ugrexeliZe, profesori vaxtang guruli, profesori giorgi alibegaSvili, profesori tariel futkaraZe, profesori manana tabiZe, profesori rozeta gujejiani, profesori eka duRaSvili, profesori karlo bziSvili, profesori avTandil kiknaZe, profesori nona Todua, profesori sulxan kupraSvili, profesori jemal karaliZe, istoriis doqtori levan jiqia (pasuxismgebeli mdivani).
tomi gamosacemad moamzades profesorma vaxtang gurulma da istoriis doqtorma levan jiqiam
© gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~ © avtorTa jgufi ISSN 2346-7657 @@
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St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia
Works of Faculty of Humanities and Law
VI
Publishing House `Georgian University~ Tbilisi 2016
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The Collection contains scientific researches dedicated to the issues of History, Philology, Translation Studies and
Jurisprudence.
Editional bourd
Professor Sergo Vardosanidze (Chairman), Academician Roin Metreveli, Professor Mindia Ugrekhelidze,
Professor Vakhtang Guruli, Professor Giorgi Alibegashvili, Professor Tariel Putkaradze, Professor Manana Tabidze,
Professor Rozeta Gujejiani, Professor Eka Dughashvili, Professor Karlo Bzishvili, Professor Avtandil Kiknadze,
Professor Nana Todua, Professor Sulkhan Kuprashvili, Professor Jemal Karalidze, Doctor of History Levan Jikia
(Responsible secretary).
The Collection was prepared for publication by Doctor of History, Professor Vakhtang Guruli
and Doctor of History Levan Jikia.
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vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
profesor sergo vardosaniZis Rvawli
Zneli arCevani
XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebis gadagvarebis, moraluri xrwnis
niSnebi ukve saxeze iyo. sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilma gadairCina Tavi da isic imiT,
rom moaxdina Tavisi Tavis izolacia sazogadoebisagan, SeinarCuna jansaRi azrovneba da
mimdinare procesebis realurad aRqmis unari. sazogadoebis udidesi nawili daemsgavsa
cocxal arsebas, romelic Wamda da inelebda. sabWoTa zesaxelmwifo, garegnuli niSnebis
mixedviT, jer kidev uZlevelobis STabeWdilebas tovebda, xolo e. w. disidenturi moZraoba
ganwirulad da uperspeqtivod gamoiyureboda. sazogadoebam alRo auRo arsebul viTarebas,
protestis grZnoba dakarga da mzad iyo uaressac Segueboda. mixail bulgakovi werda:
cenzura kabinetebidan ki ar modis, aramed Cveni cnobierebidan. amis naTel dadasturebas
warmoadgenda XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis sazogadoeba. adamianebma xelisuflebisgan
damoukideblad cenzura TviTon dauweses TavianT Tavs. yvelam kargad icoda, ra unda eTqva,
ra unda daewera, rom xifaTi ar Seqmnoda piradad mas, misi ojaxis wevrebs, axloblebs.
Zneli saTqmelia, sabWoTa politikur sistemas vin ufro efeqturad emsaxureboda:
oficialuri sabWoTa saxelmwifo cenzura, Tu sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli TviTcenzura.
sabWoTa sazogadoeba advili samarTavi iyo. sazogadoebis absoluturma umravlesobam
irwmuna, rom nikita xruSCoviseuli ,,daTboba~ zesaxelmwifos ganmtkicebasa da winsvlas
emsaxurboda. sazogadoeba motyuebuli darCa: nacvlad politikuri da ekonomikuri
aRmavlobisa, aTwliani ,,mmarTvelobiTi qaosi~ (1953-1964 ww.) miiRo. erTxel motyuebuli
sazogadoeba meoredac advilad motyuvda da leonid breJneviseul ,,mSvidi mmarTvelobis~
periodSi (1964_1982 ww.) Tavs sakmaod komfortulad grZnobda. ,,mSvidi mmarTvelobis~
periodSi miZinebuli sazogadoeba verc disidentebma da ,,sxvagvarad moazrovneebma~
gamoaRviZes. imxanad sazogadoebisaTvis, cxadia, ucnobi iyo, rom nikita xruSCoviseuli
,,daTboba~ da misgan gamowveuli ,,mmarTvelobiTi qaosi~, aseve leonid breJneviseuli ,,mSvidi
mmarTveloba” sabWoTa saxelmwifos gareT kargad dagegmili da perspeqtivaze gaTvlili
gegmis nawili iyo.
aseT viTarebaSi Zneli iyo moralurad sufTa, samSobloze Seyvarebul, Rrma da
safuZvliani ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdas swori arCevani gaekeTebina. cxovrebis asparezze
gamosuli axalgazrda istorikosisaTvis arsebobda ori gza: 1) samecniero xarisxis,
samecniero wodebisa da kargi samsaxuris daubrkoleblad miReba, mSvidi da uzrunveli
cxovreba. yovelive es umsxverplod ar movidoda. axalgazrda sabWoTa ideologiuri
muSakebis uzarmazar armias unda SeerTeboda da komunisturi ideologiis, sabWoTa
wyobilebis mexotbed qceuliyo. cdunebas bevrma niWierma da perspeqtiulma axalgazrdam
ver gauZlo; 2) miRebuli codnis saqarTvelos WeSmariti istoriis SeqmnisaTvis gamoyeneba,
komunisturi ideologiis batonobis periodSi (XX saukunis 20-70-iani wlebi) gayalbebuli
saqarTvelos istoriis, gansakuTrebiT axali da uaxlesi istoriis obieqturad kvleva,
politikuri motiviT miCqmaluli didi qarTveli moazrovneebisa da moRvaweebis saTanadod
dafaseba. meore gza axalgazrda istorikosTa Zalze mcire nawilma airCia, maT Soris iyo
sergo vardosaniZe, romelmac 1979 wels warCinebiT daasrula aleqsandre puSkinis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis istoriis fakulteti.
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saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari
sergo vardosaniZem arCevani jer kidev aleqsandre puSkinis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis istoriis fakultetis dasrulebamde gaakeTa. 1977 wlis
18-20 noembers soxumSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTa
respublikuri samecniero konferencia. mesame kursis studenti sergo vardosaniZe
konferenciaze wardga moxsenebiT ,,giorgi wereTeli, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis
mkvlevari~1. giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis kvleva imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom students
seriozuli gegmebi hqonda dasaxuli. es gegma saqarTvelos axali istoriis (1801-1917 ww.)
kvlevas iTvaliswinebda. sergo vardosaniZe ar izRudeboda marto giorgi wereTlis
Semoqmedebis kvleviT. 1984 wels man gamoaqveyna uaRresad saintereso naSromi
,,konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo~2. axalgazrda istorikosis
mier samecniero statiisaTvis SerCeuli Tema dResac aqtualuria qarTul istoriografiaSi.
sergo vardosaniZem sworad Seafasa konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis mniSvneloba: ,,XIX
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi mefis ruseTis mTavrobam Tavis teritoriaze evropel kaTolike
misionerebis moRvaweoba akrZala da gakaTolikebuli qarTveli mosaxleobis movla somex
kaTolikeebs daavala, vinaidan mTavroba evropeli kaTolikebis agentebis rolSi movlinebas
kargad xedavda. mefis mTavrobis es gadawyvetileba erTi SexedviT wminda religiur-
dogmatur sakiTxebs exeboda, magram sinamdvileSi misi sisruleSi moyvana samcxe-javaxeTis
qarTvelebis gadagvarebas xels Seuwyobda da es rom ar momxdariyo, 1860-ian wlebSi zemoT
dasaxelebulma moRvaweebma konstantinopolSi jer qarTuli eklesia da Semdeg qarTuli
skola daaarses. am skolaSi swavleba dedaenaze mimdinareobda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
saqarTveloSi Seqmnil rTul pirobebs, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis brZolas mSobliuri enis uflebebisaTvis, maSin naTeli gaxdeba raoden
didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis gaxsna“3.
konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis mniSvnelobas avtori ase afasebs: ,,amrigad, XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi gaucxoebuli qarTveloba, Tavis fuZeze aramkvidrad rom grZnobda Tavs,
samcxe-javaxeTSi Tu TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, samoRvaweod amoZravda. isini farTo
propagandas eweodnen aWaris saqarTvelosTan dabrunebis Taobaze. erovnul niadags
eZRvneboda ivane gvaramaZis, mixeil TamaraSvilis da sxvaTa mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba,
romelic maT friad rTul pirobebSi uxdebodaT. sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili ivane
gvaramaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT kidevac werda: ,,ucxo tomelni Semogvesivnen oTxive kuTxiT,
Cvens mamapapaTa siZvelis naSTebs Tvalsa da xelSua gviZarcvaven~. konstantinopolis
qarTuli skolis mesveurTa mier Semzadebuli rom ar yofiliyo samcxe-javaxeTis
qarTveloba, maT isev gadagvarebis safrTxe emuqrebodaT~4. sainteresoa avtoris mier
motanili masala konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis calkeuli moRvaweebis da skolis
konkretuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
1984 wels sergo vardosaniZe Cairicxa saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis, istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis
aspiranturaSi saqarTvelos istoriis specialobiT da profesor mixeil gafrindaSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT muSaoba daiwyo sakandidato disertaciaze ,,giorgi wereTeli da
saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi~. giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb wera garkveul
riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli. wignieri qarTveli sazogadoebisTvisac ki giorgi wereTeli
aRiqmeboda garkveuli periodidan ilia WavWavaZis ideur mowinaaRmdeged da, miuxedavad
imisa, vin iyo marTali ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis dapirispirebaSi, mainc Crdils
1sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari._ saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTa samecniero konferencia. q. soxumi, 18-20 noemberi, 1977 w. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. saqarTvelos istoriis seqcia. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 20-21. 2sergo vardosaniZe. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 64-73. 3sergo vardosaniZe. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 65-66. 4sergo vardosaniZe. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 69.
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hfenda giorgi wereTels. giorgi wereTels Crdils hfenda isic, rom igi iyo mama cnobili
social-demokrati menSevikis, bolSevizmis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cnobili ideuri
mowinaaRmdegis, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisa (1918-1921 ww.) da qarTuli
emigraciis gamoCenili moRvawis irakli (kaki) wereTlisa. amitom iyo, rom giorgi wereTlis
naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefaseba dagvianda. arada giorgi wereTeli iyo
gansxvavebuli azrovnebis, sruliad gansxvavebuli miznebis moRvawe TviT didi
moazrovneebiTa da moRvaweebiT cnobil XIX saukuneSic ki. swored amitom migvaCnia, rom
sergo vardosaniZis arCevani exmaureboda qarTul istoriografiis winaSe mdgari im
problemis gadaWras, romelic karga xnis win unda gadaWriliyo.
aspiranturaSi swavlis periodSi sergo vardosaniZem gamoaqveyna ramdenime samecniero
statia, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: ,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni~5. statiaSi
sagangebo yuradReba daeTmo giorgi wereTlis damokidebulebas istoriuli wyaroebisadmi.
am TvalsazrisiT giorgi wereTlis damsaxureba kargad aris warmoCenili. sergo
vardosaniZis daskvna aseTia: ,,avtoris (giorgi wereTlis _ v. g.) azriT, saqarTvelos
istoriis mecnierulad SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia istoriuli sabuTebis, sigelgujrebis
SedarebiTi meTodiT Seswavla~6. sergo vardosaniZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom
giorgi wereTelma istoriuli sabuTebis samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotanamde teqstis
kritikuli analizis Catareba miiCnia aucileblad7. aspiranturaSi swavlis periodSi
gamoqveynebuli naSromebidan yuradRebas iqcevs sergo vardosaniZis samecniero statia:
,,giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi~.8 Zalze sainteresoa
avtoris daskvna imis Taobaze, Tu rogor afasebda giorgi wereTeli Zvel da axal
qarTvelobas: ,,giorgi wereTeli imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom feodaluri wes-wyobilebis
dros saqarTveloSi mravlad iyo Suri, mtroba, Zarcva-rbeva, samSoblos Ralatic, magram
umetes SemTxvevaSi samSoblos winaSe ,,Tanasworad valis moxdis” Segneba dominirebda. misi
azriT, XIX saukunis qarTveloba ki daqsaqsuli da gaTiTokacebuli gamxdara, qarTuli
erovnuli cnobiereba individualur jgufur cnobierebamde dacemula, roca ,,yovel kacs,
yovel jgufs, yovel wresa da yovel dass sakuTari saqme gamouwyvia da am saqmeSi xedavs
igi qveynis xsnas~9.
1989 wels sergo vardosaniZem sakandidato disertacia daasrula. 4 ivliss ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis saqarTvelos
axali itoriis ganyofilebis sxdomaze Sedga sergo vardosaniZis sakandidato disertaciis
,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi” winaswari ganxilva. sadisertacio
naSromma maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. 1989 wlis 17 noembers ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis sadisertacio sabWos sxdomaze Sedga
sergo vardosaniZis sakandidato disertaciis dacva. movitanT ramdenime adgils
disertantis mier samecniero sabWos sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityvidan:
_ ,,g. wereTelma mis mierve daarsebul qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSi: ,,krebuli~, ,,droeba~,
,,sasoflo gazeTi~, ,,kvali~ xalxisaTvis gasagebi eniT daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebis gaSuqeba, riTac garkveuli wvlili Seitana xalxis gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi.
igi rusuli, evropuli mecnierebis miRwevaTa gaazrebis safuZvelze cdilobda, sworad
daenaxa qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis miRwevebic da naklovanebebic.
g. wereTelma d. baqraZesTan erTad erT-erTma pirvelma miuTiTa qarTuli saistorio
wyaroebis ucxourTan SedarebiT da kritikulad gamocemis aucileblobaze. man
arqeologiuri monacemebis uqonlobis gamo Zveli saqarTvelos istoriis aRdgena scada
5sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1988, #4, gv. 51-60. 6sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1988, #4, gv. 53. 7sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1988, #4, gv. 53. 8sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #4, gv. 71-75. 9sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #4, gv. 71.
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asureT-babilonis istoriasTan SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT, magram rogorc Tavis
winamorbed qarTvel istorikosebs sayvedurobda, TviTonac daibna am Sedarebebis dros
masalis simcirisa da wyaroTa kritikuli ganxilvis dros~.
_ ,,g. wereTeli gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda XIX saukunis msoflio istoriis
sakvanZo sakiTxebs, ukavSirebda mas saqarTvelos istorias. man, rogorc demokratma da
ganmanaTlebelma, gaakritika ,,kudmokvecili saglexo reforma~. rogorc ,,Seuferavma
realistma~ kargad dainaxa axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis progresuli da uaryofiTi
mxareebi da Tavis publicistur werilebSi, moTxrobebsa da istoriul narkvvebSi scada im
winaaRmdegobrivi procesebis Cveneba, rac am axal urTierTobebs axasiaTebda. misi daskvnebic
winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, rac ueWvelia epoqis winaaRmdegobrivi ganviTarebidan gamosWvioda~.
_ ,,am mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebul kacs erTi dRe ar mousvenia. eZiebda da hpovebda,
man daRupvas gadaarCina ara erTi istoriuli dokumenti, riTac garkveuli wvlili Seitana
XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi mecnieruli qarTuli istoriografiis safuZvlebis momzadebis
saqmeSi~.
sergo vardosaniZem sakandidato disertacia 1989 wels daicva, xolo 2015 wels, e. i. 26
wlis Semdeg sadisertacio sabWoze wardgenili naSromis teqsti calke wignad gamosca10.
gamocema ganxorcielda ise, rom cvlileba ar ganucdia sadisertacio naSromis teqsts. 26
wlis win daculi disertaciis teqsts avtori rom ucvlelad aqveynebs, es imas niSnavs, rom
avtors 1989 wels araferi dauweria iseTi, romelic uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caagdebda 2015
wels. ase xdeba maSin, rodesac istorikosi WeSmaritebas emsaxureba da angariSs ar uwevs
koniunqturas.
sergo vardosaniZis monografia ,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis
problemebi~ yuradRebas iqcevs Temis aqtualobiT, gamarTuli struqturiT, mdidari
wyaroTmcodneobiTi baziT, istoriografiuli memkvidreobis obieqturad SefasebiT, XIX
saukunis saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobisa da mTlianad saqarTvelos
istoriis Rrma da safuZvliani codniT. giorgi wereTlis naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad
Sefaseba, am didi moRvawisaTvis saqarTvelos istoriaSi kuTvnili adgilis miCena moiTxovda
ori problemis mecnierul gaazrebas. pirveli problema gaxldaT giorgi wereTlis uamravi
werilisa da statiis Tavmoyra da analizi. meore problemas warmoadgenda giorgi wereTlis
Rvawlis gaazreba im epoqaSi, romlis arsi gansazRvra ilia WavWavaZem. orive problema sergo
vardosaniZem SesaniSnavad gadaWra da misi monografiiT giorgi wereTelma saqarTvelos
istoriaSi daimkvidra is adgili, romelic am originalurad moazrovne adamians yovelgvari
mikerZoebis gareSe ekuTvnis.
sergo vardosaniZis monografiaSi ,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis
problemebi~ sxva problemebTan erTad Zalze sainteresoa Semdegi sakiTxebi: ,,axali drois
saistorio mecniereba da giorgi wereTlis istoriografiuli Sexedulebani~, ,,giorgi
wereTeli Zveli da Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da problemaTa
Sesaxeb~, ,,giorgi wereTeli XIX saukunis saqarTvelos da msoflio istoriis problemaTa
Sesaxeb~. am uaRresad saintereso sakiTxebidan Cven mainc upirates mniSvnelobas vaniWebT
problemas, romelic monografiaSi asea dasaTaurebuli: ,,giorgi wereTeli XIX saukunis
qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Sesaxeb~11. gamWriaxi gonebis mqone giorgi wereTels bevri
saintereso azri aqvs gamoTqmuli qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.
erT-erT Taviseburebaze sergo vardosaniZe gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas. avtori
wers, rom, giorgi wereTlis azriT: ,,XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTveli inteligenciis
Tviseba iyo araTanmimdevruloba da stiqiuroba. isini ,,dinjad da SeuCereblad ki ar
moqmedeben, ufro da ufro drodadro afeTqdebian da CaCumdebian. amitomac SesaZloa, rom
esa Tu is azri, sazogado saqme qveynisaTvis didi sikeTis momtani, naklebad midis xalxSi
da niadags ver poulobs~. saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis inteligencias unda ukuegdo mavne
Cveva, rac imiT vlindeboda, rom sakmarisi iyo raime dabrkoleba Sexvedroda da didis ambiT
10sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015. 11sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 118-126.
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wamowyebuli saerovno saqme Suagzaze mietovebinaT. g. wereTels mohyavda magaliTebi evropis
mowinave qveynebis cxovrebidan, sadac erovnul inteligencias, Tundac didi dabrkoleba da
xifaTi Sexvedroda, ufro aaqtiurebda mcdelobas da mizansac aRwevdnen~12.
saqarTvelos istoriis sxvadasxva problemas mieZRvna sergo vardosaniZis samecniero
werilebi da statiebi. am statiebs avtorma Tavi mouyara da 2004 wels calke wignad gamosca
saTauriT: ,,qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi~13. wignSi Sesuli werilebidan da
statiebidan aRsaniSnavia ,,erekle II qarTul istoriografiaSi~14, ,,erovnuli cnobierebisa
da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~15, ,,rogor
idevneboda saqarTvelos istoria~16. statiaSi ,,erovnuli cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa
erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~ avtori aseT daskvnas akeTebs:
,,qarTvel xalxs mravalricxovan mterTan brZolaSi araerTxel dadgomia yofna-aryofnis
Jami, magram mas Tavis TavSi unaxavs eris TviTgadarCenis mZlavri dasayrdeni da am rwmeniT,
TviTSegnebiT gaumarjvia kidec. ilia WavWavaZis mier dasmul kiTxvas ,,ram gadagvarCina?~
mokled ase SegviZlia vupasuxoT: 1. qarTvelma xalxma Sua saukuneebis samefo-samTavroebad
daqucmacebis Jamsac SeinarCuna erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli
cnobierebis aucileblobis rwmena.
2. qarTvelTa gadarCenaSi didi iyo saqarTvelos mravalferovani bunebis, mTisa da baris
Canacvlebis faqtori;
3. qarTvelobas eris cxovrebaSi ukiduresi gansacdelis Jams Tavis TavSi yovelTvis
mounaxavs TviTgadarCenis didi Zala~17.
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari
qarTul istoriografiaSi sergo vardosaniZe upirvelesad darCeba, rogorc
saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari. saqarTvelos
eklesiis istoriis kvleva XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. kvleva gaZlierda XX saukunis damdegidan,
Tumca 1921 wlidan, sabWoTa wyobilebis arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis
istoriis kvleva praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. ase ganvlo aTwleulebma. XX saukunis 80-
ian wlebSi meufe ananiam (jafariZem) daiwyo saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis
fundamentaluri kvleva da 90-ian wlebSi ukve gamoaqveyna pirveli naSromi. imavdroulad
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kvlevas iwyebs sergo vardosaniZe. 1989 wels JurnalSi
,,istoria da geografia skolaSi” daibeWda sergo vardosaniZis statia ,,saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena”18. statiidan qarTvelma sazogadoebam
bevri iseTi ram Seityo, romelic aTwleulebis manZilze iCqmaleboda. gansakuTrebiT es
exeba kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-s. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis
istorias eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis moxseneba, romliTac is 1995 wlis oqtomberSi wardga
sveticxovlobisadmi miZRvnil pirvel samecniero konferenciaze. moxsenebis Tema iyo ,,1917
wlis saeklesio kreba~19. saqarTvelos avtokefaliis aRdgenis istoriis gaSuqebisas avtorma
samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana axali masalebi. 2000 wels Tbilisis sulxan-saba
12sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 119-120. 13sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004. 14sergo vardosaniZe. erekle II qarTul istoriografiaSi._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9-13. 15sergo vardosaniZe. erovnuli cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 45-50. 16sergo vardosaniZe. rogor idevneboda saqarTvelos istoria._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 116-124. 17sergo vardosaniZe. erovnuli cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 49-50. 18sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #3, gv. 42-49. 19sergo vardosaniZe. 1917 wlis saeklesio kreba._ sveticxovlobisadmi miZRvnili pirveli samecniero konferenciis masalebi. 11-13 oqtomberi. 1995, gamomcemloba ,,wminda nino~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 159-167.
11
orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis SromebSi daibeWda sergo
vardosaniZis statia ,,ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxi~20.
naSromi RirsSesaniSnavia imiT, rom masSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivSi
daculi manamde ucnobi masalebi. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas, kaTolikos-
patriarq kirion II-s da saerTod 1917-1918 wlebis movlenebs eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis
statia sasuliero ,,Jurnal ,,sveticxovlisa~ da ,,axali sityvis” profili~, romelic 2001
wels Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis
SromebSi daibeWda21.
1. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTa Rvawli
sabWoTa wyobilebis likvidaciisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gacxovelda qarTuli sazogadoebis
interesi im movlenebisa da gamoCenili saeklesio moRvaweebis mimarT, romelTa Sesaxebac
sabWoTa wyobilebis pirobebSi raimes gamoqveyneba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze Zneli mainc
iyo. amitom iyo, rom sazogadoeba didi interesiT Sexvda 1994 wels gamoqveynebul sergo
vardosaniZis gamokvlevas ,,kirion II. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918). cxovreba da moRvaweoba~22. mkiTxvelisaTvis imxanad did
siaxles warmoadgenda kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is mkvlelobis istoria, romelic
Zalze sainteresodaa naSromSi warmodgenili23. kidev ufro didi interesi gamoiwvia
JurnalSi ,,rani varT qarTvelni?!~ 1997 wels gamoqveynebulma sergo vardosaniZis statiam
,,versiebi kirion II-is mkvlelobis Sesaxeb”24. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,
uwmidesisa da unetaresis kirion II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis kvleva sergo vardosaniZem
daagvirgvina monografiiT ,,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da
unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.)~25, romelic 2014 wels gamoica. monografiaSi warmodgenilia
iseTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: kirion II _ cxovrebis gzis dasawyisi da misi
moRvaweoba kaTolikos-patriarqad arCevamde, kirion II-is samecniero moRvaweoba, kirion II-
is samRvdelmTavro moRvaweoba, kirion II _ saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, kirion II-is
mkvleloba. monografias Rirsebas matebs dokumentebisa da masalebis danarTi.
sergo vardosaniZem ara marto warmoaCina kirion II-is cxovreba da moRvaweoba, aramed
gadaWra erTi metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: aTwleulebis manZilze saqarTveloSi
vrceldeboda Wori kirion II-is mier Cadenili TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb. uaRresad sando
dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT sergo vardosaniZem daamtkica, rom kirion II-s Tavi ar
mouklavs, igi mokles saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelos eklesiis mtrebma26. advili ar iyo
avtorisaTvis Semdegi sityvebis dawera, advili ar iyo, radgan im braldebas, romelic sergo
vardosaniZem savsebiT samarTlianad da dasabuTebulad wamoayena, Tavisi konkretuli
misamarTebi hqonda: ,,kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is siZulviliT dabrmavebulebs araferi
ar ainteresebdaT garda imisa, rom rogorme igi an nerviulobas gadahyoloda an sxva gza
unda moenaxaT misi Tavidan moSorebis. qarTuli sazogadoeba TiTqos gulgrili gaxda
20sergo vardosaniZe. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxi._ Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi. tomi VIII. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 140-145. 21sergo vardosaniZe. Jurnal ,,sveticxovlisa~ da ,,axali sityvis~ profili._ Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi. tomi X. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 134-144. 22sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. ozurgeTi, 1994. 23sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. ozurgeTi, 1994, gv. 24-27. 24sergo vardosaniZe. versiebi kirion II mkvlelobis Sesaxeb._ Jurnali ,,rani varT qarTvelni?!~ 1997, #4, gv. 16-17. 25sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014. 26sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 99-138.
12
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT,
kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II Seatoves am gaborotebul, angarebian adamianebs igi marto
darCa~27. didi raodenobiT saarqivo masalis, memuarebis da sxva dokumentebis Seswavla
gaxda aucilebeli imisaTvis, rom avtors gaekeTebina mokle, magram mravlismTqmeli daskvna:
,,uwmidessa da unetares kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-s uTvalTvalebdnen, Sinaurebidan
gamohqondaT informaciebi patriarqis gadaadgilebis marSrutis Sesaxeb~28. didi dro
dasWirda qarTul istoriografias, rom eRiarebina simarTle kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-
is mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. es simarTle ki aseTia: ,,1918 wlis 26 ivniss uwmidesi da unetaresi
kirion II arqimandrit tarasi kandelakTan da vasil kbilaSvilTan erTad dilis 5 saaTze
etliT gaemgzavra martyofis monasterSi, patriarqs Tan axlda Cito (qristefore) kapanaZe,
magram gzaSi gairkva, rom patriarqs darCa wignebi, romlebic samuSaod sWirdeboda, amitom
Cito kapanaZe darCa wignebis wamosaRebad. patriarqi kirioni martyofis monasterSi 11 saaTze
movida, locvis Semdeg muSaobas Seudga. gvian RamiT, 1 saaTze daiZina. wina oTaxSi eZina
arqimandrit tarasi kandelaks. patriarqi dilis 5 saaTze dgeboda. gaxda 5, 6, 7, saaTi,
patriarqis oTaxis kari ar iReboda. bolos gadawyvites da SeaRes karebi. kaTolikos-
patriarqi kirion II sisxlSi curavda, gardacvlilis gverdiT egdo misive daketili
brauningi~29.
sergo vardosaniZem kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis garda
monografiulad Seiswavla yvela kaTolikos-patriarqTa cxovreba da moRvaweoba, romlebic
saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenidan (1917
wlidan) dRemde moRvaweobdnen. sadReisod saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarebs,
eklesiis istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels saSualeba aqvs Tvali gaadevnos saqarTvelos
eklesiis kaTolikos-patriarqTa moRvaweobas 1917 wlidan dRemde. ara gamocemis wlebis
mixedviT, aramed kaTolikos-patriarqTa moRvaweobis rigis mixedviT, sergo vardosaniZis
naRvawi ase gamoiyureba:
1. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II (1855-
1918 ww.). Tbilisi, 2014 (pirveli gamocema: ozurgeTi, 1994).
2. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonide (1861-1921
ww.), Tbilisi, 2014.
3. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi (1921-1927
ww.), Tbilisi, 2009.
4. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi qristefore III
(1927-1932 ww.), Tbilisi, 2009.
5. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-
1952 ww.), Tbilisi, 2009.
6. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-1972
ww.), Tbilisi, 2007.
7. patriarqi melqisedek III _ ix.: patriarqebi. wigni II. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 171-212.
8. patriarqi daviT V _ ix.: patriarqebi. wigni I. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 101-189.
garda zemoT aRniSnuli monografiebisa sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis
cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas mieZRvna sergo vardosaniZis mier ganxorcielebuli ori
sayuradRebo gamocema:
9. patriarqebi. wigni I. patriarqi efrem II. patriarqi daviT V. Tbilisi, 2013.
10. patriarqebi. wigni II. patriarqi kalistrate. patriarqi melqisedek III. Tbilisi, 2013.
saqarTvelos eklesiis mamamTavarTa, kaTolikos-patriarqTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
monografiulad Seswavla urTulesi saqmea. upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia
wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis Seqmna. saarqivo dokumentebisa da masalebis moZieba, memuarebis
27sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 112. 28sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 112. 29sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 112-113.
13
Sekreba da kritikuli analizi. samecniero-kvleviTi muSaobis warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia,
rom mkvlevars kargad hqondes gaazrebuli saqarTvelos istoriisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis
istoriis konkretuli epoqa da amis Semdeg gansazRvros kaTolikos-patriarqis adgili
qveynisa da eklesiis istoriaSi. 1917 wlidan dawyebuli saqarTvelos yvela kaTolikos-
patriarqs moRvaweoba uxdeboda urTules politikur viTarebaSi _ eklesiis,
samRvdeloebisa da mrevlis devnis pirobebSi. epoqa Tavis daRs asvamda eklesiis
mamamTavarTa moRvaweobas. mimdinareobda brZola eklesiis gadarCenisaTvis, am brZolis
istoriis warmoCena iyo swored sergo vardosaniZis umTavresi mizani. kaTolikos-patriarqTa
moRvaweoba bevri ramiT waagavda erTmaneTs, magram bevri ramiTac gansxvavdeboda. ai am
gansxvavebis migneba da misi mkiTxvelamde mitana aucilebeli, magram Zalze Zneli iyo
mkvlevarisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom sergo vardosaniZem Seqmna kaTolikos-patriarqTa
portretebi, Rrmad Caaxeda mkiTxveli bevr niuansSi, warmoaCina kaTolikos-patriarqTa
Rvawli eklesiisa da qveynis winaSe.
mZime xvedri ergo kaTolikos-patriarq leonides. igi mowme gaxda sabWoTa ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobisa, 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi
ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebisa. kaTolikos-patriarqs, cxadia, ar SeeZlo win
aRdgomoda momxdars, patriarqic msxverpli iyo. sergo vardosaniZe wers: ,,roca mTavrobam
miiRo gadawyvetileba emigraciaSi wasvlis da amave dros saqarTvelos erovnuli
siwmindeebis, ganZis waRebis Sesaxeb, es iyo Tavzardamcemi sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarq leonidisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTavroba emigraciaSi gaemgzavra 17 marts,
ganZeulobiT datvirTuli kreiseri ,,ernest renani” baTumidan gavida. saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonidi 13 aprils TbilisSi dabrunda...~30.
kidev ufro mZime xvedri ergo kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis. tragikuli iyo patriarqis
aRsasruli. sergo vardosaniZe wers: ,,oficialuri xelisuflebis waqezebiT droebiTi
mmarTvelobis wevrebma 1927 wlis TebervalSi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi faqtiurad
CamoaSores saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobas. am nerviulobam,
SfoTma da ciliswamebam, kidev ufro gaauaresa uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis janmrTeloba. 1927 wlis 22 marts droebiTi mmarTvelobis
wevrebi Sevidnen uwmides ambrosisTan da gamoucxades, rom igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo saqmis
warmoebisagan da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyroblobidan. ,,amis
gamocxadebis meore dRes, 23 marts uwmidesma ambrosim dakarga metyvelebis unari, 27 marts
goneba, 29 marts dilis 3 saaTze igi gardaicvala...~31.
kaTolikos-patriarq qristefore III-is Rvawls sxvadasxvagvarad afasebdnen
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarebi, sWarbobda kritika, garkveuli agresiac ki.
sergo vardosaniZem Tavis monografiaSi kaTolikos-patriarq qristefore III-is moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb, bolo Tavi ase daasaTaura: ,,patriarqis mZime uReli~. es ukve avtoris poziciis
gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda, rac aisaxa kidec daskvnaSi: ,,rTuli winaaRmdegobrivi epoqa,
romelSic unetares qristefore III-s mouxda moRvaweoba, aisaxa mis pirovnebaSic da
saqmianobaSic. igi iyo mravalmxrivi ganaTlebis, mebrZoli da erovnuli suliskveTebis
adamiani, hqonda warmatebebic da warumateblobac... erTi dRe mosvenebiT ar ucxovria,
aResrula da Tan waiyola Tavisi samSoblos _ saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo
eklesiis urTulesi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli didi tkivili da sevda~32.
urTules epoqaSi mouwia moRvaweoba kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZes.
kritikosebi arc patriarq kalistrates moklebia. sakmaod dagvianda misi Rvawlis Sefaseba,
Tumca WeSmaritebas win mainc veravin da veraferi daudga. sergo vardosaniZe wers: ,,Tu
epoqis rTuli socialur-politikuri movlenebi ar gaiazre, Znelia Caswvde im samwuxaro da
mkacr realobebs, romelSic uwmides kalistrates uxdeboda moRvaweoba. dRes Tamamad
30sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonide (1861-1921 ww.). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 69-70. 31sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi (1921-1927 ww.). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 137. 32sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi qristefore III (1927-1932 ww.). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 127.
14
SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom man gonivruli kompromisebiT gadaarCina saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, moaxerxa saero xelisuflebisagan warTmeuli
iuridiuli statusis dabruneba, miaRwia ruseTis eklesiasTan normaluri urTierTobis
aRdgenas, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi moaqcia araqarTuli samrevloebi,
eklesias SeunarCuna mrevli, gadaarCina saeklesio siwmindeni, represiebidan ixsna araerTi
sasuliero piri. Tavisi pirovnebisa da eklesiisadmi pativiscemiT gamsWvala saero
xelisuflebis aTeisti Cinovnikebic. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate XX saukunis qarTvel patriarqTa Soris erT-erTi
mokaSkaSe varskvlavia“33.
TiTqos xvedri unda Semsubuqeboda kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II-s, radgan epoqa,
romelSic igi moRvaweobda (1960-1972), politikuri reJimis simkacris mixedviT ukeTesad
gamoiyureboda, vidre XX saukunis 20-ian-30-iani wlebi. magram politikuri reJimis odnavi
Serbileba eklesiaze ar gavrcelebula. patriarqs eklesiis gadasarCenad kvlav urTules
pirobebSi uxdeboda moRvaweoba. sergo vardosaniZe gamokvlevas kaTolikos-patriarq efrem
II-is Sesaxeb am sityvebiT asrulebs: ,,igi iyo ukanaskneli mohikani XIX saukuneSi dabadebul
patriarqTa Soris, istoriaSi darCa rogorc Rirseuli sasuliero piri, romelmac urTules
pirobebSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia SeunarCuna saqarTvelos“34.
marTalia, sergo vardosaniZe 1917 wels saqarTvelos avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg
moRvawe kaTolikos-patriarqebis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas ikvlevs, magram igi Seexo wina
saukuneebSi moRvawe saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis istoriasac. 2002 wels daibeWda
sergo vardosaniZis statia ,,bagrationi kaTalikoz-patriarqni sruliad saqarTveloisa~35.
statia eZRvneba bagrationTa gvaris saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebs dawyebuli daviT
IV-dan (1446-1479) da damTavrebuli anton II-iT (1788-1811).
2. saqarTvelos eklesiis ierarqTa Rvawli
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis monografiulad
Seswavlis Semdeg specialistTa da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis gasagebi gaxda
saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis ganviTarebis magistraluri
xazi. magram Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom es iyo zemodan danaxuli istoria. qveda dinebebi, am
SemTxvevaSi, naklebad Canda. cxadia, amas avtoric kargad grZnobda, amitom iyo, rom man
kvlevis Semdgom etapze, 2010 wels, gamosca sqeltaniani naSromi ,,qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi
(XX-XXI saukuneebi)~36. wignSi episkopos gabriel qiqoZidan dawyebuli, warmodgenilia 88
qarTveli mRvdelmTavris cxovreba da moRvaweoba. naSromi iwyeba Sesavali weriliT ,,XX-
XXI saukuneebis saqarTvelo~37. qarTveli episkoposebis, romelTagan SemdgomSi cxra
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi gaxda, cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Seswavla
garkveulwilad Seavso saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
istoriam. srulyofili gaxada saerTo istoriuli procesis aRqma. 2001 wels sergo
vardosaniZem gamosca monografia ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-
52 wlebSi~38 (es iyo avtoris disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis
mosapoveblad). naSromis upirveles Rirsebas warmoadgens is, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo
33sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-1952 ww.). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 94-95. 34sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-1972 ww.). Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 62. 35sergo vardosaniZe. bagrationi kaTalikoz-patriarqni sruliad saqarTveloisa._ krebuli. miZRvnili profesor arCil CxeiZis 80 wlisTavisadmi. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 55-68. 36sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebi). gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010. 37sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebi). gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 6-33. 38sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-52 wlebSi. gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2001.
15
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoria Seswavlil iqna sistemuri midgomiT. esaa istoria
mTlianobaSi da ara am istoriis calkeuli, Tundac Zalze mniSvnelovani movlenebi. meore
did Rirsebad migvaCnia is, rom sergo vardosaniZem saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria
warmoadgina saqarTvelos istoriasTan kavSirSi. kargad aCvena eklesiis roli qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi. aRarafers vambobT imaze, rom rogorc avtoris yvela sxva
naSromSi, samecniero mimoqcevaSia Semotanili saqarTvelos sapatriarqosa da sxva arqivebSi
daculi uaRresad saintereso dokumenturi masala. sergo vardosaniZis wigni ,,saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-52 wlebSi~ ukve 15 welia Seucvleli
saxelmZRvaneloa studentTaTvis.
saqarTvelos eklesiis istorias, garda zemoTxsenebuli monografiisa, eZRvneba sergo
vardosaniZis statiebi: ,,rundsdtze der georgischen Kirche~39, ,,Грузинская православная церквь в
1917-1952 гг~40, ,,Восстановление автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви~41,
,,Взаимоотношения между Грузинской православной церковью и государством в 1921-1924 гг.~42,
,,saqarTvelos eklesia 1899-1999 wlebSi. aswlovani qronika~43, ,,saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis II saeklesio kreba~44, ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis IV saeklesio kreba~45, ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli da somxuri samociqulo
eklesiebis urTierToba 1917-1922 ww.~46 (somxur enaze), ,,ganaxlebisa da reformebis“
mcdelobani saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi 1922-1927 wlebSi~47, ,,Управление
Грузинской церковью и история епархии в 20-30-е годы XX века~48, ,,saeklesio ganZeulobis
sakiTxi 1921-25 wlebSi~49, ,,Zur Geshichte der Auzenbeziehungen der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche in den
Jahren zwischen 1917 und 1950~50, ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
urTierToba XX saukunis 20-80-ian wlebSi~51.
saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriaSi iyo periodebi,
rodesac, rbilad rom vTqvaT, opoziciurad ganwyobilma adamianebma scades garkveuli
bzaris Setana eklesiis erTianobaSi da sxvadasxva dausabuTebeli braldeba wamouyenes
eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelT. aseT Temebze wera, rarig maRali donis profesionalic unda iyos
avtori, garkveul uxerxulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2011 wels gamoqveynda sergo
vardosaniZis wigni ,,XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis
39Sasa Schirtladze, Sergo Vardosanidze. Grundsdtze der georgischen Kirche._ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos sainformacio moambe (germanul enaze). Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 7-4. 40Серго Вардосанидзе. Грузинская православная церквь в 1917-1952 гг.– Jurnali ,,amirani“. kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso-samecniero sazogadoebrivi kvleviTi institutis moambe. IV-V. Tbilisi-monreali, 2001, gv. 175-182. 41Серго Вардосанидзе. Восстановление автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви.– журнал ,,Азия и Африка сегодня”
(Москва), 2001 , #10, с. 74-76. 42Серго Вардосанидзе. Взаимоотношения между Грузинской православной церковью и государством в 1921-1924 гг.–
журнал ,,Церковний вестник” (Warszawa), 2001 , #4 , с. 50-56. 43sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos eklesia 1899-1999 wlebSi. aswlovani qronika._ Jurnali ,,saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, 2001, #4, gv. 20-38. 44sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis II saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali ,,inteleqti~, 2010, #2, gv. 85-87. 45sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis IV saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali ,,inteleqti~, 2010, #2, gv. 88-90. 46sergo vardosaniZis statia daibeWda somxur enaze gamomaval JurnalSi. ix.: JurnalSi ,,Iran-Nameh”, 2001, #37, p. 36. 47sergo vardosaniZe. `ganaxlebisa da reformebis“ mcdelobani saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi 1922-1927 wlebSi._ Jurnali ,,iveria~ (parizi), 2001/2002, VII, gv. 61-73. 48Серго Вардосанидзе. Грузинская православная церквь в 1917-1952 гг, ,,Восстановление автокефалии Грузинской
православной церкви~.– журнал ,,Схiдний свiт” (Киiв) , 2002, #1, с. 124-128. 49sergo vardosaniZe. saeklesio ganZeulobis sakiTxi 1921-25 wlebSi._ Junali ,,promeTe~, XI-XII, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 98-103. 50Sergo Vardosanidze. Zur Geshichte der Auzenbeziehungen der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche in den Jahren zwischen 1917 und
1950._ ,,Georgica”, 2002, #25, s. 83-90. 51sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba XX saukunis 20-80-ian wlebSi._ saerTaSoriso konferencia ,,religia da sazogadoeba _ rwmena Cvens cxovrebaSi~. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi. 2004 wlis 4-7 Tebervali. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 14-15.
16
saWeTmpyroblebi da maTi oponentebi~52. monografiaSi sergo vardosaniZem miukerZoebeli
mkvlevaris poziciidan gaaSuqa kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-isa da kaTolikos-patriarq
ambrosis opoziciis saZraxisi saqmeni. Zalze sainteresoa naSromis erT-erTi Tavi ,,ra moxda
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 1968 wels~53 avtorma sando saarqivo
masalebze dayrdnobiT aCvena, Tu rogor ebrZoda eklesiis SigniT aRmocenebuli opozicia
kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II-s. kidev ufro sainteresod aris warmodgenili sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is opoziciis
saZraxisi saqmianoba XX saukunis 70-ian, 90-ian wlebSi.
sergo vardosaniZis wignis mniSvneloba is aris, rom aseT gamokvlevas specialistebi
da mkiTxvelTa farTo wre ukve didi xania eloda. eklesiis istoriaSi damaluli da
miCqmaluli movlenebi yovelTvis eWvs badebda, es eWvebi gafanta sergo vardosaniZis wignma
,,XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi da
maTi oponentebi~.
saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis srulad warmoCena
SeuZlebelia Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis istoriis gareSe. 2010 wels
sergo vardosaniZem gamoaqveyna wigni ,,Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria~54. wigni
iwyeba mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis istoriis gadmocemiT, xolo naSromis udidesi nawili
eTmoba Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis istorias daarsebidan 2010 wlamde.
sainteresoa wignis is Tavi, romelSic warmodgenili arian mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis
damaarsebelni, reqtorebi, Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis, seminariisa da saRvTismetyvelo
institutebis reqtorebi. aranakleb sainteresoa Tavi, romelSic warmodgenilia Tbilisis
sasuliero akademiis, seminariis, saRvTismetyvelo institutis fakultetebi da dekanebi55.
3. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da
unetaresis ilia II-is Rvawli
dRes ukve yovelgvari daeWvebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos axali da
uaxlesi istoria (XIX-XXI ss.) aSkarad iyofa or periodad: wmida ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis)
epoqad da uwmidesi patriarqis ilia II-is epoqad. amitomac kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gamokvleva, patriarqis naazrevisa da naRvawis Sefaseba
urTulesi saqmea, urTulesi da amave dros sariskoc. nebismieri wignis dawerisas avtori
garkveul SiSs grZnobs: rogori iqneba wigni, rogor miiRebs mas mkiTxveli. warmoidgineT,
rogori grZnoba daeufleboda sergo vardosaniZes, roca man miiRo gadawyvetileba, daewera
monografia kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. avtorma xom
kargad uwyoda, rom misi wignis pirveli mkiTxveli da Semfasebeli uwmidesi patriarqi
iqneboda. albaT weris dawyebamde avtorma mravali kiTxva dausva Tavis Tavs, yvela kiTxvis
pirveli ori sityva erTi da igive iyo: ,,vai, rom...” magram rubikoni gadalaxul iqna da
daiwyo monografiaze muSaoba... sergo vardosaniZis monografia ,,sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II~ 2008 wels gamoica56. 2013 wels wignis
meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema gamovida57. sxva sirTuleebTan erTad avtors dasaZlevi
hqonda erTi sirTule. mas unda SeemuSavebina iseTi struqtura, rom srulad warmoCeniliyo
52sergo vardosaniZe. XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi da maTi oponentebi. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2011. 53sergo vardosaniZe. XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi da maTi oponentebi. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 5-111. 54sergo vardosaniZe. Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010. 55sergo vardosaniZe. Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 71-131. 56sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2008. 57sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. Tbilisi, 2013.
17
uwmidesi patriarqis Rvawli. cxadia, verc erTi da verc ori monografia kaTolikos-
patriarq ilia II-is Rvawls srulad ver warmoaCens, amitomac aucilebeli iyo iseTi
optimaluri struqturis SemuSaveba, rom erT wignSi mravali sakiTxi yofiliyo
warmodgenili. sergo vardosaniZem uwmidesi patriarqis mravalmxrivi da yovlismomcveli
moRvaweobidan Semdegi sakiTxebi gamoyo:
1. sruliad saqarTvelos-kaTolikos patriarqis uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is
cxovrebis gzis dasawyisi;
2. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba,
mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba;
3. pirveli siZneleebi, problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebis Zieba;
4. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis urTierToba marTlmadidebel
eklesiebTan da aramarTlmadideblur konfesiebTan. avtokefaluri moZraobis warmatebiT
dagvirgvineba;
5. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis eparqiebis aRorZineba, kavSiri
sazRvargareTis samonastro centrebTan, wmida sinodis ganCinebani, axali wmidanebi;
6. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia _
qarTvelTa erTianobis simbolo;
7. ganaTleba, mecniereba, saRvTismetyvelo literatura, Jurnal-gazeTebi;
8. ukvdavebaSi gardasul saxeTa ardaviwyeba;
9. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze;
10. patriarqi a) urTierToba politikur da religiur liderebTan, sazogado
moRvaweebTan; b) patriarqis aRsaydrebis dRis aRniSvna; g) patriarqis Semoqmedeba; d)
warsuli, awmyo da momavali.
11. samebis sakaTedro taZari.
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis gamokveTis Semdeg sxva sirTule iyo dasaZlevi. didi
daxelovneba sWirdeboda ara marto masalebis moZiebas, aramed mis ganawilebas TavebSi,
wignSi motanili masala unda yofiliyo mravlismTqmeli da Tanac iseTi, rom mkiTxvels
survili aRZroda sxva msgavsi faqtebis moZiebisa. bolo problema, romelic avtors unda
gadaeWra, exeboda Txrobis stils, masalis gamarTuli qarTuliT gadmocemas.
Cven zemoT CamovTvaleT is problemebi, romelic sergo vardosaniZes unda gadaeWra
kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis warmoCenisas. yvela am problemas
avtorma Rirseulad gaarTva Tavi da qarTvelma sazogadoebam miiRo SesaniSnavi wigni.
2015 wels gamomcemloba ,,qarTuli universitetis~ grifiT daibeWda sergo vardosaniZis
monografia ,,mziani Ramis 38 weli~58. avtorma safuZvlianad gadaamuSava yvelaferi, rac
kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is Sesaxeb dauweria da ase Seqmna monografia, romelic uwmidesi
patriarqis aRsaydrebidan ocdaTvramet wlian moRvaweobas afasebs.
sergo vardosaniZis, rogorc kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
mkvlevaris aRiarebas warmoadgenda is, rom misi naSromi ,,Патриарх Грузии~ Sevida 2015 wels
moskovSi gamocemul saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-isadmi miZRvnil krebulSi
,,Раб Божий~, rogorc krebulis ZiriTadi nawili59.
kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Seswavlisas sergo
vardosaniZes sxva avtorebTan SedarebiT hqonda erTi upiratesoba: avtori mis wignebSi
aRwerili umetesi movlenebis TviTmxilveli da monawile iyo, rogorc uwmidesi patriarqis
uaxloesi da erTguli adamiani.
sergo vardosaniZe Tavis wigns ,,mziani Ramis 38 weli~ ase amTavrebs: ,,XX saukunis
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi gamorCeuli sidiadiT brwyinavs sami didi
patriarqi: uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II, uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi, uwmidesi da
unetaresi ilia II. pirveli oris sicocxle iyo tanjva-wamebis, magram sulieri simtkicis
gamoxatuleba, maT TavianTi mowameobrivi sikvdiliT daamarcxes boroteba da SeuerTdnen
58sergo vardosaniZe. mziani Ramis 38 weli. gamomcemloba ,,qarTuli universiteti~, Tbilisi, 2015. 59Серго Вардосанидзе. Патриарх Грузии._ Раб Божи. Жизненный подвиг Илии II, католикоса-патриарха всея Грузии.
Москва, 2015, стр. 13-299.
18
wmindanTa dass. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II 38 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelia... igi sicocxleSive iqca legendad.
,,didni saqmeni~, romelnic man aRasrula, mTel epoqas qmnis. didi adamianis bolomde Secnoba
Tanamedroveebs yovelTvis uWirT, momavali Taobebi ki srulad Seafaseben mis Rvawls:
patriarqis Rvawlis srulad warmoCena momavlis saqmea~60.
garda zemoT aRniSnuli monografiebisa, kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis sxvadasxva aspeqts eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis statiebi: ,,saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit ilias sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba~61, ,,ra moxda 30 wlis win
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi~62, ,,sudaris Camoxsna eklesiidan~63,
,,erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze~64, ,,misi sityvis Zala~65, ,,gvirgvini
mwyemsmTavrisa~66.
meTodika. pedagogikis istoria
profesor sergo vardosaniZes Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili meTodikisa da pedagogikis
istoriis sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. aleqsandre puSkinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
pedagogiuri institutis damTavrebis Semdeg sergo vardosaniZe aTi weli istoriis
pedagogad muSaobda Tbilisis pirvel eqsperimentul skolaSi. am xnis manZilze mas
garkveuli praqtikuli gamocdileba daugrovda.
1987 wels JurnalSi ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~ daibeWda
sergo vardosaniZis werili ,,zogi ram Cveni gamocdilebidan~67. im xanebSi werilis avtori
Tbilisis pirveli eqsperimentuli skolis istoriis maswavleblad muSaobda da kolegebs
Tavis gamocdilebas uziarebda. 1989 wels Jurnal ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba,
geografia skolaSi~ gamoqveynda sergo vardosaniZis werili ,,rogor vaswavli daviT
aRmaSeneblis epoqis istorias~68. Tu pirveli werili ufro zogadi xasiaTisa iyo, meore
werili ukve erT konkretul sakiTxs eZRvneboda. orive werili garkveul daxmarebas uwevda
istoriis maswavleblebs.
1998 wels sergo vardosaniZem daiwyo werilebis seriis beWdva saTauriT ,,rogor
iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi~. pirveli werili daibeWda samecniero-
meTodur Jurnal ,,istoriis~ 1998 wlis pirvel nomerSi69, xolo meore werili _ meore
nomerSi70. meore werili mTavrdeba 1954 wels gamocemuli saqarTvelos istoriis
saxelmZRvanelos (avtorebi: n. berZeniSvili, v. dondua, m. dumbaZe, i. kaWarava, g. meliqiSvili,
S. mesxia, p. ratiani) SefasebiT. imis gamo, rom Jurnal ,,istoriis” mesame da Semdgomi nomrebi
aRar gamosula, sergo vardosaniZis werilebis seriis beWdva Sewyda. am problemas avtori
60sergo vardosaniZe. mziani Ramis 38 weli. gamomcemloba ,,qarTuli universiteti~, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 185. 61sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba._ Jurnali ,,literatura da xelovneba~, 2007, #12, gv. 23-30. 62sergo vardosaniZe. ra moxda 30 wlis win saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #2, gv. 75-82. 63sergo vardosaniZe. sudaris Camoxsna eklesiidan._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #3, gv. 81-90. 64sergo vardosaniZe. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #4, gv. 87-92. 65sergo vardosaniZe. misi sityvis Zala._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #5, gv. 63-74. 66sergo vardosaniZe. gvirgvini mwyemsmTavrisa._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #6, gv. 79-91. 67sergo vardosaniZe. zogi ram Cveni gamocdilebidan._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1987, #2, gv. 53-60. 68sergo vardosaniZe. rogor vaswavli daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis istorias._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #2, gv. 32-35. 69sergo vardosaniZe. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria~, 1998, #1, gv. 50-55. 70sergo vardosaniZe. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria~, 1998, #2, gv. 78-84.
19
kvlav daubrunda 1999 wels zoia CimakaZesa da elga cqitiSvilTan erTad gamocemul
leqciebis kursSi ,,istoriis swavlebis meTodika~71.
istoriis swavlebis meTodikaSi arsebul saxelmZRvaneloTa Soris gamoirCeva sergo
vardosaniZis, zoia CimakaZisa da elga cqitiSvilis erToblivi naSromi ,,istoriis swavlebis
meTodika (leqciebis kursi)~72. leqciebis kursi winasityvaobis, 18 Tavisa da 8 damatebisagan
Sedgeba. calkea warmodgenili testebis nimuSebi. 5 Tavi da 4 damateba sergo vardosaniZis
mieraa dawerili. kerZod, sergo vardosaniZis mieraa dawerili Semdegi Tavebi: Tavi X.
istoriis saxelmZRvanelo; Tavi XII. qronologiis Seswavla; Tavi XIII. dokumentebi istoriis
swavlebaSi; Tavi XV. TvalsaCinoeba istoriis gakveTilze; Tavi XVIII. istoriis
maswavlebeli. garda amisa, sergo vardosaniZis mier dawerilia wignis Svidi damatebidan
oTxi: damateba I. istoriis maswavleblis roli Tanamedrove skolaSi; damateba II. erovnuli
cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XIX ss. saqarTveloSi da misi swavleba
saSualo skolaSi; damateba III. qristianuli sarwmunoebis roli da mniSvneloba
saqarTvelos istoriaSi, misi swavlebis problemebi; damateba IV. religiur-konfesiuri
mravalferovneba da misadmi Semwynareblobis suliskveTebis aRzrda saqarTvelos istoriis
swavlebis procesSi.
1996 wels sergo vardosaniZem medea keSelavasTan erTad Seadgina testebi saqarTvelos
istoriaSi pedagogTa atestaciisaTvis73, xolo 1997 wels gamovida sergo vardosaniZis
,,saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti saqarTvelos istoriaSi~74.
globalizaciis procesma garkveuli problemebis winaSe daayena saqarTvelos istoriis
swavleba, rogorc sajaro skolebSi, ise universitetebSi. saWiro gaxda programebSi
cvlilebebis Setana da swavlebisadmi axleburi midgomis SemuSaveba. am rTul problemas
eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis werili: ,,globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis
problemebi~75. werilis avtori svams kiTxvas: ,,globalizacia politikur-ekonomikur da
kulturul sferoSi saxezea. rogor unda moviqceT aseT viTarebaSi?~76. am rTul kiTxvaze
pasuxi aseTia: ,,Tu sazogadoebaSi ar damkvidrebula azri imis Sesaxeb, rom aucilebelia
Cveni cxovrebis yvela sfero Sesabamisad moemzados am procesebSi monawileobis misaRebad
ise, rom maqsimalurad SevZloT qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi, erovnuli da religiuri
TavisTavadobis dacva, momavalSi ufro didi saSiSroebis winaSe aRmovCndebiT~. sergo
vardosaniZes miaCnia, rom globalizaciis mavne Sedegebisagan Tavis dacva SeiZleba. avtori
daaskvnis: ,,saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoria erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac gviCvenebs,
rom globalizacia ucxo ar iyo arc antikuri xanis saqarTvelosaTvis (mtkvar-araqsis
kultura, aTenis sazRvao kavSiri, qristianoba). qarTveli xalxi axerxebda globalur
procesebSi monawileobas da TavisTavadobis SenarCunebas. XV saukunidan, roca bizantia
daeca, saqarTvelo samefo-samTavroebad daiSala, saqarTvelos gverdi auara e. w. saokeano
civilizaciam da XIX saukuneSi ruseTis meSveobiT vecadeT msoflio procesebSi CarTvas,
magram es ver moxerxda. aseTive problemebis winaSe viyaviT sabWoTa imperiaSi yofnis
drosac. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi mwvaved dadga sakiTxi, rogor movaxerxoT dasavluri
Rirebulebebis SeTvisebasTan erTad erovnulis SenarCuneba da ra adgili mivuCinoT am
procesebSi saqarTvelos istorias?~77
sergo vardosaniZis samecniero da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis gamocdileba gamovlinda
roin metrevelisa da ilia anTelavas TanaavtorobiT gamocemul saSualo skolis meSvide
71sergo vardosaniZe, zoia CimakaZe, elga cqitiSvili. istoriis swavlebis meTodika (leqciebis kursi). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 78-84; 40-48. 72sergo vardosaniZe, zoia CimakaZe, elga cqitiSvili. istoriis swavlebis meTodika (leqciebis kursi). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 78-84. 73sergo vardosaniZe, medea keSelava. testebi pedagogTa atestaciisaTvis. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi, 1996. 74saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti saqarTvelos istoriaSi. Tbilisi, 1997. 75sergo vardosaniZe. globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 213-216. 76sergo vardosaniZe. globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 214. 77sergo vardosaniZe. globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 214-215.
20
klasis `saqarTvelos istoriis~ saxelmZRvaneloSi78. saxelmZRvanelo gamoirCeva gamarTuli
struqturiT (Tavebsa da paragrafebSi masalis ganawilebiT), procesis gaazrebisaTvis
empiriuli masalis kargad SerCeviT, Txrobis mimzidveli stiliT. es saxelmZRvanelo 2000
wels somxur enaze daibeWda saqarTveloSi arsebuli somxuri skolebisaTvis79.
Cven SevecadeT, warmogveCina profesor sergo vardosaniZis Rvawli qarTul
istoriografiaSi. cxadia, erTi werili, rac unda tevadi iyos igi, amisaTvis sakmarisi ar
aris. SevecadeT Tematurad dagvejgufebina sergo vardosaniZis naSromebi da TiToeuli
cal-calke Segvefasebina. miviCnieT, rom es ufro ukeT warmoaCenda avtoris Rvawls. Cveni
statia daiwera mas Semdeg, rac qarTulma universitetma sergo vardosaniZis 60 wlis iubile
aRniSna. 60 weli istorikosisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, saSualo asakia. istorikosi am asakis
Sesrulebis Semdeg iwyebs dagrovili codnisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze Tavisi
moRvaweobis axal etaps. eWvi ar gvepareba, rom es axali etapi sergo vardosaniZis
SemoqmedebaSi iseTive nayofieri iqneba, rogorc wina aTwleulebi.
78ilia anTelava, sergo vardosaniZe, roin metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1998. 79ilia anTelava, sergo vardosaniZe, roin metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo somxuri skolebisaTvis. gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000 (somxur enaze).
21
***
profesor sergo vardosaniZis naSromebis bibliografia*
I. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria
a) monografiebi, statiebi, konferenciis masalebi
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geografia skolaSi~, #3, 1989, gv. 42-49.
2. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II. saberZneTi,
gamomcemloba „orTodoqs-kipreli“, 1993, 30 gv.
3. kirion II. uwmindesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918).
cxovreba da moRvaweoba. ozurgeTi, 1994, 32 gv.
4. 1917 wlis saeklesio kreba._ krebuli `saqarTvelos eklesiis, qarTuli sasuliero
mwerlobis da qristianuli xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebi~. sveticxovlisadmi miZRvnili
pirveli samecniero konferenciis masalebi. 11-13 oqtomberi, 1995, gv. 159-167.
5. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri eklesiis eparqiebi._ Jurnali ̀ saqarTvelos
sapatriarqo~, 1997, #1, gv. 28-30.
6. versiebi kirion II-is mkvlelobis Sesaxeb._ Jurnali `rani varT qarTvelni?!~, 1997, #4, gv.
16-17.
7. saqarTvelos eklesia (inglisur enaze). Tbilisi, 1999, 14 gv.
8. saqarTvelos eklesia (germanul enaze). Tbilisi, 1999, 15 gv.
9. dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe._ Jurnali `saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, 1999, #1, gv. 47-54.
10. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1918-1921 ww._ Jurnali `klio~, 1999, #8.
11. mogoneba saqarTvelos eklesiis uaxlesi warsulidan._ Jurnali `saydari~, 1999, #1, gv. 7-
9.
12. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1927 wlebSi. gamomcemloba `qronografi~,
Tbilisi, 2000. 152 gv.
13. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-72 w.w.).
gamomcemloba `qronografi~, Tbilisi, 2000. 28 gv.
14. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonidi (1918-1921
w.w.). Tbilisi, 2000. 46 gv.
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2000, gv. 32-33.
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saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis Sromebi. t. VIII. Tbilisi,
2000, gv. 140-145.
17. saqarTvelos eklesia 1899-1999 wlebSi. aswlovani qronika._ Jurnali `saqarTvelos
sapatriarqo~, 2001, #4, gv. 20-38.
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`saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, 2001, #4, gv. 11-19.
19. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis II saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali `inteleqti~,
Tbilisi, 2001, #10, gv. 85-87.
20. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis IV saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali `inteleqti~,
Tbilisi, 2001, #10, gv. 89-90.
*Seadgina istoriis doqtorma levan jiqiam.
22
21. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis da eparqiebis sakiTxi 1917-1952
ww._ Jurnali `religia~, 2001, #4-5-6, gv. 14-29.
22. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1927-1952 wlebSi. gamomcemloba `qronografi~,
Tbilisi, 2001. 214 gv.
23. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi. gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2001. 323 gv.
24. sasuliero Jurnal `sveticxovlis~ da `axali sityvis~ profili._ Tbilisis sulxan-saba
orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis Sromebi. 2001, t. X. gv. 134-144.
25. Грузинская православная церквь 1917-1952 гг._ Jurnali `amirani~, 2001, IV-V, gv. 175-184.
26. Внешняя политика Грузинской православной церкви._ Журнал `Азия и Африка сегодня~, Москва,
2001, стр.74-75.
27. Отношения Грузинской православной и Армянской апостольской церквей в 1917-1922 гг._ Журнал
`Иран-наме~, Тегеран, 2001, Т. 37, стр. 36-37.
28. Взаимоотношения между Грузинской православной церковью и государством в 1921-1924 г.г._
Журнал `Церковный вестник~, Варшава, 2001, #4, стр. 50-56.
29. Восстановление Автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви._ Журнал `Азия и Африка сегодня~, 2001,
#10, стр. 74-75.
30. ̀ ganaxlebis da reformebis~ mcdelobani 1922-1927 wlebSi~._ Jurnali ̀ iveria~, safrangeTi,
2001/2002, t. VII, gv. 61-74.
`arRara varT mona, aramed aznaur~._ Jurnali `rwmena da codna~, 2002, #1, gv. 9-13.
31. Управление Грузинской церкви и история епархий в 20-30 годы ХХ века._ jurnal `The WORLD of
the Orient”, Kiev, 2002, #1, стр. 124-128.
32. Zur Geschichte der AuBenbeziehungen der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche in den Jahren zwischen 1917 und 1950._
Jurnali `georgika~, germania, 2002, #25, gv. 83-90.
33. saeklesio ganZeulis sakiTxi 1921-25 wlebSi._ Jurnali `promeTe~, t. XI-XII, Tbilisi, 2002,
gv. 98-104.
34. saqarTvelos da somxeTis eklesiis urTierToba 1917-2000 wlebSi._ Jurnali `religia~,
Tbilisi, 2002, #7-8-9, gv. 45-52.
35. About Georgia._ Jurnali `WINGS~, 2002, gv. 16-19.
cxum-afxazeTis eparqia da misi mRvdelmTavrebi XX saukuneSi._ Jurnali ̀ religia~, Tbilisi,
2003, #4-5-6, gv. 50-55.
36. bagrationTa gvaris kaTolikos-patriarqebi._ ix.: wigni. bagrationebi. Tbilisi, 2003.
37. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-
1952 w.w.). Tbilisi, 2004. 121 gv.
38. qristianobis oci saukune saqarTveloSi (gzamkvlevi qarTul da inglisur enebze).
Tbilisi, 2004. 18 gv.
39. saqarTvelos eklesia 1952-2000 wlebSi._ ix.: wigni `naTeli qristesi~. Tbilisi, 2004.
40. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba XX saukunis 20-
80-ian wlebSi._ saerTaSoriso konferencia `religia da sazogadoeba _ rwmena Cvens
cxovrebaSi~. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsi. 2004 wlis 4-7 Tebervali. 2004, gv. 14-15.
41. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi (1921-1927
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42. History of the Orthodox Church of Georgia 1811 to the Present (inglisur enaze). Sveicaria, 2006,
Tanaavtori.
43. `sasuliero cxovrebis dasawyisi (ilia II)~._ ix._ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
krebuli. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 126-129.
44. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sagareo urTierTobebi 1977-2007
wlebSi._ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis krebuli. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 130-149.
45. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit
ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba._ Jurnali
`literatura da xelovneba~, 2007, #12, gv. 23-30.
46. ix.: Православная энциклопедия. t. XII. moskovi, 2007, gv. 218-229.
23
47. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-72
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48. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II.
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49. sudaris Camoxsna eklesiidan._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #3, gv. 81-90.
50. ra moxda 30 wlis win saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi._ Jurnali
`sityva~, 2008, #2, gv. 75-82.
51. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #4, gv. 87-92.
52. misi sityvis Zala._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #5, gv. 63-74.
53. gvirgvini mwyemsmTavrisa._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #6, gv. 79-91.
54. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-
1952 w.w.). gamomcemloba `naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2009. 208 gv.
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57. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates moRvaweobidan._ krebuli
`saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia didaWaroba~. 2009, gv. 66-80.
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69. eqvTime TayaiSvili da saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis problemebi._ krebuli `eqvTime
TayaiSvili~. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 304-325.
70. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari._ akademikos roin metrevelis dabadebidan 75
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71. patriarq leonidesa da mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias dapirispirebis
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24
75. ra moxda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 1968 wels._ saqarTvelos
sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis Sromebi I.
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77. Патриарх Грузии._ Книга `Раб Божий~, Москва, 2015, стр. 13-103.
78. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria XX saukunis 50-ian-70-ian wlebSi._ krebuli `istoria
Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 5-18.
79. `mziani Ramis~ pirvel wlebSi._ krebuli `istoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 32-
47.
80. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis aRiareba._ krebuli `istoria
Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 48-80.
81. saqarTvelos eklesia saerTaSoriso asparezze._ krebuli `istoria Seulamazeblad~.
Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 81-87.
82. mRvdelmTavrobis 50, patriarqobis 35 da dabadebis 80 wlisTavis aRniSvna._ krebuli
`istoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 88-103.
83. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II da sazRvargareTis samonastro centrebi, diaspora._
krebuli `istoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 104-116.
84. megobroba gzad da xidad. ilia II-is vizitebi sazRvargareT._ krebuli `istoria
Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 185-222 (Tanaavtori akademikosi roin metreveli).
85. ilia II-is moRvaweobis qronologia._ krebuli `istoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015,
gv. 241-254.
II. saqarTvelos istoria
monografiebi, statiebi, konferenciis masalebi
1. giorgi wereTeli, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari._ saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi
saswavleblebis studentTa saiubileo samecniero sesia, miZRvnili didi oqtombris
socialisturi revoluciis 60 wlisTavisadmi. 18-20 noemberi, 1977 w. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi.
saqarTvelos istoriis seqcia. 1977, gv. 20-21.
2. ilia WavWavaZe da XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTveli istorikosebi._ axalgazrda mecnier
muSakTa XXII samecniero sesia miZRvnili ilia WavWavaZis dabadebis 150-e wlisTavisadmi. 1987
wlis 27-29 maisi. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. 1987, gv. 13.
3. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali `istoria da geografia skolaSi~,
1988, #4, gv. 51-60.
4. giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi._ Jurnali `skola
da cxovreba~, 1989, #4, gv. 71-75.
5. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi (werilebi). Tbilisi, 2004. 125 gv.
6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi (1917-1938). narkvevi. dokumentebi da masalebi. Tbilisi, 2014. 190 gv.
(Tanaavtorebi: vaxtang guruli, koba xaraZe, levan jiqia).
7. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015. 184 gv.
8. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris istoria (1917-1957). gamokvleva. dokumentebi da
masalebi. Tbilisi, 2015. 308 gv. (Tanaavtorebi: vaxtang guruli, koba xaraZe, levan jiqia, maka
kvaracxelia).
III. pedagogika
monografiebi, statiebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, konferenciis masalebi
1. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali `istoria da
geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 64-73.
25
2. zogi ram Cveni gamocdilebidan._ Jurnali `istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1987, #2, gv.
53-60.
3. `TviTon sagnebi odnavadac ar exebian suls~._ Jurnali `skola da cxovreba~, 1988, #10, gv.
64-66.
4. `maswavlebeli _ Suqi sulisa~._ Jurnali `skola da cxovreba~, 1989, #10, gv. 31-33.
5. rogor vaswavli daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis istorias._ Jurnali `istoria da geografia
skolaSi~, 1989, #2, gv. 32-35.
6. testebi pedagogTa atestaciisTvis. saqarTvelos istoria. Semdgenlebi sergo vardosaniZe
da medea keSelava. Tbilisi, 1996, 65 gv.
7. saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti saqarTvelos istoriaSi. Tbilisi, 1997, 48 gv.
8. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi._ Jurnali `istoria~, 1998,
#1, gv. 50-55.
9. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi (werili meore)._ Jurnali
`istoria~, 1998, #2, gv. 78-84.
10. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis
saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1998. 151 gv.
11. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis
saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, Tbilisi, 1999. 167 gv. (somxur enaze).
12. saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo r. metrevelisa da i. anTelavas
TanaavtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1999.
13. istoriis swavlebis meTodika (leqciebis kursi z. CimakaZisa da e. cqitiSvilis
TanaavtorobiT). 1999.
14. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000. 168 gv.
15. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-6 klasis
saxelmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000. 167 gv. (somxur enaze).
16. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis
saxelmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000. 143 gv. (azerbaijanul enaze).
17. zestafonis raionis sof. zovreTis saSualo skola. Tbilisi, 2002, 31 gv.
globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 213-216.
18. `globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis swavlebis problemebi (rogor idevneboda
saqarTvelos istoria)._ Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis samecniero Sromebi. t. I. Tbilisi,
2009, gv. 68-80.
26
rozeta gujejiani, istoriis doqtori, profesori
xarebis Wedoba tradiciul qarTul yofaSi
eTnografiuli masaliT cnobilia, rom msoflios bevr eTnikur kulturaSi arsebobda
xarebis erTmaneTTan, an adamianis xarTan, Sejibrebis tradicia. xarebis Wedobis tradicia
dasturdeba saqarTvelos ramdenime istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi (svaneTi, raWa, aWara,
samcxe, javaxeTi, tao-klarjeTi), ritualisa da Sejibrebis konkretuli saxelebiT.
warmodgenili naSromi Sesrulebulia istoriuli eTnologiis kvlevis formatSi.
gamoyenebulia savele-eTnografiuli kvlevis meTodika: interviureba, gamokiTxva, dakvirveba;
dokumentebis analizisa da meoreuli analizis meTodebi. detaluradaa Seswavlili xarebis
Wedobis wesi ama Tu im mxareSi, warmodgenilia saerTo segmentebi da aRdgenilia tradiciis
struqtura. gamokveTilia tradiciis transformirebis obieqturi mizezebi da etapebi,
novaciuri momentebi. saboloo jamSi ki warmodgenilia erTi konkretuli qarTuli
tradiciis istoriuli ganviTarebis dinamika, misi ganfenilobis diaqronuli suraTi da
naCvenebia Tanamedrove viTareba.
naSromi Seqmnilia ukve arsebuli wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturis gamoyenebiT
da sakuTari (2006-2015 wlebSi mopovebuli) eTnografuli masalis analizis safuZvelze.
eTnografiuli kvleva Catarebulia saqarTvelosa (svaneTi, raWa, aWara, qvemo maWaxeli,
samcxe, javaxeTi) da TurqeTis respublikaSi eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris istoriuli
saqarTvelos eTnografiul mxareebSi (artaani, SavSeTiswylis xeoba, imerxevi, borCxa da
Cxalis xeobis soflebi, zemo maWaxeli, devsqelisa da baginiswylis xeobebi, xebis Temi,
maradidis Temi, murRulis xeoba, qalaqi arTvini, xatilas Temi, qarTlas Temi, omanas Temi,
TxilaZis Temi, orjis Temi, trapenis Temi, parxliswylis xeoba).
samecniero wyaroebisa da eTnografiuli masalis rekonstruirebis safuZvelze irkveva,
rom xarebis Wedoba tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis nawilia da is Tavidan ama Tu im
ritualis SemadgenlobaSi sruldeboda. xarebis Wedobis wesi iyo nawili ritualisa da
rituali, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenda erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents Semdegi
tradiciuli qarTuli xalxuri dReobebisa: kviracxovlobis dResaswaulisa svaneTSi,
SuamTobis//mariobis dReobisa _ aWaraSi, samcxe-javaxeTsa da istoriul tao-klarjeTSi.
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda tradiciis transformaciis procesi, amJamad TiTqmis
miviwyebulia xarebis Wedobis saritualo mniSvneloba da igi damoukidebel tradiciad
qcevis mkafio niSnebs avlens.
Cveni droisaTvis xarebis Wedobis wesi, saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, zemo aWarasa da,
nawilobriv, zemo svaneTSia Semonaxuli,1 xolo TurqeTis respublikaSi, istoriuli tao-
klarjeTis teritoriaze tradicia cocxalia. iq xarebis Wedobis ori formaa Semonaxuli:
erTia tradiciuli da sruldeba ̀ SuamTobis~ dReobebze, ama Tu im sazaxulo ialaRze. meore
forma xarebis Wedobisa saxecvlilia, mxolod Sejibrebis saxe aqvs da ama Tu im
`festivalis~ farglebSi sruldeba, aRar aris ritualis nawili.
cnobilia, rom tradiciuli qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis umetesoba samxedro-saweso
asparezobebis elementebsac moicavda. jer kidev XX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde xalxuri
religiuri dReobebis dros imarTeboda Sejibri sajildao qvis awevaSi, xtomaSi, sirbilSi,
mSvild-isris srolaSi. samxedro-saweso asparezobis zogierTi elementi axlac cocxalia,
magaliTad, svaneTSi eliaobis dReobis (huliS//uliS) mniSvnelovani komponentia saritualo
doRi; wmida giorgisadmi miZRvnili dReobebis (`ligergi~) nawilia Widaoba, kvirikobis
(`ligurke~) _ sajildao qvis aweva da sxv. aWaraSi am mxriv SuamTobisa da mariobis dReobebi
gamoirCeva. istoriuli tao-klarjeTis zogierT xeobaSi amJamadac sruldeba sportuli
1rozeta gujejiani. eliaoba svaneTSi._ istoriul_eTnografiuli Studiebi. IX. Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 50-71.
27
TamaSebi dReobebze. magaliTad, imerxevis erT-erT TemSi – bazgireTSi – yovel `mariobas~
`bilas~ TamaSoben. bila e. w. balaxis hokeis qarTuli nairsaxeobaa. amave dros, qarTuli
xalxuri dResaswaulebis struqturis ganuyofeli nawilia eTnomusikaluri elementebi:
sagaloblebi, simRerebi, ferxulebi. saritualo ferxulebis Sesrulebis tradicia,
sakralur momentebTan erTad, dakavSirebulia samxedro wvrTnis aucileblobasTanac2.
tradiciuli qarTuli yofa icnobs yoCebis, vacebis `Wedobis rkenis//wessac~, zogierT
mxareSi mamlebis Sejibrebac imarTeboda. yoCebis Sejibrebas, magaliTad, zemo svaneTis
balsqvemo nawilSi saTemo-sasoflo dReobis `liÃvdiSis~ dros marTavdnen. dReoba dResac
sruldeba eceris TemSi da mas yoveli sofeli (Tems SigniT) erTianad aRniSnavs. maspinZeli
morige ojaxia, zogjer, sami ojaxic erTiandeba. dReobas sakmaod mniSvnelovani datvirTva
aqvs, am dRis locva da Sesawiravi mimarTulia Temis, soflis, misi yoveli wevris
mSvidobianobisaken. XX saukunis II naxevramde sadReobo zvarakad zrdidnen yoCebs. sasoflo
moedanze imarTeboda Sesawiravi yoCebis Serkineba. svaneTSi yoCebis Serkineba axla ukve
aRar imarTeba. istoriul tao-klarjeTSi ki yoCebis Serkineba amJamadac Cveulebrivi ambavia
da Sejibrebebi ewyoba `SuamTobis~ dReobis dros.
xarebis Wedobis amsaxveli qarTuli eTnografiuli masala sakmaod mdidaria. svaneTSi
xarebis Wedoba kviracxovlobis sadResaswaulo ciklis nawili iyo. kviracxovlobas
svanurad `ufliS~ _ `uflis dRe~ hqvia, sadResaswaulo cikls ki _ `ufliSier~-i.
dekanoz besarion niJaraZis aRwerilobiT, `ufliS e. i. axal-kviris dResaswauli ician
yvelgan, uSgulis sazogadoebis garda, da grZeldeba sams kviras... zogierTs sazogadaoebaSi
ki ician kidev xaris Sewirva da daklva soflis ekklesiis galavanSi, sadac mosaxlidgan
TiTo kaci midis, miaqvs saxlidgan Tavis jeri didi yveliani puri. da roca xaris xorci,
saarye qvabSi Cadgmuli, ekklesiis galavanSive moixarSeba, xalxi gul-RviZls da sxva xaris
xorcs yvelian purebiTurT Sealocavs RmerTs, romlis Semdegac xalxi sadilad jdeba da
arigebs xaris xorcs mosaxlis ricxvze. nasadilevs xalxi TavianT soflebSi brundeba~3.
`ufliSieris~ farglebSi sruldeboda xarebis Wedobac.
vera bardaveliZis masaliT, ̀ ufliSier~-i, kidev ufro xangrZlivi droiT grZeldeboda:
oridan eqvs kviramde. sadResaswaulo cikli moicavda rogorc locvis rituals (`limzir~),
aseve, xarebis WedobisaTvis gankuTvnil dReebsac, romelTac svaneTis sxvadasxva mxareSi
Semdegi saxelebi erqva: Ãanob, Ãanre laskrob, fusda Ãani litbal, liusxvari, visxvob da
sxva. RvTis an wmindanis saxelze Sesaxelebuli cxoveli iRebda konkretul saxels,
magaliTad, uSualod RvTis saxelze `dayenebul~ xars arqmevden `fusnaÁ~-s,
RvTismSoblisaTvis Sewiruls _ `lamaria~-s, wmida barbaresaTvis Sewiruls _ `brbvlAÁ~-s
da a. S. mosaxleoba kviracxovlobisaTvis saguldagulod arCevda yovelmxriv unaklo
xboebs. xbo unda yofiliyo wmida barbares saxelze Sesaxelebuli furis (`barbvlaÁ~)
naSobi, romelTaaganac yoveli mamrobiTi sqesis xbo _ uisxv-ad, mdedrobiTi ki musx-ad unda
gaezardaT. musxi-s mTeli STamomavloba saritualo zvarakad hyavdaT gamwesebuli.
sayradReboa Uisxv-ad gamorCeuli xbos gazrdisa da movlis wesebi: xbos saguldagulod
uvlidnen, zamTrobiT saTiveSi amyofebdnen, moxarSul cercvs da qers miarTmevdnen, bandnen,
saxres ar gadauWerdnen. uisxv da musxi vera bardaveliZes saerTo qarTuli warmomavlobis
terminad miaCnia da mas Zveli qarTuli `usxi~-dan momdinared miiCnevs: `usxi –
sxvilis//msxvilis Zveli formaa~4.
sami wlis uisxv-s kviracxovlobis dReobis (`ufliS~) zvarakad moamzadebdnen.
kviracxovlobamde ori-sami dRiT adre saasparezod gamoiyvandnen. Tuki sofels SigniT
ramdenime uisxv-i iyo, soflis mosaxleoba sasoflo moedanze _ suifSi5 uisxv-ebis
Sejibrebas marTavda. gamarjvebuliUuisxv-i gahyavdaT saTemo Sejibrebaze, sadac soflebSi
2v. bardaveliZe. sicocxlisa da siuxvis xe qarTvelTa sarwmunoebaSi._ krebuli `saqarTvelos eTnografiis sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, 1968; q. alaverdaSvili. saweso ferxulebis SeswavlisaTvis._ krebuli `vera bardaveliZe _ 110~, Tbilisi, 2013. 3besarion niJaraZe. istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi. I. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 62-63. 4В. Бардавелидзе. Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искуство грузинских племен. Тб., 1957.
gv., 157-158. В. Бардавелидзе. Главное божество древнегрузинского пантеона Гмертиб Вопросы этнографии Кавказа. Тб.,
1952. 5sუif _ sasoflo moedani svaneTSi. sityva Zveli qarTuli `sufel-idan momdinarea.
28
gamarjvebulUUuisxv-ebs arkinebdnen. Semdeg yoveli sofeli (teritoriul Tems SigniT) erT
gamarjvebul buRas gamoarCevda da mas ukve sxva soflis Uuisxv-s Searkinebdnen. xSirad esa
Tu is Temic ejibreboda erTmaneTs. gamarjvebulad iTvleboda is buRa, romelic
mowinaRmdege buRas mindvridan gaaqcevda. yoveli Uisxv-i Seiwireboda kviracxovlobis
locvis dros. zogierT TemSi sakviracxovlo rituali eklesiaTan imarTeboda, xolo,
magaliTad, eceris TemSi, locvas saojaxo xasiaTi hqonda (meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebi).
yoveli Uuisxv-is Semwirveli ojaxi Tavis saxlSi, salocavad gankuTvnil aRmosavleTis
sarkmelTan loculobda. mamakacebi zvaraks rqaze anTebul sanTels miakrobdnen, samjer
waRma daatrialebdnen, bewvs Seutrusavdnen da Sewiravdnen. mlocvelebs xelT epyraT
anTebuli sanTlebi, `lemzir~-ebi _ saweso-saritualo purebi svaneTSi, sefiskveris
xalxuri nairsaxeobani da `zedaS~-e _ saweso-saritualo sasmeli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
mxareSi, maT Soris, svaneTSic. mTxrobelTa azriT, Uuisxv-i aucileblad unda SeewiraT, mas
mxolod am mizniT zrdidnen.
es rituali, mTxrobelTa dakvirvebiT, TandaTanobiT qreba XX saukunis 30-iani
wlebidan: `sami-oTxi wlis viqnebodi, saukeTeso uisxv-i gvyavda. WelirSi Cveni Uisxv-i iyo
gamorCeuli. quraSelebsac hyoliaT uisxv-i. quraSidan maT wamoiyvanes TavianTi Uuisxv-i,
Weliridan Cven waviyvaneT, Cvens soflebs Soris Sua adgilas SevCerdiT. gramiton pakelianma kiserze Semisva da ise wamiyvana. Cveni buRa lamazi iyo, mowiTalo feris, lamazi rqebi
hqonda da sqeli kiseri. Seerkinnen erTmaneTs Cveni da quraSelebis buRa. Cvenma ajoba, ise
magrad urqina, quraSelebis buRa gaiqca. gagvixarda. yvela Welirels gauxarda. axla bavSvebi vaWidaoTo – Tqves. gramitonma Camomsva da moednisken mibiZga. iqidan Cemi toli
lado xorguani, acxonos RmerTma, gamoiyvanes. advilad wavaqcie. Welirelebs gauxardaT,
xarmac Cvenma gaimarjva da biWmaco. Semisves isev mxrebze da saxlSi wamiyvanes gamarjvebuli.
amis metad buRebis Widaoba ar minaxavs~ (mTxrobeli SoTa tarasis Ze gujejiani, 79 wlis,
sofeli Weliri, eceris Temi, mestiis raioni, 2014).
amrigad, svaneTis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, xarebis Wedoba kviracxovlobis
sadResaswaulo ritualis nawili iyo, saritualod gankuTvnil xbos, romelic RvTisTvis
`dayenebuli~ furs unda moego, zrdidnen sam wlamde da kviracxovlobis locvis dros
Sewiravdnen. wina dReebSi ki sofels SigniT da zogjer TemSic (igulisxmeba teritoriuli
Temi), imarTeboda sauflo buRebis Sejibreba.
aWaraSi xarebis orTabrZolas „buRiebis Wedoba“ erqva da mas atarebdnen adre
gazafxulze. aWaris tradiciul yofaSi _ buRiebis Wedoba _ adresagazafxulo dReobaTa
ciklSia moqceuli. is buRa, romelsac WedobisaTvis amzadebdnen, aWaraSic, msgavsad
svaneTisa, sapatio cxovelad iTvleboda. Semonaxuli elementebis rekonstruirebis Sedegad,
SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom gvian Sua saukuneebamde, aWaraSic, buRebis Wedobis wesi
kviracxovlobis sadResaswaulo ritualis nawili iyo, xolo Semdeg, kviracxovlobis
sadResaswaulo cikli da Sesawiravi zvarakis idea daviwyebas mieca, rac gamowveuli iyo am
mxareSi axali religiis _ islamis _ gavrcelebiT. qarTvel muslimTa religiis xalxuri
aspeqtebi calke Seswavlis obieqtia da aq masze yuradRebas ar SevaCereb. islamis
gavrcelebis Semdeg, zvaraki, rogorc aseTi, aWaris muslim mosaxleobaSi `yurban bairamis~-
Tvis damaxasiaTebel niSnadRa SemogvrCa, rac, rasakvirvelia islamis tradiciebidan
momdinareobs. kviracxovlobis rituali, Cemi azriT, transformirda `buRiebis Wedobis~
xalxur sanaxaobad, anu, gaqra rituali da Semogvenaxa misi mxolod es konkretuli elementi
(xarebis Sejibreba) fragmentis saxiT.
`buRiebis Wedoba~ aWaris yofaSi detalurad aqvs Seswavlili vaxtang SamilaZes.
vaxtang SamilaZis masaliT, aWaraSi sabuRe xbos saguldagulod arCevdnen da zrdidnen:
`sabuRe xbos SerCevisas... yuradReba eqceoda memkvidreobasa da garegnul-eqsterierul
niSnebs (tani, Tavi, fexebi, rqebi, saTesle jirkvlebi da a. S.). mxedvelobaSi iyo miRebuli
xbos temperamentianoba da sicocxlis unarianoba. sabuRed SerCeul xbos eTmoboda ori,
xSirad ki oTxi ZuZus rZe. garda amisa, 5-6 Tvis asakidan eZleoda nazad moTibuli Tiva,
simindi, qeri da comi. imave asakidan sasurveli iyo dedali lekisa da dgnalis foTlis
mowodebac. Cveulebrivad sabuRe xbos 3-4 wlis asakamde baguri kvebis pirobebSi inaxavdnen...
moWedar buRas kiseri msxvili unda hqonoda, Tavi didi, moyvanili, Sig Semozrdili rqebiT.
29
Sublisa da rqebis are xmeli da winwavardnili, Tvalebi wamocvenili, cxviris nestoebi
gadmobrunebuli, xSiri da mokle balani, grZeli kudi. saukeTeso moWedari buRis SerCeva
da gamozrda did ostatobad iTvleboda, xbos rqebs afxekdnen da ulesavdnen, bagis win
Tunuqs aWedebdnen, raTa xbos TavisiTac aelesa rqebi. Widaobas jer xeliT, muxliT an
TaviT aCvevdnen, Semdeg sxva mozvrebs uqcevdnen, xmiT amxnevebdnen. Widaobas awyebinebdnen 3
wlidan. 5 wlamde buRa momwifdeboda da 8-10 wlamde kargi moWedari iyo. `buRiebis Wedoba~
aprilis pirveli kviridan iwyeboda da mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. muslimuri
kulturis gavleniT, Wedobas paraskev dRes iwyebdnen, rac vaxtang SamilaZes sruliad
samarTlianad gviandel movlenad miaCnia. mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom, SesaZloa,
buRiebis Wedoba Zvelad qaSatobis sadReobo ciklis nawili yofiliyo. cnobilia, qaSatoba
miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli ritualia da igi pirveli xnulis gavlebasac
gulisxmobada. aprilis pirvel kviras buRebis patronebi soflad Sejibrebis drosa da
adgils daTqvamdnen. Wvanisa da Rorjomis xeobaTa soflebSi SejibrebisaTvis gamoyofili
iyo konkretuli adgilebi: sofel inwkirveTSi _ dubeWalas moedani, sofel mekeiZeebSi _
kintavra, sofel naRvarevSi _ gorikula da sxv. Sejibrebis dRes orive mxriv auracxeli
xalxi grovdeboda. buRebis patronebi TavianT buRebs gverdSi edgnen da SeZaxilebiT
amxnevebdnen Setakebisas. buRis gamarjvebas patronTan erTad mTeli sofeli zeimobda
yiJiniTa da Tofis sroliT. damarcxebuli soflis mosaxleoba ki Cumad tovebda arenas,
magram gamarjvebuls ganmeorebiTi SetakebisaTvis iwvevda. ase grZeldeboda mTeli kvira.
saasparezod axal-axali wyvilebi cvlidnen erTmaneTs. WedobisaTvis buRis saukeTeso asakad
3-8 weli iTvleboda. Semdeg buRas kodavdnen, asuqebdnen da daklavdnen, Tumca zogjer
`nabuRvaras~ uRelSic ki Seabamdnen6.
aWaruli masala, am konkretuli faqtiT, svanurisagan gansxvavdeba, radgan, rogorc
ukve iTqva, svaneTSi nebismieri Uuisxv-i, TviT yvela sxvaUuisxv-is dammarcxebelic
ki,ASesawiravad iyo gankuTvnili. savaraudoa, rom aWaraSi dadasturebuli wesi obieqturi
istoriuli faqtebiTaa ganpirobebuli da tradiciis transformaciis Sedegia.
aWaris sazafxulo ialaRebze, zogan, Cven droSic atareben `buRiebis Wedobas~.
zemo aWaris eTnografiuli masala, vfiqrob, saerToqarTuli tradiciis nawilia.
vvaraudob, rom `buRiebis Wedoba~ qristianul periodSi kviracxovlobis sadResaswaulo
ciklis nawili iyo, islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg ki Camoyalibda damoukidebel tradiciad,
sanaxaobad, romelSic pirvandeli ritualis mxolod erTi fragmenti _ `buRiebis Wedobaa~
SemorCenili. xarebis Wedoba rom saqarTvelos yvela mxarisaTvis cnobili kulturis nawili
iyo, imiTac dasturdeba, rom xSirad gansakuTrebiT cnobili buRebi aWarlebs mesxeTSi,
guriasa da imereTSic ki gadahyavdaT da aCvenebdnen am buRebis `xelovnebas~7.
2006-2015 wlebis eTnografiuli masaliT, xarebis//buRebis Wedoba gavrcelebulia
mTeli istoriuli tao-klarjeTis eTnikurad qarTvel mosaxleobaSi. xarebis//buRebis
Wedoba dasturdeba nigalSi (xeba, maradidi, katafxia, beRlevani, borCxa, Cxalas xeoba,
murRuli, Suaxevi, devsqeli, baginiswyali, omana, trapeni, zemo da qvemo orji, TxilaZe,
qarTla, xatila, qalaqi arTvini), imerxevSi (ustamisis Temi, diobanis Temi, manatbis Temi,
xevwurilis Temi, bazgireTis Temi), zemo maWaxelsa da istoriul taoSi (parxliswylis
xeoba). nigalis mxaris xarebis Wedobis tardiciebi gamovlenilia roin malaymaZis
monografiaSi, am tematikas exmaureba eTer beriZis naSromic. bolo wlebSi Seiqmna giorgi
kalandias dokumenturi filmi _ `arTvineli falavnebi~. filmSi naCvenebia metad
mniSvnelovani dokumenturi masala xarebis Wedobis festivalebisa.
istoriuli tao-klarjeTis ama Tu im xeobaSi, xarebis//buRebis Wedobis wesi
Serwymulia mesaqonleobis tradiciebTan da is zogjer dakavSirebulia SuamTobis
dReobasTan, meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ki bevrgan damoukidebeli saxiT sruldeba da
6v. SamilaZe. koridas adreuli formebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli monacemebis Suqze._ krebuli `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi~. I. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 44-47. 7v. SamilaZe. koridas adreuli formebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli monacemebis Suqze._ krebuli `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi~. I. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 45.
30
`festivaladaa~ qceuli. cxadia, tradicia transformirebulia, TvalsaCinoa, rom novaciuri
elementebi TandaTan tradiciad mkvidrdeba, xolo iq, sadac xarebis Wedoba, kvlav
sazafxulo saZovrebze imarTeba (SuamTobis dReoba), mas Zveleburi saxe aqvs.
ram ganapiroba xarebis Wedobis tradiciis `festivalad~ formireba? pirveli mizezi
Sida migraciaa: meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan arTvinis regionSi iwyeba mZafri migraciuli
procesi: adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erTi nawili samuSaod da Semdeg ukve sacxobrevlad
gadadis did qalaqebSi da tovebs mSobliur mxares. Sida migraciulma procesma imata 80-
iani wlebidan. Cveni droisaTvis tao-klarjeTSi moSlis pirasaa tradiciuli kulturul-
sameurneo tipi da, Sesabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi, daviwyebis safrTxe emuqreba
mesaqonleobis sameurneo tradiciebTan dakavSirebul SuamTobis dReobis aRniSvnis wessac.
meore mizezi aris TurqeTis saxelmwifos mcdeloba administraciul CarCoebSi moaqcios
xalxuri dReobebi. meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli adgilobrivma
administraciebma daiwyes xalxur dReobebSi Careva da maTi marTva. maT yovel xeobaSi
gamoyves moednebi, sadac oficialur `festivalebs~ atareben. zogan es adgilebi daemTxva
istoriul sasoflo, saxeobo Sekrebis adgilebs, magaliTad, saTave diobanis TemSi
(imerxevi). xelisuflebis CareviT saTavis festivali Camoyalibda imerxevelTa saerTo
Sekrebis adgilad. miuxedavad amisa, imerxevis bevr TemSi, sadac jer kidev zamTar-zafxul
aris mkvidri mosaxleoba, imarTeba sasoflo tradiciuli `SuamTobebi~. aseT soflebSi
`SuamTobis~ dReobebi avTenturi saxiT sruldeba. `SuamTobis~ msgavsad cvalebadoba Seexo
xarebis Wedobis tradiciasac. saxelmwifos CareviT Seiqmna axali oficialuri saxalxo
dResaswaulebi _ `xarebis festivalebi~ misi menejmentic administraciam SeiTavsa. xarebis
Wedobis yvelaze masStaburi `festivalebi~ aris kavkasoris, axalTis, murRulisa...
tradiciis Casmam `festivalis~ CarCoebSi~ rituals TviTmyofadoba da avTenturoba
daukarga.
sakvlev sakTxze muSaoba garkveul siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. siZneleebi wmida
mecnieruli xasiaTisaa, radgan mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom TurqeTis administraciis mxridan
araviTari SezRudva ar yofila, arc gadaadgilebis da arc mTxrobelebTan komunikaciis
dros. kvlevis sirTules ganapirobebda Semdegi konkretuli garemoeba: saistorio
naratiuli wyaroebis ararseboba. samwuxarod, ar mogvepoveba arcerTi saistorio Zegli,
romelSic aRwerili iqneboda xarebis Wedobis tradicia tao-klarjeTSi 1990-ian wlebamde.
aqedan gamomdinare, sakvlevi faqtis SeswavlisaTvis damrCa erTaderTi gza: savele-
eTnografiuli kvleva da moZiebuli masalis rekonstriurebiT axlo warsulis suraTebis
aRdgena. eTnografiuli kvleva grZeldeboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi da SesaZlebloba mqonda
moZiebuli informaciis mravalgzis gadamowmebisa da axal-axali novaciebis SeniSvnisa.
savele-eTnografiuli kvlevis Sedegad Sekrebili masala avlens saintereso suraTs:
Suaxans gadacilebul mTxrobelebs axsovT xarebis Wedobis Zveli forma, rodesac
Sejibreba tardeboda ama Tu im soflis sazafxulo saZovarze, e. w. agaraSi. agaras, zogierT
mxareSi, Turquli sityva _ iaila _ Caenacvla. mTxrobelTa maxsovrobiT aRdgenili suraTi
sakmaod informaciuli da tevadia. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, vimsjeloT `festivalad~
transformirebuli elementis adreul formaze, romelic Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgeba:
xarebiT//buRebiT Wedobis wesi sazafxulo mTis sadgomebSi (agara, iaila) sruldeboda,
sadac aramarto „memTevrni~8, aramed maTi stumrebic, maspinZlebTan erTad, aRniSnavdnen
xalxur dReobas _ SuamTobas. cnobilia, istoriul tao-klarjeTSi, eTnikuri qarTvelebiT
dasaxlebul teritoriaze, yovel Tems da masSi Semaval sofelTa (//mahaleTa) jgufebs aqvs
Tav-Tavisi „mTa“//`Ta~ (agara, „iaila“)9, sadac „memeTevrni“ mierekebian saqonels gvian
gazafxulze da rCebian gvian Semodgomamde. magaliTad, istoriul nigalSi//liganSi//livana,
qalaq arTvinsa da mis mimdebare eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze, mdinare
8`memTevrni~ _ ojaxebidan mTaSi (jer `agaraze~//`yiSlaze~, Semdeg ki mTaSi _ `Taze~//`ialiaze~) daaxloebiT 4-5 TviT gadasuli adamianebi, romlebic ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi uvlidnen mTaSi garekil saqonels, amuSavebdnen rZis meurneobis produqtebs. yovel `yiSlasa~ da agaraSi agebuli iyo sacxovrebeli da sameurneo sadgomebi. 9statiaSi sityva `mTa~ gamoyenebulia ara geografiul terminad, aramed mesaqonleobis intensiur formebTan dakavSirebul eTnografiul cnebad, roogrc es zemoT iqna ganmartebuli.
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Woroxis marjvena da marcxena napirebze Sefenil qarTul soflebSi yvela sofels Tav-
Tavisi ̀ mTa~ aqvs. marjvena napiris soflebis ̀ mTebi~ (agara, iaila), ZiriTadad, TeTriwyalis
midamoebSi da karCxalzea gamarTuli. mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze ki _ trialas mTis
midamoebSi. yoveli „mTis“ qvemoT, zeganze mdebareobs kidev sxva sadgomebi, e. w. yiSlebi,
sadac memTevri binavdeba gazafxulidan zafxulamde da adre Semodgomidan gvian
Semodgomamde, ra droidanac memTevri, saqonliTurT, brundeba Tav-Tavis sofelSi.
adamianisa da saqonlis samyofi sadgomebi gamarTulia, rogorc yiSlaSi, aseve mTaSi (agara,
iaila).
2013 wels istoriuli nigalis TiTqmis yvela mTaSi (agara, iaila) aRiniSna SuamTobis
dReoba. ebrikis Temis mosaxleobas TeTriwylis mTaze aqvs iailebi: „mTa Teli Cveni ebrikis aris TeTriwyali. SuanToba TeTriwyalze vicodiT. erTi Tve gaxda, iq wavlen. xarebis iataRi
erTad gvqonda. isic TeTriwyalze iyo“. axaldabelebi SuamTobas karCxalSi aRniSnaven,
radgan „Cveni mTa karCxalSia, sinkoTis iailaa CvenTan axlos“; „sasmeli wyali ialaidan,
Tidan mova, irsas ialiadan mova wyali. irsis mTaSi ari Cveni wyali. Cveni mTa karCxalSia, iqve aris baginis, devsqelis, Suaxevis, ebrikis mTa. Cveni da adagulis iaila axloa. or Tves
iq iqnebian, Camovlen. gaTovlebula da Camovidnen guSin, mec viyav SuanTobaze, visaameT“.
2012-14 wlebSi `SuamToba~ aRiniSna imerxevis Temebis `mTebSic~: Cixisxevi, ustamisi,
bazgireTi, xevwurili; agreTve, zemo maWaxelSic (xerTvisis, zedvakis, qvabiTavis, evfratis,
mindieTisa da akriis mTebSic).
SuamTobis dReobis TariRs angariSoben saqonlis ̀ yiSlaze~ garekvidan vidre sofelSi
dabrunebamde arsebuli drois Sua periodiT. dReobis etimologiis xalxuri axsnac amgvaria:
Sua mToba. es TariRi agvistos dasawyisis SabaT-kviras uwevs da swored am dros aRniSnaven
umTavres `mTebSi~ (agara, iaila) dReobas.
sagulisxmoa, rom SuamTobas (zogierT xeobaSi dReobas „mariobas“ uwodeben),
aramxolod istoriuli tao-klarjeTis, aramed samcxis, javaxeTis, aWaris, qvemo maWaxlis
xalxuri dReobacaa da igi zogierT mxareSi dResac moqmedia10.
yoveli soflis „mTa“ (agara, iaila), ZiriTadad, alpur zonaSi mdebareobs. agvistos
pirvel an momdevno SabaT-kviras Tav-TavianT `mTaSi~ ikribebian ara mxolod memTevrni,
aramed maTTan amodian soflad myofi ojaxis wevrebic da stumrebic. qalaqad myofi
mosaxleoba cdilobs am ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi mainc dabrundes mSobliur mxareSi.
xSiria, Svebulebebis aRebis drois misadageba SuamTobis dReobasTan.
daTqmul dRes stumrebi da maspinZlebi Tavs iyrian Tav-TavianT `mTaze~, „SuanToba sam
dRe iyo, sami dRe iq vrCebodiT“. medResaswauleni Rames aTevdnen iqve arsebul sacxovrebel
da sameurneo nagebobebSi. mTisken axalgazrdoba amJamad miemarTeba naWrisgan damzadebuli
karvebiTa da saZile tomrebiTac.
SuamTobas iSleba saerTo sadResaswaulo sufrebi, imarTeba ferxulebi, Widaoba,
xarebis Serkineba... tradiciulad, ama Tu im `mTas~ (agara, iaila) adgilobrivebTan erTad
stumroben moyvrebi, megobrebi, qalaqeli mezoblebi. bevri xalxi ikribeba istoriuli tao-
klarjeTis sxvadasxva mezobeli xeobebidan da qalaqebidan. am dReobis nawilia
Sejibrebebic: „cxeneb vaxtunebdiT TaSi, kacis Wedoba, Tofis srola, xarebis, vacebis Wedoba vicodiT“; „TeTrwyalSi Zovdes xarebi da xarebs iq vaWedebdiT. Tovli rom gadneboda, mis
memre waviyvandiT xarebs mTaSi. iq iyo rTvelamde~11.
xarebis WedobisaTvis, zogan `xarebis iataRs~ iyenebdnen, rac ufro Zvel tradiciad
mimaCnia. sazafxulo ialaRebis yvelaze maRal nawilSi, noyieri balaxiT mdidar alpur
10r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba (istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvleva). Tbilisi, 2008; e. beriZe. nigali (istoriul-eTnografiuli da lingvistur-toponimikuri aspeqtebi). Tbilisi, 2009; rozeta gujejiani. tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis motivebi tao-klarjeTSi._ krebuli `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnologiis problemebi~. III. baTumi, 2010, gv. 86-110; rozeta gujejiani. parxliswylis xeobis eTnikur qarTvelTa tradiciuli yofa da kultura (TurqeTis respublika, iusuflis raioni). saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. meore (47-b). Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 409-432; rozeta gujejiani. eTnikur qarTvelTa Tanamedrove yofa da kultura (TurqeTis respublika)._ krebuli `interdisciplinaruli arqeologia~. I. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 130-146. 11`rTveli~, `sTveli~ istoriul tao-klarjeTSi `Semodgomis~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. am terminTan dakavSirebiT mzaddeba calke naSromi, romelic amave krebulis morig nomerSi gamoqveyndeba.
32
zonaSi „memTevrebs“ mowyobili hqondaT xarebis samyofi adgilebi, e.w. „xarebis iataRi“.
swored am adgilebSi imarTeboda xarebis//buRebis Wedoba.
istoriul tao-klarjeTSic, WedobisaTvis gamosazrdel vargis pirutyvad, msgavsad
aWarisa da svaneTisa, erTi wlis xbo SeirCeoda. xbos nebaze gauSvebdnen, nebierad zrdidnen,
risi aRmniSvneli eTnografiuli terminia _ „xareb vapativebdiT“: „vapativebdiT xareb. Sav
cercv avaduRebdiT, imas vasmevdiT, Tafls wyalSi guurevdiT, imas vasmevdiT“. „xars kiwi
(qedi) unda hqonoda didi, kai. rqis wamoTla ar SeiZleboda, Tu iqmna, ar iWedebs is xari“, `saxre ar unda gadauWiro, ar iqneba. uSualod Wedobas awyebinebdnen sami wlis asakidan.
Cven droSi ufro meti socialuri aqtivoba SeiniSneba oficialuri festivalebis
farglebSi. mTxrobelTa nawili _ axalgazrdebi, romlebic qalaqad cxovroben da
mowyvetilni arian mSobliur soflebs, xSirad, samwuxarod, mxolod am sanaxaobiT
(`festivaliT~) icnoben xarebis Wedobis wess.
arTvinis regionSi yvelaze masStaburi xarebis festivali `kavkasoris~ saxeliTaa
cnobili, kavkasori mTis (geografiuli mTa) saxelia da igi qalaq arTvinidan ramdenime
kilometriTaa daSorebuli. farTo gaSlili zegania. es adgili Zvelad agara yofila da iq
imarTeboda `SuamToba~, romlis nawilic iyo xarebis Wedoba. amJamad ki iqauroba
safestivalo arenadaa qceuli: mayureblisaTvis mowyobilia dasasvenebeli da gasarTobi
infrastruqtura. „kavkasorSic iyo xarebis Wedoba Zuelad, axlac aris, sul mTlad aqeT
moyavan xarebi yvelas. iq axla festival akeTeben“. festivali, daaxloebiT, 30 welia
imarTeba.
meore masStaburi `xarebis festivali~ murRulis xeobaSi imarTeba. saasparezod
SerCeuli adgili murRuliswylis marjvena napirzea, Txirafuna hqvia. Zvelad ki xarebis
Wedoba aqac `SuamTobis~ nawili iyo da `mTaSi~ imarTeboda: „xarebis Wedoba vicodiT. aq
sofelSi qvemoT duzi aris da iq viqmT. Cveni mTa aris Savi qedi, Cans (xeliT gviCvena
mimarTuleba) iq aris, yomrali, iq aris xarebis iataRi. furebis sxva aris. Zvelad xarebis
Wedoba iailaSi iyo. xarebis meTave gvyavda“. amJamad Txirafunas festivalSi gamarjvebuli
xaris patrons fulad jildos aZleven.
xarebis Wedoba damaxasiaTebelia istoriuli taos im nawilisTvisac, sadac dRemde
eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleoba cxovrobs: parxliswylis xeobaSi sami didi Temi
(qvabai//qobai, xevai, balxi) qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli da amave xeobis sxva soflebSic
zemoT dasaxelebuli sami Temis namati mosaxleobaa gansaxlebuli. parxliswylis xeobaSi
xarebis Wedoba adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovani segmentia12. mTxrobelebs
axsovT xarebis Wedobis tradiciuli formac: „TevnarSi Zovdes xarebi da xarebs iq
vaWedebdiT. Tovli rom gadneboda, mis memre waviyvandiT xarebs mTaSi. iq iyo rTvelade“. „sarigolSic13 iyo xarebis Wedoba, Reles aqeTken, or-sam alags irColebodnen, zaforis
mTebSic iyo, devTisaiSic iyo. axla yvela TuTluRSi akeTebs. xar vzrdiT, fuls vakeTebT.
xevaelebis xarebis Wedoba iyo dudgur-Si. devsakarais zemoT aris es adgili. iq axla festival akeTeben“. ̀ qvabavrebi walikvan mivdodiT, iq iyo xarebis Wedoba~. xevaelebi xarebis
Wedobas WanWaxSic marTavdnen. „qoxebi iyo, axla gaveranda. maisidan iyo xarebis Wedoba.
qeriT vapatiebT, iq vaWedebT. buRaa, xari ar aris. verZebsac vaWedebdiT. sami-oTxi dRe iq vrCebodiT agaraSi. vferxulobdiT. kacebic eWidebodnen, verZebic. xelis moWidebac
vicodiT“.
xevaelebi WedobisaTvis gankuTvnil buRebs sagangebod uvlidnen sacorias mTebSi.
„devsakaraiSi sacoria iyo. sacorias veZaxiT. devsakarais uknidam aris, olviloZiridam. iq mivasxamdiT xarebs. xari iataRia iq. iq RamiT dawvebian. meorem mecxvare iq aZovebs xarebs.
qers davnayevdiT, cxel wyals movasxemdiT, dasivdeba qeri, darbildeba, imas vaWmevdiT
xarebs. Seiqneba didi xari“. „sacoriaSi balxi, xevai, qobai vikribebodiT. Wedoba damTavrdeboda, qadebs gamoacxobdnen, kvar vanTebdiT, dilaplapeboda, viWedebdiT, xelWid
viqnodiT _ maja en didi unda gqonoda“.
12rozeta gujejiani. parxliswylis xeobis eTnikur qarTvelTa tradiciuli yofa da kultura (TurqeTis respublika, iusuflis raioni). saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. meore (47-b). Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 409-432. 13sarigolis qarTuli saxelia sarekeli, sariyeli.
33
parxliswylis xeobis im soflebSi, sadac amJamadac imarTeba SuamToba, xarebis Wedoba
kvlav sadReobo ritualis nawilad gvevlineba. SuamTobas axlac sruldeba ferxulebi,
imarTeba Widaoba, xarebis Serkineba... tradiciulad, am dReobaze Wanebi//lazebi da
murRulelebi gadmodian mezobeli xeobebidan. gansakuTrebiT xalxmravalia walikvanis
SuamToba. „cxeneb vaxtunebdiT walikvanSi. walikvani marto qobaisi aris“. „walikvanSi kacis
Wedoba, Tofis srola, xarebis Wedoba vicodiT. iyo mamlis Wedoba. mamlebi bevri iyvnen da
vaWedebdiT. memre fexburTi devwyeT“. festivalis saxe aqvs sofel axalTis (parxliswylis xeoba) xarebis Wedobas. axalTSi,
centraluri gzis piras, specialuri arenaa agebuli da mTeli iusufelis raionidan aq
mohyavT rCeuli xarebi. am dReobas aqvs oficialuri xasiaTi da `xarebis festivali~ hqvia.
gamarjvebuli xaris patrons fulad jildos aZleven.
amrigad, amJamindeli xarebiT Wedoba, Tuki mas aqvs `festivalis~ saxe,
transformirebulia, ar aris ritualis (SuamTobis) nawili da gadaqceulia Sejibrebad.
yvela Tanamedrove festivali msgavsia da konkretuli maxasiaTeblebisagan ganZarcvulia. am
dReobebs aqvT oficialuri xasiaTi. magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, jer kidev aris ramdenime
sofeli, sadac xarebis Wedoba kvlavac ritualis nawilia da tradiciuli formiT
sruldeba.
garda, uSualod, xarebis Wedobisa, saqarTvelos tradiciul yofaSi arsebobda xarTan
adamianis Serkinebis wesic. mas „kuruli“ erqva. kuruli damaxasiaTebeli iyo samegrelos
tradiciuli yofisaTvis. vera bardaveliZis masaliT, kuruli, magiur-ritualuri xasiaTis
wesi, uZvelesi tradicia iyo. kuruli imarTeboda soflis moedanze14. moednis SuaSi
CaarWobdnen boZs da masze abamdnen specialurad gazrdil da gavarjiSebul kuros. ori
mamakaci kuros aRizianebda, xels axebdnen rqebze, yurebze, wina mxrebze, zurgze.
gaRizianebul buRas boZidan xsnidnen da masTan brZolas iwyebda erTi mamakaci. mamakaci
gamarjvebulad iTvleboda, Tuki igi gamZvinvarebul buRas SeboWavda da waaqcevda. kurosTan
Wedobis damTavrebis Semdeg iwyeboda adamianTa Widaoba15.
termin `kurulis~ eTnografiul yofaSi arsebul datvirTvasTan dkavSirebiT
saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli lali maZRaraSvils: `marTalia, es termini
gamoyenebulia xarebTan SebrZolebis iseTi saxeobis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac adgili aqvs
kacisa da xaris orTabrZolas, magram, vfiqrobT, rom igi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT yvela im
garToba-sanaxaobis aRmniSvnel zogad terminad, romelSic xari monawileobda, imisagan
damoukideblad, mxolod xarebi erkinebian erTmaneTs, Tu xari da kaci~16. lali
maZRaraSvili swored amgvari definiciiT iyenebs termin kuruls Tavis naSromSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Semdgom mopovebulma eTnografiulma masalam (r. gujejiani, 2011-2015)
daadastura termin kurulis arseboba qarTvelTa sxva mxareSic _ istoriul
nigalSi//liganSi. nigalis mxareSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, cocxalia buRebis
rkinebis//Wedobis wesi da mas zogierTi mTxrobeli `koroli~//koruli~//`kuruli~-s saxeliT
ixseniebs. amasTanave, `koruli~ mTis saxeladac aris Semonaxuli. am mTaze dResac imarTeba
buRebis Wedoba. es axali informacia kidev ufro ganamtkicebs lali maZRaraSvilis
mosazrebis marTebulobas da vvaraudob, rom termini `kuruli~//`koruli~//`koroli~,
istoriis garkveul etapze, mTel saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli, radgan sityvis fuZed
`kuro~ ikveTeba da sruliad bunebrivia misi ganzogadeba mTeli qarTuli samyaros
masStabiT. kuro, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT aris `xari gamoyveravi~17, anu, WedobisaTvis
gamosadegi pirutyvi, rogorc es miRebuli iyo yofaSi.
qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi arsebobs kurulis msgavsi faqtis aRwera, magram am
SemTxvevaSi, kurulisagan gansxvavebiT, _ xaris mokvlis mizniT. akaki wereTlis moTxrobis
_ `daTuna gociriZe~ _ siuJeti daTuna gociriZis Sesaxeb arsebuli legendis amsaxvelia.
14В. Бардавелидзе. Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искуство грузинских племен. Тб, 1957. 15g. Citaia. Toxis kultura dasavleT saqarveloSi._ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi. t. IV. nakveTi II. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 159. 16l. maZRaraSvili. `kuruli~ qarTul tomebSi._ krebuli `aia~, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 180-181. 17sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. I. avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 399.
34
dadians mefisaTvis saarako mozveri miuZRvnia. mozveri gagareulebula da mejogeebs ver
daumorCilebiaT. mefes ubrZanebia, vinme Zlier kacs, erTi moqneviT, Tavi gaegdebinebina
mozvrisaTvis. kacisa da buRis `Wedoba~ geguTis mindorze gamarTula. g. raWvel aznaurs
daTuna gociriZes, marTlac, daumarcxebia mozveri, xmlis erTi moqneviT kisris Zvlebi
gadaumtvrevia18. msgavsi siuJeti Cauweria mkvlevar ioseb megreliZes raWaSi19.
xarebis Wedobis tradicias, bunebrivia, uZvelesi warmomavloba aqvs, igi istoriis
adreuli etapebidan momdinare CveulebaTa rigs miekuTvneba. cnobilia, saqarTvelo
gamorCeuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis ganviTarebuli formebiT jer kidev
arqauli xanidan da mesaqonleobis damjdari formebi uwyveti saxiT viTardeboda
dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT. bunebrivia, rom winareqristianuli xangrZlivi drois manZilze
qarTvelbs hqondaT religiis adgilobrivi, lokaluri formebi, romlebSic ikveTeba xaris,
rogorc sakulto cxovelis arseboba. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom kviracxovlobis zemoT
aRweril variaciaSi sinkretizmis niSnebic ikveTebodes. xarebis Wedobis wess saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva mxareSi garkveuli lokaluri niSnebi axasiaTebda.
arsebuli eTnografiuli masalis analizis safuZvelze, gamovTqvam varauds, rom
xarebis Wedobis tradiciis sakralurobis gaazrebis ramdenime etapi arsebobda da igi
icvleboda istoriis sxvadasxva etapze. pirvel etapad moiazreba arqauli xana, rodesac
saritualo zvaraks, Tanadrouli religiuri msoflaRqmidan momdinare Sesabamisi
ritualuri datvirTva axlda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
xarebis Wedobis wesi saqonlis ganayofierebisa da gamravlebisadmi miZRvnili magiuri
ritualebis nawilia, rom es wminda xarebis brZolis konteqstiTaa gansaxilveli; qarTuli
xarebis Wedobisa da kurulis wesi Sedarebulia Sumerul, kreta-mikenur tradiciebTan (v.
bardaveliZe, v. SamilaZe) da espanur koridasTan, romelsac baskuri fesvebi aqvs (S. ZiZiguri).
cnobilia, xaris kults didi adgili ekava arqauli xanis miTosur samyarosa da rwmena-
warmodgenebSi. SesaZloa, qarTvelTa eTnografiul jgufebs Soris ukve im dros arsebobda
adamianis xarTan Serkinebis wesic, romelic gvianobamde Semoinaxa samegrelos tradiciulma
yofam, saxelwodebiT `kuruli~. klarjeTSi dafiqsirebuli toponimi `koroli~//`koruli~
da buRebis Serkinebis saxelad ̀ korolis~//`korulis~//`kurulis~ arseboba mafiqrebinebs mis
momdinareobas saerTo qarTuli enobrivi samyarodan da tradiciidan. momdevno etapad
qristianobis gavrcelebis periodi warmomidgeba, rac svanuri masaliT vlindeba da rac,
savaraudod, tradicia iyo mTel saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi mxareebis
iZulebiTi gamuslimebis Sedegad, aWaraSi, mesxeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi, bunebrivia, ikargeba
saritualo buRis sakviracxovlo zvarakad gazrdisa da Sewirvis tradicia. sakraluri arsi
miviwyebas eZleva, magram rCeba sportuli sanaxaoba _ buRebis Wedobis wesi da zogan igi
ukavSirdeba ̀ SuamTobis~, an ̀ mariobis~ xalxur dReobas, ufro did nawilSi ki sagazafxulo
dReobaTa pirobiT ciklSi eqceva – mesaqonleobis lokaluri tradiciebidan gamomdinare.
Semdegi etapi Tanamedrove droa, rodesac meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebidan xarebis Wedobis
wesi svaneTSi TandaTanobiT qreba, ufro xangrZlivad igi arsebobs zemo aWaraSi. amjerad
ki, faqtobrvad, mxolod istoriul tao-klarjeTSia Semonaxuli, umetes nawilSi _
transformirebuli saxiT.
18akaki wereTeli, daTuna gociriZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. VIII. Tbilisi, 1958. 19i. megreliZe. toreadorobis kvali saqarTveloSi._ Jurnali `sabWoTa xelovneba~, #1. Tbilisi, 1959.
35
Rozeta Gujejiani
Bull fight ritual in traditional Georgian life
Summary
As is known from ethnographic materials, there are certain rituals of bulls’ fight with each other or bulls’ fight
with humans in many ethnic cultures worldwide. Bull fight tradition is known in several historical-ethnographic regions
of Georgia (Svaneti, Racha, Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tao-Klarjeti). Bull fight has its specific name in one or another
regions of Georgia.
In this work, along with already existing scientific literature and sources, there were used and analyzed
ethnographic materials obtained by me through field-ethnographic studies carried out in 2006-2015.
Ethnographic study was conducted in Georgia (Svaneti, Racha, Adjara, Kvemo Machakheli, Samtskhe, Javakheti)
and Turkish Republic, in ethnographic regions of historical Georgia (Artaani, Shavshetistksali gorge, Imerkhevi, villages
of Borchkha and Chkhala gorges, Zemo Machakheli, Devskeli and Baginistskali gorges, Khebi community, Maradidi
community, Murguli gorge, Artvin city, Khatila community, Kartla community, Omana community, Tkhiladze
community, Orji community, Trapeni community, Parkhlistskali gorge). On the basis of ethnographic material analysis
becomes clear that bull fight ritual is the part of traditional Georgian culture and it was executed as part of one or another
rituals.
This work is executed in the format of study of historical ethnology. Field and ethnographic research methodology:
namely interviewing, polling, observation, as well as the methods of document analysis and secondary analysis are used
here. Bull fight rituals in one or another country are studied thoroughly, common segments are represented and tradition’s
structure is recovered. Objective reasons and stages of tradition transformation, innovative moments are singled out. In
the final analysis is restored the dynamics of historical development of one specific Georgian tradition and diachronic
picture of its spreading.
On the basis of reconstruction of ethnographic material is established that in olden times bull fight was conducted
within the framework of Georgian folk holidays: Kviratskhovloba – in Svaneti, Shuamtoba/Marioba – in Adjara,
Samtskhe-Javakheti and historical Tao-Klarjeti.
In our days bull fight ritual in Georgia is basically preserved in Upper Adjara and, partially, in Upper Svaneti,
while in Turkish republic this tradition is still alive, but in fact it is transformed: bull fight ritual basically has a form of
competition, it is conducted within the frameworks of one or another “festival” and no longer represents the part of ritual,
while there are still several villages, where bull fight is a part of ritual again and is executed in its traditional form.
In Nigali gorge “Kuruli”//”Koruli”//”Koroli” is confirmed as the name of bull fight. It is expressed an opinion that
this term at some stage was spread across the whole Georgia, since “kuro” is singled out as the root of word and its
generalization on a scale of the whole Georgian world is perfectly obvious.
Bull fight tradition has ancient origin and it ranks among customs coming from earlier stages of history. From
archaic period Georgia was distinguished by developed forms of agriculture and cattle breeding and intensive forms of
cattle breeding uninterruptedly develop through present days. It is natural that during pre-Christian long-term history the
Georgians have had local forms of religion in which is identified the presence of bull as ceremonial (cultic) animal.
On the basis of analysis of available ethnographic material is expressed a supposition that there were several stages
of understanding of sacred meaning of bull fight tradition and it has been changed at various stages of history. As first
stage is meant an archaic period, when ritual holy cow had appropriate sacral load based on religious world perception of
that time. The period of spread of Christianity is considered by us as an ensuing stage that is identified from Svan materials
and that presumably was characteristic for whole Georgia. Third stage is late Middle Ages when tradition of breeding and
sacrifice of ceremonial (sacral) bull as a ritual holy cow for Low Sunday disappeared in Adjara, Meskheti and Tao-Klarjeti
as a result of forcible adoption of Islamism in south-western regions of Georgia. Sacral meaning of ritual was buried in
oblivion but sport show – bull fight remained and somewhere it was related to folk festival of “Shuamtoba” or “Marioba”,
while in bigger part of territory it was included in conventional cycle of spring feasts, based on local traditions of cattle
breeding. The last stage begins from 30’s of the twentieth century, when bull fight ritual gradually disappears in Svaneti,
and it exists relatively longer in Upper Svaneti. Nowadays it is preserved only in historical Tao-Klarjeti, mostly in
transformed form, and to a lesser degree – in traditional form as a part of ritual.
37
jemal karaliZe, istoriis doqtori, profesori
baTumis olqis administraciuli mowyoba 1878-1903 wlebSi
1877-1878 wlebis omis Sedegad samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebis
mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris aWara, deda samSoblos daubrunda: aWaris ganTavisuflebas
aRtacebiT miesalma qarTuli sazogadoeba ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT. mowinave
inteligenciam aWarelTa Soris imTaviTve aqtiuri kulturuli saqmianoba gaaCaRa, rasac
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda samuslimano saqarTvelos mkvidrTa erovnuli
cnobierebis aRdgenis saqmeSi.
1878 wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalma mixeil nikolozis Zem xeli moawera
baTumis olqis adminitraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiT debulebas. ruseTTan SerTebamde
yofili lazistanis sanjayi, romlis teritoriazec Camoyalibda baTumis olqi, osmaluri
dayofiT iTvlida 7 mxares anu nahies: baTumis, Curuq-sus (qobuleTis), zeda-aWaris, qveda
aWaris, maWaxlis, arTvinis da gonios. yoveli sasoflo Temis anu makrialis saTaveSi idga
mosaxleobis mier arCeuli muxtari. ramdenime makriali Seadgenda nahies, romelsac saTaveSi
edga mudiri. ori nahies gaerTianeba Seadgenda kazas (mxares), romelsac kaimakami xelmZR-
vanelobad. kaimakams niSnavda baTumis muTesarifi (gubernatori)1.
mefisnaclis debulebiT Seiqmna baTumis olqi, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga samxedro
gubernatori. pirveli samxedro gubernatori gaxda general-maiori konstantine besarionis
Ze komarovi2. mas piradi Tvisebebi xels uSlida adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan urTierTobaSi,
ris gamoc male Secvales da gubernatorad dainiSna general maiori b. smekalovi.
baTumis olqis droebiTi debuleba, romelic 14 muxlisagan Sedgeboda, miuTiTebda:
1. baTumis olqi Sedgeba lazistanis sanjayis im teritoriisagan, romelic berlinis
traqtatis ZaliT ruseTs gadaeca,
2. baTumis olqi emorCileba kavkasiis samxedro ganyofilebas, xolo samxedro da
administraciuli TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardals,
3. baTumis olqis gamgeobas axorcielebs samxedro gubernatori,
4. samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmeebSi gubernatori ixelmZRvanelebs mefinsacvlisagan
miRebuli intsruqciebiT,
5. baTumis samxedro gubernators eyoleba TnaSemwe, romelic gubernatoris aryofnis
SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebs mis movaleobas; is iqneba saolqo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarec;
6. samxedro gubernatorTan iqmneba: a) samxedro kancelaria b) samxedro da samoqalaqo
saqmeTa mmarTveloba.
7. baTums erqmeba: sanavsadguro qalaqi, romlis yvela saqme mTavari sammarTvelos
meSveobiT waredgineba kavkasiis mefisnacvals;
8. administraciulad baTumis olqSi Sedis sanavsadguro qalaqi baTumi da sami okrugi:
a) baTumis okrugi – Sedgeba baTumis, kintriSis da gonios uCastkebisagan
b) aWaris okrugi - Sedgeba zemo aWaris, qvemo aWaris, maWaxlis uCastkebisagan;
g) arTvinis okrugi - Sedgeba artanujis, arTvinisa da SavSeTis uCastkebisagan;
9. okrugisa da ubnebis ufrosebis ufleba-movaleobebs gansazRvravs baTumis samxedro
gubernatori da amtkicebs mefisnacvali;
10. baTumis gubernatoris wardginebiTa da mefinscvalis damtkicebiT am Tanamdebobebze
SeiZleba adgilobrivi mcxovreblebic dainiSnon;
1Френкель А. Очерки Чурук-су и Батума. тифлись, 1879, стр. 4. 2Батумь и его окрестности. Батумь, 1906, стр. 105.
38
11. saxelmwifo danaSaulisaTvis (Ralati, xazinis Zarcva, fostaze dacema, kacis
ganzrax mokvla) adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ruseTis kanonebiT iqnebodnen gasamarTlebul-
ni, xolo yvela sxva saxis saqmeebs gaarCevda saxalxo sasamarTlo anu mejlisi;
12. mejlisebi iqmneboda 6 uCastkaSi da 3 okrugSi. ori iqneboda samazro mejlisi:
baTumsa da arTvinSi;
13. baTumis mazris gareSe saxelmwifo damnaSave ar gasamarTldeboda;
14. baTumSi iqneboda 100 cxenosani Cafari3;
baTumis olqis gubernators unda exelmZRvanela mefisnacvlis intruqciiT.
qalaqidan misi gasvlis SemTxvevaSi mis movaleobas Seasrulebda TanaSemwe, romelic
imavdroulad saolqo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarec iqneboda.
gubenatorTan iqmneboda samxedro kancelaria da saxalxo da samoqalaqo saqmeTa
gamgebloba, romlis xelmZRvanelebsac gubernatoris rekomendaciiT amtkicebda kavkasiis
mefisnacvali. am Tanamdebobaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebic iniSnebodnen.
okrugisa da uCastkis (ubnis) xelmZRvanelTa uflebamosilebas gansazRvravda olqis
gubernatori da amtkicebda kavkasiis mefisnacvali.
rac Seexeba sasamarTlo sferos, debulebis meTerTmete muxliT, mZime xasiaTis
danaSaulebisaTvis (saxelmwifo Ralati, xazinisa da fostis gaZarcva, saxelmwifo qonebis
ganadgureba...) adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ruseTis saxelmwifos Sesabamisi kanonebiT
iqnebodnen gasamarTlebulni. yvela sxva saxis danaSauls gaarCevda saxalxo sasamarTlo-
mejlisi. 1878 wlis 11 dekembris debulebiT baTumis saolqo sasamarTlo Tbilisis
sasamarTlo palatas daeqvemdebara.
baTumis olqis calke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofiT ruseTis xelisufleba or
mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, amiT xeli SeeSleboda aWaris danarCen saqarTvelosTan Serwymis
(ekonomikuri da politikuri) bunebriv process da meorec, xelisufleba ufro swrafad
moaxdenda aWaris da saerTod baTumis olqis kolonizacias.mTavroba male darwmunda, rom
am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli RonisZiebebi arasakmarisi iyo. carizms aSkarad ar
akmayofilebda baTumis olqis kolonizaciis tempebi4. baTumis olqis administraciis Senaxva
mTavrobas arc Tu mcire Tanxa ujdeboda. ,,kavkazis~ cnobiT baTumis olqis administaciis
xarjebi, sasamarTlosa da sxva specialuri dawesebulebebis garda xazinas yovelwliurad
ujdeboda 219,419 maneTi5. XIX s-is 80-ian wlebSi kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis xarjebis
Semcirebis mizniT momzadda reformebi, rogorc centralur aparatSi, ise administraciul
mowyobaSi.
aseT viTarebaSi gaCnda baTumis olqis gauqmebisa da misi quTaisis guberniasTan
SeerTebis idea. sakiTxis ase gadawyveta saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani xarjebisagan
gaaTavisuflebda. ,,olqis centraluri mmarTveloba SeiZleba gauqmdes saqmisadmi
yovelgvari zianis gareSe. Aam gziT saxelmwifo Seamcirebda xarjebs 173,349 maneTiT~ – werda
,,kavkazi~6. xelisuflebas moewona aRniSnuli mosazreba da baTumis olqis gauqmebis
gadawyvetileba miiRo.
baTumis olqi, rogorc damoukidebeli administaciuli erTeuli arsebobda
daaxloebiT 4 wels. 1883 wlis 12 ivniss misi udidebulesobis damtkicebuli saxelmwifo
sabWos dadgenilebiT ganisazRvra baTumis olqis SeerTeba quTaisis guberniasTan. riTac
gauqmda saolqo mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda baTumis da arTvinis okrugebi7. baTumis olqis
gauqmebam gamoiwvia garkveuli cvlilebebi mmarTvelobis sferoSi. 1883 wlis 12 ivniss
saxelmwifo sabWos dadgenilebiT baTumis da arTvinis okrugebi daiyo 7 ubnad. amave
gadawyvetilebiT quTaisis gubernators ewoda samxedro gubernatori da SemoRebuli iqna
samxedro gubernatoris TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba8. quTaisis gubernatoris TanaSemwe baTumSi
3Френкель А. Очерки Чурук-су и Батума. тифлись, 1879, стр. 4; gazeTi `droeba~, 1878, #198. 4quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 258, furceli 24. 5,,Кавказъ~, №115, 1882. 6,,Кавказъ”, 1882, №115. 7quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 258, furceli 4. 8saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 12, aRwera 1, saqme 2947, furceli 2.
39
ijda. reformis Semdeg baTumSi sapolicio aparati ara Tu Semcirda, piriqiT, ufro
gaizarda. qalaqSi Semoiyvanes damatebiTi samxedro nawilebi.
sul male cxadi gaxda, rom gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad carizmis
mzakvruli mizani – baTumis wminda rusul qalaqad gadaqceuliyo, xolo aWara saerTod
mowyvetoda qarTul samyaros – ganuxorcielebeli darCa. carizmis erTgulma guSagebma
gvian igrZnes es marcxi da amis umTavres mizezad 1883 wlis reformis Sedegad baTumis
olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTeba miiCnies9.
ruseTis xelisuflebis survili, swrafad moexdina aWaris kolonizacia, miuRweveli
iyo. es maSin, roca baTumis okrugi (e.i. aWara) mTels quTaisis guberniaSi yvelaze
aramWidrod dasaxlebul mxares warmoadgenda. quTaisis guberniis 1892 wlis angariSSi
vkiTxulobT:,, yvelaze mcirericxovani dasaxlebebi aris baTumis okrugSi. Tu saSualod
guberniaSi erT dasaxlebaze modis 87 komli 530 mcxovrebiT, baTumis okrugSi es cifri
Sesabamisad Seadgens 28 komls da 157 mcxovrebs~10. amis miuxedavad, gadmosaxlebuli
erTguli elementebis raodenoba arc ise bevri iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase acxadebdnen rusi
moxeleebi. baTumis da arTvinis okrugSi mosuli mosaxleoba aris umniSvnelo. sul aris
ori rusuli dasaxleba – erTi Curuq-susTan, sadac moaxalSeneebs gamoeyoT 11 desetina miwa
TiTo komlze, da meore- xolodnaia sloboda baTumTan axlos. aq mxolod mamulisaTvis
gamoeyoT miwebi11.
saqme mTlad ase rodi iyo. jer erTi rusi kolonistebi Znelad eguebodnen adgilobriv
klimatur Tu sayofacxovrebo pirobebs, meorec maT surdaT mxolod zRvispira zolSi
dasaxleba, sadac Tavisufali miwebi ukve im droisaTvis Znelad iSoveboda. amiT iyo
gamowveuli, rom XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebis Sua xanebamde aWaraSi gadmosaxlebul rus
kolonistTa SedarebiTi simcire, rasac ase ,,gulistkiviliT~ usvamdnen xazs mTavrobis
moxeleebi. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan baTumis samrewvelo ganviTarebis masStabebma, da
CaqvSi saufliswulo mamulis daarsebam, rac Tavis mxriv didi raodenobiT muSaxels
moiTxovda, xelisuflebas zemoT aRniSuli naklovanebis gamosworebis saSualeba misca.
1896 wels dondukov-korsakovis Semdeg kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli gaxda generali
golicini. igi mTavarmarTeblis movaleobas asrulebda 1896-1904 wlebSi. axladdaniSnuli
mTavarmarTebeli akritikebda 1883-1885 wlebis reformebis organizatorebs, romelTa
ZiriTad mizans mxaris marTva-gamgeobis xarjebis Semcireba Seadgenda.12 golicini sastikad
ilaSqrebda baTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTebis winaaRmdeg. miaCnda, rom es
xels uwyobda ara marto mahmadian qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebas, aramed
aZlierebda qarTvelTa konsolidaciis process. es ki namdvilad ar Sedioda koloniuri
politikis Tanmimdevrulad gamtarebeli mTavarmarTeblis interesebSi. amas daemata isic,
rom XIX s-is damlevidan baTumi muSaTa moZraobis mniSvnelovan centrad gadaiqca. kavkasiis
administracia revoluciuri gamosvlebis gaZlierebisa da mis winaaRmdeg araefeqturi
brZolis mizezs baTumSi administraciuli centris ar arsebobaSi xedavda.
baTumis olqis aRdgenis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi jer kidev 1900 wels damdgara. amas
adasturebs quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis kancelariaSi 1900
wlis 23 oqtombers gagzavnili werili (№4821), romelSic naTqvami iyo: ,,Tqveno umaRlesobav,
quTaisis guberniidan baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebis gamoyofa vcaniT sasargeblod da
aucileblad~13.
aRniSnul sakiTxze saqmis kursSi yofila ruseTis umaRlesi xelisuflebac, rasac
mowmobs peterburgidan TbilisSi, mTavarmarTebelTan 1901 wlis 24 aprils gamogzavnili
werili: ,,Tqvens maRalkeTilSobilebas vacnobebT, rom baTumidan CvenTan modis metad
SemaZrwunebeli ambebi. iq Zaladobasa da antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas sazRvari ara aqvs.
TqvenTvis isic aris cnobili, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebs misi imperatorobiTi
udidebulesoba Cveni imperiisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovan da strategiulad sasicocxlo
9v. siWinava. baTumis istoriidan. baTumi, 1958, gv. 83. 10quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 175, furceli 2. 11quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 18, aRwera 1, saqme 2145, fondi 4. 12S. vaniSvili. amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi (1864-1917 ww.). Tbilisi 1989, gv. 86. 13quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 186, aRwera 1, saqme 759, furceli 1.
40
mxares. amitom, CvenTvis yovlad mouTmenelia am kuTxis agre uyuradRebod mitoveba.
guberniis xelmZRvanelobas ver gauTavisebia is mniSvneloba, romelsac baTumis olqi
warmoadgens CvenTvis. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Cveni mTavrobis mimarT keTilganwyobili
damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva da rodesac dainaxavs, rom Cveni xelisufleba ar icavs maT
interesebs, SesaZlebelia zurgi gvaqcios da Cven undobloba gamogvicxados. is ki CvenTvis
namdvilad ar aris xelsayreli. Aamitom, gTxovT daviwyoT fiqri, rom baTumis olqi
gamovides quTaisis guberniis Semadgenlobidan~14. maRali rangis moxeleTa didi survilis
miuxedavad erTbaSad am sakiTxis gadawyveta maSin SeuZlebeli gaxda.
1902 wlis 9 martis movlenebma kvlav gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT dasva baTumis
administraciuli statusis aRdgenis sakiTxi. imperatoris kancelariidan mTavarmarTeblis
saxelze gamogzavnil werilSi aRniSnuli iyo: ,,rogorc Cans Tqven ver imoqmedeT ise, rom
umokles droSi gadawyvetiliyo baTumis olqis calke guberniad Camoyalibebis sakiTxi.
swored es umoqmedoba gaxda mizezi 1902 wlis 9 martis sisxlisRvrisa. amJamad, mgoni aRar
gamoinaxeba sababi imisa, kidev erTxel gadaidos es umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi drois mogebis
mizeziT. amitom, gTxovT, dauyovnebliv warmoadginoT proeqti baTumis olqis calke
gamoyofis Taobazed~15. oficiozi baTumis olqis gamoyofis aseTnairad asabuTebda: ,,1883
wels baTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTeba iyo xelovnuri da meqanikuri
gaerTianeba erT mmarTvelobaSi ori principulad gansxvavebuli sistemisa da absoliturad
sxvadasxvagvari adgilebisa da am RonisZiebebma Seaferxa axladSemoerTebuli olqis
ganviTareba yvela mimarTulebiT da moutana xazinas zarali, romelic aWarbebda ekonomias,
miRebuls damoukidebeli olqis gauqmebiT.
namdvilad, meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi rusulma mmarTvelobam am mxareSi TiTqmis
ukvalod Caiara Cveni saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis. amis ZiriTad mizezad unda CavTvaloT
1883 wlis reforma, romelmac elementarulad ekonomiis ZiebaSi Seamcira adgilobrivi
administraciis Semadgenloba, Seasusta es zemoqmedebis erTaderTi iaraRi mxareSi.
Aamis Sedegad administraciuli zemoqmedeba Zalze susti iyo, riTac es olqi
politikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sruli uZraobisTvis aRmoCnda ganwiruli~16. es
sityvebi naTlad aCvenebs ruseTis xelisuflebis namdvil damokideblobas saqarTvelosadmi.
1903 wlis 17 marts imperatorma nikoloz II xeli moawera baTumis olqis aRdgenis
Sesaxeb dadgenilebas. 1903 wlis 17 marts misi umaRlesobis damtkicebuli saxelmwifo
sabWos winadadebis safuZvelze imave wlis 1 ivniss quTaisis guberniis Semadgenlobidan
masTan SeerTebuli baTumis da arTvinis okrugebi gamoeyo damoukidebel administraciul
erTeulad, samxedro gubernatoris mmarTvelobiT. olqis administraciul centrad
ganisazRvra q. baTumi17.
baTumis olqis damoukideblobis aRdgenas carizmis mxridan Sors gamiznuli gegmebi
hqonda. imperiis mesveurebi SeSfoTebuli imiT, rom baTumSi Tavi moiyara saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosulma mTavrobisaTvis arasaimedo moxeleebis mravalricxovanma
kontigentma, cdilobdnen baTumis olqi gadaeqciaT rusuli Sovinisturi politikis
gatarebis epicentrad18.
Aaxladgamoyofili baTumis olqis sazRvrebi aseTi iyo: CrdiloeTidan – quTaisis
gubernia, aRmosavleTidan – Tbilisis gubernia da yarsis olqi, samxreTidan – osmaleTi
(kerZod lazistanis sanjayi), dasavleTidan – Savi zRva. axal olqs eWira 6195 kv. versi.
administraciuli TvalsazrisiT axali olqis ori okrugi- baTumis da arTvinis – iyofoda
7 ubnad. baTumis okrugSi Sedioda oTxi ubani: kintriSis, goniis, qveda – aWaris da zeda-
aWaris. arTvinis okrugSi sami ubani iyo: arTvinis, artanujis, SavSeT-imerxevis da erTi
14quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 12, aRwera 1, saqme 156, fondi 24. 15 aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 7, aRwera 1, saqme 431, fondi 46. 16 saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 12, aRwera 1, saqme 2947, furceli 2. 17 quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 258, furceli 4. 18 o. gogoliSvili. socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 wlebSi. baTumi, 2005, gv. 34.
41
sapristavo arTvinSi. TiToeuli ubani iyofoda 24 sasoflo okrugad, romelic imarTeboda
Tavad golicinis mier 1900 wlis 22 ivliss damtkicebuli debulebis Sesabamisad19.
amrigad, XX s-is dasawyisSi baTumis aqtiurma politikurma cxovrebam daaCqara ruseTis
xelisuflebis ganzraxvis – baTumis olqis aRdgena- sisruleSi moyvana.
Jemal Karalidze
Batumi Region Administration Arrangement during 1878-1903 Abstract
Summary
In 1877-78-ies as a result of Russia-Ottoman Empire warfare the South-Eastern parts of Georgia, and Adjara
among them, was returned to Georgia. In 20 September, 1878 the Vice Emperor in the Caucasus ordered to create a
separate administrative unit – region of Batumi, and an interim regulations of the region was endorsed. The Tsarist Russia
had two goals in regards of setting a separate administrative unit: primarily, it would be an obstacle on the way of
consolidation of Georgia, and secondly, they would more rapidly colonize this region.
After four years, in order to reduce administrative expenses, the Russian government abolished the Batumi region
and attached it the Kutaisi region (Gubernia). However, in the late XIX the new Governor of the Caucasus, Golitsin
applied the Emperor with the mediation to restore the Batumi region. He justified this with the interests of the Empire. In
17 March of 1903 Nickolas II signed the decree on restoration of the Batumi region. The paper focuses on the
administrative arrangement of the Batumi region and the blatant colonial regime of the Tsarist Russia.
19 quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 18, aRwera 1, saqme 1554, furclebi 45-46.
42
levan jiqia, istoriis doqtori
dokumentebi da masalebi 1924 wlis antisabWoTa
erovnuli ajanyebis istoriisaTvis
1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
okupacia da aneqsia ganaxorciela. rusuli okupaciis pirvel TveebSi SeuZlebeli iyo
ajanyebis organizeba da qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis dawyeba. saokupacio reJimi
mkacri RonisZiebebiT aRkveTda xolme winaaRmdegobis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, magram es ar
SeiZleboda didxans gagrZelebuliyo. umkacresi saokupacio reJimis pirobebSi erovnuli
Zalebi cdilobdnen organizebas. qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis mizans saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena warmoadgenda. 1921 wels dawyebuli erovnuli
moZraoba 1924 wels SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis organizeba politikurma partiebma daiwyes.
saerTo miznis misaRwevad saqarTvelos xuTi wamyvani politikuri partia gaerTianda:
saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikebi) muSaTa partia, saqarTvelos erovnul-
demokratiuli partia, saqarTvelos socialist-federalisturi partia, saqarTvelos
socialist-revolucionerTa partia (eserTa partia) da saqarTvelos social-demokratiul
muSaTa partias CamoSorebuli jgufi „sxivelebi“ (damoukidebeli social-demokratebi). am
politikurma partiebma 1922 wlis agvistoSi interpartiul organizacias „saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis komitets“ („damkoms“), igive „paritetul komitets“ safuZveli Cauyares.
damkomSi politikuri partiebi warmodgenili iyvnen TiTo wevriT. saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis komitetis pirveli Tavmjdomare giorgi (gogita) faRava iyo, Semdeg -
nikoloz qarcivaZe, bolos - konstantine (kote) andronikaSvili. damkoms daemorCila
„samxedro centri“, romelic damkomis mier miwodebul informaciebs amuSavebda. samxedro
centris Cavardnis Semdeg misi funqcia „samxedro komisiam“ ikisra. samxedro komisiis
muSaobas emigraciidan saqarTveloSi sagangebod Camosuli social-demokrati noe xomeriki
xelmZRvanelobda. samxedro komisiaSi mniSvnelovan funqcias cnobili qarTveli mwerali
mixeil javaxiSvili asrulebda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma mTeli saqarTvelo samoqmedo zonebad dayo
da regionebSi Tavisi warmomadgenlebi daniSna. saqarTvelos regionebSi iatakqveSeTSi
momuSave politikuri partiebi rogorc damkomTan, ise erTmaneTTan kavSirSi imyofebodnen.
damkomma ajanyebis TariRad 1924 wlis 28-29 agvistos Ramis 2 saaTi daniSna. saqarTvelos
sagangebo komisia (Ceka) flobda informacias mosalodneli ajanyebis Sesaxeb. 1924 wlis 28
agvistos saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare epifane kvantalianma aWaris
sagangebo komisias, afxazeTis sagangebo komisias da yvela politbiuros ufross gaugzavna
Setyobineba, rom antisabWoTa politikur partiebs ganzraxuli hqondaT SeiaraRebuli
gamosvlis mowyoba sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, epifane kvantaliani
zemoT xsenebul organoebs nebas rTavda masobrivi represiuli RonisZiebebi
ganexorcielebinaT, emoqmedaT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) samazro
komitetebTan erTad, informaciebi daSifruli teqstiT saqarTvelos sagangebo
komisiisaTvis ecnobebinaT.
dRemde gaurkveveli mizezebiT WiaTuraSi 1924 wlis ajanyeba dagegmilze erTi dRiT
adre daiwyo, ramac sabWoTa xelisuflebas saSualeba misca sastiki meTodebiT CaexSo
ajanyeba WiaTuraSi. saqarTvelos danarCen qalaqebSi myofma ajanyebulebma WiaTuris
naadrevi gamosvlis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen, amitom maT ajanyeba daniSnul dros daiwyes.
ajanyebulebma mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies da saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi
43
daamxes adgilobrivi sabWoTa xelisufleba da Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes, magram evropidan
samxedro Tu politikuri mxardaWeris gareSe darCenili ajanyebulebi sabolood
damarcxdnen. 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebisTanave sabWoTa xelisuflebam ajanyebulTa da
„eWvmitanilTa“ gausamarTleblad daxvretebi daiwyo. ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg represiebis
dawyebisTanave sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) amierkavkasiis samxareo
komitetis xelmZRvanelis, sergo orjonikiZis saxelze movida sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo
komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris aleqsi rikovis depeSa daxvretebis dauyovnebliv Sewyvetis
Sesaxeb. sergo orjonikiZem Tavis TanamebrZolTa „viwro“ TaTbiri moiwvia, sadac ganacxada:
„jerjerobiT am depeSas yuradReba ar mivaqcioT da energiuli zomebi gavataroT, raTa
saqarTvelo rac SeiZleba maqsimalurad gavwmindoT kontrrevoluciuri
uwmindurobisagano“.
1924 wlis agvisto-seqtembris avbediT dReebSi daxvretilTa zusti raodenoba dResac
ucnobia. sergo orjonikiZe 1924 wlis oqtomberSi sakavSiro komunisturi partiis
(bolSevikebis) centraluri komitetis plenumze acxadebda: „mivmarTeT masobriv daxvretebs.
iqneb cota gadavaWarbeT, magram amas axla raRa eSveleba“.
1925 wlis 15 ivlisidan 1925 wlis 3 agvistomde 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawileTa
sasamarTlo procesi gaimarTa. manamde ki Zieba mimdinareobda. Ziebis organul gagrZelebas
warmoadgenda sasamarTlo procesi. gansasjelTa skamze 47 adamiani aRmoCnda: konstantine
(kote) andronikaSvili, iason vladimeris Ze javaxiSvili, nikoloz ioTamis Ze qarcivaZe,
daviT oniaSvili, giorgi evgenis Ze jinoria, samson platonis Ze dadiani, grigol simonis
Ze rcxilaZe, egnate gabliani, biZina pirveli, lavrenti esvanjia, parTen ivanes Ze xurciZe,
akaki fiCxaia, giorgi (gizo) nestoris Ze anjafariZe, valerian mixeilis Ze bilaniSvili,
napoleon otias Ze kaxiani, grigol dimitris Ze cincabaZe, aleqsandre nikolozis Ze CxaiZe,
vaxtang dimitris Ze nacvliSvili, simon (xuxu) giorgis Ze xoferia, mixeil nikolozis Ze
iSxneli, artem filipes Ze fanculaia, xariton petres Ze laSxia, vlasi lukas Ze mamalaZe,
genadi moses Ze belTaZe, konstantine (ciceroni) darispanis Ze lorTqifaniZe, kirile ieses
Ze niniZe, nikifore besarionis Ze imnaiSvili, Salva avqsentis Ze TvalTvaZe, ambrosi saSas
Ze kvirikaZe, grigol giorgaZe, gabriel konstantines Ze gogoliSvili, vladimer kimoTes Ze
gegeWkori, apolon kimoTes Ze baxtaZe, mixeil Tomas Ze WaniSvili, vladimer aleqsis Ze
beriZe, Salva maTes Ze kalandariSvili, aleqsandre beglaris Ze ZaZamia, estate besarionis
Ze lataria, akaki maTes Ze kalandariSvili, Teofile simonis Ze Sengelia, iakob saSas Ze
fanoziSvili, nikoloz nikolozis Ze nakaSiZe, Salva dimitris Ze ioseliani, ivane nestoris
Ze lorTqifaniZe, mixeil nikolozis Ze boWoriSvili, aleqsandre samsonis Ze bokeria da
ivane daviTis Ze avaliSvili. sasamarTlom zemoT CamoTvlil pirebs sxvadasxva vadiT
patimroba miusaja.
qvemoT gTavazobT dokumentebsa da masalebs, romlebic kidev ufro srulyofen 1924
wlis ajanyebis istorias.
dokumentebi da masalebi qveyndeba dednis stilis Seucvlelad, gasworebulia
mxolod koreqtura da punqtuacia, kvadratul frCxilSi motanili teqsti ekuTvnis
gamomcemels.
44
***
dokumenti #1. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris werili saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos
1925 wlis 3 ivlisamde
[saqarTvelos] saxalxo komisarTa sabWos
uzenaesi sasamarTlo gTxovT, paritetul komitetis saqmisaTvis rusTavelis TeatrSi
darbazis mosawyobad saCqarod gamogviyoT Semdegi masala: ficrebi 3 1/4X6 sigrZ[e]-12
arS[ini]=45 cali
„bruski“ 1/2X2 „-12 “ =25“
„bruski“ 1/2X5 „-12 „ =15 “
„bruski“ 1/2X1/2 „-12 “ = 2“
da 200 maneTi avansad samuSaos xarjebis gasawevad.
uz[enaesi] sas[amarTlos] Tavmjdomare (xelmowerilia)
mdivani (xelmowerilia)
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furceli 505.
dokumenti #2. 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawile patimarTa werili
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares galaktion vaSaZes
1925 wlis 5 ivlisi
saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikis
uzenaes sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares
moq[alaqe] vaSaZes
saq[arTvelos] anti-sabWoTa
politikur partiebis paritetul
komitetis saqmeebis gamo
pasux[isgebaSi] micemul pirTagan
gancxadeba:
Cven, qvemoT amisa xelis momwerni braldebulebi gTxovT, rac SeiZleba daCqarebiT
dagviniSnoT TviTeulze TiTo saxazino damcveli da amrigad, mogvceT saSvaleba
sasamarTlos sxdomebamde Cvens damcvelebTan erTad Cveni saqmeebis gacnobisa.
1. [gabriel] gogoliSvili
2. apolon baxtaZe
3. simon xoferia
4. al[eqsandre] CxaiZe
5. xariton laSxia
6. genadi belTaZe
7. vaxtang nacvliSvili
8. ambr[osi] kvirikaZe
9. v[ladimer] gegeWkori
10. m[ixeil] WaniSvili
11. a[rtem] fanculaia
12. mixeil iSxneli
13. v[lasi] mamalaZe
45
5 ivlisi 1925 w[eli]. gam[asworebeli] saxlis saavadmyofo.
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furceli 486.
dokumenti #3. saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier 1924 wlis
ajanyebis monawileTaTvis saxazino damcvelebis daniSvna
1925 wlis 5 ivlisamde
saxazino damcvelTa ganawilebis sia
1. [grigol] giorgaZe
2. [kirile] niniZe CerqeziSvili
3. [nikifore] imnaiSvili
4. [grigol] rcxilaZe
5. [samson] dadiani mesxiSvili
6. [ambrosi] kvirikaZe
7. [aleqsandre] CxaiZe
8. [gabriel] gogoliSvili gubelaZe
9. [ivane] lorTqifaniZe
10. [mixeil] boWoriSvili
11. [apolon] baxtaZe riJamaZe
12. [mixeil] WaniSvili
13. [ivane] avaliSvili
14. [nikoloz] nakaSiZe dadiani SoTa
15. [vladimer] beriZe
16. [iakob] fanoziSvili
17. [vaxtang] nacvliSvili qiqoZe nikoloz
18. [vladimer] gegeWkori
19. [mixeil] iSxneli
20. xoferia xuxu polumordvinovi
21. [Salva] TvalTvaZe
22. kalandariSvili akaki
23. Sengelia Teofile jafariZe vano
24. [egnate] gabliani
25. [aleqsandre] ZaZamia
26. kalandariSvili S[alva] tatiSvili mixeil
27. [daviT] oniaSvili
28. [konstantine] andronikaSvili
29. [grigol] jinoria nasiZe
30. [genadi] belTaZe
46
31. [giorgi] cincabaZe
32. [nikoloz] qarcivaZe zedginiZe
33. [napoleon] kaxiani
34. [valerian] bilaniSvili
35. [vlasi] mamalaZe tatiSvili andrei
36. [Salva] ioseliani
37. [xariton] laSxia
38. [estate] lataria maWavariani
39. [akaki] fiCxaia
40. [artem] fanculaia
41. [parTen] xurciZe gelazarovi
42. [lavrenti] esvanjia
43. [biZina] pirveli
44. [aleqsandre] bokeria RvamiCava
uz[enaesi] sasam[arTlos] Tavmjdomare g. vaSaZe
mdivani (xelmowerilia)
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furceli 742.
dokumenti #4. 1924 wlis ajanyebaSi monawileobis braldebiT
dapatimrebulebis werili saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikis uzenaes sasamarTlos
1925 wlis 6 ivlisi
saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos
ama Tvis 4 Cabarebul sabralmdeblo daskvnis gacnobam CvenSi dahbada saWiroeba
gamoZiebis masalasTan xelmeored gacnobisa.
vinaidan sasamarTlos pirvel sxdomamdis jer sakmao dro aris, es ar gamoiwvevs
sasamarTlosaTvis raime uxerxulobas. miT umetes, rom Cven sul dagvWirdeba mxolod
ramodenime saaTi.
amitom, Tanaxmad s[aqarTvelos] s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] 246 muxlisa, gTxovT,
mogvceT saSvaleba saqmis mTel warmoebasTan gacnobisa.
kargi iqneboda, rom Cven gvqonoda saSvaleba imave dros, e. i. rodesac saqmis gacnobas
SeudgebiT, damcvelebTan Sexvedrisa, romlebsac, Tanaxmad Cvenis Txovnisa, dagviniSnavs
sasamarTlo.
Camatebul sityvas „xelmeored“ daujereT.
sagangebo komisiis satusaRo kote andronikaSvili sakani #18 6/VII 25 w. n. kaxiani
dilis 10 saaTi g. jinoria
g. anjafariZe
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furceli 484.
47
dokumenti #5. 1924 wlis ajanyebaSi monawileTa saqmeze
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi
sasamarTlos ganaCeni
1925 wlis 5 agvisto
ganaCeni
s[aqarTvelos] s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi]
r[espublikis] saxeliT
uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavisi samsjavro sxdomaze 1925 wlis 15 ivlisidan 2/3
mariamobis Tvemde, Semdegi SemadgenlobiT:
Tavmjdomare amx[anagi] g. s. vaSaZe
da saxalxo msajulni: amx[anagebi]: i. T. sturua
i. a. cincaZe
moismina ra saqme braldebisa gamo braldebulebis: 1) k. e. andronikaSvilis 49 wlis,
yof[ili] Tavadi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]
/menSevikebis/ wevri 1902 wlidan; 2) d. e. oniaSvilis, 41 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 wlidan; 3) g. e. jinorias,
37 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]
/menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 wlidan; 4) g. d. cincabaZis, 46 w[lis], muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1899 wlidan; 5) n. i. qarcivaZis,
43 w[lis] yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa]
p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 wlidan; 6) g. m. belTaZis, 25 w[lis], glexi, studenti,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1916 wlidan; 7) n. o. kaxianis,
47 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, profesiiT muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli]
m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1900 wlidan; 8) v. m. bilaniSvilis, 55 w[lis], yof[ili]
aznauri, profesiiT muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]
/menSevikebis/ wevri 1896 wlidan; 9) n. n. nakaSiZis, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] Tavadi, saSualo
ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] oficeri, upartio; 10) i. s. fanoziSvilis, 29 w[lis], glexi, saSualo
ganaTlebiT, upartio; 11) g. n. anjafariZis, 37 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 12) v. l.
mamalaZis, 41 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]
/menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 13) T. s. Sengelias, 38 w[lis], muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 14) a. m.
kalandariSvilis, 24 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, studenti, s[ocial]-
d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1919 wlidan; 15) S. d. ioselianis, 40
w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]
/menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 16) x. p. laSxias, 32 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1912 wlidan; 17) e. b. latarias,
30 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]
/menSevikebis/ wevri 1915 wlidan; 18) a. m. ZaZamias, 34 w[lis], muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1906 wlidan; 19) a. a. fiCxaias,
46 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa]
p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1902 wlidan; 20) a. f. fanculaias, 30 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi
ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1912 wlidan; 21)
p. i. xurciZes, 24 w[lis], glexi, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/
wevri 1917 wlidan; 22) l. v. esvanjias, 42 w[lis], glexi, dabali ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-
d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 w[lidan]; 23) i. v. javaxiSvilis, 37
w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, erovnul-demokratebis partiis wevri 1917
wlidan; 24) m. n. iSxnelis, 37 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, nac[ional]-
demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1917 wlidan; 25) s. g. xoferias, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri,
studenti, nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 26) S. m. kalandariSvilis,
27 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli]
48
partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 27) b. g. pirvelis, 22 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis,
nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1917 wlidan; 28) v. d. nacvliSvilis, 57 w[lis],
yof[ili] aznauri, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] polkovniki, upartio; 29) i. d. avaliSvilis,
48 w[lis], yof[ili] Tavadi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, upartio; 30) v. a. beriZis, 33 w[lis], yof[ili]
aznauri, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] oficeri, upartio; 31) S. a. TvalTvaZis, 28 w[lis],
yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, studenti, nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1917
wlidan; 32) g. t. giorgaZis, 44 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT,
s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1912 w[lidan] 1920 wlamdi,
Semdeg „sxiveli“; 33) n. b. imnaiSvilis, 35 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-
d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 w[lidan] 1920 wlamdi, Semdeg
„sxiveli“; 34) k. i. niniZis, 44 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli]
m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1903 w[lidan] 1920 wlamdi, Semdeg „sxiveli“; 35) g. s.
rcxilaZis, 48 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi]
p[artiis] wevri 1905 wlidan; 36) s. a. dadianis, 39 w[lis], yof[ili] Tavadi, umaRlesi
ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi] partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 37) a. s. bokerias, 24
w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, studenti, soc[ialist]-fed]eralisturi] partiis wevri 1916 wlidan;
38) a. n. CxaiZis, 22 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi] partiis
wevri 1919 wlidan; 39) g. k. gogolaSvilis, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, dabali ganaTlebiT,
soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi] partiis TanamgrZnobi 1917 wlidan; 40) e. g. gablianis, 43 w[lis],
glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-feder[alisturi] partiis wevri; 41) k. d.
lorTqifaniZis, 33 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, dabali ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-
fed[eralisturi] partiis wevri 1917 wlidan; 42) a. s. kvirikaZis, 31 w[lis], yof[ili]
sasuliero wodebis, dabali ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-feder[alisturi partiis wevri 1913
wlidan; 43) g. n. boWoriSvilis, 32 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-
revol[ucionerTa] partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 44) i. n. lorTqifaniZis, 35 w[lis], yof[ili]
aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-revol[ucionerTa] partiis wevri 1905 wevri; 45)
m. T. WaniSvilis, 28 w[lis], glexi, studenti, soc[ialist]-rev[olucionerTa] partiis wevri
1916 wlidan; 46) a. t. baxtaZis, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, saSualo ganaTlebiT,
soc[ialist]-rev[olucionerTa] partiis wevri 1916 wlidan; 47) v. a. gegeWkoris, 31 w[lis],
yof[ili] aznauri, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] oficeri, upartio, romelTac braldebaT
borot-moqmedebani kontr-revolucioneruli danaSaulis xasiaTisa da romelnic mimarTuli
arian sabWoTa xelisuflebis da revoluciis monapovarTa winaaRmdeg, rac
gaTvaliswinebulni arian s.s.s.r. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58, 59 - pirveli nawili, 16, 64,
61, 60, 66 muxlebSi da miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi yvela is masalebi, romelnic CarTulia am
saqmeSi da romelnic dagrovilia momxdari mokvlevisa da winaswar gamoZiebis dros, risi
Sinaarsic Camoyalibebulia am saqmeSi darTuli sabralmdeblo daskvnaSi. am masalebis
SefasebebiT, awon-dawoniT, dapirdapirebiT im masalebTan, romelnic warmoiSven
sasamarTlos samsjavro gamoZiebis dros, mowmeebis Cvenebebis da braldebulTa axsna-
ganmartebis SefasebiT, werilobiTi sabuTebis garCeviT, uzenaesi sasamarTlo aRniSnavs: 1924
w[lis] mariamobisTveSi saqarTvelos s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi] respublikis sxvadasxva
adgilebSi moxda calke jgufebis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla, romelic xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da miznaT hqonda ukanasknelis damxoba da Zalauflebis xelSi
Cagdeba. es gamosvla yvelgan damarcxebul iqna da misi mTavari monawileni dapatimrebuli...
1921 w[els] gasabWoebis Semdeg menSevikebis cekas TaosnobiT saqarTvelos antisabWoTa
partiebSi aRZrul iqna molaparakeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxis garSemo
mTliani frontis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. es molaparakeba grZeldeboda TiTqmis erTi weliwadi.
1922 w[lis] naxevrisaTvis moxda SeTanxmeba. Cvenebebis mixedviT teqsti SeTanxmebisa Semdegia:
1) partiebi erTdebian im mizniT, rom saerTo ZalebiT ibrZolon saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisaTvis; 2) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRdgenili
iqneba, unda mowveul iqnes damfuZnebeli kreba, romelsac warudgenen Tavis moqmedebis
angariSs rogorc sazRvargareT myofi mTavroba, ise is mTavroba, romelic gardamaval dros
iqneba Seqmnili; 3) damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze Sedgenili iqneba axali mTavroba
koaliciur principze im pirobiT, rom arc erT partias ar eqneba ufleba am mTavrobaSi
49
adgilebis erT mesamedze metis daWerisa; 4) unda arCeul iqnas paritetuli komisia
winandeli mTavrobis moRvaweobis gansaxilvelaT, romelmac respublika daRupvamde miiyvana;
5) am xelSekrulebaze xelismoweris momentidan unda arCeul iqnes paritetul safuZvelze
komiteti: „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis“ saxelwodebiT /igive paritetuli
komiteti/. paritetuli komitetis pirveli Semadgenloba Semdegi iyo: 1) menSevikebidan -
gogita faRava; 2) nac[ional]-demok[ratebidan] - i[ason] javaxiSvili; 3) „sxivelebidan“ -
muxran xoWolava; 4) soc[ialist]-fed[eralistebidan] gr[igol] rcxilaZe; 5) soc[ialist]-
revol[ucionerebidan] - i[oseb] gobeCia. Semdgomi cvlilebani paritetuli komitetis
SedgenilobaSi aseTi iyo: 1) menSevikebis mxriT g. faRava Sescvala n[ikoloz] qarcivaZem,
romelic am adgilze iyo 1923 w[lis] martamde, rodesac igi e. w. „samxedro centris“
CaSlasTan dakavSirebiT dapatimrebul iqna. qarcivaZis adgili daiWira kote
andronikaSvilma, romelic darCa iq agvistos avantiuris likvidaciamde; 2) nac[ional[-
demok[ratebis] mxriT paritetul komitetSi bolomde i. javaxiSvili darCa; 3) „sxivelebis“
mxriT m. xoWolavas sikvdilis Semdeg, e. i. 1922 w. dekembridan paritetul komitetSi aravin
ar yofila, formaluraT paritetul komitetTan kavSiris gawyveta ki maT acnobes ara
paritetul komitets, aramed partiebs aralegaluri konferenciis dadgenilebis saxiT,
romelic moxda 1923 w[lis] oqtomberSi; 4) soc[ialist]-fed[eralistebis] mxriT g. rcxilaZis
magivraT, romelic iyo paritetul komitetSi 1923 w[lis] martis Tvemdin, 1924 w[lis]
TebervalSi gaigzavna s[amson] dadiani, sadac is darCa imave wlis 18-19 mariobis Tvemde; 5)
soc[ialist]-revol[ucionerTa] mxriT - i. gobeCias Semdeg agvistos amboxebamde iyo m[ixeil]
boWoriSvili.
zemoT aRniSnul partiebs Soris moyvanili msgavsi SeTanxmeba moxda sazRvargareTac,
saxeldobr parizSi e. w. „sazRvargareTuli biuros“ Seqmnis saxiT. amas garda aqve, parizSi
Seiqmna qarTvel nacionalistebis, musavatelebis, daSnakebis da Crdilo kavkasiis erovnuli
jgufebis warmomadgenelTa bloki. am blokis istoria iwyeba jer kidev 1921 wlidan, rodesac
kavkasiis respublikebis sazRvargareT wasulma mTavrobebma moaweres xeli deklaracias da
SeTanxmebas Tavisi interesebis erTianobis Sesaxeb kavkasiis respublikebis
„damoukideblobis“ aRdgenisTvis warmoebul politikur brZolaSi. am SeTanxmebas win
uswrebda kavkasiis warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri. am TaTbirze dadebuli SeTanxmeba ecnoba
safrangeTis mTavrobis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare brianis saxiT. TaTbirze sxva
komisiebTan erTaT arCeul iqna samxedro komisiac, romelsac TaTbirma daavala samxedro
aparatis saorganizacio formebi. amnairaT, sakiTxi SeiaraRebuli amboxebis Sesaxeb,
intervenciis imedze damyarebuli, aRiZra sazRvargareT ufro adre, vidre saqarTveloSi
Seiqneboda paritetuli komiteti.
paritetuli komiteti isaxavs ra demokratiuli respublikis aRdgenas jer kidev n.
qarcivaZis Tavmjdomareobis dros ayenebs sakiTxs SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis programis
miRebis Sesaxeb. am kiTxvis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs soc[ialist]-fed[eralistTa]
warmomadgeneli g. rcxilaZe da gadis paritetuli komitetidan. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis idea
paritetul komitetSi TandaTanobiT iRebs gansazRvrul, ukve Camoyalibebul formas, e. w.
„samxedro centris“ saxiT. am droisTvis, e. i. 1922 w[lis] agvisto-seqtemberSi saqarTvelos
teritoriaze metad gafarTovda politikuri banditizmi, romelSiac TvalsaCino adgili
daiWira qaquca ColoyaSvilma. Tu pirvel xanebSi ColoyaSvili Tavisi bandiT moqmedebda
nac[ional]-demok[ratTa] xelmZRvanelobiT, misi xevsureTSi da duSeTis mazraSi gamosvlis
Semdeg gadadis paritetuli komitetis srul gankargulebaSi.
rodesac ajanyebis sakiTxi iRebs garkveul realur formebs, paritetul komitetTan arsdeba
samxedro komisia, romelic Tavisi mxriT iWers mWidro kavSirs: 1) TbilisSi gansakuTrebul
qvekomisiasTan; 2) periferiebSi - samazro, saolqo paritetul komitetebTan arsebul
samxedro organizaciebTan, iq ki sadac aseTebi ar arsebobda - sagangebo samxedro
rwmunebulebTan.
ukve zemoT aRniSnuli iyo kavkasiis, kerZoT ki sabWoTa xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege
qarTuli partiebis damokidebuleba safrangeTTan. amasTan erTaT, qarTveli nacionalistebi
yovel Rones xmarobden, rom makdonaldis mTavrobidan mieRoT gadaWrili dapireba,
romliTac uzrunvelyofili iqneboda inglisis Careva s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi]
50
r[espublikebis] k[avSiris] Sinaur saqmeebSi saqarTvelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb. amisda mixedviT,
sabWoTa mowinaaRmdege qarTuli partiebi, romlebsac meTaurobda paritetuli komiteti,
SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisaTvis mzadebaSi, mTel Tavis moqmedebas amyarebda mtkice rwmenaze,
rom antanta inglisisa da safrangeTis saxiT mxars dauWerda am gamosvlas ara marto
„moraluraT“, rogorc amis mtkicebas cdilobden avantiuris xelmZRvanelni, aramed
nivTieradac da iaraRiTac. rom saqarTvelos sakiTxis gadaWra ufro advili yofiliyo,
aucilebeli iqna cnobili kavSiris daWera musavatelebTan, daSnakebTan da umTavresaT
Crdilo kavkasiis kontr-revoliucionur organizaciebTan. amisda mixedviT baqoSi
menSevikebis cekas mier igzavneba evtixi saluqvaZe, romelsac davalebuli qonda cdiliyo
daemyarebina kavSiri musavatelebTan. saluqvaZem inaxula musavatisti aRa-ali-iusuf-zade,
ukanaskneli 1923 w[els] saTanado baraTebiT aRWurvili gaemgzavra TbilisSi da marTla
inaxula xomeriki. gacilebiT ufro farTo iyo damokidebuleba, romelic Seiqmna
paritetuli komitetisa da Crdilo kavkasiis kontr-revolucionur organizaciaTa Soris
sxvadasxva dros. Crdilo kavkasiaSi igzavnebian nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevrni:
winamZRvariSvili, yarangoziSvili, iSxneli da rwmunebulebi: avaliSvili, nakaSiZe, beriZe.
ukanasknelni sami specialuraT paritetuli komitetis davalebiT. amnairaT, paritetuli
komitetis blokis sakiTxSi kavkasiis sxva kontr-revoliucionur organizaciebTan irkveva,
rom paritetuli komitetis moqmedeba scildeboda „saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis
brZolis“ farglebs da gadioda blokamde musavatelebTan da Crdilo kavkasiis kontr-
revoliucionur organizaciebTan da rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos antisabWoTa partiebis
taqtika ubralo gameoreba iyo imisi, rac sazRvargareT xdeboda.
1923 w[lis] dasawyisSi ColoyaSvilis banda ukve gadadis formaluraT paritetuli
komitetis gamgeblobaSi. amis Semdeg ColoyaSvilis banda sazrdoebs im fuliT, romelic
mas paritetuli komitetidan egzavneba yovelTviuraT. i. javaxiSvili Tavis CvenebaSi ambobs:
yovel TviuraT mas - ColoyaSvils - egzavneboda orasi lira. paritetul komitets aqvs
masTan kavSiri samxedro komisiis meSveobiT. amiT ar isazRvreba paritetuli komitetis
kavSiri sxvadasxva xasiaTis bandebTan, kerZoT kasraZis bandasTan. geno belTaZis Cvenebidan
sCans, rom partiuli organizaciis mier davalebuli qonda gadaeca aTi kacisagan Semdgar
bandisTvis sapasporto blankebi. paritetul komitetTan arsebobda teroristuli jgufi
agvistos gamosvlebis drosa da... mixeil koRuaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. am jgufs savsebiT
Camoyalibebuli saxe hqonda. igi paritetuli komitetis davalebiT asrulebda teroristul
aqtebs: 1) am jgufis mier 1923 w[lis] dekembris 29 moklul iqna Zveli muSa, profkavSiris
wevri da moRvawe ilarion giorgaZe; 2) 1923 w[lis] 10 Tebervals, ozurgeTis mazraSi, sof[el]
lixaurSi ozurgeTis organizaciis dadgenilebiT da menSevikebis cekas TanxmobiT
SeiaraRebuli brbo Tavs daeca samxedro komisar aleqsandre obolaZes da wiTel
komandirebs sanikiZes da CubinaZes da yumbariT daxoces; 3) mzaddeboda Tavdasxma 1923 w[lis]
seqtembris 3 moskovidan baTumSi mimaval matarebelze mgzavrebis gaZarcvis mizniT partiis
saWiroebisaTvis. am or ukanasknel faqts adastureben mowmeni, pirvels WeiSvili da meores
batonisaSvili da Smeliovi.
jer kidev 1923 w[lis] damdegs, rodesac saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiam moaxdina e.
w. „samxedro centris“ likvidacia, aRniSnuli saqmidan gamoirkva, rom paritetul komitets
sruli cnobebi hqonda saqarTvelos wiTeli jaris nawilebis saomari unaris Sesaxeb.
xomerikis dapatimrebis dros aRmoaCines sazRvargareTidan mis saxelze gamogzavnili
werili, romelSidac iwereboden: „gigzavniT radio-aparats. Tu es aparati imuSavebs, Cven
saSualeba gveqneba samxedro cnobebi SevkriboT mTel kavkasiaSi, Cveni miznebisaTvis amas
daufasebeli mniSvneloba eqneba“. rom sazRvargareT igzavneboda samxedro xasiaTis cnobebi,
amas adasturebs seiT devdarianis Cvenebac. amas adasturebs agreTve g. faRavasTan
aRmoCenili werili stambolidan. am werilSi Semdegi frazaa: „mogvawodeT samxedro
informacia“. amgvaraT, jaSuSoba da kontr-damzveravi muSaoba paritetuli komitetis xelSi
samxedro cnobebis dagrovebiT, romelic grovdeboda ara marto ajanyebis mowyobis mizniT,
aramed sazRvargareT gasagzavnaTac, rac faqtiuraT kidevac igzavneboda.
1924 wlis zafxulisaTvis paritetuli komitetis samxedro mzadeba sruldeba.
ajanyebis gegmaSi Sedioda mTavrobis iaraRis sawyobebis xelSi Cagdeba. daniSnulia
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ajanyebis dRec 28/29 agvistos Rame. amboxebis win muSaoba gacxovelda. v[aliko] juRelis
dapatimrebis Semdeg paritetuli komiteti Cqarobs gamosvlis mowyobas maxlobel dReebSi
da 1924 w[lis] 18 agvistos „paritetuli komitetis“ prezidiumi iwvevs plenarul sxdomas. am
sxdomaze daeswren: k[onstantine] andronikaSvili, i[ason] javaxiSvili, boWoriSvili, s[amson]
dadiani, „sxivelebidan“ aravin daswrebia. sxdomam gadaswyvita ajanyebis sakiTxi
praqtikulaT, rasac mxari dauWires: menSevikebma, nac[ional]-demokratebma da soc[ialist]-
revoliucionerebma TavianTi warmomadgenlebis saxiT. soc[ialist]-federalistebis partiis
warmomadgenelma, s[amson] dadianma protesti ganacxada SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobis
winaaRmdeg da dastova partiis saxeliT sxdoma.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi yvela zemoaRniSnuli da personaluri roli
kontr-revoliucionur moqmedebaSi, gamomJRavnebuli sasamarTlos samsjavro gamoZiebis
dros scno:
I braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, d. oniaSvili, g. jinoria, n. qarcivaZe, g.
anjafariZe, i. javaxiSvili, g. giorgaZe, n. imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, g. rcxilaZe, s. dadiani da m.
boWoriSvili, iyvnen ra sxvadasxva dros 1922 wlis agvistodan vidre 1924 wlis agvistos 30-
mde wevrebaT da sagangebo rwmunebulebaT „paritetuli komitetisa“ da antisabWoTa
partiebis centraluri komitetebis aqtiur wevrebaT, saxeldobr „paritetuli komitetis“
wevrebaT: k. andronikaSvili, i. javaxiSvili, m. boWoriSvili, n. qarcivaZe, g. rcxilaZe, s.
dadiani; „paritetuli komitetis“ sagangebo rwmunebulebi: g. anjafariZe da g. jinoria;
antisabWoTa partiebis centralur komitetebis wevrebaT: d. imnaiSvili, g. giorgaZe, k. niniZe
da d. oniaSvili, romlebis mizansac Seadgenda saqarTveloSi muSaTa da glexTa sabWoebis
xelisuflebis da saqarT[velos] soc[ialisturi] sabW[oTa] respublikis konstituciis
safuZvelze arsebuli muSur-glexuri mTavrobis ZaliT damxoba da Zalauflebis xelSi
Cagdeba. igini - braldebulni - am mizniT zemoaRniSnuli drois ganmavlobaSi, SeiaraRebuli
bandebis SeqmniT da arsebulTan kavSiris daWeriT awyobden da amzadebden SeiaraRebul
ajanyebas saqarTveloSi, ra amboxebasac marTla qonda adgili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
adgilebSi 1924 w[lis] agvistos 28-dan - 30-mde, magram is sruli marcxiT daTavda, ra qmedebac
gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58 da I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebiT]. am
m[uxlebis] aRniSnul qmedebas ar uaryofen braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, g. jinoria, d.
oniaSvili, i. javaxiSvili da n. qarcivaZe. braldebulni - g. rcxilaZe, g. giorgaZe, n.
imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, s. dadiani - iyven ra: 1) g. rcxilaZe paritetuli komitetis wevraT
dRidan misi daarsebisa Teberval-martamde 1923 w[lis] da rodesac daisva SeiaraRebuli
amboxebis programis sakiTxi, ar SeuerTda mis miRebas da dastova paritetuli komiteti; 2)
s. dadiani iyo ra soc[ialist]-feder[alisturi] partiis warmomadgenlaT paritetul
komitetSi 1924 w[lis] Tebervlis Tvidan da rodesac daisva da gadawyda praqtikuli
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobis sakiTxi, man dadianma partiis saxeliT gamoacxada
protesti da gavida paritetuli komitetidan; 3) n. imnaiSvili, g. giorgaZe da k. niniZe,
rogorc „sxivelebis“ centraluri komitetis aqtiuri wevrebi iyven dakavSirebulni
paritetuli komitetis muSaobasTan Tavisi partiis warmomadgenlis, muxran xoWolavas
saxiT. ukanasknelis sikvdilis Semdeg „sxivelebis“ centralur komitets, romelSic
Sedioden braldebulni: n. imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, g. giorgaZe Tavisi warmomadgeneli
paritetul komitetSi ar gaugzavniaT, radganac uaryofden ajanyebas, rac, e. i. ajanyebis
uaryofa miiRo maTi partiis aralegalurma konferenciam 1923 w[lis] oqtomberSi.
braldebuli n. qarcivaZe paritetuli komitetis Tavmjdomare iqmna dapatimrebuli 1923
w[lis] martSi da mis dapatimrebis gamo ar miuRia monawileoba mariobis Tvis ajanyebaSi. im
qmedebaSi ki, romelic mas bralaT edeba zemoaRniSnuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me
58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebis] mixedviT, saq[arTvelos] sag[angebo] komisiis dadgenilebis
ZaliT ukve misjili aqvs Tavisuflebis aRkveTa dapatimrebiT.
II braldebulni: a. kalandaraSvili, S. kalandaraSvili, k. biloniSvili, e. lataria,
a. fiCxaia, p. xurciZe, l. esvanjia, S. TvalTvaZe, a. fanculaia, v. mamalaZe, T. Sengelia, n.
kaxiani, S. ioseliani, m. iSxneli, x. laSxia, g. cincaZe, g. cincabaZe, v. gegeWkori, g. belTaZe,
s. xoferia, b. pirveli, e. gabliani, a. kvirikaZe, m. WaniSvili, a. bokeria, a. CxeiZe, g.
gogoliSvili, k. lorTqifaniZe, i. lorTqifaniZe, a. baxtaZe, n. nakaSiZe, i. avaliSvili, v.
52
beriZe, iyven ra pirveli 29 maTgani, rogorc wevrebi da aqtiuri moRvaweebi saqarTvelos
aralegalur antisabWoTa partiebisa da ukanaskneli sami, rogorc upartioebi, Tumca ar
iRebden uSualo monawileobas paritetuli komitetis SeqmnaSi da ar iyven misi wevrebi,
magram exmareboden ukanasknels, rogorc 1924 w[lis] agvistoSi momxdar ambebis wina xanebSi,
ise TviT am ambebis dros I punqtSi CamoTvlil miznebis misaRwevaT, SeiaraRebuli bandebis
organizaciiT, maTTvis sursaT-sanovagis da aRkazmulobis gadacemiT da kidev uSualo
monawileobiT am bandebis gamosvlebSi, rogorc 1924 w[lis] 28-30 agvistos ambebis dros, ise
manamde, ra qmedebac gaTvaliswinebulia sis[xlis] sam[arTlis] kod[eqsis] 61 m[uxliT]
braldebulebma: latariam, esvanjiam, TvalTvaZem, Sengeliam, ioselianma, laSxiam,
gegeWkorma, pirvelma, gablianma, a. kalandaraSvilma, S. kalandaraSvilma, iSxnelma,
avaliSvilma, kaxianma, icvnes Tavi damnaSaveT. braldebuli s. bilaniSvili ar uaryofs im
faqts, rom man miiRo werili k. andronikaSvilisagan da ukanasknelis winadadebiT gauwia
daxmareba vinme levan kandelaks, romelic SemdegSi caguria aRmoCnda, romelsac
davalebuli qonda k. andronikaSvilis mier gare kaxeTSi amboxebis mowyoba; 2) xurciZe Tavis
CvenebaSi, micemuli sasamarTlos samsjavro sxdomaze, ar uaryofs Sexvedris faqts
cikuriSvilis bandasTan, romelTanac is awarmoebda molaparakebas. ar uaryofs agreTve im
faqts, rom is g. faRavas davalebiT iyo vladikavkazSi iqauri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnobebis
CamosatanaT; 3) TvalTvaZe ar uaryofs, rom is braldebul S. kalandaraSvilis davalebiT
asrulebda kavSiris rols zugdidsa da senaks Sua; 4) mamalaZe ar uaryofs im faqts, rom
igi amboxebamde awarmoebda muSaobas qobuleTis organizaciaSi; 5) fanculaia ar uaryofs
im faqts, rom igi iyo afxazeTis menSevikuri partiis saolqo komitetis Tavmjdomare da
qonda kavSiri centridan Camosul pirebTan, romelTac davalebuli qondaT amboxebis
niadagis momzadeba afxazeTSi; 6) kaxiani ar uaryofs im faqts, rom misi xelmZRvanelobiT
Catarda Tbilisis raionebSi samxedro organizaciebis mowyoba; 7) g. cincabaZe ar uaryofs
im faqts, rom Rebulobda aqtiur monawileobas ajanyebis samzadisSi; 8) g. belTaZe ar
uaryofs im faqts, rom partiis davalebiT gadasca aTi kacisagan Semdgar bandas sapirado
mowmobebis blankebi; 9) kvirikaZe ar uaryofs im faqts, rom amboxebis dros s[ofel] baRdadSi
mitingze warmoTqva sityva sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. agreTve qonda molaparakeba
amboxebis wina dReebSi v. mgelaZesTan; 10) fiCxaia ar uaryofs im faqts, rom miiRo davaleba
soxumSi wasasvlelaT braldebuli jinoriasagan; 11) WaniSvili ar uaryofs im faqts, rom
iyo soc[ialist]-revoliucioner[Ta] partiis cekas wevri; 12) bokeria ar uaryofs im faqts,
rom qonda molaparakeba ajanyebis Sesaxeb g. faRavasTan da winamZRvariSvilTan; 13)
gogolaSvili ar uaryofs im faqts, rom baTumis samxedro organizaciis wevris winadadebiT
l. axvledianTan erTaT baTomidan wavida qobuleTSi, sadac samxedro Stabi unda
Camosuliyo; 14) lorTqifaniZe konstantine ar uaryofs im faqts, rom ajanyebis wina dReebSi
Sexvda vlasa mgelaZes, romlidganac miiRo winadadeba mieRo monawileoba ajanyebaSi,
razedac igi dasTanxmda; 15) lorTqifaniZe ivane iyo soc[ialist] revol[ucionerTa] partiis
cekas wevri, rac daadastura winaswar gamoZiebis dros braldebulma baxtaZem; 16) baxtaZes,
winaswar gamoZiebis dros misi CvenebiT, mas davalebuli qonda SeiaraRebuli Zalis
saSvalebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ajanyeba daiwyeboda TbilisSi aeRo sasaxle, sakomendanto
sammarTvelo da wiTeli jaris Stabis Senoba; 17) nakaSiZe da 18) beraZe ar uaryofen im faqts,
rom braldebul avaliSvilTan erTaT gagzavnil iqmnen paritetuli komitetis davalebiT
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cnobebis SesakrebaT.
III braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, g. jinoria, i. javaxiSvili, m. boWoriSvili, m.
iSxneli, g. cincabaZe, iyven ra antisabWoTa partiebis wevrebad da aqtiur moRvaweebaT,
ganzraxuli maT mier ajanyebis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis iyoliebden ucxo
saxelmwifoebs saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikis saqmeebSi SeiaraRebul Carevaze. es
qmedoba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 60 m[uxliT] da brali
edebaT braldebulebs: k. andronikaSvils, g. jinorias, i. javaxiSvils, m. iSxnels, m.
boWoriSvils da g. cincabaZes, gamomdinareobs im umTavresi braldebidan, romelic
gaTvaliswinebulia s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59, 61 m[uxlebiT] da
romelidanac Tavi damnaSaveT aRiares zemoaRniSnulma braldebulebma da savsebiT
mtkicdeba saqmeSi myof werilobiTi sabuTebiT da CvenebebiT.
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IV. braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, g. jinoria, i. javaxiSvili, m. iSxneli, m.
boWoriSvili, a. ZaZamia, s. xoferia, i. fanoziSvili, iyven ra aralegalur antisabWoTa
partiebis wevrebaT da aqtiur moRvaweebaT, ukanaskneli - i. fanoziSvili - ki, rogorc
upartio, sxvadasxva dros 28-30 agvistos momxdar ambebis wina xanebSi uwevden farvelobas
da xelmZRvanelobas respublikis farglebSi momqmed SeiaraRebul bandebs, romlebic
kontrrevoliucionuri mizniT asrulebden teroristul aqtebs, saxeldobr ColoyaSvilis
banda awarmoebda teroristul aqtebs muSur-glexur organizaciebis moRvaweTa winaaRmdeg;
awyobden da xelmZRvanelobden imave mizniT teroristul aqtebs partiebis centralur
komitetebTan arsebuli teroristuli jgufebis saSvalebiT: 1923 w[lis] 10 Tebervals
moklul iqnen samxedro komisari a. obolaZe da jaris wiTeli xelmZRvanelebi sanikiZe da
CubiniZe; 1923 w[lis] 29 dek[embers] moklul iqna profkavSiris wevri ilarion giorgaZe;
mzaddeboda Tavdasxma moskovidan baTumSi mimaval matarebelze mgzavrebis gaZarcvis mizniT.
es qmedobani, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], romlis
Cadena bralaT edebaT braldebulebs: k. andronikaSvils, g. jinorias, i. javaxiSvils, m.
iSxnels, m. boWoriSvils, gamoZaxili iyo im sastiki brZolis, romelsac awarmoebden
braldebulebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da am mxriT maTi mTeli moqmedeba
danaSaulis CasadenaT sxvasac iyoliebda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo gamomdinareobs ra zemoT aRniSnuli Camoyalibebuli braldebisagan
da ixelmZRvanela ra me 317, 318, 319, 320, 326 da s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 26 m[uxlebiT].
adgens:
1. braldeba mimarTuli: v. bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, a. kalandaraSvilis, e. latarias,
ak. fiCxaias, p. xurciZis, l. esvanjias, S. kalandaraSvilis, i. avaliSvilis, v. beriZis da S.
TvalTvaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT]
59 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos daumtkiceblaT.
2. braldeba mimarTuli: i. fanoziSvilis da a. ZaZamias mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli
s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos daumtkiceblaT.
3. braldeba mimarTuli: d. oniaSvilis, g. anjafariZis, g. giorgaZis, k. niniZis, n.
imnaiSvilis, g. rcxilaZis, s. dadianis, a. kalandaraSvilis, S. kalandaraSvilis,
bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, latarias, fiCxaias, xurciZis, esvanjias, avaliSvilis, beraZis,
TvalTvaZis, fanculaias, mamalaZis, Sengelias, ioselianis, laSxias, belTaZis, ZaZamias,
xoferias, gablianis, kvirikaZis, WaniSvilis, iv. lorTqifaniZis, n. qarcivaZis da n. kaxianis
mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samar[Tlis] kod[eqsis] me 60 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos
daumtkiceblaT.
4. braldeba mimarTuli: d. oniaSvilis, n. qarcivaZis, v. bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, g.
anjafariZis, a. kalandaraSvilis, e. latarias, a. fiCxaias, p. xurciZis, l. esvanjias, S.
kalandaraSvilis, i. avaliSvilis, v. beriZis, S. TvalTvaZis, g. giorgaZis, n. imnaiSvilis, k.
niniZis, g. rcxilaZis, s. dadianis, v. cincabaZis, g. belTaZis, n. kaxianis, v. mamalaZis, T.
Sengelias, S. ioselianis, x. laSxias, b. pirvelis, v. nacvliSvilis da v. gegeWkoris mimarT,
gaTvaliswinebuli sisx[lis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos
daumtkiceblaT.
5. braldeba mimarTuli: d. oniaSvilis, n. qarcivaZis, v. bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, g.
anjafariZis, a. kalandaraSvilis, e. latarias, a. fiCxaias, p. xurciZis, l. esvanjias, S.
kalandaraSvilis, v. beriZis, S. TvalTvaZis, g. giorgaZis, n. imnaiSvilis, k. niniZis, g.
rcxilaZis, s. dadianis da fanculaias, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis]
me 66 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos daumtkiceblaT.
6. vaxtang dimitris Ze nacvliSvili, mis mimarT wayenebuli braldebis
daumtkiceblobis gamo, gamarTlebuli iqnas.
7. braldeba mimarTuli: ivane nestoris Ze lorTqifaniZis, valerian mixeilis Ze
bilaniSvilis, estate besarionis Ze latarias, akaki aleqsis Ze fiCxaias, lavrenti vasilis
Ze esvanjias, Salva konstantines Ze TvalTvaZis, vlasi lukas Ze mamalaZis, Salva dimitris
Ze ioselianis, xariton petres Ze laSxias, vladimer aleqsis Ze gegeWkors, Teofile simonis
Ze Sengelias, egnate giorgis Ze gablians, ambrosi sabas Ze kvirikaZis, mixeil Tomas Ze
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WaniSvilis, gabriel konstantines Ze gogoliSvilis, konstantine darispanis Ze
lorTqifaniZis, aleqsandre samsonis Ze bokerias, aleqsandre nikolozis Ze CxaiZis, akaki
maTes Ze kalandaraSvilis, Salva maTes Ze kalandaraSvilis da artem filipes Ze fanculaias
mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos
damtkicebulaT. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs ra maT mier Cadenil qmedobis mcire
mniSvnelobas, TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa] miesajos TiToeul
maTgans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iRebs
ra mxedvelobaSi, rom zemoaRniSnuli pirebi saSiSroebas sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis ar
warmoadgenen, TanaxmaT sakavSiro centralur aRmasrulebeli komitetis me III sesiis 1925
w[lis] 7 martis dadgenilebisa, ganTavisuflebuli iqnan sasjelisagan.
8. braldeba mimarTuli daviT efremis Ze oniaSvilis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli
s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebisa], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi d. oniaSvilis Tavisi Secdomebis gulwrfel
aRiarebas sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaSe, Tanaxmad s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28
m[uxlisa], miesajos Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT, winaswari
dapatimrebis CaTvliT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs ra d. oniaSvilis avaTmyofobas,
darCenili sasjelis vadas, TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 46 m[uxlisa], sTvlis
pirobiT sasjelaT sami wliT gamasworebeli vadiT.
9. braldeba mimarTuli: grigol simonis Ze rcxilaZis, samson platonis Ze dadianis,
kirile iases Ze niniZis, nikifore besarionis Ze imnaiSvilis da grigol kimoTes Ze giorgaZis
mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebisa],
CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi, rom xsenebuli
pirebi winaaRmdegi iyven sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mowyobis da
sasamarTlos samsjavro sxdomaze aRiares sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis
aucilebloba, Tanaxmad s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa], miesajos TiToeul
maTgans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
iTvaliswinebs ra, rom g. rcxilaZe, s. dadiani, n. imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, g. giorgaZe ar
warmoadgenen sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis saSiSroebas, TanaxmaT sakavSiro centraluri
aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1925 w[lis] 7 martis dadgenilebisa ganTavisuflebuli iqnan
sasjelisagan.
10. braldeba aleqsandre beglaris Ze ZaZamias mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi mis proletarul mdgomareobas, TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis]
kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa], miesajos mas sami wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sastiki izolaciiT.
xolo am sasjelis moxdidan sakavSiro centraluri aRmasrulebel komitetis 1925 w[lis] 7
martis dadgenilebis TanaxmaT, ganTavisuflebul iqnas.
11. braldeba nikoloz ioTamis Ze qarcivaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis
sam[arTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebiT], romelzedac is erTxel ukve iyo
gasamarTlebuli saqarT[velos] sag[angebo] komisiis mier, uzenaesi sasamarTlo
xelmZRvanelobs ra s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 3 m[uxliT], n. qarcivaZes am saqmeze
sasamarTlo pasuxismgeblobidan anTavisuflebs.
12. braldeba iakob sabas Ze fanoziSvilis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], romelzedac is erTxel ukve iyo gasamarTlebuli
saq[arTvelos] sag[angebo] komisiis mier, uzenaesi sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs ra s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 3 m[uxliT], i. fanoziSvils am saqmeze sasamarTlo
pasuxismgeblobidan anTavisuflebs.
13. braldeba mimarTuli: apolon kimoTes Ze baxtaZis, nikoloz nikolozis Ze
nakaSiZis, vladimer aleqsis Ze beriZis, parTen ivanes Ze xurciZis da genadi moses Ze
belTaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 61 m[uxliT],
CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa],
miesajos TiTeul maTgans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT, winaswari
dapatimrebis drois CaTvliT.
55
14. braldeba simon giorgis Ze xoferias mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61, 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da TanaxmaT
s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa], miesajos mas sami wliT Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa, sastiki izolaciiT, winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT.
15. braldeba giorgi nestoris Ze anjafariZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebisa], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da
miesajos mas Tavisuflebis aRkveTa xuTi wliT, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari
dapatimrebis CaTvliT.
16. braldeba mimarTuli ivane daviTis Ze avaliSvilis da biZina giorgis Ze pirvelis
mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos
damtkicebulaT da miesajos TiTeul maTgans xuTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sastiki
izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT.
17. braldeba napoleon ilias Ze kaxianis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da miesajos mas
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa rva wliT, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT.
18. braldeba grigol dimitris Ze cincabaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]
s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 60, 61 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da miesajos mas rva
wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis caTvliT.
19. braldeba mimarTuli: konstantine emanuilis Ze andronikaSvilis, iason vladimeris
Ze javaxiSvilis, grigol evgenis Ze jinorias, mixeil nikolozis Ze boWoriSvilis da mixeil
nikolozis Ze iSxnelis mimarT, romelTagan pirvel oTxs braldebaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis]
kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59, 60, 16, 64, 66 m[uxlebiT] gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli da
ukanasknels s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 61, 60, 16, 64, 66 m[uxlebi], CaiTvalos
damtkicebulaT da miesajoT maT sasjelis umaRlesi zoma - daxvreta. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da agreTve zemoaRniSnul
braldebulebis samsjavro sxdomaze gancxadebas, riTac isini mouwodeben qarTul
politikur partiebs dadgen mSvidobian gzas da sabWoTa konstituciis farglebSi sabWoTa
xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobiT, miiRon monawileoba saxelmwifoebriv, ekonomiur da
kulturul aRmSeneblobaSi, sasjelis umaRles zomas - daxvretas - cvlis aTi wliT
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT. ganaCeni es
saboloa da ar SeiZleba iqnas gansaCivrebuli.
nivTieri damamtkicebeli sabuTebi gadaeces revoliuciis muzeums.
Tavmjdomare g[alaktion] vaSaZe
wevrebi: vano sturua,
i. cincaZe
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furclebi 766-779.
dokumenti #6. safrangeTis rkinigzis muSaTa delegaciis
saubari „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis“ TavmjdomaresTan konstantine (kote)
andronikaSvilTan
1926 wlis 30 seqtemberi
muSebi
kiTxvebi, romlebic dausva 1926 wlis 30 seqtembers
#1 gamasworebel saxlSi politikur patimrebs safrangeTis
rkinigzis muSaTa delegaciam da am kiTxvebze pasuxebi
kiTxva 1. ra aris Tqveni dapatimrebis mizezi?
pasuxi 1. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebaSi monawileoba.
kiTxva 2. romel politikur jgufs ekuTvnian dapatimrebulebi da rogori
proporciiT?
56
pasuxi 2. 16 patimridan 7 social-demokratia, 4 erovnul-demokrati, 2 socialist-
revolucioneri da 3 upartio.
kiTxva 3. cnobT Tu ara klasTa brZolas?
pasuxi 3. am kiTxvaze mxolod social-demokratebi pasuxoben, rom ki vaRiarebT.
kiTxva 4. mmarTvelobis rogori sistemis damyareba gsurdaT saqarTveloSi?
pasuxi 4. damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis, romelic sayovelTao saarCevno
sistemaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.
kiTxva 5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi aZlevdiT Tu
ara komunistebs im Tavisuflebas, romelsac Tqven iTxovdiT?
pasuxi 5. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis damokidebuleba komunistebTan or
periodad unda daiyos: pirveli, rodesac komunistebs miecaT legalurad muSaobis ufleba
(hqondaT TavianTi klubi, beWvdiTi organo „kavkasieli muSebi“, „komunisti“ da Rebulobdnen
monawileobas yvela saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis arCevnebSi); meore
periodi es aris represiebis periodi (dapatimrebebi da gazeTebis daxurva), radgan ruseTis
kom[unisturi] partia sistematurad cdilobda saqarTveloSi intervenciis ganxorcielebas;
mesame periodi. kom[unisturi] partiis xelaxla legalizeba 1920 wlis 7 maisis SeTanxmebis
Semdeg, romliTac sabWoTa ruseTma de iure cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
kiTxva 6. ra gaakeTa Tqvenma mTavrobam saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis
im 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi, ra periodSic iyaviT Tqven xelisuflebaSi?
pasuxi 6. unda gavixsenoT, rom msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg yvela eris
meurneoba dangreuli iyo. mdgomareoba kidev ufro daamZima sabWoTa ruseTis mier
saqarTvelosaTvis gamocxadebulma blokadam da saerTaSoriso satranzito gzis moSlam.
unda aRiniSnos aseve isic, rom saqarTvelos axalgazrda respublika maSin Tavis pirvel
nabijebs dgamda. moxda yvela Tavadaznauris miwis konfiskacia (garda TiToeuli
maTganisaTvis datovebuli normisa). konfiskirebuli miwebidan Seiqmna specialuri miwis
fondi, saidanac glexebi Rebulobdnen miwebs. saqarTvelom Seqmna Tavisi finansuri sistema.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli maneTis kursi yvela sabWoTa fulze ufro maRali kursis iyo
ara mxolod saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi, aramed saqarTvelos gasabWoebis
Semdegac, 1923 wlamde, roca qarTuli fuli gauqmda (ixileT 1922-1923 wlebSi gamocemuli
saqarTvelos centraluri statistikuri sammarTvelos krebuli). saqarTvelos
demokratiulma respublikam imTaviTve daiwyo molaparakebebi ucxoel kapitalistebTan maTi
kapitalis qveyanaSi mosazidad, magram amas xeli rusulma okupaciam SeuSala. rusulma
okupaciam SeuSala xeli aseve inglisisgan sesxis miRebas, arada sesxi ukve gamoyofili iyo.
ai, mxolod ramodenime Strixi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis nabijebis.
kiTxva 7. aRiarebT Tu ara s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi] r[espublikebis] k[avSiris]
socialur da ekonomikur progress samoqalaqo omidan dRemde?
pasuxi 7. ruseTis socialuri da ekonomikuri progresi imsaxurebs Rrma Seswavlas
da interess, magram maTi Sefasebisagan Cven Tavs vikavebT. amasTanave, Cven gvsurs rus erTan
erTad gamovideT arsebuli siZneleebidan. saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT Cven vacxadebT, rom
okupaciis win saqarTvelos sawarmoo Zalebi iwyebdnen mxolod gafurCqvnas, magram
saokupacio xelisuflebam ZalmomreobiT SeaCera is.
kiTxva 8. rogor gepyrobian sapyrobileSi?
pasuxi 8. ajanyebasTan kavSiris braldebiT, Cveni informaciiT, sasamarTlos gareSe
4000 adamiani daxvrites, ramdenime aseuli ki ruseTSi gadaasaxles, sadac maT iZulebiT
amuSaveben. saqarTvelodan gasaxleba xdeba ZiriTadad politikuri motiviT. ajanyebaSi
monawile mxolod ramdenime aTeuli gadasces sasamarTlos. aTasebi ki Cekam daxvrita. aq
imyofeba 16 braldebuli sxvadasxva vadiT da mkacri izolaciiT (samidan aT wlamde).
kiTxvaze Tu rogori pirobebi gvaqvs sapyrobileSi, Tavs vikavebT pasuxis gacemisagan.
kiTxva 9. safrangeTis muSaTa gamosvlam da safrangeT-sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebam
ra motivacia mogcaT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad?
pasuxi 9. Cven vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad Cven mxari
unda dagviWiros mTelma saerTaSoriso demokratiam, romlis mTavar princips warmoadgens
erTa TviTgamorkveva. frangi komunistebidan Cven aseT mxardaWeras velodiT, radgan isini
57
aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars marokos da sirias damoukideblobas. es gvaZlevs uflebas
vifiqroT, rom mimdinare safrangeT-sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebebi maTTvis warmoadgens
xelsayrel moments saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxis wamosaWrelad.
kiTxva 10. fiqrobT, rom moxdeba kapitalisturi qveynebis intervencia da isurvebdiT
amas saqarTvelos sasargeblod?
pasuxi 10. Cven winaaRmdegi varT yovelgvari intervenciis saqarTveloSi rogorc
sabWoTa ise momaval burJuaziul saqarTveloSi. es sakiTxi 1915 wlis parizis samSvidobo
konferenciaze wamoswia Cvenma deputatma i. wereTelma. am mosazrebas vemxrobiT exlac.
kiTxva 11. rogori saSualebebiT apirebT sabWoTa xelisuflebis Camogdebas?
pasuxi 11. vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi cnobilia
yvela saerTaSoriso demokratiisTvis da rom am demokratiam Tavisi organoebis meSveobiT
(muSaTa socialisturi internacionali, erTa liga da sxv.) mosTxova sabWoTa ruseTs
moexsna okupacia saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc cdilobs sabWoTa ruseTi moxsnas rumineTma
okupacia besarabiaSi.
kiTxva 12. amarTlebT Tu ara Tqven axla 1924 wlis ajanyebas?
pasuxi 12. Cveni Sexeduleba amaze Cven sasamarTlo procesze vaCveneT, sadac
vacxadebdiT, rom ajanyeba iyo xelisuflebis okupaciis Sedegi. igive azrze varT axlac.
kiTxva 13. xarT Tu ara momxre sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZolis?
pasuxi 13. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis ganmeorebas Cven qarTveli erisTvis damRupvelad
vTvliT.
gadasca 16 patimris saxeliT k. andronikaSvilma.
1926 wlis 30 seqtemberi.
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furclebi 386-389.
Levan Jikia
Documents and materials for the history
of 1924 Anti-Soviet National Revolt
Summary
In February-March, 1921 the Soviet Russia executed annexation and occupation of the democratic republic of
Georgia. Under the conditions of the strictest occupation regime the national forces attempted to organize the situation.
The aim of Georgian National Movement represented restoration of state independence of Georgia. The national
movement launched in 1921 was transformed into the forced revolt in 1924. The political parties began organizing the
struggle for restoration of the independence of Georgia. For achieving the common goal five leading political parties of
Georgia were united. They created `Committee of Independence of Georgia” (`Damkomi”). The committee determined
the date of the rebellion as 2 a.m. on August 28-29, 1924. In spite of the great devotion the rebels were defeated. From
July 15, 1925 to August 3, 1925 the trials of the leaders of the rebellion were being processed. The court divided the
defendants into categories and sentenced to imprisonment for different term. Five defendants were sentenced to be shot
though later the sentence was changed into 10 year-imprisonment. With it the soviet government wanted to show its
`human” face to the mankind, but in reality, under the unbearable circumstances existing in the prisons it was their torturer
face for death.
I suggest you the documents and materials that will complete the history of 1924 revolt in Georgia.
58
gvanca burduli, istoriis doqtori
brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis
(ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris
1906 wlis 13 dekembris sxdoma)
1906 wlis 8 martidan 15 dekembramde sankt-peterburgSi mimdinareobda ruseTis
saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiri. TaTbiris mizani iyo ruseTSi patriarqobisa da saeklesio
krebis aRdgenisaTvis aucilebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadeba. Cafiqrebuli saeklesio
reforma Tavisi SinaarsiT mravlis momcveli iyo. erT-erT sakiTxad ruseTis saeklesio
krebis winare TaTbirze ixileboda kavkasiaSi saeklesio cxovrebis mowyobis proeqti.
ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore ganyofileba ixilavda saqarTvelos
eklesiis statusis sakiTxs. qarTvelma mRvdelmTavrebma, episkoposma kirionma (giorgi
saZagliSvilma) da episkoposma leonidma (longinoz oqropiriZem), cnobilma mecnierma
qarTvelologma niko marma, aleqsandre cagarelma da aleqsandre xaxanaSvilma rogorc
kanonikuri, ise mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT daasabuTes saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis
avtokefaliis aRdgenis kanoniereba da samarTlianoba. rusma mecnierebma da samRvdeloebam
veraferi daupirispires qarTvelTa logikur mtkicebulebebs. miuxedavad amisa, saeklesio
krebis winare TaTbirma miuReblad miiCnia saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena.
ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirma muSaoba 1906 wlis 15 dekembers daasrula1.
ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore ganyofilebis 13 dekembris sxdoma
iyo ukanaskneli sxdoma, sadac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis kanonierebis sakiTxi
sabolood unda gadawyvetiliyo. sakiTxis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, warmovadgenT rusi
mecnierebis saboloo Sexedulebebs saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
1906 wlis 13 dekemberis ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore
ganyofilebis sxdomas (seqcias), romelsac Tavmjdomareobda litvisa da volinskis
mTavarepiskoposi, maRalsamRvdelo nikandri, eswrebodnen: mogilevis episkoposi stefane;
dekanozi prof. t. i. butkeviCi, dekanozi i. i. vostorgovi; profesori T. i. titovi, dekanozi
i. i. koialoviCi, profesorebi: i. s. berdnikovi, a. i. almazovi, m. a. ostroumovi, i. s. palmovi,
n. n. glubokovski, a. i. briliantovi, i. i. sokolovi. sxdomas aseve eswreboda wmida sinodis
oberprokurori, samoqalaqo mrCeveli v. f. trelini.
profesorma n. n. glubokovskim Tavisi saboloo Sexeduleba saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtokefaliis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ase daasabuTa:
„saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi, upirvelesad, CvenTan warmoadgines
misi praqtikuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare. Cvenc davadeqiT am gzas, raTa igi
gadagvewyvita ara marto Teoriuli mosazrebebiT, aramed Sesabamisi saeklesio
cxovrebisaTvis saWiro sasargeblo nabijebiT, yovelmxrivi ganmartebebiTa da dasabuTebiT.
Cvens ukanasknel sesiaze zogierTi Seecada saqme istoriul-arqeologiuri Ziebis sferoSi
gadaeyvana da msjelobisaTvis samecniero xasiaTi mieca. amis msurvelni maleve damarcxdnen.
me srulebiT ar veTanxmebodi da ar viyavi momxre, gvesaubra am axal SemoTavazebaze...
1) istoriuli movlenebis obieqturad gaSuqebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos
uZvelesi qristianobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb Cven SemogvTavazes bevri axali da originaluri
mosazreba, romliTac mniSvnelovan gaurkvevlobebs naTeli moefina, magram es yvelaferi
Zalian daSorebulia ZiriTadi Temisgan. Tuki mainc movindomebT da SesaZleblad CavTvliT
1Сергей Бычков. Русская Церковь и Императорская власть. Москва, 1998.
59
romelime mosazrebis gamoyenebas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis dasamtkiceblad, unda
gamoviyenoT mociqulebrivi warmomavlobis faqti. msgavsi RirsebiT ki Semkulia dRes
arsebuli qristianuli eklesiebis umravlesoba. miuxedavad amisa yvelas ar gaaCnia
TviTmmarTvelobis unari, romlis pretenziasac acxadebs saqarTvelos eklesia. maSasadame,
es ukanaskneli (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos eklesia - g. b.) ar Seesabameba kanonikur
avtokefaliurobas. Cven vnaxeT, rom qarTvelebi qristes moZRvrebas sxvadasxva misioneris
saSualebiT ecnobodnen, romelTac Cven ver aviyvanT macxovris ama Tu im mowafis xarisxSi.
am dakvirvebebis Sedegad SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos eklesias mieniWos avtokefalia.
amitomac valdebulni varT, is davyoT ramdenime damoukidebel saeklesio olqad.
2) aravis eeWveboda, rom saqarTvelo odesRac saeklesio damoukideblobas flobda,
Tumca pirvel xanebSi msgavsi damoukidebloba saqristiano samyaros yvela did eklesias
hqonda. amJamad ki avtokefalia mxolod cotasRa gaaCnia. es uciloblad adasturebs imas,
rom rigiTi saeklesio damoukidebloba ar Seicavda aucilebelsa da kanonikur sanqciebs,
romlebic, gardauvalobidan gamomdinare, maTgan ar modioda. politikur sferoSi Cven
vpoulobT avtonomiurobis sakmaris magaliTebs, magram gana SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela
flobs saxelmwifoebriv avtonomias? maSin kulturul erTobas mowyvetili yvela veluri
iqneboda saxelmwifoebrivad avtonomiuri. WeSmariti avtonomia iwyeba im droidan, roca
adgilobriv xalxs sxva avtonomiur qveynebTan harmoniuli urTierToba aqvs da maT Soris
Tanasworuflebian adgils ikavebda iaponiac. arsebiTad igi mxolod ganvlili omis Semdeg
gaxda sruli avtonomiuri qveyana, xolo manamde mas saerTaSoriso SezRudvebi hqonda (sxva
qveynebSi ar hyavda sruluflebiani warmomadgenlebi). igive viTarebaa saeklesio
avtokefaliurobis SemTxvevaSic. es niSnavs sanqcirebul damoukideblobas, romelic
eklesiam moipova sxvadasxva TviTmmarTveli eklesiis msgavsad, romelsac saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis ucilobeli faqtoris RirsebiT iuridiul legalizebas ukeTebs.
sainteresoa, rogor iyo saqme am mimarTebiT saqarTvelos magaliTis mixedviT? d ai, es aris
metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. pasuxis sruli gaazrebisa da gacemisaTvis Cven gvesaWiroeba
mxolod faqtis da eklesiis avtokefaliis konstantireba. amasTanave, dazustebiT unda
gavarkvioT, rogor garemosa da ra pirobebSi eboZa mas avtokefalia?
3) am kardinaluri Temis Sesaxeb Cven aranairi gansxvaveba ar gvxvdeba da Semdgomi
viTarebisaTvis yvela damatebiTi swavleba mdgomareobas ufro arTulebs, arada, piriqiT,
naTels unda hfendes. pirvel rigSi niSandoblivia, rom Cven avtoritetulad gvimtkiceben,
TiTqos qarTuli wyaroebi sakmaod saeWvoa da gamoirCeva tendenciurobiT. Tuki es marTlac
asea, maSin Cven Zalian didi sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT iseTi cnobebis warmodgenisas,
romlebic exebian iuridiul-kanonikur Temebs tendenciuri da ZaldatanebiTi zegavlenis
fonze, romelic Tan gasdevs istoriul masalas. irkveva, rom saqarTvelos avtokefaliis
erTguli damcvelebi zustad am Zeglebze ageben analogebs misi kanonikurobis dacvisaTvis,
riTac mTel rig sakuTar daskvnebs agdeben ganqiqebaSi; dasasrul, mTeli maTi Sroma xdeba
gansakuTrebulad sadavo. maT kvlevebs bevri ukliaT faqtebamde da ar Seicaven
damajereblobas. maTSi ar SeimCneva arc raime samecniero maxvilgoniereba da arc
subieqturi kvleva-Zieba. amis gamo bevri ram gaugebari da bundovania. magaliTad, isini
adastureben, rom avtokefaliur saqarTveloSi kaTalikosi ar moixseniebda arc erT
patriarqs. es ki savsebiT dauSvebelia avtokefaliuri eklesiebis urTierTobaSi, anu, aqedan
gamomdinare, mas ar gaaCnia kanonikuri avtokefalia. sxva qarTuli cnobebi kidev ufro
bundovania da avtokefaliuri apologetika SemdgomSi iZulebulia mimarTos sxva
saSualebebs (antioqiis patriarqis Teodore balsamonis mier saqarTvelos garkveviT
moxsienieba, Tumca, rogorc Tvlian, es cnoba „antioqiuri tendenciurobisagan“ ar aris
Tavisufali). yovelive amis Semdeg me kvlav Seuryevlad vagrZeleb fiqrs, rom λεγεται mas
udasturebs istoriuli wyaroebis ararsebobas da eyrdnoba mxolod Worebs. magram gana
SeeZlo am Tavisi sizustiT cnobil avtors dakmayofilebuliyo am ukanaskneliT, Tuki igi
niSandobliv monacemebs flobda? amasTanave, es gaurkvevloba am gadmocemaSi srulad
ganekuTvneba kanonikurad boZebul avtokefalias. iveriis eklesiis daqvemdebarebas antioqiis
sapatriarqosadmi balsamoni mtkiced adasturebs, roca yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom es faqti
ar moiTxovs aranair damatebiT argumentacias. saqarTvelos eklesiis mogviano istoriaSi
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imdenad xSiria arev-dareva, winaaRmdegobebi, rom axla namdvilad SeuZlebelia ZiriTad
sakiTxebSi garkveva, Tu ramdeni sakaTalikoso iyo, ratom daarsdnen isini, sxvebTan rogor
urTierTobaSi iyvnen, rogor kompetencias flobdnen da a. S. dasasrul ki, yvelaze
tendenciuri ganmartebebidanac SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom, kerZod, marTlac SemTxveviT moxda
erTi sapatriarqos (antioqiis) mxridan saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWeba
da ara „msoflio eklesiis mier“. am aramtkice niadagze ufro advilia Senobis dangreva,
vidre axali myari Senobis ageba saeklesio msaxurebisaTvis.
4) Tuki saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliurobis kanonikuri faqti jer kidev
gaurkvevelia, maSin aranakleb saTuo iqneba misi warmoSobisa da ararsebobis pirobebic,
riTac cdiloben Tavi daicvan. erT referatSi pirdapir xazgasmuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos
gaaCnda „imperiisadmi“ aradaqvemdebarebuli provinciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saeklesio
damoukidebloba. es ki TavisTavad sagangebod aRsaniSnavi ambavia, romelsac mxolod gakvriT
ixsenieben, arada Cveni sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis es didad faseulia. kanonebis mixedviT ki,
saeklesio mowyoba unda Seesabamebodes samoqalaqo mowyobas (IV msoflio krebis me-17
kanoni, trulis saeklesio krebis 38-e kanoni, II msoflio saeklesio krebis me-3 kanoni, IV
msoflio saeklesio krebis 28-e kanoni da antioqiis krebis me-9 kanoni). maSasadame, romelime
olqis politikuri mdgomareobis SecvlasTan erTad SesaZlebelia misi saeklesio
mdgomareobis Secvlac. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonikuri avtokefaliac ar SeiZleba
xeluxleblad CaiTvalos. garda amisa, mocemul Temaze uamravi magaliTi gvaqvs da isini
dokumentaluradac arian dadasturebulni i. s. palmovis moxsenebasa da ganmartebebSi,
aqedan ki T. i. titovma saWiro daskvnebi gamoitana. rac adre iyo saqarTvelo, dRes is aRar
aris. is ruseTis saxelmwifos Semadgeneli nawilia. sainteresoa, ratom aris, rom
gardasuli xana mas saerTod ar amcnobs missave uflebebs, romlebsac amJamad gamoiyenebda,
maSin, rodesac misaRebia garkveuli aucilebeli kanonikuri normebi. Tuki „saero
Jamgasuloba“ gamouyenebelia Tanamedrove saqarTvelosaTvis, maSin igi ufro uadgiloc
iqneba marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelosaTvis da ar arsebobs aranairi dabrkoleba
dasaxelebuli kanonebis marTebulad gamoyenebisaTvis... aqedan ki neba gveZleva davaskvnaT,
rom ar arsebobs Cvens droSi saqarTveloSi adre arsebuli avtokefaliis aRdgenis
safuZveli...
5) amrigad, kidev ver avxseniT is kanonikuri safuZveli, romlis mixedviTac unda
moxdes saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. am punqtSi me principulad veTanxmebi
im Tvalsazriss, romelic Cveni ganyofilebis kompetenturi wevrebis kanonikur referatSi
gvxvdeba. Cemi mxriv, garkveviT mivuTiTeb, rom kanonikuri avtokefaliuroba saeklesio
TviTmyofadobasTan aranair kavSirSi ar aris da aqedan gamomdinare, pirvelis dakargva ar
niSnavs meoris darRvevas da Seuracxyofas. piriqiT, msgavsi metamorfozis drosac
saeklesio cxovreba adrindeli regulirebiT aRsruldeba da yovelgvari cvalebadobis
gareSe warmatebiT ganagrZobs Tavis arsebobas sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis. me Rrmad vcem
pativs erovnul Segnebas, religiur moTxovnilebebs, aseve yvelasagan didi pativiscemiT
viReb mocemuli saxis logikur damowmebebs, magram vfiqrob, rom es maRali delikaturi
elementi sruliad ar exeba avtokefaliurobis sakiTxs. es ukanaskneli Cveulebrivi saxiT
analogiuria Cveni, Cveulebrivi samrevlo mowyobisa. masSi gvxvdeba damoukidebeli
samrevloebi, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad ixurebian da Tavis damoukideblobas kargaven.
arseboben daqvemdebarebuli samrevloebic, romlebic TandaTanobiT aRweven kanonikur
avtonomias. orive SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiuri saeklesio cxovrebis dros morwmuneebs
aranairad ar awuxebT esencialuroba da gareSe mdgomareobasTan aranairi daeWvebis
faqtoric ar arsebobs. aq saqme exeba mxolod faqtobrivad xelsayrel pirobebs, Tu rogor
TanxvedraSia droebiTi xasiaTis gansakuTrebul faqtorebTan da yvelaferSi cvalebad
xasiaTs avlens. es yovelive, rac zemoT aRvniSneT, aucilebelia saeklesio kanonikuri
avtokefaliisaTvisac. maS ratom aris saWiro qarTvelebisaTvis misi dasabuTeba ara
istoriul-arqeologiuri argumentebiT, aramed saeklesio keTildReobisaTvis arsebuli
moTxovnilebebis gadaWriT.
6) aucileblobidan gamomdinare, kvlav unda davubrundeT Cveni muSaobis sawyis gegmas
da unda gavarkvioT Sesaswavli Tema Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saWiroebis kuTxiT. aq Cven
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pirdapir migviTiTeben, rom marTlmadideblurma ruseTma yvela kanonis darRveviT,
yvelanairi „agresiuli xrikebis“ gamoyenebiT moaxdina saqarTvelos uzurpacia da
`Zaladobrivad miitaca“ saqarTvelos eklesiis „TviTmmarTvelobis“ xelSeuxebeli
uflebebi. arada Tavis droze man TviTon gadasca es uflebebi erTmorwmune did
saxelmwifos, maSin, rodesac tiriliTa da cremlebiT iTxovda mfarvelobas. amitom
„xelSeuxeblobaze“ saubaric ki ar SeiZleba, ramdenadac avtokefalia, romelic Tavisi
aRiarebisaTvis kanonikur sanqciebs moiTxovs, faqtobrivad ikargeba. ase iyo saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSic, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi kargavda Tavis politikur TviTmyofadobas.
amis paralelurad TandaTan usustdeboda saeklesio damoukideblobis SenarCunebis unaric.
es ki did saSiSroebas warmoqmnida, rom daiTrguneboda TviTon marTlmadidebluri rwmena
da moxdeboda misi STanTqma muslimobiT. bunebrivia, rom maSin qarTvelTagan aravin
acxadebda pretenzias arc adrindel avtokefaliaze, arc ormxriv pirobebze, romlebic
damyarda molaparakebis Sedegad. aqedan ki ra gamodis d Cven saerTod ar gvesmis, Tu ra
aris avtokefaliisaTvis, anda avtonomiisaTvis gadamwyveti moTxovnebi, piriqiT, XIX
saukunis bolomde mxolod aRtacebuli qeba-dideba gaismoda „keTilmeurveobis Sesaxeb
marTlmadidebluri ruseTis mxridan, radganac misi kalTis qveS ,,saqarTvelos eklesia
keTildReobda da uzrunvelad imyofeboda“. religiur-zneobrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxare
SesamCnevad amaRlda da gaumjobesda. TandaTan daiwo ganaxleba axali formebiT da axla
Cvens mZime gaWirvebul epoqaSi simSvideSi mcxovrebi saqarTvelo xmas imaRlebs, mkvaxe
protests gamoTqvams gadamrCenelis mimarT da mkacri gamonaTqvamebiT adanaSaulebs
saeklesio sinodalur mmarTvelobas... gana mniSvnelovani ar aris es yvelaferi?.. ratom ar
gamoiTqva msgavsi pretenziebi SeerTebis dros, rodesac ruseTi mzad iyo yovelgvari
msxverpli gaeRo erTmorwmune gatanjuli qveynis xsnisaTvis? Tundac is faqti rad Rirs,
rom samagierod is aranair sargebels ar iTxovda, magram iZulebuli gaxda aqtiurad
CarTuliyo Tavisi survilis sawinaaRmdegod, oRondac erTaderTi da yovelgvari madlis
miRebis gareSe, mxolod kacTmoyvareobis interesebidan gamomdinare... zogierTi amtkicebs,
rom Tavdapirvelad qarTvel kaTalikoss rus mRvdelmTavrebs Soris miakuTvnes meoTxe
adgili, SemdgomSi ki mecxre adgilze gadaiyvanes. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovania mxolod
ZiriTadi principi, rom qarTveli kaTalikosi Cairicxa rus ierarqTa ricxvSi, rogorc maTi
Semadgeneli nawili da es moxda ara despotizmiTa da mitacebiT, aramed sruli
nebayofilobiT. cxadia, ruseTisaTvis yovelTvis ucxo iyo angarebiani zraxvebi da igi ar
xelmZRvanelobda mxolod erTi „egoisturi simpaTiebiT“, rasac aRniSnavs mxolod prof. n.
a. mari, da gulwrfelad surda qarTvelTa samefosaTvis saukeTeso survilebi. gvekamaTebian,
rom ruseTma ver gaamarTla qarTvel marTlmadidebelTa molodini, da axla am ukanasknelis
mxolod dabrkolebas Tu emsaxureba. Cveni mxriv, Znelia uarvyoT am saxis zogierTi faqti,
Tumca unda dagveTanxmon, rom isini SemTxveviT movlenebs ar warmoadgendnen. isic ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom ruseTis samoqalaqo xelisuflebas mravali samoqalaqo-politikuri
SezRudvebi hqonda, amitomac xSirad ver sargeblobda Tavisufali qmedebebiT, raSic
damnaSaved cnes mxolod ruseTis xelisufleba, maSin, rodesac Cvens Tanamedrove
cxovrebaSi, TviTon TbilisSive, dRisiT-mzisiT, pirdapir Tavs esxmian da iaraRs esvrian
rus mRvdelmTavrebs... da Tuki am faqtorebs obieqturad SevafasebT, maSin piradad me ar
SemiZlia imis daSveba, rom qarTvelma ukiduresma avtokefalistebma gadawyvites daasabuTon,
TiTqos ruseTis eklesia marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelos mimarT yovelTvis sistematuri
mtrobis iniciativas iCenda da winaswar gegmavda sxvadasxva saxis devna-Seviwroebas rwmenis,
saeklesio marTlweris, tradiciebisa da enis sferoSi. saegzarqosos periodis mkacri
mimoxilva sapirispirosac sakmarisad amtkicebs. masSi iyo arcTu ise mcire defeqtebi,
iseTebi, rogorebic kerZo, aseve saerTo Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, magram isini srulebiTac
ar iyvnen principialurni da yovelTvis mzad iyvnen gamosworebisaTvis, ramdenadac arsebuli
viTareba amis saSualebas iZleoda. gavixsenoT, rom es is droa, roca Cven (ruseTs)
sisxlismRvreli omi gvaqvs kavkasiaSi... msgavsi, metad mZime siZneleebis dros saegzarqosos
mmarTvelobam marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelosaTvis bevri ram gaakeTa, zogjer TviTon
ruseTis interesebis sazianodac ki (amis fonze ki qarTveli samRvdeloebis moTxovnebs
akmayofilebda). amasve gvidasturebs yvela qarTveli kompetenturi mwerali yovelgvari
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aRelvebis gareSe. amis Semdeg maTi kerZo braldebebis aq ase mZafrad da ukmexad warmodgena
ar aris marTebuli. saerTod ki, rogorc sCveviaT, maT mier yvelaferi zedmetad aris
gazviadebuli... aseT SemTxvevaSi yvela naklovaneba unda aRmoifxvras da saukeTeso unda
iqnas datovebuli. es unda moxdes ormxrivad, raTa mivaRwioT eklesiis erTianobas
siyvaruliT, simarTliTa da WeSmaritebiT.
7) maSasadame, saqarTvelos dRevandeli saerTo mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
saqarTvelos eklesiis sasargeblod sakmarisi safuZvlebi ar mogvepoveba, raTa moxdes
misTvis avtokefaliis „sruli“ miniWeba, rogorc xdeba bevr SemTxvevaSi. msgavsi magaliTebi
istoriasa da kanonebSi uxvad aris. amitomac mxolod erTi, Semwynareblobis moraluri
motiviRa dagvrCenia. kidev ufro mciredi iyo CemTvis keTili da myari imediT STagoneba,
rom avtokefaliuri sakaTalikosos arsebobisas saeklesio saqme marTlmadideblur
saqarTveloSi nayofierad da mTeli sisruliT warimarTeboda. me imaSic mepareba eWvi, rom
qarTvel xalxSi iqneboda namdvili simSvide da saeklesio sferosac ar Seexeboda erovnuli
angariSsworeba. es ki marTlmadideblobisa da qarTveli xalxisaTvis daRupvis tolfasi
iqneboda. es ukanaskneli swored amiT iyo Zlieri da mtkice, swored amiT Semoinaxa aqamde
pirvandeli saxiT Tavisi meoba yvela mZime gaWirvebis gamovlis Semdegac. amave dros
namdvilad SesaZlebelia, rom erovnuli metoqeobiT gamTbari gulmodgineba gadava erovnul
prozelitizmSi. es ki tomTa Soris metad mwvave Setakebas gamoiwvevs, rac metad saxifaToa,
gaarTulebs urTierTobas ruseTis samoqalaqo da saeklesio xelisuflebasTan. ratom iqna
saWiro ZaldatanebiTi Carevis moTxovna, romelic sabolood mospobs Semweobisa da dacvis
ormxriv simpaTias? moiZebneba ki aq adgili wminda religiuri interesebisaTvis da isini
sxvadasxva garTulebis SemTxvevaSic xom ar gauCinardebian? an iqneb sruliad sxva miznebisa
da miswrafebebisaTvis mxolodRa iaraRi gaxdebian? arada istoriaSi amis Sesaxeb bevri
tragikuli da samwuxaro magaliTi mogveZebneba, romlebic dResac yvelas afrTxileben, rom
metad didia boroteba, roca religia gadadis politikaSi. es umniSvnelovanesi gakveTili
Cvenc unda gaviTvaliswinoT, raTa ar gagvitacos erTgvarma gulCvilobam. amitomac winaswar
yvela SesaZlebloba unda detalurad avwon-davwonoT... yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRweril
perspeqtivebSi Semwynareblobis motivebi yvelaze cudi argumenti aRmoCndeba...
me ar var sxvadasxva saxis mcire avtonomiurobisa da danawevrebuli
avtokefaliurobis momxre. yovelive amis Semdeg me srulebiT ar vdgavar „organul
mtkicebulebaze“ saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sawinaaRmdegod. piriqiT, mTeli
gadawyvetilebiT vuSveb, rom axal saeklesio avtokefalias SeuZlia sruli kanonierebis
dacviT aRmocendes da damyardes iqac ki, sadac is adre arasdros yofila, rogorc es moxda
uaxles warsulSi (XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi) avstria-ungreTSi, roca lovackis eparqias
gamoeyo germanStadtis (sibonis) ruminuli eklesia. es faqti marTebuli iqneba
marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvisac. Tuki igi saerTo wevria aRmosavleTis
ruseTis eklesiisa, maSin am ukanasknelis uSualo interesi imazea damyarebuli, rom misi
yvela nawili srulfasovani iyos. sxvagvarad erTi Semadgeneli elementis avadmyofobasa da
dabeCavebas SeuZlia mTeli organizmis daavadeba damRupveli seniT“...2
profesorebis i. s. palmovisa da n. n. glubokovskis saboloo Sexedulebebis mosmenis
Semdeg ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris 13 dekembris sxdomaze unda
gadawyvetiliyo kavkasiaSi saeklesio saqmeebis mowyobis sakiTxi. ruseTis saeklesio krebis
winare TaTbiris sxdomis Tavmjdomarem kenWi uyara Semdeg sakiTxs: sxdomam miiRos pirveli
proeqti, romelic dekanozma i. i. vostorgovma waikiTxa, Tu daamtkicos meore proeqti?
pirveli proeqtis Sesaxeb azri gamoTqves dekanozebma: t. i. butkeviCma, i. i. vostorgovma, a.
i. almazovma, meore proeqtis Sesaxeb ki sxdomis danarCenma wevrebma. umravlesobis
gadawyvetilebiT sxdomam miiRo meore proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda kavkasiaSi ori
samitropolitos dawesebas.
2Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки
подлежащих разсмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2.
Заседание 13 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №8 за 1907 год, стр. 180-191.
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sakiTxis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare warmovadgenT ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare
TaTbiris meore ganyofilebis 13 dekembris sxdomaze wakiTxul proeqtebs:
kavkasiaSi saeklesio saqmeebis mowyobis I proeqti
(saegzarqoso SenarCunebulia)
qarTuli eparqiebis mTavari saWiroeba, romelic miTiTebulia qarTveli episkoposebis
peticiebSi, dakmayofilebulia wmida sinodis a. w. 6 agvistos cnobili gankargulebiT. amave
gankargulebis me-4 da me-5 punqtebis mixedviT isRa dagvrCenia egzarqosebis wardginebas
davelodoT, romelic, ra Tqma unda, moxdeba saqarTvelos eparqiebis episkoposebTan
SeTanxmebiT.
gardaqmnis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro nabijebi asea warmodgenili:
soxumis eparqia, wmida sinodis mier orjer miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad,
gamoeyofa saegzarqosos, Semdeg ki wmida sinodi gadawyvets, mianiWebs Tu ara mas
damoukideblobas, anda SeuTavsebs Tu ara mezobel stavropols, an sulac ekaterinodaris
eparqias, Tuki iq iqneba damoukidebeli samRvdelmTavro kaTedra.
enguris marjvena sanapiroze, soxumis eparqiis samxreTiT arsebuli megruli
samrevloebi gadaecema samegrelos eparqias. samegrelos eparqias SeuerTdeba aseve is
svanuri samrevloebic, romlebic mas mdinare enguriT advilad ukavSirdebian.
qalaqi baTumi soxumis eparqiis gamgeblobaSi iqneba. saqarTvelos eparqiis is
samrevloebi, romlebic ganlagebulia samxedro gzaze gudauris uReltexilis
(gasasvlelis) CrdiloeTiT (eseni ufro osuri samrevloebia), geografiuli mdebareobidan
gamomdinare, ufro vladikavkazis eparqias unda ekuTvnodes. amave eparqias mieTvleba osuri
samrevloebi zgubisas uReltexilidan javis xeobamde.
guria miiRebs an gansakuTrebuli saepiskoposos statuss, anda miuerTdeba
imereTis saepiskoposos. Tuki gamoinaxeba saSualeba, is SeiZleba savikariodac gadakeTdes.
Tbilisis gubernia gadaiqceva gansakuTrebul samRvdelmTavrod, romelsac
saTaveSi mTavarepiskoposi (erovnebiT qarTveli) eyoleba. misi kaTedra mcxeTaSi iqneba,
xolo monacvle samyofeli (metoqi) ki TbilisSi, anCisxatis taZarTan, imave saxiT, rogoric
es adreve, qarTveli kaTalikosebis dros iyo.
episkoposebi moixsenebian ara im kuTxis macxovrebeli xalxis saxeliT, sadac
isini moRvaweoben, aramed maTi moxsenieba moxdeba sakaTedro qalaqis saxelis mixedviT.
amasTanave, eqnebaT sruli titulatura, iseTi Semoklebuli ki ara, rogoriTac axla
episkopos-vikarebs moixseneben.
araqarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis saegzarqosos sazRvrebSi dgindeba rusuli
eparqia, romelSic Seva: qalaqi Tbilisi mTeli Tavisi samrevloebiT, Tbilisis guberniis
borCalos mazra, erevnis, baqosa da elizavetpolis guberniebi.
is mizezebi, romelTa gamoc saegzarqosos rusi sasuliero pirebisaTvis aucileblad
unda daarsdes msgavsi eparqia, mocemulia qvemoT CanawerebSi.
rusuli eparqiis saTaveSi dgas mitropoliti, igi aseve wmida sinodis egzarqosia.
eparqiis kaTedraluri taZari Tbilisis sionia. mis gankargulebaSia amJamindeli
saegzarqosos saxlic. sionis taZridan anCisxatis taZarSi unda gadaabrZanon wmida ninos
jvari.
saegzarqoso daafuZnebs samitropolito olqs imave uflebebiT, rogoric ruseTSi
imave saxis olqebs gaaCniaT, mxolod mcire sxvaobiT, rom: a) mitropoliti adgilze ki ar
irCeva, aramed mas wmida sinodi niSnavs; b) episkoposebi mas Tavis wardginebebs aslebis
saxiT gadascemen, romlebic Tavis droze wmida sinodSi gadaagzavnes. egzarqoss ufleba
aqvs, saWiroebisamebr, gaakeTos Tavisi daskvnebi da aseve gaagzavnos wmida sinodSi.
sinodaluri kantora uqmdeba.
eparqiebis marTva xorcieldeba zustad imave safuZvlebiT, rogoric miRebulia im
eparqiebisaTvis, romlebic Sedian rusuli samitropolitoebis SemadgenlobaSi.
amis Semdeg SeiZleba Camoyalibdes gansakuTrebuli uflebebis mqone saepiskoposoebi:
rusuli _ baqoSi, berZnuli _ yarsSi, afxazuri _ afxazeTSi, osuri _ axalgorSi. masve
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SeuerTdeba 30 osuri samrevlo vladikavkazis eparqiidan. samitropolitos mxares SeiZleba
SeuerTdes gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT urubiis (sparseTis) eparqiac.
axali rusuli eparqiis daarsebisaTvis srulebiTac ar aris saWiro raRac
gansakuTrebuli Tanxebi. nawili am Tanxebisa, romlebic amJamad aris gamoyofili
sinodaluri kantorisaTvis, SesaZlebelia, Cairicxos axali eparqiis mmarTvelobis
Sesanaxad.
im TanxebiT, romlebic gamoyofilia samxedro saswavleblebis sabWosa da saeklesio
skolebis meTvalyureebis SenaxvisaTvis, dakmayofildes rusuli eparqiis saeklesio-
saskolo administracia.
TbilisSi, SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes ori sasuliero seminaria. axal SenobaSi
ganTavsdeba araqarTveli moswavleebisaTvis gankuTvnili seminaria (rusuli eparqiis) da
aqve ganTavsdeba droebiT, specialuri Senobis mowyobamde, sasuliero saswavleblebic
rusuli eparqiis sasuliero pirTa SvilebisaTvis. aq momsaxure pirTaTvis Statebi gadmova
gorisa da Telavis saswavleblebidan, romelTagan erT-erTi daixureba. Zvelsave SenobaSi
darCeba qarTvelebisaTvis gankuTvnili seminaria. qarTvelebsave rCebaT Tbilisis
sasuliero saswavlebelic. qarTuli seminariis SenaxvisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqneba
saqarTvelos eklesiis saxazino Tanxebi. rac Seexeba araqarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis
gaxsnil seminarias, igi im saxelmwifo Tanxebs gamoiyenebs, romlebic amJamad gamoyofilia
quTaisisa da Tbilisis seminariebisaTvis.
qarTveli sasuliero pirebis SvilebisaTvis gankuTvnili sasuliero-saswavlo
dawesebulebebis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi saqmis mowyobis proeqti SeiZleba damtkicdes
qarTveli episkoposebis mier mowyobil TaTbirze, romelsac egzarqosi uxelmZRvanelebs.
TaTbiris bolos ki krebis gadawyvetileba wmida sinods waredgineba.
rusulenovani saswavlo dawesebuleba ruseTSi miRebul saerTo wesebs iyenebs.
saqarTvelos, imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos eparqiaTa mRvdelmTavrebs uSualod
unda daevaloT da movaleobad unda daekisroT is, rom araqarTulenovani
samrevloebisaTvis daniSnon maTive Tanamemamule mRvdelmsaxurebi: rusulSi _ rusi,
berZnulSi _ berZeni da a. S.
qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi valdebulni arian flobdnen rusul enas. rusul enas unda
flobdnen agreTve saeparqio sammarTvelos wevrebi, saero moxeleebi, mTavarepiskoposisa da
saeparqio sammarTvelos momsaxure personali, sasuliero-saswavlo dawesebulebis gamgeebi
da momsaxure personali, saeparqio da samazro mniSvnelobis saeklesio skolebis
zedamxedvelebi, meore xarisxisa da orklasiani saeklesio skolebis gamgeebi da yvela saxis
saeklesio skolebis maswavleblebi. wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli skolebis maswavleblebis
garda yvelani unda flobdnen rusul enas.
kavkasiaSi saeklesio saqmeebis mowyobis II proeqti
(saegzarqoso gauqmebulia)
samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi) ori samitropolito olqi fuZndeba, romelTagan
erTi uSualod qarTulia. missave SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: saqarTvelos, imereTis, guriisa da
samegrelos eparqiebi. garda amisa, mas miekuTvneba is megruli samrevloebic, romlebic
mdinare enguris marjvena napirzea ganlagebuli. qalaqi baTumi gadaecema soxumis eparqias
da TavisTavad gamoeyofa qarTul samitropolitos. CrdiloeTSi mdebare samrevloebi javis
xeobidan da gudauris uReltexilidan mieTvleba vladikavkazis eparqias. qarTuli eparqiis
mRvdelmTavars mieniWeba mitropolitis tituli. samitropolito kaTedra mcxeTaSi
ganTavsdeba, xolo misi monacvle samyofeli (metoqi) ki iqneba Tbilisis anCisxatis taZari.
am samitropolito mxaris Sinagani mowyoba unda emTxveodes ruseTis
samitropolitos mxareebis mowyobas. calkeuli eparqiis episkoposebs airCeven
samitropolito krebis mier wmida sinodis mier dadgenili droisa da wesis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
samitropolito krebam unda gadawyvitos imereTis kaTedris samTavarepiskoposo
xarisxSi ayvanisa da guriis saepiskoposs masTan Semdgomi urTierTobis sakiTxi, aseve
65
saswavlo dawesebulebebSi saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobisa da samitropolitos Sida
mowyobis yvela sakiTxi.
samitropolitos mxaris episkoposebisaTvis savaldebuloa Semdegi moTxovnebi:
episkoposi unda gamoirCeodes saTanado da aucilebeli saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebiT.
man aseve unda icodes saxelmwifo (rusuli) ena. igi valdebulia araqarTul samrevloebSi
mRvdelmsaxurebad mrevlis Tanamemamule pirebi daadginos, ar daawesos qarTuli ena
eklesiasa da skolaSi.
rusuli enis codna savaldebuloa saeparqio mmarTvelobis wevrebisa da
moxeleebisaTvis, sasuliero-saswavlo dawesebulebebis gamgeebisaTvis da momsaxure
personalisaTvis, orklasiani da meore xarisxis skolebisaTvis, yvela saeklesio skolis
pedagogisaTvis, wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli skolebis pedagogebis garda.
Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis Zveli Senoba unda gadaeceT qarTvelebs axali
sasuliero seminariis gasaxsnelad. amasTanave, misi rCena (Senaxva) moxdeba im TanxebiT,
romlebsac saqarTvelos sasuliero xazina gascems Tbilisisa da quTaisis seminariebs. raime
saxis saCivrisa da, saerTod, mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gadasaWrelad sruliad ruseTis wmida
sinods ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos samitropolito olqSi, ise rogorc yvela danarCen olqSi,
reviziisaTvis gaagzavnos gansakuTrebulad uflebamosili egzarqosi saqmis warmoebisa da
saCivris gadasamowmeblad.
ruseTis eklesiis RirsebisaTvis, aseve araqarTuli mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebisa
da interesebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki rusi xalxisaTvis qarTuli samitropolitos mxaris
gverdiT amierkavkasiaSi unda dafuZndes rusuli samitropolito olqi (mxare). motivebi
(mizezebi), ris mixedviTac aris moTxovna rusuli eparqiis daarsebisa, mocemulia aqve
moyvanil amierkavkasiaSi moRvawe rusi saeklesio pirebis CanawerebSi.
rusuli samitropolitos mxaris saTaveSi mitropoliti dgas. misi adgilsamyofeli
TbilisSia, xolo sakaTedro taZaria sioni. amitomac wm. ninos jvari SeiZleba gadavitanoT
anCisxatis taZarSi. samitropolitoebs ekuTvniT Semdegi eparqiebi: q. Tbilisi, Tbilisis
guberniis borCalos mazra, yarsis olqi, erevnis, elizavetpolisa da baqos guberniebi.
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg baqoSi aucileblad daarsdeba gansakuTrebuli
saepiskoposo, iseTive, rogoric yarsSia. ruseTis samitropolitos mxareSi Sedis soxumis
eparqia q. baTumiT, vladikavkazis eparqia, taSkentis eparqia (kaspiispireTis olqi 1901
wlamde Sedioda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi), aseve gansakuTrebuli
uflebebiT sparseTis urubiis saepiskoposo. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis (rusuli)
samitropolitos mxaris mitropolitebi dasavleT amierkavkasiis (qarTuli) mxaris
mitropolitebTan erTad RvTismsaxurebis dros daikaveben sapatio adgils xeldasxmulTa
Soris.
ruseTis samitropolitos mxares gaaCnia seminaria (axali Senoba) TbilisSi. mas
inaxaven im saxelmwifo TanxebiT, romlebic gamoyofilia Tbilisisa da quTaisis
seminariebisaTvis. Sesabamisi Senobis mowyobamde araqarTveli mRvdelmsaxurebis
SvilebisaTvis imave SenobaSi gaixsneba sasuliero saswavlebeli, romlis Statebsac
Telavis an goris sasuliero saswavleblis saStato ganrigidan Seavseben, imisda mixedviT,
Tu romel saswavlebels gaauqmeben.
im eparqiis mmarTvelobis SenaxvisaTvis, romelic miekuTvneba ruseTis
samitropolitos, Tanxebi gaicema saxelmwifo xarjebidan, romlebsac axla sinodaluri
kantora gascems. saeklesio-saskolo inspeqciis Senaxvis Tanxebs im xarjebiT faraven,
romlebic gamoyofilia samxreTis saswavlo sabWosaTvis da samxareo zedamxedvelobisaTvis.
gansakuTrebulma komisiam is Tanxebi unda gaanawilos, romlebic amJamad
saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SenaxvisaTvis aris gamoyofili. Tanxebi Tanabrad unda
ganawildes orive samitropolitosaTvis. komisiaSi SeuZliaT Sevidnen dainteresebuli
mxareebis warmomadgenlebi.
am proeqtis aRsrulebisas yvela mizezi qarTveli episkoposebis ukmayofilebisa da
yvela ukmayofileba zemoT moxseniebuli sinodaluri dadgenilebis mimarT, romelic ZalaSi
66
Sevida a. w. agvistos TveSi da uSualod exeba kirionisa da leonidis azrebs, TavisTavad
gauqmdeba3.
ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore gayofilebis sxdomebis msvlelobidan
gamomdinare cxadi iyo, ruseTis saimperatoro kars da ruseTis marTlmadidebeluri
eklesiis uwmides sinods saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris dawyebamde ukve miRebuli hqonda
politikuri gadawyvetileba _ saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena
ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiis interesebs.
Gvantsa Burduli
FFight for restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church
The conference preceding of Russian Church Council
(December 13th, 1906) Summery
Descussing the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church in conference preceding of
Russian Church Council (1906) was a great appearance. Without studing this question it would be impossible to consider
scientifically one of the important period of Georgian Apostolic church history, concretely the history of autocephalous
movement. It would not be representing the merit great church hierarchs such as Bishop Kyrion (Gerogi sadzaglishvili),
Bishop Leonidi (Longinoz Oqropiridze) and others, also notable Georgian scientists Niko Mari, Aleqsandre Tsagareli,
Aleqsandre khakhanashvili’s merit in struggle of restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church. It is not
known as well how Russian scientists and clergy fought against the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian
apostolic church in conference preceding of Russian Church Council. Georgian church hierarchs and scientists
substantiate greatlythe restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church, but they did not achieve practical
result.
The purpose of the present paper is to present the most important question such as legality of the restoration of
the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church in conference preceding of Russian Church Council, concretely:
Russian Church position in conference preceding of Russian Church Council (December 13th, 1906).
3Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки
подлежащих разсмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2.
Заседание 13 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №8 за 1907 год, стр. 193-197.
67
miqael (maxare) bukia, doqtoranti
episkopos kirion II-is mecnieruli memkvidreobidan
,,Cvens winaparTa SegnebaSi da moqmedebaSi iseve ganuyofeli iyo sarwmunoebisa da
samSoblos siyvaruli, rogorc ganuyofeli iyo qristes RvTaebrivi da adamianuri buneba~1
_ brZana uwmindesma da unetaresma ilia II Tavis erT-erT qadagebaSi da marTlac, Cveni
matianis furclebi sxvas aras gviTxroben, mamulisa da rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebis garda.
yovel qarTvelSi odiTganve SenivTebuli iyo RvTaebriv saunjeTa ,,enis, mamulisa
da sarwmunoebis~ dacva. ,,ufalman Zali ersa Tvissa mosces-o~, diax, mxolod Tavis
RvTismosav ers aZlevs ufali Zalas, imdenad, rom miuxedavad saxelmwifoebrivi simcirisa,
SeZlos avbediTobisa da gaWirvebis daZleva. ufali Rirseul winaparTa fesvebidan
aRmoacenebs xolme RvTismosav moRvaweT, romelTac ZaluZT eris Cveulebisamebr svlis gziT
tareba~2. amgvari RvTisa da kacis msaxuri pirovneba moevlina tanjul saqarTvelos wminda
mRvdelmowame kirion II-is saxiT. akiafda qarTvelTa caze Tavisuflebisaken gzis
mimaniSnebeli varskvlavi. SemTxveviTi ar yofila albaT is garemoebac, rom 1855 wlis 10/23
noembers daibada swored, kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvili; diax, sworedac rom wminda giorgis
borbalze wamebis dRes gaCnda adamiani, romlis cxovrebis mTeli gza iseve, rogorc
qarTveli erisa, wilnayari iyo tanjva-wamebasTan.
wminda mRvdelmowame kirioni is pirovneba iyo, romlisTvisac istoriuli
sinamdviliT gamowveuli qarTvelTa umZimesi yofa miuRebeli iyo. am yofis SecvlisTvis
brZolas Seswira man Tavisi cxovreba, rogorc Tavad brZanebda: ,,vinc samSoblos
keTildReobazed ar zrunavs is uRirsi Svilia erisa“-o3.
erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da masTan eklesiis avtokefaliis dakargvam, gadagvarebis
safrTxis winaSe daayena saqarTvelo, rasac ver egueboda wminda kirioni da masTan erTad
progresulad moazrovne qarTveli inteligencia. gana SeiZleboda, monobas Segueboda is
eri, romelsac odiTganve, monobaSi yofnas, Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi sikvdili erCivna? ra Tqma
unda ara.
,,Zvel xanas da Zvel adamianebs mietevebaT legendebis Seqmna, magram Tavis mxriv Cven
gvevaleba ganvasxvavoT legendebi istoriuli WeSmaritebisagan~4 _ istoriis mamamTavris
ivane javaxiSvilis es sityvebi yvelaze ukeT esadageba wminda kirion II samecniero
moRvaweobas, romelic mravalmxriv iyo gaSlili.
RvTismsaxurebasTan da RvTismetyvelebasTan Sezavebuli saqarTvelos istoria, misi
warsulis kvleva da TanamedroveobasTan paralelebis gavleba iyo umTavresi amocana, xan
samSobloSi, xan ki gadasaxlebaSi myofi mRvdelmTavrisa. gasaocaria misi TiToeuli
naSromis siRrme da sakvlevi masalis safuZvliani codna. jer kidev studentobis wlebidan
moyolebuli, giorgi saZagliSvilidan moyolebuli kaTalikos patriarq kirion II
damTavrebuli araerTi samecniero statia qveyndeboda Jurnal-gazeTebSi: ,,mwyemsSi~,
,,iveriaSi~, ,,Закавкаский вестник~-Si, ,,droebaSi’’, ,,Тифлиский листок~-Si, ,,Новое обозрение~-
Si.
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia, misi werilebi gazeT ,,iveriis~ furclebze,
romelTanac mas mWidro TanamSromloba hqonda.
1gazeTi `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2002, #13. 2Jurnali ,,rwmena da codna“, 2001, #1, gv. 13. 3v. gurgeniZe. wminda mariamis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 113. 4Jurnali ,,rani varT qarTvelni“?! 1997, #3.
68
gazeTi ,,iveria~ fexdafex misdevda wminda kirion II-is cxovrebas, aqveynebda da
aSuqebda mis saqmianobas, romelic ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan~, iyo
dakavSirebuli.
uyuradRebod ar darCenila arcerTi Semowiruloba, romelsac giorgi saZagliSvili
axorcielebda. Semowiruloba ki mravlad iyo, es iyo arqeologiuri, numizmatikuri,
teqstologiuri monapovari, romelsac kirioni mTel saqarTveloSi eZebda da agrovebda,
rogorc qarTveli eris, misi sulieri Tu materialuri kulturis saganZurs.
avtokefaliis dakargvis Semdgom, imdeni siwminde iqna gaziduli eklesiebidan rusebis
mier, zogic Cveni uniaTobiT iqna dakarguli, rom TiToeul napovn wyaros, detals,
margalits, SeeZlo Cveni didebuli warsulis gacocxleba da swored, am saunjis movla
patronobas principuli mniSvneloba hqonda kirionisaTvis.
momavali patriarqis ojaxuri tragediis Semdgom, piraduli ar arsebobda, rasac
mowmobs misi sityvebi: ,,me qveyana da maszed zrunva fexebzed rodi mkidia... CemTvis
marad saRmrTo iqneba is ltolvileba, romelsac miveswrafodi. Cems sicocxleSi Cemi
warmatebisaTvis ar mizrunia: ,,arc oqro izidavda Cems guls da arc jildo, piradi
Cemi interesebi didi xania uarvyavi“5.
kirion II-is moRvaweobis periodSi ar darCenila arcerTi taZari, sofeli, romlis
Seswavla, aRwera, aRnusxva ar moexdina. xSirad kardakar siaruli uwevda unikaluri
xelnawerebis ZiebaSi, Semdgom ki saguldagulod swavlobda da aqveynebda. gazeT
„iveriis“ TiTqmis yvela nomerSi qveyndeboda CamonaTvali im wignebisa, xatebisa, monetebisa,
zepirsityvierebis nimuSebisa, apokrifebisa, xelnawerebisa, romlebsac wminda
mRvdelmTavari iZiebda. misTvis umniSvnelo detali ar arsebobda, roca saqme sakuTari
qveynis istorias exeboda.
am saqmisaTvis arafers ar zogavda es iqneboda fizikuri Sroma Tu materialuri
mxardaWera, aqeTken mouwodebda mTel ersac: „me ganvizraxe SeZlebisdagvarad aRvwero
zogierTi qarTuli Zveli taZrebi, romelTa warsuls didi mniSvneloba hqonia Cvens
samSoblo istoriaSi. amJamad vwer ananuris taZris (monastris) istoriul da arqeologiur
ganxilvas, romlis Sesasrulebad dabeWdili Raribi wyaroebis garda saWiroa xelnaweri
masalebi, gafantuli aqa-iq Zvels ojaxebSi. amitom Tqvenis gazeTis saSualebiT mivmarTav
TxovniT, yvelas visac ki moepoveba werilobiTi iadgarebi, (dokumentebi) ananuris taZrisa
da aragvis erisTavebis gvareulobis Sesaxeb, (sigel-gujrebi saTarxno qaRaldebi da sxv.)
keTil inebon, mcire xnobiT gamogvigzavnon qalaq tiflisSi, romelsame qarTuli redaqciis
saxelzed... didis madlobiT miviReb agreTve yvela Cvenebas zemo aRniSnuli sagnebis
Sesaxeb. umorCilesad gTxovT sxva gazeTebsac, gadahbeWdon es werili“6. „iveriaSi“
dabeWdili es werili, xazs usvams kirionis, rogorc didi mecnieris kvlevis stils,
misTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod piradi azri, aramed sxvaTa Sexedulebebic, romelsac
is iTvaliswinebda. yvela wvrilmanic ki yuradsaRebia misTvis, realuri suraTis
dasaxatad, obieqturi istoriis aRsadgenad.
„beri“-s fsevdonimiT „iveriaSi“ dabeWdil werilSi „winaparTa naSTTa mniSvneloba“
wminda kirioni mware Sefasebas aZlevs Tanamedrove yofas erisas - avlebs ra paralelebs
warsulTan „saficar xatad miiCnevs is pirvel qarTvels, qarTloss da mis saflavs, riTac
xazs usmevs qarTvelTa bibliur warmomavlobas. am „xats“ Senalocebi qarTvelebi, „miT
gamxnevebulni lomebr ibrZodnen TavisuflebisaTvis, auarebel mtrebs, velurebs Tu
ganaTlebiT ganTqmulebs. mamacad vuxdebodiT, Cvenis xatisTvis Tavs vdebdiT misis
gamarjvebisTis ganwirulad vxvdebodiT“...7 rogorc eri wiravda Tavs xatisTvis, aseve „xati“
mfarvelobda mis mosavTac, ase „urTierTars“ simZimis tvirTviT modioda qarTveli kaci
amJamad Tavis warsulSi. „winaparTa xateba“ iyo is wminda fesvebi, romliTac Cven
vsazrdoobdiT, „xati“ gansazRvravda erisa da beris erTobas. mRvdelni da didebulni
5sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855 – 1918). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 43. 6gazeTi ,,iveria“, 1894, #227, gv. 4. 7gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1902, #157, gv. 2-3.
69
ugebdnen am „xats“ salocav taZrebs, mkvidr zRudes avlebdnen, raTa mtris Tavdasxmis dros
misi ezo da cixe uZlevel banakad yofiliyo“8.
warsulis didebis gaxsenebis fonze avtori aRniSnavs savalalo mdgomareobas
Tanamedrove qveynisa: „bukioti Wyivis iq, sadac wminda mamebi RmerTs ugalobdnen,
davdromilsa da mSromels zenas avedrebdnen-o“. „yvela eri Tvis naSTebiT amayobs, yvelas
Tavi moaqvs Tavis uZveles ZeglebiT, maT icaven, Tvalis CiniviT ufrTxildebian; zogni, Tu
ZeglebiT xel-naklebi arian, maT gasamravleblad mezobeli eris naSTebsac ki iparaven,
iCemeben... mxolod marto Cvena varT, rom fasi ar viciT mama-papaTa, naSTebisa, xatebisa,
salocavebisa, siwmideTa. iqamdisac-ki midis Cveni dasagmobi gulzviadoba da gambedaoba, rom
xSirad kidec vZarcvavT maT, kidec viparavT maT dazogvils Semowirulobas, kidec vyidiT
mamulebTan erTad... momavali Taoba dagvgmobs, rom pativiscema ar viciT imisa, rac unda
Seadgendes usaRvToess sazrunavs yovelis STamomavlobisas~9.
wmida mRvdelmTavari gansakuTrebulad cdilobs warmoaCinos Cveni didi mefeebis
Rvawli qveynis simtkicis, misi aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi. gazeT ,,iveriis~ furclebze is
aqveynebs statiebis serias, sadac aSuqebs erTiani saqarTvelos mSeneblobis TiToeul
detals, iwyebs ra bagrat III-is cxovrebidan, romlis drosac saqarTveloSi adre feodaluri
sazogadoebrivi urTierToba damTavrda da qveyana feodaluri ganviTarebis axal, ufro
maRal safexurze avida.
wminda kirioni aRwers, Tu rogor gamefda daviT kurapalatis da qarTlis erisTavis
ioane maruSisZis SemweobiT bagrat III samefo taxtze jer afxazeTis, xolo Semdgom
qarTlis mefed: ,,bagrat Seudga xelmwifurs muSakobas, samSoblos gadidebisa da
gaerTianebisaTvis medgrad zrunvas. saca vin urCi da duxWiri pova daamxva, saca vin erTguli
da mowaRmarTe iyo, daiaxlova, saqme miuCina~10.
bagrat III am saqmianobas rasakvirvelia yavdnen mowinaaRmdegeni urC feodalTa saxiT,
romelTac ar surdaT erTiani, mefis Zlieri xelisufleba. wminda kirioni detalurad
aRwers Tu rogor gausworda bagrat III urC kldekaris erisTavs rati baRvaSs, rogor
daamarcxa amira fadloni da Semdgom amisa, ,,Seiqmna bagrat TviTmpyrobelad yovlisa
saqarTveloisa da kavkasiisa. vaxtang gorgasals aqeT amisebri didi mefe aravin
gamoCeniliyo, amisebri ,,simarTlis marTlad momqmedi“ ,,qvrivTa da obolTa Semwynarebeli~,
glaxakTa da davrdomilT mowyale eklesiaTa da qveyanaTa maSenebeli... bagratis mier
gamtkicebuls balavarze aRego aRmSenebloba, Tamar-mefoba da rusTveloba. borot ZalTa
damxobiT qveyana amaRlda, gabrwyinda~11. aqve unda aRiniSnos, is savalalo mdgomareoba,
rom rogorc Cans kirioni ar icnobs taoklarjeTis udabnoT qalaqmyofels, Rirsmyofel
mama grigol xanZTels, romelmac sworad daudo mtkice balavari erTiani, Zlieri
saqarTvelos mSeneblobas, RvTivgvirgvinosan bagratovanTa dinastiiT saTaveSi. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT es yvelive imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom „moyvrad“ mosulma mtrebma ruseTis
imperiis saxiT, rogorc Cans gaanadgures TiTqmis yvela is masala, romelic qarTvels
warsul didebaze mouTxrobda, mis ZiriTad Strixebs warmoadgenda. amis gamoisobiT, aris
albaT gamowveuli is garemoebac, rom TiTqmis arcerTi didi wmindanis, kanonizirebis
dokumenti, maTi xsenebis dRis RvTismsaxurebis tipikoniT gansazRvruli sakiTxavebi ar
mogvepoveba.
mteri Tvlida, rom rac ufro naklebi cnobebi iqneboda eris Rirseuli winaprebis
Sesaxeb miT ufro naklebi iqneboda Tavisuflebis, erovnuli Rirsebis, TviTmyofadobis
aRdgenis survili. es yovelive uwyoda ra giorgi saZagliSvilma ufro meti simZafriT
werda Cveni didi wmindanebis Sesaxeb, Tavadac amgvari cxovrebiT cxovrobda. misTvis „ori
wmidaTa-wmidaa qveynierebazed: ,,sarwmunoeba da samSoblo“, eWvi ar aris, rom Zalas
saxelmwifosas qviTkiris cxovrebisas Seadgens morwmune zneobiani xalxi“12. amgvari iyo
8gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1902, #157, gv. 2-3. 9gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1902, #157, gv. 2-3. 10gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1898, #2, gv. 2. 11gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1898, #2, gv. 2. 12gazeTi „iveria“, 1898, #181, gv. 2.
70
iveriis furclebze yovlad usaRmvdeloesi kirionis, alaverdis episkoposis pirovnebis
Sefaseba.
statiaSi „sveti Tavisuflebisa“ kirioni exeba bagrat IV epoqas da mTavar yuradRebas
uTmobs cixe svets, romelic „didebulma kacma“ aWaraSi tbeTis episkoposma sabam aaSena
tbeTs, „cixe xsnisa da simtkicisa“.
wminda kirioni aRwers Tu rogor Sekriba sabam iqauri mcxovrblebisagan jari da mters,
bizantias medgrad dauxvda. berZnebma svetis aReba ver SeZles: ,,brZodnen mas Zliersad,
sxvadasxva saxsars xmarobdnen mis asaRebad. amaod ....,,RmerTman ganaZliera myofni svetsa,
viTarca erTgulni da WeSmaritni martvilni TavTa TvisTa sikvdilad gaswirvides, sisxlTa
dasTxevdes da ase amxnevebdnen erTurTs: movigoT madli erTgulebisa da madli axovnebisa“...
mters sasoeba daukarga da dabrunda, mwvave xangrZliv brZolas bolo bizantiis samefo
karze Seqmnilma garTulebam mouRo. ,,konstantine imperatori mivida. 1031 wels bagratis
deda mariam wavida saberZneTs, iTxova mSvidoba aRmosavleTisaTvis da Tavis SvilisTvis
colad elene batoniSvili... bagrat mefem jvari daiwera, qorwili gadaixada da wavida
quTaiss“. am movlenebis gadmocemiT avtori cdilobs TanamedroveT daanaxos, Tu ra aris
,,sveti Tavisuflebisa“ - es aris erToba erisa, Zliereba mefisa, da sworad warmoebuli,
rogorc saSinao ise sagareo politika, romelic qmnis Zlier saxelmwifos.
exeba ra warsuls, kritikulad afasebs qarTveli didkacobis meryev moRvaweobas
saqarTvelos istoriaSi: ,,liparit orbeliani ixerxeboda - mefis gaZlierebis gamo“13
liparits abazasZeebis da sxva aznaurTa samarcxvino saqmeebis aRweriT, romelTac Tavisi
qveynis winaSe saxeli Seircxvines jaSuSobiT, ZmaTa gamcemlobiT, TanamoZmeTa
gamyidvelobiT - kirioni cdilobs dagvanaxos Tu rogori ar unda unda iyos qarTveli,
amgvar qarTvelebs is moixseniebs, rogorc ,,ganmaTavisuflebelTa mtrebad“ da mwuxarebiT
aRniSnavs, rom ,,iseTi didi mefec, rogoric iyo daviT aRmaSenebeli, agreTve ver gadaurCa
maSindel didebulTa da didgvar TavadTa SuRls da mtrobas“-o14. am movlenis simZafriT
gadmosacemad, mas mohyavs mematianis sityvebi: ,,naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul buneba ars,
pirvelidganve TvisTa ufalTa: rameTu raJams gandidnen, gansuqnen da dideba hpoon da
gansveneba, iwyeben ganzraxvad borotisa“-o,15 amgvar adamianebs ,,cidamtkavelebad“
moixseniebs wminda kirioni, romelTac SeZles da arabTa uRlisagan ganmaTavisuflebels
isaric ki esroles mosaklavad ,,garna RmerTi hfaravda Tavis cxebuls“, rom ara RvTis
Semweoba da mfarveloba albaT SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda CvenisTana patara eris gadarCena,
iseve erisa da beris erTobam, Zlieri mefis mtkice marjvenam, ,,Zlevai sakvirvelma“ da ruis-
urbnisis saeklesio krebam ,,gawminda saqarTvelo naZirala kacTagan“, Tumca rogorc Cans
saqarTvelos istorias laitmotivad gasdevda erTgulebac da Ralatic, wminda kirioni ar
erideba saxelebiT moxseniebasac moRalateebisa, Tavis erT-erT statiaSi „welTa
aRmwerloba Tvalxma ar aris“ is CamoTvlis TiTqmis yvela faqts bagrat III-is epoqidan
erekle meoremde, ar zogavs arc saero da arc sasuliero wodebas, maT Soris episkoposebsac
ki. Tavad sasuliero pirisgan TiTqos warmoudgenelic ki aris amgvari Sefaseba, magram is
xom Tavisi bedkruli saqarTvelos Wirisufalia da sworedac, rom ar erideba mxilebas,
romelSic siZulvili ki ar aris, aramed sibraluli da siyvarulia maTdami. Tanac avtorma
icis, rom am faqtebis damalva, miT ufro mis Tanamedrove yofaSi ufro saziano iqneboda
qveynisaTvis. is imowmebs ra mematianis sityvebs: „JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyveleba
ars da ara Tu Tvalxma visTisme dasZens - „Cvenc amgvar TvalTa sazrisiT daviwyeT
„istoriuli cnobis“ - wera, da Semdegac moviyvanT cnobebs im ukeTur ZalTa Sesaxeb,
romelTac vimeorebT xeli Seuwyves saqarTvelosa da masTan misi kulturis damxobas da
TviT qveynis dakninebas, misi miwa wylis gayidviTa da gaflangviTo~-o16.
„ukeTur ZalTa mzakvruli Canafiqris mxilebaa wminda kirionis statia „Tamar didi
da misi saxelwodeba“, romelic gazeT ieriaSi gamoqveynda. avtori gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs
im faqts, rom yovelgvar siwminded moZule adamianebs Tamar mefis saxelis wmindanoba eWqveS
13gazeTi „iveria“, 1898, #181, gv. 2. 14gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #14, gv. 1. 15gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #14, gv. 1. 16gazeTi „iveria“, 1902, #269, gv. 2.
71
dauyenebiaT. ra sakvirvelia es saubari mtrebis gegmis nawils Seadgenda. daekninebinaT
qarTvelTaTvis yvelaze didi siwminde, romelmac Seqmna Cvens istoriaSi „oqros xana“.
mizezad Tamaris arawmindanobisa dasaxelda kanonizirebis sabuTis arqona misi saflavis
mdebareobis arcodna da mis saxelobaze aSenebuli taZrebis ararseboba. Tamaris
menelsacxeble dedaTa kviras xseneba ki mama giorgi xelaZem mefis TviTnebobas miawera. am
dasaxelebul mizezebs sakadris pasuxs scems wminda kirioni: „Tamaris wmidanad Seracxvazed
eklesiuri dadgenilebis uqonloba ver daarRvevs qarTveli xalxis Rra rwmenas, rom igi
wmindania.
Tu dogmatur iuridiulis mxriv SevxedavT sazogadod wmindanebs, maSin xom bevri
maTgani unda gamovakloT wmindanebis sias, radganac maT Sesaxeb werilobiTi aqtebi ar
gvaqvs dasasabuTeblad maTis kanonizaciisa“-o17. mas magaliTad mohyavs jer kidev
Seuswavleli da gamouqveynebeli mwerloba, sadac misi TqmiT „cxadad davinaxavT, rom Tamar
brwyinvale CvenTa winaparTa sicocxleSive scnes wmindanad“18. is asaxelebs „gujarebs“,
sxvadasxva cnobil avtorTa poetur Sesxmebs, „swavliT ganmsWvalul,“ saxelganTqmul
sasuliero moRvaweTa gamonaTqvamebs, romelnic ara Tu wmindanad aRiareben Tamars aramed:
„RvTisa sworad Tvlian Tamars, adareben RvTismSobels da sxva amgvar epiTetebiT
ixsenieben,“ da amasTanave dasZens „maS eWvi arc-ki unda gvqondes, rom Tamari
TanamedroveTagan erTxmad wmidanad iyo aRiarebuli. an saeklesio aqti rom SeedginaT
Tamaris wmindanobazed amaTzed ukeTess, sando da sarwmuno pirebs visRa moawerinebdnen
xels!‘‘19
avtors aqve mohyavs metad saintereso cnoba qarTvelTaTvis, romelic miuTiTebs
wminda dedoflis saflavis adgilsamyofelze, rogorc is mogviTxrobs; „qarTveli elCi
xaritoni, winamZRvari qurmuRis monastrisa, gagzavnili Teimuraz mefisagan ruseTSi 1619
wels, mefe mixeil Tedoris zis winaSe imeorebs Teimirazisagan dabarebul sityvebs: -
„Teimurazi exla scxovrobs imereTSio, sadac dakrZalulia wminda gvami Tamar
dedoflisao,“ iqve mohyavs mowmoba „qarTlis cxovrebidan - „da waiyvanes samkvidrebelsa
gelaTad da damarxes samarxosa patiosansa... aRmoiyvanes (gvami Tamarisa) da mcireTa Sina
dReTa mcxeTad dadves, da mere ukanasknel TviT munve gelaTs daamkvidres TvisTa Sina
samarxosa, didebad mun Sina damkvidrebulTa papaTa da mamaTa misTa, saxelovanTa didTa
mefeTa Tana“- [ ix. ibid. naw. I. gv. 334, sxol. I, 345]20.
amgvari dasabuTebuli da argumentirebuli mtkicebulebebiT wminda kirioni aqarwylebs
yovelgvar eWvs da amxels usamarTlobas - udierebas Cvensas, romelsac vin-vin da ar
imsaxurebs swored Tamar deda.
sainteresoa wminda kirionis midgoma Cveni istoriis im sakiTxTan, romelic giorgi III
da demnas Soris dapirispirebas exeba, samefo taxtis memkvidreobaze. „iveriis“ erT-erT
statiaSi „orbelianTa amowyvetas“- amgvarad asaxavs: „1177 wels bneli Rrubeli gadaekra
saqarTvelosa cas. orbelianebma win wamoayenes davaJkacebuli demna daviTis Ze. es demna
ukve orbelianis siZe iyo da am siZis SemweobiT orbelianT ewadaT daekmayofilebinaT
TavianTi qvena survilebi, vin icis agondebodaT, rom winapariviT Seqmniliyvnen, „mefed“
saqarTvelos samxreT dasavleTis nawilisa TrialeT kldekariTgan mokidebuli.
gaimarTa brZola keTilsa da borots Soris. orbelianT gamarjveba bnel ukunis
gamarjvebad miaCndaT da visac qveynis erTguleba edo gulSi, giorgi mefes miemxro, keTilma
borots sZlia ase“21. am Zlevas ki rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia mohyva lekvi lomisa swori _
mefe Tamari da saqarTvelos Zlierebis „oqros xana“. Tumca, arc Tamaris mefoba yofila
mSvidi da wynari, radganac, rogorc wminda kirioni ambobs iyvnen maSinac „jorisebri
gonebis“ mqone _ yuTlu-arslanis nairi adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi Tavis gandidebis
surviliT ewinaaRmdegebodnen mefes. rogorc avtori gviTxrobs: „Tamar mefe yovelive amas
xedavda da rwmundeboda, rom Tu avs kacebs mTebi ar Seekveca saxelmwifo wesierad ver
17gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 18gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 19gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 20gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 21gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #24, gv. 2.
72
waremarTeboda“... da am mizniT moiwvia swored Tamarma saxelmwifo kreba... kreba, sadac
„ganixiles swori da mrudi. ganmarTes mrudi. daamxes uRirsi. niWierni da Rirseulni win
wamoayenes, saqmes miuCines“22... am faqtebis aRwera wminda kirions sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom
qarTvelebs dausaxos gza momavali ganviTarebisa.
gulistkiviliT exeba wminda kirioni saqarTvelos „oqros xanis“ dasrulebas, mis
dacemas da dakninebas, daSlas, risi mizezic samwuxarod meramdened Ralati gaxda. ralati
xom qarTvelTa Tanamdevi „boroti sulia“. sworedac „Ralati“ jalal ed dinis Semosevis
da Tbilisis ganadgurebis faqtebis amsaxvel statias, romelic gazeT „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynda.
man ZiriTadi yuradReba gaamaxvila monRolTa sisastikeze da maT siZliereze, magram
rogorc Cans damarcxebis mizezi es ar yofila. mizezi wminda kirionis TqmiT amirspasalar
ivane mxargrZelis saqcieli iyo, „xeli rom gaenZria aTabag-amirspasalar ivane mxargrZels
da mamulisTvis ar eRalatna, egebis saqarTvelos sve-beds sxva gziT evlo“23...
metad sainteresoa wminda kirionis mier, giorgi brwyinvalis epoqis Sefaseba werilSi
„civzed darbazoba“. aq xazgasmulia giorgi mefis sidiade da simtkice, ramac gaaerTiana
dacemuli saqarTvelo: „dafantuli samefo nikofsiiTgan darubandamde da trapezuntedgan
kaspiamde Semohkriba da „viTarca aRmaSenebelman daimona, ganavsna da aRaSena qveyana, sjuli
da samoqalaqno wesni ganabrwyinva“ da yvela es ki SesZlo mxolod maSin, odes „moiyvana
yovelni ama qveynis erisTavni da warCinebulni, reca darbazobad civsa zeda hereTisasa da
moswyvita mun urCni Tvisni da daadginna yovelTa adgilTa Tvisni morCilni“24. ai Zlieri
mefis Zlieri politika, romelic Zlieri qveynis sawindaria. icis wminda kirionma, rom
maxvilis amRebi RvTiv-kurTxeuli, mironcxebuli mefis winaaRmdeg maxviliTve Seimusreba,
sxvagvarad eri erTiani ver iqneba. dasasruls avtori aRniSnavs qveynis daSlis mizezs
samefo samTavroebad, „Sors ganuWvreteli mefeebi arian, romelnic „civzed darbazobas“ ki
ar hmarTavnen aramed iseT dafantul qveyanas saufliswuoebad hyofdnen. TavianT Svilebsa
da SviliSvilebs Soris“25.
wminda kirioni iyo Cveni Rirseuli winaprebis maTi cxovrebisa didi moyvaruli da
gamgrZelebeli. is xedavda da grZnobda, rom didebulni siwmindeni, romliTac amayobda
qarTveli daviwyebas eZleoda. is amobobda: „vinc saTanadod ver Seignebs Tavis mSobliur
siZveles da siyvaruliT ar moufrTxildeba Tavisi winaprebis kulturul memkvidreobas, is
SemTxveviTi rodia cocxal arsebaTa jaWvSi, cudi megzuria. iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia
anbanis gareSe iswavlo kiTxva aseve mSobliuri siZvelis codnisa da winaprebis anderZis
gareSe SeuZlebelia Caswvde warsuls, gaigo awmyo da Segnebulad imuSao momavali didi
nacionalur-kulturuli saqmisaTvis“26.
yvela sikeTesTan erTad, romelsac wminda kirioni aRasrulebda iyo qarTuli
saeklesio galobis dacvis sakiTxic. igi Zalian iyo aRSfoTebuli imiT, rom qarTul
galobas „mglis ymuils“ adarebdnen, is werda: „qarTuli saeklesio galoba yvaoda, rogorc
Cans Cvens samefoSi, agreTve mis gareSe mraval qarTul monastrebSic... aTaswlobiT qarTuli
galoba atkbobs Cvens smenas. galoba imTaviTve gvqonda samxmiani da ara unisonuri, rogorc
aqvT berZnebs da somxebs... qarTuli saeklesio galobis mcodneni, RvTis madliT
mogvepovebian da sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom qarTuli galobis aRdgena did siZneles ar
Seadgens!“27 rogorc Cans istoria meordeba da es sakiTxi aqtiuria dResac.
wminda kirioni gansakuTrebulad cdilobs Tvis samecniero kvlevebSi gamoyos qarTvel
sasuliero pirTa Rvawli. Tavis feletonSi „giorgi mTawmindeli, rogorc sasuliero
piitikosi“, is mogviTxrobs mecnierze, „maRal-niWiers ber monazonze giorgi mTawmindelze.
misi SefasebiT is iyo SesaniSnavi muSaki, friad ganviTareuli piri, romelsac fasdaudebeli
Rvawli miuZRvis saRvTismetyvelo literaturis Targnis saqmeSi: „auarebeli simdidre Cvenis
enis formebisa, misi mixvra-moxvra, sidarbaisle, yvavilovneba, sinaze-sitkboeba, simartive,
22gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #33, gv. 2-3. 23gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #42, gv. 2. 24gazeTi „iveria“, 1902, #261, gv. 3. 25gazeTi „iveria“, 1902, #261, gv. 3. 26e. abramaSvili. kirionis piradi saarqivo fondi. „mravalTavi“. t. I. Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 362. 27qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 111.
73
Rrma gamometyveleba da sazogadod Zvirfasi salaro am Zvelis-Zvelis kulturis enisa,
romelsac gancvifrebaSi mohyavs lingvistebi. giorgim pirvelad gamoaqveyna da dagvanaxa,
ris SemZlebelia qarTuli ena“28.
avtoris TqmiT giorgi mTawmindelma didi Rvawli dasdo samonastro da saeklesio
cxovrebis mowesrigebas, rogorc aTonis wminda mTaze, ise saqarTeloSi. man ganagrZo es
didi saqme, romelic misma winamorbedma aTonelma mamebma daiwyes. is iyo pirovneba,
romelsac samSoblos gareTac „saberZneTSic, didi pativiscemiT epyrobodnen bizantiis
gvirgvinosanni da aRmosavleTis patriarqni. aq mudam mcvelad iyo igi saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtonomiisa“29. rac mTavaria wminda kirioni pirvelia, vinc aRmoaCina giorgi mTawmindelSi
garda mTargmnelisa da RvTismetyvelisa, „warCinebuli piitikosi“, mwerali Rrma Teologi
imavdroulad „mSvenier leqsTa mTRzveli yofila,“30 ara marto „qarTuls enazed“, mas
berZnul enazedac uweria leqsebi, da aTonis mTidan mTels evropas mohfenia“31.
wminda kirioni gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs erT metad mniSvnelovan faqts, berlinis
universitetis reqtors, cnobil mecniers harnaks didi interesi gamouCenia qarTuli
istoriuli xelnawerebis mimarT da pastor g. g. bermanisTvis miweria am xelnawerebis
mniSvnelobaze. rogorc werilidan irkveva maT harnaki „Zvel siriul literaturul naSTebs
gverdiT da Tvlis, rom „amieriTgan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqceva qarTuli kulturis
Seswavlas, maT enas da Cvenamdis moRweuls qarTvelTa Zvirfas literaturul saunjes“32.
am movleniT gaxarebuli kirioni Tlis, rom „bedi Cvenc gagviRimebs da axlo momavalSi
dasavleTis evropul sataxto qalaqebSi daarsdeba qarTlis enis kaTedrebi“-o33
sazogadoebisgan ki iTxovs xelSewyobas am didi saqmis dasagvirgvineblad.
wminda kirioni Tavis samecniero statiebSi agreTve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
apokrifebis „sazogadod da gansakuTrebiT qarTulis“ Zireulad aRwers, maTi Seqmnis
mniSvnelobas da saubrobs maT sargeblobaze. gamoyofs „didaqtikur Txzulebas „sibrZne
balavarisas“, romelic mecnierebis azriT, aris gadaTargmnili berZnul enaze TviT Cveni
saxelganTqmul saRmrTo mwerlis mTargmnel wmida eqvTimes mier“34.
gansakuTrebis Rirsia kirionis damokidebuleba Cvens udides ganZTan
„vefxistyaosanTan“, romlis SeswavlaSi axali xelnawerebis erTmaneTis Sedarebasa da
kvlevaSi Tavadac iRebda monawileobas. saubrobs ra am wminda wignis Semswavleli komisiis
muSaobaze wminda kirioni wers: „komisiis gamocema, rogorc axalma variantma dagvarwmuna,
bevri moipoveba, etyoba Cvens didebul poetis Seswavlis xana jer male ar dadgeba“35.
vecnobiT wminda kirionis samecniero statiebs presis furclebze, gansakuTrebiT ki
gazeT „iveriaSi“ da vrwmundebiT, rom is iyo ara marto sasuliero piri, aramed masTan
erTad udidesi mkvlevari da mecnieri. misi Sromebi istoriis, arqeologiisa Tu Teologiis
dargSi dResac ar arian moklebulni garkveul mniSvnelobas. farTo ganaTlebis mqone
kirionis saxeli cnobili iyo yvelgan. „mamuliSvilis gvirgvini samSoblos samsxverploze
hkidiao“ _ brZanebda wminda kirioni da es Tavisi cxovrebiTac daadastura. samSoblos
ganumeorebelma moyvarulma mamuliSvilma da mecnierma mRvdelmTavarma Tavisi mowameobrivi
sisxlis fasad moapovebina sakuTar qveyanas, rogorc eklesiis avtkefalia aseve, erovnuli
damoukidebloba.
„cecxlsa da wamebis alSi gawminda kirionma Tvisi suli saqarTvelosTvis da Tu
vinmes hqonda ufleba yvelaze adre igi unda ziareboda saqarTvelos bednierebas“.
„ufalman Zali ersa Tissa mosces, ufalman akurTxos eri Tvisi mSvidobiT“ vambobT am
wminda sibrZnes da cxadad Cans, rom ufalma marTlac mosca Zali RvTismSoblis wilxvedr
qveyanas. mosca maT wminda mRvdelmTavari kirioni, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebiTa da
28gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 29gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 30gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 31gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 32gazeTi „iveria“, 1904, #112, gv. 2. 33gazeTi „iveria“, 1904, #112, gv. 2. 34gazeTi „iveria“, 1893, #28, gv. 2. 35gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #93, gv. 1.
74
moRvaweobiT dausaxa ers gza gadarCenisa, gza mamulis Cveulebisamebr svlisa, gza
mimyvanebeli ufalTan.
Michael (Makhare) Bukia
From the Scientific Heredity of Bishop Kirion II Summary
The article concerns to the scientific heredity of Bishop Kirion II (George Sadzaglishvili). Saint Kirion’s life was
very actual and important in many aspects. The rule of his life was especial - he dedicated his life to belief and his country.
His goal was searchig the past of Georgia and comparison data to the modern condition of his country. he was not only
clerical person but a researcher who wrote a lot of articles about the problems those had Geoggian church and nation.
During his life he publised works in periodical and newspapers, for them: `Mtskhemsi~, `Iveria~, `Droeba~,
`Zakavkazskii bestnik~, ̀ Tifliskii Listok~, ̀ Novoe Obozrenie~. In particular he worked with ̀ Iveria~ where were publised
most of his articles and letters.
Saint father visited vilages of Georgia, where fooked for and discribed churches, icons, folk-lore materials,
apocryphes, hard money, manuscripts. Afer discription he studied those materials and publisd the analysis about their
meaning. It’s very important historical and arccaeological discussoion of Ananuri Chuch. In his works he speaks about
international meaning of Georgian manuscrifts.
With pen-name `Beri~ he wrote about critical situation of Georgia. In his works Kirion II paied especial attention
to Georgian kings’ life, e.g. Bagrat III, Bagrat IV; In `Iveria~ saint father published the article `Great Tamar and his
name~, where the author criticizes people who were against to holiness of saint king. And he also wrote about location of
her grave.
In his scientific researches Kirion II wrote about clerics life and merit, e. g. George Mtatsmindeli; It’ s very actual
sant father’s article about Georgian church song. He chooses threepart church song, which was natural for Georgian
church.
75
vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
ruseTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi
(1783-1787)
1783 wlis 24 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris daido
mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba(georgievskis traqtat). traqtats, ZiriTadi muxlebis garda,
hqonda oTxi separatuli (saidumlo) muxli, romelTagan meore, mesame da meoTxe muxlebi
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris yofnas exeboda.
meore separatuli muxli gvauwyebs: ,,dacvisaTvis samflobeloÁsa qarTlisa da
kaxeTisaTa yovliT kerZo Sexebisagan mezobelTasa da simtkicisaTvis mÃedrobisa misisa
uganaTlebulesobisa mefisa, didebuleba imperatorebisa misisa aRsTqñams Senaxñad
samflobeloTa Sina mefisaTa orsa srulsa batalionsa qñÀiTsa oTxiTa zarbazniTa...~
(rusul dedanSi: ,,Для охранения владений Карталинских и Кахетинских от всякаго прикосновения со
стороны соседей и для подкрепления войск его светлости царя на оборону ея императорское величество
обещает содержать в областях его два полные баталиона пехоты с четырьмя пушками...~).1 meore separatul
muxlSi savsebiT cxadad iyo gansazRvruli vis unda gaeRo ori rusuli batalionis Senaxvis
xarjebi: ,,dacvisaTvis samflobeloÁsa qarTlisa da kaxeTisaTa yovliT kerZo Sexebisagan
mezobelTasa da simtkicisaTvis mÃedrobisa misisa uganaTlebulesobisa mefisa, didebuleba
imperatorebisa misisa aRsTqñams Senaxñad samflobeloTa Sina mefisaTa orsa srulsa
batalionsa qñÀiTsa oTxiTa zarbazniTa, romelTaca pravianti da saWmeli usityñTa
xarisxisaebr mÃedrobisaganTa maT miecemis, da pravianti igi da saWmeli usityñTa syidul
iqmnebis nayofi ZliT qñÀyanisa TanÃmobiTa misis uganaTlebulesobisaTa Tavisa Tana
mesamzRvrisa mTavrisa dadebuliTa fasiTa~ (rusul dedanSi: ,,Для охранения владений
Карталинских и Кахетинских от всякаго прикосновения со стороны соседей и для подкрепления войск его
светлости царя на оборону ея императорское величество обещает содержать в областях его два полные
баталиона пехоты с четырьмя пушками, которым провиант и фураж по их штатам производиться будет в натуре
от земли по соглашению его светлости с главным пограничным начальником за положенную в штатах цену~)2.
mesame separatuli muxlis ZaliT, ruseTi valdebuli iyo omis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi
jari gamoegzavna qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis da misi mteri orive qveynis mtrad Seeracxa:
,,...dasdñas h[a]zri SewevnisaTÂs TqmulTa maT qñÀyanaTa da wina-aRmdgomisa mterTasa
moqmedebisaTv[i]s, romelica ara sxñÀbr, aramed viTarca saerTod mtrad Seracxñad saTanado
ars” (rusul dedanSi: ,,...согласить и положить на мере о защищении означенных земель и о действии против
неприятеля, который не инако как за общаго врага разумеем быть должен~)3.
meoTxe separatuli muxli ruseTs avaldebulebda omis SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmeboda omebi
iranTan da osmaleTTan) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos daxmareboda iaraRiT, amasTan erTad, sazavo
molaparakebis dros, unda ecada, raTa qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis daebrunebina winaT
1Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801
год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 108-109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. gv. 231; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77. 2Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801
год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 108-109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. gv. 231; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77. 3Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801
год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. gv. 231-232; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77.
76
mterTagan warTmeuli teritoriebi: ,,...raTa drosa brZolisasa iÃmarosmca yoveli
SemZlebelobaÁ mecadinobisa RoniTa saWurñÀlisaTa, xolo drosa mSvidobisasa dazavebisa
mier ukmo-qcevisaTÂs qñÀyanisa da adgilTa mterTagan qonebulTa da ZñÀladve samefoÁsa
mimarT qarTlisa da kaxeTisa SeracxilTa, eseni ukuÀ daSTebian samflobelod muneburTa
mefeTa...~ (rusul dedanSi: ,,...в случае войны употребить все возможное старание пособием оружия, а в
случае мира настоянием о возвращении земель и мест, издавна к царству Карталинскому и Кахетинскому
принадлежавших, кои и останутся во владении царей тамошних...~)4.
$I. wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva
georgievskis traqtatis meore, mesame da meoTxe separatuli (saidumlo) muxlebis
ZaliT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris ori batalioni unda Semosuliyo, xolo
omis SemTxvevaSi jaris raodenoba unda gazrdiliyo. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ori rusuli
batalioni oTxi zarbazniT 1783 wlis oqtomberSi Semovida da saqarTveloSi 1787 wlis
oqtombramde darCa. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlis, mis mier
gadaxdili brZolebisa da saqarTvelodan gasvlis istoria dRemde specialuri kvlevis
sagani ar gamxdara. am movlenam Tavisi asaxva pova qarTul da rusul saistorio wyaroebsa
da samecniero literaturaSi.
wyaroebi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris yofnis istoria Zalze fragmentulad
aisaxa XVIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da XIX saukunis damdegis qarTul saistorio
mwerlobaSi. oman xerxeuliZe Tavis TxzulebaSi „mefoba irakli meorisa“ TiTqmis arafers
gvauwyebs CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb5. igive iTqmis daviT batoniSvilis
Txzulebaze ̀ axali istoria~ da bagrat batoniSvilis ̀ axal moTxrobaze~6. daviT da bagrat
batoniSvilebis TxzulebebTan zedmiwevniT msgavsebas amJRavnebs Teimuraz batoniSvilis
`axali istoria~7da vaxtang batoniSvilis „istoriebri aRwera“8.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvlis, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebisa da
ukan gawvevis itoriis Sesaxeb pirvelxarisxovani masala gamoaqveyna sankt-peterburgis
universitetis profesorma aleqsandre cagarelma (1844-1929). 1783-1787 wlebs exeba am
gamocemis meore tomis pirveli nakveTi9 da meore tomis meore nakveTi10. aleqsandre
cagarlis publikaciis done, cxadia, veRar akmayofilebs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, mecnieris Rvawli Zalze didia problemis Seswavlis saqmeSi, es gamocema
dResac samagido wignad rCeba.
sakiTxis SeswavliT dainteresebuli mkvlevari gverds ver auvlis stepan burnaSevis (1743-
1824)11 qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri mdgomareobis aRweras, romelic saTauriT ̀ Картина
4Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801
год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi 1960. gv. 232; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi.
Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77 (Seadare: O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII
веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966. стр.170). 5oman xerxeuliZe. mefoba irakli meorisa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1989. 6daviT batniSvili. axali istoria. bagrat batoniSvili. axali moTxroba. Tbilisi, 1941. 7Teimuraz batoniSvili. axali istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1983. 8vaxtang batoniSvili. istoriebri aRwera. sargis kakabaZis gamocema. tfilisi, 1914. 9Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801
год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898. 10Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.
Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902. 11stepan burnaSevi (1743-1824)_ rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, kartografi, diplomati, general-poruCiki (1790 w.), monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebisa da 1787-1791 wlebis omebSi, ruseTis imperiis mmarTveli senatis wevri (1798-1800 ww.). 1783 wels, georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde, dainiSna komisionerad (rwmunebulad) erekle II-isa da solomon I-is karze, georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg iyo ruseTis imperiis sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli (ministri) qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze
77
Грузии~, 1793 wels gamoica q. kurskSi, xolo 1896 wels _ TbilisSi12. polkovnik stepan
burnaSevis ̀ Картина Грузии~ TbilisSi namsaxuri rusi moxelis memuarebs ar warmoadgens. esaa
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis sruluflebiani warmomadgenlisa (ministrisa)
da rusuli batalionebis meTauris oficialuri moxseneba an am moxsenebis odnav
saxecvlili varianti. moxsenebisaTvis masalebs misi avtori qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi yofnis
periodSi (1783-1787 ww.) agrovebda. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamo stepan burnaSevis
`Картина Грузии~ uaRresad saintereso wyaroa.
1901 wels sergei burnaSevma (1875-1929) gamosca dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli,
romelSic pirvelad gamoqveynda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis
sruluflebiani warmomadgenlisa (ministrisa)da rusuli batalionebis meTauris polkovnik
stepan burnaSevis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli masalebi, romlebic rusi moxelis
saqarTveloSi yofnis periods (1783-1787 ww.) exeba13.krebulSi saintereso masala aris daculi
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gamogzavnili rusuli jaris Sesaxeb.
literatura. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvlis, mis mier gadaxdili
brZolebisa da ukan gawvevis istoria rusul istoriografiaSi pirvelad piotr butkovma
(1775-1857) gaaSuqa naSromSi „Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год“14, piotr
butkovis damsaxurebaa is, rom man samecniero mimoqcevaSi pirvelma Semoitana didi
moculobis saarqivo masala da Seqmna gamokvleva, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs
samecniero Rirebuleba. piotr butkovi ruseTis imperiis istoriografiis warmomadgenelia,
misi mizania ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri politikis gamarTleba. rusi istorikosi
amarTlebs saimperatoro karis gadawyvetilebas erekle II-is Txovnis miuxedavad, ar
gaezarga jaris kontingenti qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi, xolo 1787 wels saerTod gaeyvana
jari saqarTvelodan. CvenTvis saintereso problemis calkeul sakiTxs aSuqebs nikolai
dubrovini (1837-1904) Tavis gamokvlevaSi `Георгий XII последний царь Грузии и присоединение ея к
России”, romelic pirvelad 1867 wels, xolo meored 1897 wels gamoica15. kidev ufro
sainteresoa nikolai dubrovinis mravaltomeuli „История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе“,
romlis meore16 da mesame17 tomebi Cvens sakvlev sakiTxs exeba. piotr butkovis msgavsad
nikolai dubrovinmac didi moculobis saarqivo masala Semoitana samecniero mimoqcevaSi,
gamoiyena ukve gamoqveynebuli dokumentebi da masalebi. Tavis droze nikolai dubrovinis
gamokvleva erT-erT saukeTesod iTvleboda, mas dResac ar daukargavs samecniero
mniSvneloba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nikolai dubrovini, piotr butkovisagan gansxvavebiT,
ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri politikis aSkara mexotbed gvevlineba da xSirad yovelgvari
dasabuTebis gareSe amarTlebs ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikas, ruseTis imperiis
saxlmwifo uwyebaTa, rus politikosTa da samxedroTa damokidebulebas qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos bedisadmi. nikolai dubrovinis naSromi dazRveuli ar aris faqtobrivi
uzustobebisaganac.
marTalia, piotr butkovi da nikolai dubrovini xSirad dausabuTeblad amarTleben
ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikas, magram obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos: piotr
butkovma da nikolai dubrovinma iseTi saarqivo dokumentebi da masalebi gamoaqveynes,
romelTaA gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTSi myofi ruseTis jaris
Semosvlis, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebisa da jaris ukan gawvevis istoriis Seswavla,
da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris ori batalionis meTauri (1783-1787 ww). samsaxuridan gadadga 1800 wels. 12Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим
при Его Высочестве царе Карталинском и Кахетинском Ираклии Темуразовиче полковником и кавалером Бурнашевым в
Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К.Н. Бегичева, Тифлис, 1896. 13Новые материалы жизнеописания и деятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Собрал
и издал С. Н. Бурнашев. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.-Петербург, 1901. 14П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869. 15Н. Дубровин. Георгий XII последний царь Грузии и присоединение ея к России. С.-Петербург, 1867. Издание второе, С.-
Петербург, 1897. 16Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886. 17Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе Tом III, С.-Петербург,1886
78
SeuZlebeli iqneboda imitom, rom qarTuli wyaroebi (mateaneebi) mxolod fragmentul
cnobebs Seicaven.
1899 wels TbilisSi gamoica saintereso gamokvleva _ `Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от
их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года“18.
wigni vasili pottos (1836-1911) redaqciiT gamovida. piotr butkovisa da nikolai dubrovinis
gamokvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, vasili pottos redaqciiT gamocemuli `Исторический очерк
Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии.~ manamde ucnobi saarqivo dokumentebisa da
masalebis samecniero mimoqcevaSi SemotaniT ar gamoirCeva, igi ZiriTadad ukve gamocemul
dokumentebsa da masalebs, aseve arsebul samecniero gamokvlevebs (maT Soris piotr
butkovisa da nikolai dubrovinis gamokvlevebs) eyrdnoba. samagierod, „kavkasiuri omebis
istoriuli narkvevi“ manamde gamocemuli yvela naSromisagan gamoirCeva mecnieruli doniT,
gamokvlevisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSan-TvisebiT. amasTan erTad, garkveviT unda
aRiniSnos, rom vasili pottoc ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri politikis mexotbea.
rusi sabWoTa istorikosebidan 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris
gamogzavnis da ukan gawvevis istorias exeba olga markovas naSromi `Россия, Закавказье и
международные отношения в XVIII веке~19. iseve, rogorc XIX saukuneSi moRvawe rusi
istorikosebi (piotr butkovi, nikolai dubrovini, vasili potto), olga markovac cdilobda
gaemarTlebina ruseTis kavkasiuri politika, mieCqmala xelisuflebisTvis arasasurveli
faqtebi da movlenebi, rac sabolood istoriuli procesis gayalbebiT dasrulda. aqve isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom olga markovam samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana didi raodenobiT
saarqivo masala, gaaswora piotr butkovis, nikolai dubrovinisa da vasili pottos
naSromebSi gaparuli faqtobrivi Secdomebi da uzustobebi.
qarTvel mecnierTagan qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gamogzavnili ruseTis jaris istoria
pirvelad platon ioselianma (1809-1875) gaaSuqa. misi wigni qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis
giorgi XII-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb pirvelad avtoris sicocxleSive _ 1767
wels _gamoica, meored 1895 wels, mesamed 1936 wels, meoTxed _ 1978 wels20. platon
ioselianis naSromi sagrZnoblad Camouvardeba petre butkovisa da nikolai dubrovinis
naSromebs, bevrad naklebi Rirebulebisaa vasili pottos redaqciiT gamocemul wignTan
SedarebiT. pirvel rigSi, es exeba wyaroebisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis
ugulvebelyofas.
qarTvel istorikosTa naSromTagan sainteresoa sargis kakabaZis „saqarTvelos istoria.
axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810 ww.)“21, „qarTveli xalxis istoria. 1783-1921“,22 geronti
qiqoZis „erekle meore“23 (naSromi pirvelad 1947 wels gamovida, xolo mesamed _ 1958 wels),
iase cincaZis „1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati“24. 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi
myofi ruseTis jaris istoriam asaxva hpova `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~
rvatomeulis meoTxe tomSi. 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperiis
urTierTobas am gamocemis meToTxmete Tavi eZRvneba25. igi dawerilia mamia dumbaZis mier.
`saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ meoTxe tomSi 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi
18Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899. 19O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „Наука” , Москва, 1966. 20platon ioseliani. cxovreba mefis giorgi XIII-sa. Tfilisi, Cyiz [1867]; platon ioseliani. cxovreba mefe giorgi mecametisa da saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba. zaqaria WiWinaZis gamocema. Tfilisi, 1895; platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. akaki gawerelias Sesavali weriliT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. tfilisi, 1936; platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978. 21sargis kakabaZe 1922 wels gamocemul naSromSi „saqarTvelos istoria. axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810 ww.)“. tfilisi, 1922, gv. 222-244. 22sargis kakabaZe. qarTveli xalxis istoria.1783-1921. Tbilisi, 1997. 23geronti qiqoZe. erekle meore. sablitgami, Tbilisi, 1958. 24iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. 25saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. rva tomad. tomi IV. saqarTvelo XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 694-777.
79
myofi rusuli jaris istoria(jaris Semoyvana, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebi da ukan gawveva)
warmodgenilia fragmentulad da umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebis gverdis avliT.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis imperiis jaris(ori batalionis) gamogzavna ruseTis
aRmosavluri politikis nawili iyo. saqarTveloSi gamosagzavni jaris raodenobis
gansazRvra, jaris kontigentis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis saimperatoro karTan da
kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalTan erekle II-is mimowera, erekle II-is Txovnaze imperatorisa
da kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlis reagireba savsebiT gasagebs xdis ruseTis imperiis
strategias samxreT kavkasiaSi da am strategiis ganxorcielebis taqtikur gzebs.
$2. ruseTis jaris Semosvla qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi
(1783 wlis oqtomberi-noemberi)
1783 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi ruseTis jaris ori batalioni, rogorc es
georgievskis traqtatiT iyo gansazRvruli, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Semovida. georgievskis
traqtati jer kidev ar iyo xelmowerili, rodesac general-anSefma grigori potiomkinma26
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris gagzavnisaTvis daiwyo mzadeba. jaris gagzavnis saqmes
praqtikulad general-poruCiki pavel potiomkini27 xelmZRvanelobda. 1783 wlis 1 ivliss
pavel potiomkins daekisra Crdilo kavkasiaSi, mozdokidan astraxanamde (kaspiis zRvamde),
kavkasiis sasazRvro xazis dacva. cota mogvianebiT, 1784 wlis 2 Tebervals, igi dainiSna
saratovisa da kavkasiis general-gubernatorad da kaspiis zRvidan Sav zRvamde ganlagebuli
ruseTis jarebis mTavarsardlad _ kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlad.. 1785 wlis 5 maiss Seiqmna
kavkasiis samefisnacvlo, romelSic Sedioda kavkasiisa da astraxanis olqebi28.
kavkasiis xazidan (mozdoki, georgievski) Tbilisisaken momavali gza jarisa da
artileriis gadaadgilebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo. TbilisSi Camosulma polkovnikma stepan
burnaSevma29 pavel potiomkins acnoba, rom igi Seudga Tbilisidan kavkasionis
uReltexilamde gzebis SekeTebasa da xidebis mSeneblobas. stepan burnaSevs erekle II 1500
kaciT daxmarebas Sehpirebia30. jer kidev manam, sanam mozdoki-astraxanis xazs Caibarebda,
26grigori potiomkini (1739-1791) _ grafi, rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, diplomati. Eekaterina II-is yuradReba miiqcia 1762 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis dros, gaxda imperatoris favoriti. Mmonawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi, 1774 wels mieniWa general-poruCikis, 1775 wels _ general-anSefis, 1784 wels_ general-feldmarSlis samxedro wodeba. 1784 wlidan iyo novorosiis general-gubernatori, xelmZRvanelobda xersonesis, sevastopolis, nikolaevis da sxva qalaqebis daarsebas, gaxda osmaleTisa da iranis dapyroba-danawilebis ideis erT-erTi aqtiuri iniciatori da mxardamWeri, ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri da aRmosavluri politikis praqtikuli ganmaxorcielebeli. ruseT-osmaleTis 1787-1791 wlebis omis dros iyo ruseTis armiis mTavarsardali, gardaicvala 1791 wels, iasis zavis dadebamde. 27pavel potiomkini (1743-1796)_grafi, rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, diplomati, general-
poruCiki, mwerali, grigori potiomkinis gare biZaSvili. swrafad dawinaurda samxedro samsaxurSi, monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi, 1774-1775 wlebSi monawileobda emeliane pugaCovis, da glexTa omis sxva moTaveTa saqmis gamoZiebaSi.1782 wels dainiSna kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlad, 1782 wlidan monawileobda qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris dasadebi xelSekrulebis momzadebaSi, 1783 wlis 24 ivliss xeli moawera georgievskis traqtats, 1783 wlis seqtembridan meTaurobda CeCnebis winaaRmdeg gagzavnil samxedro eqspedicias, 1783 wlia agvistodan meTaurobda Seix mansuris winaaRmdeg yubanispireTSi moqmed samxedro eqspedicias, monawileobda 1787-1791 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi, 1794 wels monawileobas iRebda ruseTis winaaRmdeg poloneTSi dawyebuli ajanyebis CaxSobaSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs ramdenime mxatvruli nawarmoebi. 28Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 163. 29stepan burnaSevi (1743-1824)_ rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, kartografi, diplomati, general-poruCiki(1790 w.), monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebisa da 1787-1791 wlebis omebSi, ruseTis imperiis mmarTveli senatis wevri (1798-1800 ww.). 1783 wels, georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde, dainiSna komisionerad (rwmunebulad) erekle II-isa da solomon I-is karze, georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg iyo ruseTis imperiis srulyflebiani warmomadgeneli (ministri) qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris ori batalionis meTauri(1783-1787 ww). samsaxuridan gadadga 1800 wels. 30Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 12;
80
1783 wlis maisSi, pavel potiomkinma ober-kvartermaister foxts daavala mdinare Tergis
gaswvriv arsebuli gzis saqarTvelos sazRvramde wesrigSi moyvana. samuSaos
Sesasruleblad foxts gamouyves 800 jariskaci. grenaderTa erTi batalioni gzis
mSeneblobis usafrTxoebas icavda. 1783 wlis oqtomberSi foxtma mdinare Tergze xidebis
mSenebloba daasrula. Tergze, sofel balTidan (oseTi) yazbegamde, gzis 32-kilometrian
monakveTze 27 xidi iyo. foxtma sakmaod myari xideebi aago, Tumca 1786 wels adidebulma
Tergma xidebi mainc daangria31.
1783 wlis oqtomberSi Crdilo kavkasiidan saqarTvelosaken daiZra ruseTis jaris egerTa
2 batalioni 4 savele zarbazniT. im wels adre dazamTrda. kavkasionis mTebze ukve Tovli
ido. ruseTis jaris ori batalioni 1783 wlis oqtomberSi balTa-yazbegis gziT Semovida
saqarTveloSi. 1783 wlis 3 noembers, Semodgomis susxian dRes, rusulma batalionebma
Tbiliss moaRwies32.
***
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris gamogzavnasTan erTad grigori potiomkini cdilobda
Crdilo kavkasiidan (mozdokidan) saqarTveloSi momavali gzis dacvas. 1784 wlis
gazafxulze kavkasionis mTiswineTSi daarsda vladikavkazis cixe-simagre, xolo mozdokidan
vladikavkazamde gzaze aigo redutebi: potiomkini (mdinare Tergze), kumbeleini (mdinare
kumbeleize), grigoriopolisi (mcire yabardoSi)33.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris, Tundac or batalionis, Semosvla ruseTis kavkasiuri
politikis nawili iyo. imperatori ekaterina II miRweuliT dakmayofilebas ar apirebda. 1784
wels pavel potiomkinma miiRo didi raodenobiT fuli,riTac astraxanSi Seiqmna weliwad-
naxevris sursaTis maragi 6.000 jariskacisaTvis, qeris maragi 1500 cxenisaTvis. Tu ruseTis
jari derbents (darubands) daikavebda, es maragi kaspiis zRvis flotilias derbentSi unda
gadaetana34.
1783 wlis 3 noembers TbilisSi Semosuli egerTa ori rusuli batalioni oTxi savele
zarbazniT ukve saqarTveloSi myof polkovnik stepan burnaSevs daeqvemdebara35. cxadia, es
ar warmoadgenda im Zalas, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebs daaSinebda. 1784 wlis 6
dekembers imperatorma ekaterina II-m mefe erekles uwyaloba 24 qvemexi yumbarebis ori
kompleqtiT. 1785 wlis TebervalSi qvemexebi oTxTvalebiT sankt-peterburgidan tverSi
gagzavnes, Semdeg mdinare volgiT qalaq caricinamde Caitanes, saidanac isev saxmeleTo gziT
Crdilo kavkasiaSi, qalaq ekaterinogradSi, gadaitanes. ase rom, naCuqari qvemexebis sankt-
peterburgidan TbilisSi CamoRweva Zalze gaWinaurda36. imperator ekaterina II-is mier 1784
wels mefe ereklesTvis naboZebi qvemexebis nawili TbilisSi mxolod 1787 wels Camoitanes37,
meore nawils, erekle II-is araerTgzis Txovnis miuxedavad, 1797 wlis 31 dekembersac ki ar
CamouRwevia TbilisSi,38 miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe erekle imperator ekaterina II-s 1793
31П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 130-131;
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 12-13; 32Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 191; П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803
год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131; Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом
II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 13; 33П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131. 34П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 143. 35П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131;
Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 191. 36П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131-132. 37Н. Дубровин. Тысяча восемьсот второй год в Грузии. – «Вестник Европы». Журнал истории, политики, литературы. Том II,
1868. С.-Петербург, 1868, стр. 226. 38Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.
Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902, стр. 78., 180.
81
wlis 17 ianvars sTxovda Crdilo kavkasiaSi, ekaterinogradSi, CarCenili qvemexebis nawilis
saqarTveloSi gagzavnis daCqarebas39.
pavel potiomkini didi pasuxismgeblobiT ekideboda dakisrebul movaleobas. 1784 wlis
zafxulSi igi mozdokidan Tbilisisaken gamoemgzavra, Tumca Tbiliss mxolod seqtemberSi
moaRwia40. pavel potiomkins Tan axlda brwyinvale amala: grigori potiomkinis naTesavi
general-poruCiki aleqsandr samoiloviCi, hesenis princi, ruseTis jaris podpolkovniki
reinsfeldi (igive reinsfeldski) da oficrebi cnobili rusuli sagvareuloebidan. pavel
potiomkini TbilisSi didi zeimiT miiRes. zeimis dasrulebis Semdeg rusi generali Sexvda
qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-s. pavel potiomkinma mefes qarTuli jaris gaZlierebis
aucileblobaze mianiSna41.
$3. muslimuri samyaros reaqcia qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi
ruseTis jaris Semosvlaze
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis
(georgievskis traqtatis) dadebidan (1783 wlis 24 ivlisi) ramdenime dRis Semdeg general-
anSefma grigori potiomkinma kavkasiis muslim mflobelebs (samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasis
iranel da Crdilo kavkasiel xanebs) acnoba, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis
mfarvelobaSi Sevida. muslimi mmarTvelebi am cnobam Zlier aaforiaqa. kidev ufro didi
mRelvareba gamoiwvia cnobam imis Sesaxeb, rom male qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jari
Semovidoda. samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iraneli da Crdilo kavkasieli xanebi, aseve
axalcixis faSa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas did
safrTxed aRiqvamdnen. SiSi ruseTisadmi kidev ufro gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac cnobili
gaxda ruseTis jarebis mier yirimis saxanos dapyroba (1783 w.) da yubanispireTis
dakavebisaTvis brZolebis dawyeba42. ruseTis jaris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Semosvlas
muslimi mmarTvelebi miiCnevdnen iranisa da osmaleTis teritoriebis dapyrobis dasawyisad.
samxreT-aRmosavleT da Crdilo kavkasiis xanebi, romlebic winaT ruseTisadmi mtruli
moqmedebisagan Tavs ar ikavebdnen, amjerad samagieros gadaxdis molodinSi iyvnen da
gamalebiT emzadebodnen TavdacvisaTvis. xanebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen, Tumca moqmedebis
erTian gegmaze ver SeTanxmdenen. maTi erTi nawili ruseTis winsvlis brZoliT SeCerebis
momxre iyo, xolo meore nawili mzad iyo TavianTi saxanoebi mietovebina da mezobel
saxanoebs Sexiznoda.
iranis garda, ruseTis imperiis winsvla samxreT kavkasiaSi did safrTxes uqmnida
osmaleTs. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebiT ruseTs ar daurRvevia osmaleTTan
dadebuli arcerTi zavi, ar SeWrila osmaleTis gavlenis sferoSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo
iranis vasali iyo da amdenad, georgievskis traqtatma Selaxa iranis da ara osmaleTis
uflebebi. stambolSi kargad acnobierebdnen imas, rom osmaleTs formaluri sababi ar
hqonda ruseTisaTvis georgievskis traqtatis gauqmeba moeTxova. amgvari moTxovnis uflebi
mxolod irans hqonda, magram erT dros uZlieresi saxelmwifo 1783-1784 wlebisaTvis
Sinaomebisagan imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom ruseTs pretenzias ver wauyenebda, miT ufro,
oms ver gamoucxadebda. Seqmnili viTareba osmaleTis sulTans aiZulebda, raRac
saSualebebiT xeli SeeSala qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis damkvidrebisaTvis. osmaleTis
mdgomareobas arTulebda is, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo iranis vasali iyo, ris gamoc
osmaleTi ruseTis imperiisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos urTierTobaSi ver Caereoda. amasTan
erTad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvla osmaleTs seriozul safrTxes
39Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.
Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902, стр. 112, 89-91, 180. 40Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 155. 41Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 192-193. 42Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 22.
82
uqmnida. osmaleTis sulTnisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili is, rom erekle II samcxe-saaTabagos
(osmaluri teritoriul-administraciuli dayofiT axalcixis safaSos) qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos nawilad miiCnevda da ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom ruseTis jari swored axalcixis
safaSos likvidaciisTvis gamoeyenebina. stambolSi isic kargad uwyodnen, rom ruseT-
osmaleTis momavali omi cxra mTas iqiT ar iyo. yirimis saxanos gauqmebam (1783 w.) ukiduresad
daZaba ruseT-osmaleTis urTierToba. ruseTTan momaval omSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
teritoriaze ruseTis jaris yofna osmaleTs seriozuli safrTxis winaSe ayenebda.
miuxedavad amisa, , rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osmaleTs ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis
aranairi formaluri sababi ar hqonda. rCeboda erTaderTi gza: axalcixis faSas meSveobiT
osmaleTs ruseTis winaaRmdeg samxreT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebi (erevnis, ganjis,
yarabaRis, naxWevnis ,xois, Saqis, Sirvanis, derbentis da sxv.) da Crdilo kavkasiis muslimi
mflobelebi (tarkis Samxali, avariis xani, xunZaxis xani da sxv.) aemxedrebina. es ise unda
momxdariyo, rom axalcixis faSa ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi aSkarad ar gareuliyo.
axalcixis faSa suleimans (gamuslimebul qarTvels jayelebis sagvareulodan)
mosveneba daukarga cnobam rusebis mier kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis
mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. gzis mSenebloba jeri damTavrebuli ar iyo, rodesac osmaleTis
propagandis Sedegad Crdilo kavkasiaSi yabardoelTa, CeCenTa da inguSTa mRelvareba
daiwyo. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-poruCik pavel potiomkins utyuari cnobebi
hqonda, rom yabardos, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis garda, osmaleTis emisrebi aqtiurad
moqmedebdnen daRestanSi. aSkara iyo, rom sulTani advilad ar Seurigdeboda qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas43.
1783 wlis zafxulSi osmalo faSa 10.000 mebrZoliT foTSi Sevida. 1783 wlis miwuruls
osmaleTis sulTanma trapizonSi, arzrumsa da axalcixeSi, xolo mogvianebiT yarsSi axali
sardlebi daniSna. saqarTvelos mosazRvre faSebs stambolidan acnobes, rom ruseTis jarma
kavkasiis mTebi gadmoiara da osmaleTisaTvis saqarTvelos wasarTmevad emzadeboda44.
axalcixis, arzrumis, yarsisa da baiazeTis faSebma gadawyvites dakavSirebodnen samxreT-
aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranul saxanoebs.stambolidan iranul saxanoebsa da daRestanSi
axalcixis faSa suleimanis meSveobiT xSirad Cadiodnen osmaleTis sulTnis emisrebi.
sulTnis firmani muslimebs mouwodebda gaerTianebuliyvnen samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis
damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. sulTanma suleiman faSas daavala dakavSireboda iranel
xanebs, avariis xans da didi fulisa da saCuqrebis meSveobiT isini ruseTis winaaRmdeg
brZolaze daeTanxmebina. muslimi mflobelebis mosyidvis mizniT axalcixis faSam
stambolidan 50 qisa oqro miiRo45. suleiman faSa saswrafod daukavSirda imxanad iranSi
Sahis taxtisaTvis mebrZolTa Soris yvelaze Zlier ali murat xans, aseve amierkavkasiis
iranel xanebs da daRestnis mflobelebs. suleimanma maT ruseTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi
brZolisaken mouwoda: ,,cremlmoreuli gevedrebiT dagvexmareT Cven, moimoqmedeT raime, raTa
urwmunoebi Cveni sazRvrebidan ganvdevnoT~46.
osmaleTis sabrZolo samzadisis Sesaxeb grigori potiomkini yoveli mxridan iRebda
cnobebs. 1784 wlis 18 aprils enzelidan rusi konsuli astraxanis gubernators werda:
arzrumsa da baiazeTSi Tavi moiyara didma jarma, osmalo sardali kavSirSia iranel da
daRestnel xanebTan, mouwodebs maT daxmareba aRmouCinon osmaleTis jars da yovel
mebrZols jildod weliwadSi 200 maneTs pirdeba47.
saqarTvelos mosazRvre osmalo faSebi ukve aSkarad gamoxatavdnen aRSfoTebas
erekle II-is politikiT. stambolSi gavrcelda xmebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa da
rusTa jaris erToblivi brZolisaTvis mzadebis Sesaxeb. viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT
grigori potiomkinma gadawyvita piradad Casuliyo stambolSi da osmaleTis sagareo
politikis mesveurebi daerwmunebina gavrcelebuli xmebis sicrueSi. magram ruseTis elCma
43 O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.201. 44 O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.201-202. 45 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 24. 46 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25. 47 O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.202.
83
stambolSi iakob bulgakovma 1784 wlis 16 marts werili gaugzavna grigori potiomkins da
stambolSi Casvlisagan Tavis Sekaveba urCia, viziti ar Sedga48.
1783 wlis zafxulSi axalcixe iqca lekTa moTareSe razmebis TavSeyris adgilad.
axalcixeSi lekebi iRebdnen fuls da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis
instruqcias. axalcixis faSas aqtiuri moqmedebis Sedegad georgievskis traqtatis dadebis
Semdeg gaZlierda lekTa Tavdasxmebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze. suleiman faSa Tavis
agresiul miznebs ar amJRavnebda da erekle II-is megobrad asaRebda Tavs. 1783 wels ruseTma
yirimis saxano daipyro. osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda yirimis dakargvas, rac
dadasturda yirimis Sesaxeb ruseT-osmaleTis 1784 wlis konvenciiT. kinvenciis dadebis
Semdeg osmaleTis sulTanma axalcixis faSa suleimans qarTl-kaxeTis mimarT mtruli
moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba ubrZana. Tavis mxriv, suleiman faSam sulTans urCia: qarTl-
kaxeTis winaaRmdeg mtruli moqmedebebi unda gagrZeldes, raTa erekle II ar gaZlierdes.
sulTanma suleiman faSas azri gaiTvaliswina da, ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis
miuxedavad, Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba misca49.
1784 wlisaTvis suleiman faSas konkretuli gegma aseTi iyo: daRestnis mflobelebs
axalcixeSi unda gaegzavnaT 3000 mebrZoli, romelTa jamagiriTa da sursaTiT
uzrulvelyofas faSa Tavis Tavze iRebda. daRestnis mflobelTa didi nawili, cxadia,
Zarcva-glejaze uars ar ityoda, magram arc axalcixis faSas mimarT raime konkretuli
valdebulebis aReba surdaT. amitom iyo, rom lekebis didma nawilma suleiman faSas mxari
ar dauWira. daRestnis mflobelebma axalcixis faSas aseTi pasuxi SeuTvales: ,,Cven
rusebTan da qarTvelebTan erTad arasdros viqnebiT. mzad varT vemsaxuroT sulTans, magram
mas Semdeg, rac igi realur daxmarebas aRmogviCens~50. suleiman faSam igrZno, rom
daRestnelebis ruseTis winaaRmdeg darazmvas ver SeZlebda. amitom iyo, rom man mTeli
yuradReba samxreT kavkasiis iranul saxanoebze gadaitana. 1784 wels suleiman faSa
yarabaRis (SuSis) xan ibrahims werda: ,,wyeulma rusebma kavkasiis mTebSi gza gaiyvanes, rac
saSualebas aZlevs maT gadmoitanon ara mxolod saWiro bargi, aramed artileria da jaris
gamosakvebad aucilebeli sursaTi. ruseTis jari Semovida saqarTveloSi, zafxulis
miwuruls isini (qarTvelebi da rusebi _ v. g.) iranze TavdasxmisaTvis Seikribebian da iseve
gvSTanTqaven Cven, rogorc zafxulis wvimebis Semdeg mosuli niaRvari Tavis gzaze
STanTqavs yvelafers~51. suleiman faSa ibrahim xans urCevda kargad dafiqrebuliyo da
cecxli manamde Caeqro, sanam xanZrad gadaiqceoda. suleiman faSas ibrahim xani SemTxveviT
ar SeurCevia. ruseTis jaris Semosvla qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi did safrTxes uqmnida
yarabaRis xans. saqme is iyo, rom yarabaRis saxanos teritoriaze uamravi qristiani somexi
cxovrobda, romlebic ruseTs TavianT bunebriv mokavSired miiCnevdnen52.
osmaleTis agentura aqtiurad moqmedebda iranSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos uSualo
mezoblebi, erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebi, erekle II-is xelisuflebis uzenaesobas
aRiarebdnen. Ggeorgievskis traqtatis dadebidan male, 1783 wlis bolos, gardaicvala
erevnis xani husein ali. TbilisSi erekle II-sTan gamocxaddnen erevnis saxanos
warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris gardacvlili xanis ori vaJi da mefes sTxoves xanis taxtze
husein alis ufrosi vaJis damtkiceba. erekle mefem Txovna daakmayofila da erevnis xani
gaxda husein alis ufrosi vaJi53. jer kidev georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde ganjis
saxanoc xanis gareSe darCa. TvalebdaTxrili ganjis xani cixeSi hyavda gamoketili
yarabaRis xan ibrahims. ganjis xanis taxti mitacebuli hqonda mehmed xans, romelic qarTl-
kaxeTis mefis uzenaesobas ar scnobda. erekle II-m da ibrahim xanma ganjaze ilaSqres, mehmed
xanma winaaRmdegobis gaweva scada, magram damarcxda. xani Seipyres, Tvalebi dasTxares da
cixeSi gamoketes. ganja erekle mefisa da ibrahim xanis erTobliv mmarTvelobas
48O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.202. 49O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.203. 50Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25. 51Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25. 52Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25-26. 53Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40.
84
daeqvemdebara. saxanos teritoria orad gaiyo: erT nawils erekle II-is mier daniSnuli
moxele ganagebda, xolo meore nawils _ ibrahim xanisa54.
georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg meryeoba daetyo erekle mefis Zvel mokavSire
yarabaRis xan ibrahims55. yarabaRis xanma ganjis saxanos gadabireba daiwyo. ibrahim xanma
erekle mefis winaaRmdeg ganjis mosaxleobis ajanyebac ki scada.amboxeba ar Sedga, Tumca
movlenebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis mainc arasasurvelad ganviTarda – ukmayofilo
ganjelebma, rogorc erekle II-is, ise ibrahim xanis daniSnuli mmarTvelebi gamoaZeves56.
miuxedavad qarTuli jaris sisustisa, erekle II cdilobda samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis
iranul saxanoebze, pirvel rigSi, erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebze gavlenis aRdgenas. 1784
wels mefem jari Sekriba da Tavad andronikaSvilisa da SamSadilueli ali sulTnis
sardlobiT ganjis dasamorCileblad gagzavna. ganjis xanis laSqari qalaqis misadgomebTan
Sexvda qarTul jars, magram pirveli SetakebisTanave ukan daixia da ganjis citadels
Seafara Tavi57. erekle mefe varaudobda, rom Tu derbentis xani faTali yarabaRis xans
ibrahims ver gadaibirebda da igi erekle II-s ganjis xanis winaaRmdeg jariT daexmareboda,
qarTuli jari ganjis saxanos daimorCilebda58. amitom iyo, rom erekle mefem elCi gaugzavna
faTali xans da yarabaRis saxanos saqmeebSi Carevisagan Tavis Sekaveba urCia. erekles elCi
derbentis xans yarabaRis saxanosaken jariT mimavals salianSi Sexvda. xani salianSi
sursaTis maragis amowurvis gamo SeCerebuliyo. faTali xanTan erekle mefis elCTan erTad
axalcixis faSa suleimanis elCic gamocxadda, romelmac faTali xans 3000 Cervoneci,
Zvirfasi qurqi da briliantebiT morTuli saaTi gadasca saCuqrad. suleiman faSas elCma
derbentis xans osmaleTis sulTnis saxeliT daxmareba aRuTqva. elCi faTali xans ruseTis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwodebda. axalcixis faSa derbentis xans swerda: ,,qarTl-
kaxeTis samefos ruseTi imitom wyalobs, rom xelSi Caigdos irani. winaswar gafrTxilebT,
rom mzad iyoT 1784 wlis zafxulSi omis dawyebisaTvis... Tqven Tqveni mxridan SemoutevT,
me Cemi mxridan davesxmebi Tavs saqarTvelos. girCevT Tavi mouyaroT mTel Tqvens jars,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sul male inanebT...~59
derbentis xans, cxadia, ar sjeroda suleiman faSas danapirebisa, magram cdilobda
Seqmnili viTarebidan sargebeli mieRo. faTali xanma Tavisi warmomadgeneli gagzavna pavel
potiomkinTan da axalcixis faSas saCuqrebisa da werilis Taobaze acnoba. faTali xanma
pavel potiomkins isic gaagebina, rom axalcixis faSas elCi masTan Sexvedris Semdeg
yarabaRis xan ibrahimTan mosalaparakeblad gaemarTa. ibrahim xans elCi didi pativiT miuRia.
qalaqSi elCis Sesvlisas saartilerio saliutic ki miucia da elCis miRebisas yvelas
Tvalwin osmaleTis sulTnis mier boZebuli xalaTi mousxams. derbentis xani kavkasiis
xazis mTavarsardals aseve acnobebda: marTalia, ibrahim xani ruseTis mfarvelobaSi myofad
acxadebs Tavs, magram osmaleTis sulTanTan elCebs agzavnis da saidumlo mimowerac aqvs
sulTnis karTan, saCuqrebsac iRebs misgan60. derbentis xanma pavel potiomkinisagan Seqebis
nacvlad aseTi pasuxi miiRo: axalcixis faSas elCi unda dagepatimrebina, moqceuliyavi ise,
rogorc moiqceoda ruseTis erTguli yvela adamianio61. faTali xani mixvda, rom ibrahim
xanis winaaRmdeg Cafiqrebulma intrigam mizans ver miaRwia. derbentis xanis laSqari
yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ar gamodgeboda, laSqars sursaTis maragi ar
gaaCnda. mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma derbentis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan
megobruli urTierTobis damyarebaze aiRo gezi. xanma didi pativiT miiRo erekle mefis
warmomadgeneli. faTali xani erekle II-s sTavazobda yarabaRis saxanos orad gayofas im
pirobiT, Tu saxanos gayofaSi rusebi ar Caereodnen62. faTali xani erekle II-is
54Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40. 55Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40. 56Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40-41. 57Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77. 58Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77. 59Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77. 60Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77-78. 61Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 78. 62Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 78-79.
85
warmomadgenels sTxovda mefisaTvis ecnobebina Semdegi: 1. derbentis xani yarabaRis xanis
winaaRmdeg oms daiwyebda, Tu mefe erekle 500 mebrZols daaxmarda; 2. yarabaRis saxanos
dapyrobisa da qalaq SuSis aRebis Semdeg, yazaxidan da SamSadiludan yarabaRSi gaxiznuli
TaTrebi kvlav qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze dabrundebodnen; 3. yarabaRis saxanos
teritoriaze mcxovrebi somxebi mefe erekles gankargulebaSi gadavidodnen, xolo muslimi
mosaxleoba derbentis xans darCeboda; 4. Tu mefe erekle Tanaxma iqneboda, yarabaRis xani
ibrahim xanis Zma gaxdeboda, romelic rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis mefis, ise derbentis xanis
morCilebaSi iqneboda; 5.Tu derbentis xanis pirobebs erekle mefe miiRebda, xani pirobas
debda, rom ganjis saxanos saqmeebSi aRar Caereoda63. erekle II-is warmomadgenelma derbentis
xans aseTi pasuxi gasca: qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ruseTis imperatoris mfarvelobaSia da amdenad,
imperatorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe Tqvens pirobebze pasuxs ver gagcemTo. cxadia, faTali
xani, romelsac qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da yarabaRis xanis kavSirisa eSinoda, aseTma pasuxma
ar daakmayofila da garkveuli kiTxva-pasuxis Semdeg mefe erekles warmomadgenels
ganucxada: ,,me ar vapireb raime saqme daviWiro rusebTan da isini Cemi moRvaweobis
Tanamonawileebad vaqcio. Tu qarTl-kaxeTis mefes ruseTis jari Tavis dasacavad hyavs, dae,
igi eTaTbiros rusebs, me ki mTeli ZaliT vecdebi davipyro yarabaRi~64.
qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg kavSiris Sekvris
warumatebeli cdis Semdeg derbentis xani yarabaRis saxanos teritoriaze SeiWra. ibrahim
xani qalaq SuSidan gamovida da oTxi versis moSorebiT erT-erT cixe-simagreSi gamagrda,
saidanac daxmarebis TxovniT macne gagzavna erekle II-Tan. mefes jaris gagzavnis saSualeba
ar hqonda, amitom ganjasTan mdgar Tavad andronikaSvils da ali sulTans sTxova, ibrahim
xanis dasaxmareblad daZruliyvnen. qarTvelTa da SamSadiluelTa laSqarma ganjis cixes
alya moxsna da ibrahim xanis saSvelad daiZra. ganjaSi zeimi daiwyo. male ganjelebma erekle
mefis winaaRmdeg SamSadilueli da Samqoreli TaTrebi aamxedres, ramac mefes axali
Tavsatexi gauCina.
osmaleTi cdilobda ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg erT-erTi
gavleniani mmarTvelis, ispahanis xan ali muradis gadabirebas. sulTani daTmobaze wavida
da baRdadSi osmalebis mier dangreuli sparsuli meCeTis aRdgenisaTvis didi fuli gaiRo.
miuxedavad amisa, xanma ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolisagan Tavi Seikava65. pavel potiomkins
uamravi cnoba hqonda imis Taobaze, rom osmaleTi yvelgan cdilobda wylis amRvrevas. 1784
wlis aprilSi axalcixeSi dabrundnen 1783 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiaSi gamogzavnili
emisrebi xalil efendis winamZRolobiT. emisrebis mizans Seadgenda Crdilo kavkasiis
daRestneli mflobelebisa da iranis saxanoebis ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg
amxedreba. axalcixis faSa suleimani muslimebs ruseTis winaaRmdeg omisaken mouwodebda.
Tavis werilebTan erTad suleiman faSa muslim mflobelebs ugzavnida ruseTis mier
osmaleTisaTvis gagzavnili im notis asls, romelic adasturebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas66.
xalil efendim Semoiara daRestani, Sirvani da yarabaRi, xolo Semdeg erevanSi Cavida.
erekle II-is mier erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebis mmarTvelad daniSnulma Tavadma
andronikaSvilma mefes xalil efendis Sesaxeb acnoba da Tanac osmalo emisrisaTvis
werilebis CamorTmevis nebarTva iTxova. mefe am radikaluri nabijis winaaRmdeg wavida. 1784
wlis aprilSi pavel potiomkini stepan burnaSevs swerda, rom mefe savsebiT sworad moiqca,
roca osmalo emisars werilebi Zalis gamoyenebiT ar CamoarTva67. xalil efendi SuSaSi
ibrahim xanTan dabrunda. am droisaTvis SuSa osmalo emisrebis Stab-binad iqca. 1784 wlis
19 aprils mefe erekle stepan burnaSevs swerda, rom man SuSaSi xalil efendisaTvis
werilebis moparvis mizniT Tavisi xalxi gagzavna. SuSaSi xalil efendis moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb pavel potiomkins cnobebs awvdida yaiTaRis ucmia amir hamza68.
63Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 79. 64Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 79. 65O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.203. 66O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.203. 67O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.204. 68O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.204.
86
xalil efendis misiis warmateba bevrad ganapiroba iman, rom mas mxari dauWires
daRestnelma mflobelebma. samxedro kavSiri ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg TiTqos
Seikra. 1784 wlis ianvarSi yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma SuSaSi Tavi mouyara 8 000 mebrZols.
yarabaRis xans SeuerTdnen: xunZaxis xanis Svili, yaiTaRis ucmiis naTesavi, ramdenime
mamasaxlisi CeCneTidan da sxvebi. am cnobis miRebisTanave pavel potiomkinma daRestnel
mflobelebs werili daugzavna da sTxova, TavianTi Svilebi da naTesavebi yarabaRidan
gamoexmoT da ar daeSvaT ibrahim xanTan erTad maTi axalcixeSi Casvla. kavkasiis xazis
mTavarsardlis Txovna daRestnis mmarTvelebma yurad iRes69.
1784 wlis TebervalSi yaiTaRis ucmia amir hamzam axalcixis faSas werili miiRo.
suleiman faSa amir hamzas axalcixeSi 300 mebrZolis gagzavnas sTxovda da TiToeuls
jamagiris saxiT 60 maneTsa da aseve qarTl-kaxeTis darbevis Sedegad mopovebul naalafars
pirdeboda. faSa amir hamzas sTxovda axalcixeSi Tavisi warmomadgeneli gaegzavna, raTa
ucmiisaTvis gankuTvnili wina wlebis jamagiri aeRo. msgavsi xasiaTis werilebi suleiman
faSam tarkis Samxal murTaz alis, avariis xan ummas, yaziyumuxis xan muhameds da sxva
xanebs, sul 24 xelisufals, daugzavna. xanebma es werilebi pavel potiomkins gadasces,
xolo am ukanasknelma 1784 wels grigori potiomkins miawvdina. umma xanma ara marto
suleiman faSas werili gadasca pavel potiomkins, aramed Tavisi samsaxuric SesTavaza.
axalcixis faSas werilis miRebis Semdeg tarkis Samxalma murTaz alim pavel potiomkins
ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlis TxovniT mimarTa.
Crdilo kavkasiisa da iranis muslim mflobelebs Soris antiqarTuli ganwyobilebis
Sesarbileblad pavel potiomkinma xanebs gaugzavna cnoba ruseT-osmaleTis 1784 wlis
dekembris konvenciis Sesaxeb, romlis ZaliTac osmaleTma cno yirimis gadasvla ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi. xanebTan gagzavnilma rusma oficrebma pavel potiomkins gadasces werilebi,
romlebSic muslimi mflobelebi ruseTs erTgulebas eficebodnen. 1784 wlis 30 maiss pavel
potiomkinma es werilebi grigori potiomkins gaugzavna70.
amierkavkasiaSi xalil efendis warumatebeli misiis miuxedavad, osmaleTi antirusul
propagandas ar wyvetda. male sulTanma ufro realuri gegmebi daisaxa. osmalebma Tvali
daadges erevnis Zlier cixe-simagres. xalil efendis davalebuli hqonda erevanSi
antiqarTuli gamosvlis organizeba. pavel potiomkinma stepan burnaSevis meSveobiT 1784
wlis TebervalSi erekle II-s urCia Tvalyuri edevnebina erevnis axali xanisaTvis, romlis
orpirobis Sesaxeb mas ukve hqonda cnobebi. amasTan erTad, pavel potiomkini erekle mefes
urCevda jari Seeyvana erevanSi. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardali garTulebebs eloda,
amitomac SekiTxva gaugzavna grigori potiomkins: rogor moqceuliyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
osmalebi erevnis cixis dakavebas Seecdebodnen. viTareba marTlac daiZaba. erevnis xanTan
gamocxaddnen axalcixis, yarsis, arzrumisa da baiazeTis faSaTa elCebi. vizitis oficialur
mizezad dasaxelda erevnis axali xanis ulam alisaTvis samZimris gamocxadeba mamis
gardacvalebis gamo. sinamdvileSi elCebma ulam ali xans didi fulis sanacvlod erevnis
cixis osmaleTisaTvis gadacemis winadadebiT mimarTes. elCebis vizitis Semdeg male, 1784
wlis zafxulSi, ulam ali xani mokles. xani gaxda moklulis Tormeti wlis vaJi muhamedi,
romelsac deda qarTveli hyavda. am droidan erekle mefis gavlena erevnis saxanoze kvlav
gaizarda71.
osmaleTi mainc ar wyvetda erevnis cixis dauflebisaTvis brZolas. axalcixis faSa
suleimanis mcdelobiT erevnis cixis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen
erevnis saxanos erT-erTi gavleniani mflobeli ahmed sulTani da xois xani ahmedi.
osmaleTis sulTanma abdul hamidma da osmalo faSebma erevnis mcxovreblebs firmani
gaugzavnes da mefe erekle II-isa da rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mouwodes. stambolidan
arzrumSi Caitanes didi raodenobiT fuli. sulTanma axalcixis, baiazeTisa da yarsis
faSebs ubrZana jari SeekribaT da erevani erekle mefisagan daecvaT72. aSkara iyo, rom
osmaleTma iranis „damcvelis“ funqcia ikisra. erevnis xanisaTvis gamogzavnil firmanSi
69O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.204. 70O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.205. 71O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.205. 72O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.206.
87
sulTani werda, rom „Tbilisis mefe“ (erekle II _ v. g.) cdilobda azerbaijaneli xanebis
ruseTTan kavSirze dayoliebas, riTac daRupavda maT. osmaleTis sulTani erevnis xans
swerda, rom xois xani ahmedi man jarebis sardlad daniSna da iranis sxva xanebs
daxmarebisaken mouwoda. suleiman faSa erevnis xans swerda, rom faSebs nabrZanebi hqondaT,
rom daxmarebodnen erevans. yarsis faSa erekle II-s emuqreboda: Tu ruseTTan megobrobas
Tavs ar daanebeb, Sens samefos davarbevo73.
erevnis cixis osmaleTis xelSi gadasvla didi marcxi iqneboda rogorc ruseTis
imperiisaTvis, ise qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis. verc erekle II da verc ekaterina II samxreT-
aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi osmaleTis poziciis gaZlierebas ver dauSvebdnen. es
ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiis aRmosavlur politikas, kerZod, osmaleTis dasustebisa
da daSlis gegmas. erevnis saxanoSi mimdinareobda brZola erekle mefis mxardamWerebsa da
osmaluri orienteciis momxreebs Soris. gadamwyvet momentSi,1784 wlis agvistoSi, erekle
II-m erevanSi jari (2.000 mebrZoli) gagzavna. erevnelebi cdilobdnen qarTl-kaxeTis mefe
TavianT erTgulebaSi daerwmunebinaT. erevnis xani muhamedi suleiman faSas swerda, rom igi
erekle mefis morCili iyo. 1784 wlis seqtemberSi kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-
poruCik pavel potiomkinis Camosvlam erevnis saxanos garSemo vnebaTaRelva droebiT
Caaqro74.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris gamoCeniT SeSfoTebuli osmaleTi ar
cxreboda. 1784 wlis Semodgomaze stambolidan kavkasiaSi gamogzavnes didi misia
(daaxloebiT 60 kaci) ibrahim efendis xelmZRvanelobiT. misiam Tan Camoitana sulTan abdul
hamidis firmanebi da mdidruli saCuqrebi. sulTani iranisa da daRestnis dacvis mizniT
morwmuneebs saRvTo omisaken miuwodebda. ibrahim efendis misia acxadebda, rom igi iraneli
da daRestneli xanebis Txovnis pasuxad Camovida. SeiZleba stambolSi dabrunebulma xalil
efendim ibrahim efendis marTlac gadasca zogierTi iraneli da daRestneli xanis Txovna,
magram Znelad dasajerebeli iyo, rom derbentis xan faTalis dasaxmareblad
osmaleTisaTvis miemarTa. ufro misaRebia is, rom faTali xans xmas uvrcelebdnen misi
dauZinebeli mtrebi yaiTaRis ucmia amir hamza da avariis xani umma. amir hamza da umma xani
pavel potiomkins faTali xanis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas, derbentis, baqosa da Semaxiis
saxanoebis dakavebas urCevdnen. erekle II-c gamoricxavda faTali xanis kavSirs osmaleTTan,
ris Sesaxebac 1784 wlis 16 ivliss mefe erekle pavel potiomkins werda75.
ibrahim efendis misia kavkasiaSi 1784 wlis Semodgomidan 1785 wlis gazafxulamde
darCa da didi energia Sealia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg koaliciis Seqmnas. 1785
wlis gazafxulze erekle II-is winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen: axalcixis faSa, Sirvanis, nuxis,
yarabaRis, xois xanebi da Wareli lekebis mamasaxlisebi. xelSekruleba ficiT ganmtkicda.
ibrahim efendisTan xelSekrulebis dasadebad misuli xanebis warmomadgenlebi am
ukanasknelma Tan waiyvana stambolSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ibrahim efendi cdilobda erekle
mefis winaaRmdeg dadebuli xelSekruleba dromde saidumlod darCeniliyo, qarTvelTa
dazvervam es ambavi mainc Seityo da stepan burnaSevis meSveobiT pavel potiomkins acnoba.
erekle mefis winaaRmdeg iraneli da daRestneli xanebis kavSiri realurad ar amoqmedebula.
ibrahim efendim xanebi xelSekrulebis dadebaze samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis mosalodneli
laSqrobis SiSiT daiyolia da radgan laSqroba ar Sedga, antiqarTuli koaliciac
daiSala76.
osmaleTis Canafiqri iraneli xanebis gadabirebis Taobaze mcdari gamodga. osmalebi
gansakuTrebiT faTali xanis gegmebis amocnobisas Secdnen. verc derbentis xani da verc
azerbaijaneli xanebi osmaleTma ver moisyida. marTalia, xalil efendim da ibrahim efendim
daRestnisa da azerbaijanis xanebSi ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefosadmi siZulvili
gaaZlieres, magram omis dawyebisaTvis es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. Tumca azerbaijaneli xanebi
erTmaneTs mtrobdnen, magram osmaleTTan megobrobisaganac Tavs ikavebdnen. qarTl-kaxeTis
samefosa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad saWiro iyo erTiani frontis Seqmna.
73O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.206. 74O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 206. 75O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 207. 76O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 207
88
tradiciulad, aseTi fronti qristianTa winaaRmdeg saRvTo omis mowodebiT iqmneboda. 1785
wlis martSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi imamma uSurmam (Seix mansurma) ruseTis winaaRmdeg saRvTo
omi daiwyo. Seix mansuris mokavSired gamovida avariis xani umma, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoze TavdasxmisaTvis emzadeboda.. osmaleTis sulTnis zegavleniT umma xanma imam
uSurmas SesTavaza erTad ebrZolaT ruseTis winaaRmdeg. avariis xanis garda, imam uSurmas
mxars uWerdnen sxva daRestneli xanebi da yaziyumuxeli mflobelebi. imimi uSurma da misi
mokavSireebi yizlaris simagrisa da yizlaridan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis dakavebas
apirebdnen. ajanyebulebi ruseTTan omSi damarcxdnen, imami uSurma dasavleT kavkasionis
xeobebs Seexizna da amjerad rusebis winaaRmdeg yubanispireTis ajanyeba scada. uSurma aqac
damarcxda da Tavi osmaleTis SavizRvispira simagre anapas Seafara77.
ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg
muslimuri koaliciis Camoyalileba mainc gardauvali aRmoCnda. diplomatiuri gzebiT
grigori da pavel potiomkinebma antiqarTuli koaliciis Seqmnisagan erekle II ver daixsnes.
antiqarTuli koaliciis CaSlis erTaderT saSualebas qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis
jaris didi kontigentis gamogzavna warmoadgenda, razec ruseTis saimperatoro kari, erekle
II-is mravalgzisi Txovnis miuxedavad, Tavs ikavebda. ori rusuli batalioni qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos mtrebs ver daaSinebda. cnobili rusi mkvlevari nikolai dubrovini (1837-1904)
savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs: ,,qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Seyvanili egerTa ori batalioni
qveyanas verc yoveli mxridan momdgari gareSe mtrebisagan daicavda da verc qveynis SigniT
arsebul uwesrigobaze moaxdenda gavlenas. muslimi mosaxleoba (igulisxmeba erevnisa da
ganjis saxanoebis muslimi mosaxleoba _ v. g.) met-naklebad an saerTod ar emorCileboda
mefes. rac Seexeba qarTlSi mcxovreb TaTrebs (yazaxisa da SamSadilus muslimi mosaxleoba
_ v. g.), isini gaqcevisaTvis mzad iyvnen (igulisxmeba yazax-SamSadilus muslimi mosaxleobis
miswrafeba yarabaRis an sxva saxanoebSi gaxizvnisaken)~78.
amrigad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi da
georgievskis traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli ruseTis jaris mcire kontigentis gamogzavnam
saqarTveloSi seriozulad gaarTula qaarTl-kaxeTis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba.
osmaleTi, irani (samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebi) da Crdilo kavkasiis
muslimi mflobelebi(avariis xani, xunZaxis xani da sxv.) yovelnairad cdilobdnen ruseTisa
da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samxedro-politikuri kavSiris CaSlas da ruseTis gaZevebas
samxreT kavkasiidan. Tavdapirvelad rusuli diplomatiisa da erekle II-is mcdelobiT
antiqarTuli koaliciis Seqmna Tavidan iqna acilebuli. 1785 wlis gazafxulidan qarTl-
kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen xunZaxis xan omarisa da axalcixis faSa
suleimanis Zalebi. lekTa da osmalTa Semosevebma ori rusuli batalionis imedad
darCenili qarTl-kaxeTis samefo umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo.
§4. qarTuli da rusuli jarebis erToblivi brZolebi
lekTa da osmalTa winaaRmdeg
(1784 wlis Semodgoma – 1785 wlis gazafxuli)
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis ori batalionis Semosvla, cxadia, samefos mtrebs ver
daaSoSminebda, didi sabrZolo moqmedebebis Catareba or rusul batalions ar SeeZlo. Mmefe
erekle ruseTis jaris gamoyenebas lekTa winaaRmdeg apirebda, Tumca is imasac grZnobda,
rom es samxedro Zala qarTl-kaxeTis samefos lekTa Semosevebisaganac ki ver daicavda.
1. alaznis brZola. 1783 wlis noemberSi TbilisSi ruseTis jaris ori batalionis
Semosvlis Semdeg erekle II-m gadawyvita qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli jariT Wareli
lekebis winaaRmdeg gaelaSqra. 1784 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi myof general-poruCik pavel
potiomkins mefem es azri gauziara. man rus generals aRuTqva, rom lekebis winaaRmeg
laSqrobisaTvis 11.000 qarTveli mebrZolis gamoyvanas SeZlebda. amas daemateboda 4.000
mebrZoli yazax-SamSadilusa da borCalodan, 400 somexi, erevnis xanis laSqari _ 1000 da
77O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.207-209. 78Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 76.
89
yarabaRis xanis 2.000 mebrZoli. ase rom, qarTl-kaxeTis mefes 18.400 mebrZolis Sekrebis imedi
hqonda. pavel potiomkini daeTanxma erekle II-is gegmas. man TbilisSi datova generali
aleqsandr samoiloviCi. ruseTSi gamgzavrebis win pavel potiomkinma general-poruCik
aleqsandr samoiloviCis gankargulebaSi 1783 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi Semosuli egerTa
2 batalionisa da 4 savele qvemexis garda, Tavisi amalidan datova dragunTa erTi eskadroni
da 180 cxenosani kazaki. qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebul jars erekle II sardlobda79.
general-poruCiki aleqsandr samoiloviCi laSqrobis dawyebas Cqarobda, magram qarTuli
jaris Sekreba ferxdeboda. garda amisa, jars ar gaaCnda sabrZolo masalisa da sursaTis
maragi. sursaTis maragi ar gaaCnda arc ruseTis jaris or batalions. sabolood moxerxda
ruseTis jarisaTvis aTdRiani maragis Seqmna. aleqsandr samoiloviCi pavel potiomkins
moaxsenebda, rom erekle II suliTa da guliT exmareba mas, rac ar iTqmoda mefis
qveSevrdomebze. generali werda, rom mefis mier jarisaTvis gamoyofil Tanxas iparavdnen.
erekle mefis erTaderT patiosan qveSevrdomad rusi generali gaioz arqimandrits
moixseniebda, romelsac didi daxmareba aRmouCenia laSqrobisaTvis mzadebis periodSi80.
daasrula Tu ara laSqrobisaTvis mzadeba, aleqsandr samoiloviCi ar daeloda qarTuli
jaris Sekrebas da rusuli batalionebi mdinare alaznis napirisaken daZra81. 1784 wlis 4
oqtombers ruseTis egerTa ori batalioni, erTi eskadroni da cxenosan kazakTa razmi
mdinare alazanis marjvena napirs miadga. mefe erekle qarTuli jariT Tbilisidan cota
mogvianebiT unda gasuliyo. Aalaznis napirze misulma generalma aleqsandr samoiloviCma
Seityo, rom soflebis mosaxleoba did SiSianobaSi iyo _ lekebi ganukiTxavad arbevdnen da
Zarcvavdnen qarTul soflebs. lekebis TareSis aRsakveTad generalma ruseTis jaris egerTa
batalionebi gagzavna. rogorc ki egerebi erTi soflidan gandevnidnen lekebs, modioda
cnoba meore soflis darbevis Sesaxeb. meore sofelSi misul egerebs cnoba misdiodaT ukve
sxva soflis awiokebis Sesaxeb. lekebi Seusvenebliv moZraobdnen mdinare alaznis orive
napirze, xan dinebis mimarTulebiT, xanac dinebis sawinaaRmdegod. lekebi erTiani frontiT
ar upirispredbodnen rusul batalionebs _ mcire razmebad daSlili moqmedebdnen.
aleqsandr samoiloviCi jaris daqsaqsvas erideboda da cdilobda lekebis ZiriTadi Zalebi
rogorme brZolaSi CaeTria. generals afiqrebda isic, rom erekle mefe igvianebda. G
aleqsandr samoiloviCma pavel potiomkins acnoba, rom qarTvelTa jari rusebs ar
exmareboda da erekle II-s upasuxismgeblobaSi sdebda brals82. rusma generalma ar icoda
qarTl-kaxeTis laSqris dagvianebis namdvili mizezi. swored im dRes, rodesac qarTvelTa
jari erekle mefis sardlobiT Tbilisidan unda daZruliyo, mefes ganjis xanis SemonaTvali
gadasces: Tu erekle II Wareli lekebis damorCilebas Seecdeboda, ganjis xani lekebis
mxareze ibrZolebda83. Mmefe swored ganjis xanis muqaram Seaferxa. qarTvelTa jari 1784
wlis 8 oqtombers mainc SeuerTda mdinare alaznis piras mdgar rusTa jars84.
sanam qarTvelTa da rusTa jari gaerTiandeboda, amindi Seicvala _ daiwyo didi wvimebi.
gzebi atalaxda da gaZnelda artileriis gadatana. mdinare alazanSi wylis donem
mniSvnelovnad moimata, rac aZnelebda jaris marcxena napirze gadayvanas. lekebma qarTuli
79П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 157-158; Н.
Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47. 80Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47. 81Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47. 82Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47-48; Исторический очерк
Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799
года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго
округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 195. 83Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 195. 84Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 195.
90
soflebis darbeva Sewyvites. mxolod mcire jgufebi axerxebdnen adidebul alazanze
gadmosvlas da damartoxelebuli adamianebis daxocvas an gatacebas85.
mdinare alaznis marjvena napirze qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris gaerTianebis Semdeg erekle
II brZolisaTvis seriozul samzadiss Seudga. general-poruCikma aleqsandr samoiloviCma
erekle II-s sabrZolo gegmis ori varianti SesTavaza: 1. SeWriliyvnen belaqanSi, daerbiaT
iqauri lekebi da Semdeg Sesuliyvnen WarSi; 2. daerbiaT mdinare alaznis meore napirze
arsebuli lekebis soflebi da Semdeg SeWriliyvnen WarSi86. mefe didxans fiqrobda,
pirvelad WarSi SeWriliyo Tu belaqanSi. aleqsandr samoiloviCi ukmayofilo iyo mefis
umoqmedobiT. ganawyenebuli generali pavel potiomkins werda: `didi ubedurebaa, is rom
mefem Tavis Tavze aiRo sardloba da ar gamogzavna Tavisi sardlebi. me sardlebs
vaiZulebdi emoqmedaT, mefes ki SeiZleba mxolod vurCio~87. rusma generalma ar icoda, rom
erekle II-s uamravi garemoeba unda gaeTvaliswinebina, sanam Setevis mTavar mimarTulebas
airCevda. erevnis, ganjis, naxWevnis, yarabaRisa da sxva saxanoebi qarTl-kaxeTis mefis
gaZlierebas SiSiT Sehyurebdnen, arc erT maTgans Wareli lekebis dasja da War-belaqanSi
qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris SeWra xels ar aZlevda. erekle II qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
winaaRmdeg saxanoebis koaliciis Seqmnas sasikvdilo safrTxed aRiqvamda. mefes morCili
xanebisac ar sjeroda, maTgan mudam Ralats eloda. erekle mefes 1750 wels Waris
SemoerTebisaTvis brZolaSi gancdili marcxic kargad axsovda. amitom iyo, rom igi naCqarevi
gadawyvetilebis miRebas erideboda.
erekle II-is frTxili moqmedeba rom gamarTlebuli iyo, male dadasturda. 1784 wlis 12
oqtombers mefem sagangaSo cnoba miiRo. alaznis marjvena napirze qarTvelTa da rusTa
gaerTianebuli jaris gamoCeniT SeSfoTebul Warelebsa da belaqnelebs ganjaSi myofi
lekebi dasaxmareblad gamouxmiaT. 13 oqtombers kazakTa mzveravma razmma ganjidan momavali
lekebi SeniSna. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari dauyovnebliv moemzada brZolisaTvis88.
1784 wlis 14 oqtombers gamTeniisas mdinare alaznis napirze gamoCnda lekTa laSqari,
romelic sofel muRanlosaken miiCqaroda. sofel muRanlos garSemo xSiri tye iyo.
qarTvelTa cxenosani jari, rusi dragunebi da kazakebi erekle II-is sardlobiT saswrafod
gaemarTnen sofel muRanlosaken, raTa tyis masivis sanapiro zolis dakaveba moeswroT.
lekebma qarTvelebsa da rusebs daaswres da tyis napirze gamagrdnen. tyeSi TavSefarebul
da CasafrebaSi myof lekebze cxenosani jariT Seteva saxifaTo iyo. male qarTvelTa da
rusTa cxenosan jars rusi qveiTebi (egerebi) SeuerTdnen89. egerebi or kolonad (TiToeulSi
200 mebrZoli) iyvnen mowyobili da maT podpolkovnik hessenis princi reixsfeldi
meTaurobda. reixsfeldi egerTa ori koloniT (400 mebrZoli) Setevaze gadavida, raTa
lekebi tyis sanapiro zolidan gaereka. maRlobze ganlagebuli artileriis mizani iyo tyis
sanapiro zolis dabombva. qveiTi jaris flangebze ganlagda cxenosani jari. brZolis velze
dagvianebiT misuli qarTveli qveiTebi rezervSi idgnen. rezervis ganlagebaSi imyofebodnen
erekle II da generali aleqsandr samoiloviCi. mefesTan da generalTan erTad imyofeboda
maTi dacva _ 40 rCeuli draguni da 10 kazaki poruCik piSCeviCis meTaurobiT90.
1784 wlis 14 oqtombers, diliT, brZola daiwyo sami sasignalo raketis gasrolis Semdeg.
artileriam intensiurad dabomba tyis sanapiro zoli. rusTa qveiTi jari Setevaze gadavida.
85Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196. 86 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 48-49. 87Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196. 88Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196. 89Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 49. 90Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 49-50; Исторический очерк
Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799
года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго
округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196-197.
91
xeebze mokalaTebulma lekebma Zlieri cecxli dauSines rusebs, magram maT Setevas ver
gauZles, rusebma tyis sanapiro zoli daikaves, Tumca win waweva veRar SeZles. tye savse
iyo lekTa jariT. garda amisa, mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze lekTa axali laSqari
iyrida Tavs. lekebi alaznis marjvena napirze gadasvlisaTvis emzadebodnen. poruCiki
piSCeviCi Tavis CanawerebSi aRniSnavda: `Cveni Seteva iyo sastiki, lekTa Tavdacva _
sasowarkveTili~91. generalma aleqsandr samoiloviCma rusuli batalionis meTaurebs
podpolkovnik merlinsa da podpolkovnik kvaSnin-samarins ubrZana podpolkovnik
reixsfeldis qveiTebs daxmarebodnen. TviTon generalma, romelsac erekle mefis sificxe
ar moswonda, Tavi veRar Seikava da poruCik piSCeviCis razmis TanxlebiT tyisaken gaiWra.
tyis piras cxare brZola mimdinareobda. generalma Seityo, rom podpolkovnik reixsfeldis
qveiTTa dasaxmareblad gagzavnili podpolkovnik merlinisa da podpolkovnik kvaSnin-
samarinis egerTa batalionebs jerac ver mieRwiaT brZolis velamde. generali poruCik
piSCeviCis dragunTa da kazakTa mcire razmiT qveiTebs SeuerTda. naxevari saaTis Semdeg
rusTa da qarTvelTa mTeli qveiTi jari brZolaSi iyo Cabmuli. lekebs sul ufro uWirdaT
TavdacviTi zRudis SenarCuneba. generali aleqsandr samoiloviCi da podpolkovniki
reixsfeldi cxenebze amxedrebulebi xelmZRvanelobdnen brZolas. arc erTi ar daeTanxma
TanamebrZolebis Txovnas CamoqveiTebuliyvnen, raTa xeebze mokalaTebul lekTa samizned ar
qceuliyvnen. TanamebrZolebs podpolkovnikma reixsfeldma upasuxa: `Cven meTaurebi imitom
varT, rom yvelam dagvinaxos, Cvenebmac da mtermac~. xeze Casafrebulma lekis nasrolma
tyviam podpolkovniki reixsfeldi sasikvdilod daWra. daWrili reixsfeldis cexnze
Sekaveba aleqsandr samoiloviCma scada, generals tansacmelze sisxli rom SeniSnes, rusul
jarSi panika daiwyo _ generali da podpolkovniki daxoceso. aleqsandr samoiloviCi
ramdenime adgilas gamoCnda sabrZolo poziciaze da jariskacebi daamSvida. SeSfoTebuli
mefe erekle cxenosanTa mcirericxovan razmTan erTad saswrafod reixsfeldis daRupvis
adgilisaken gaemarTa da lekebis mxridan Zlieri cecxlis miuxedavad, generali ipova. mefis
gamoCenam mebrZolebi gaamxneva92.
brZola mdinare alaznis napiras xuTi saaTi gagrZelda. lekebi damarcxdnen da tye
mTlianad datoves. lekebs, romlebic tyidan gamoslas da mimalvas cdilobdnen, umowyalod
xocavda rusuli kavaleria. piotr butkovis cnobiT, brZolaSi mokles 200-ze meti leki,
tyved aiyvanes _ 2. rusebma moklulTa da daWrilTa saxiT 17 kaci dakarges, qarTuli jaridan
20 mebrZoli daiRupa93. sxva wyaros mixedviT brZolaSi 300-ze meti leki daiRupa, xolo
rusebma dakarges 40 kaci, maT Soris erTi oficeri. brZolaSi daRupul qarTvelTa Soris
iyvnen Tavadebi afxazi da CerqeziSvili, daiWrnen Tavadebi: ioseb bebuTiSvili, meliqiSvili
da baraTaSvili. am wyarom daRupuli rigiTi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb cnoba ar Semoinaxa94.
mdinare alaznis napirze, sofel muRanlos gadasasvlelTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis
miuxedavad, erekle II-m da generalma aleqsandr samoiloviCma alaznis marcxena napirze
gadasvlisagan Tavi Seikaves. amis mizezi iyo mdinaris marcxena napirze leTa axali Zalebis
Tavmoyra. garda amisa adidebul alazanze jaris gadasayvanad saWiro navebi arc qarTvelebs
da arc rusebs ar gaaCndaT95.
91Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 197. 92Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 50; очерк Кавказских войн
от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под
редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис,
1899, стр. 197-198. 93П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр.158. 94Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 198. 95Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 199.
92
mZimed daWrili hessenis princi podpolkovniki reixsfeldi sofel maCxaanSi miiyvanes,
sadac igi 1784 wlis 19 oqtombers gardaicvala. podpolkovniki reixsfeldi 25 wlisa iyo.
princis cxedari TbilisSi gadaasvenes da kaTolikuri eklesiis ezoSi dakrZales96.
1784 wlis 20 oqtombers qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli jari TbilisSi triumfiT
Semovida. gamarjvebulebs win miuZRodnen mefe erekle II da general-poruCiki aleqsandr
samoiloviCi. mefe da generali pirdapir sionis taZrisaken gaemarTnen, sadac maT kaTolikos-
patriarqi anton I elodaT. gadaxdili iqna samadlobeli paraklisi. Tbilisma gamarjveba
zarbaznebidan gasroliT aRniSna97.
brZolidan dabrunebuli general-poruCiki aleqsandr samoiloviCi male dragunebisa da
kazakTa razmTan erTad Crdilo kavkasiaSi gaemgzavra. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi darCenili
ruseTis jaris ori batalionis meTauroba kvlav polkovnikma stepan burnaSevma Caibara.
batalionidan erTi podpolkovnik kvaSnin-samarinis mefaurobiT kaxeTSi, sofel maCxaanSi,
ganlagda. batalions Waridan lekebis Semosvla unda aRekveTa. meore batalioni
podpolkovnik merlinis meTaurobiT qarTlSi, suramSi, gadaiyvanes. batalions axalcixidan
lekTa da osmalTa Semosevis SemTxvevaSi qarTlSi momavali gzis dacva evaleboda98.
1784 wlis 14 oqtombers alaznis brZolaSi lekebis damarcxebis Semdeg erekle mefes
ganjis warmomadgenlebi eaxlnen da moaxsenes, rom kvlav scnoben qarTl-kaxeTis mefis
uzenaesobas. mefe yarabaRis xan ibrahims daukavSirda da ganjaze qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da
yarabaRis xanis erToblivi mmarTveloba aRdga. orive mxarem ganjaSi TavianTi moxele
(mmarTveli) daniSna. ganjis saxanosTan urTierToba TiTqmis mogvarda, magram viTarebas
Zabavda nuxis xanis mcdeloba Careuliyo ganjis saxanos Sinaur saqmeebSi99. nuxis xanma
axmedma ibrahim xanis mier datyvevebuli ganjis xanis Svili ali begi ganjaSi gagzavna.
qalaqis mcxovreblebi mas didi sixaruliT miegebnen. nuxi xanma ali begi ganjis xanad scno.
amis Semdeg axmed xanma erekle mefes ibrahim xanTan urTierTobis gawyveta mosTxova, ris
sanacvlodac ganjis saxanos damorCilebaSi daxmarebas dapirda. erekle mefem nuxis xanis
winadadeba ar miiRo. gagulisebulma axmed xanma 1785 wlis noembris damdegs 3.000 mebrZoliT
mdinare alazani gadmolaxa da ganjisaken daiZra. mefe ereklem gadawyvita nuxis xani
ganjaSi ar SeeSva da daxmarebisaTvis polkovnik stepan burnaSevs mimarTa. 1784 wlis 8
noembers stepan burnaSevi rusis jariT Tbilisidan ganjisaken daiZra. isini sofel
marneulTan iyvnen misuli, rodesac cnobili gaxda, rom lekebma ganjaSi Sesvla gadaifiqres
da axalcixisaken gaemarTnen. erekle mefe qarTuli jariT axalcixisaken mimaval lekebs
daedevna. rusis jari kvaldakval mihyva qarTul jars. rusTa da qarTvelTa jari lekebs
ver daewia. lekebma axalcixes miaRwies, sadac maT suleiman faSam imereTze laSqroba
SesTavaza.
2. lekebis Semosevebi 1785 wlis gazafxulze da rusuli jari. alaznis napirze lekebis
damarcxebam Zalze gaaRiziana osmaleTis sulTani. osmaleTma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
winaaRmdeg samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebis waqezeba daiwyo. erekle II-s
pirveli yarabaRis xani ibrahimi ganudga, mas mibaZa ganjis xanma javadma. erevnis xani,
marTalia,mefe erekles ar gandgomia, magram xarkis gadaxda Sewyvita da gandgomamde bevri
aRaraferi aklda. yazax-SamSadilus SeZlebulma zedafenam rCeul cxenosan jarTan erTad
yarabaRs miaSura da ibrahim xanis samsaxurSi Cadga. amasTan erTad, 1785 wlis gazafxulze
axalcixis safaSodan gaxSirda Semosevebi.
96Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 201. 97Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 50-51; Исторический
очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го
ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго
военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 201. 98Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 202. 99Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 51.
93
axalcixis faSa suleimani mtrul ganzraxvaze xels ar iRebda da qarTlSi SemosaWrelad
emzadeboda. axalcixeSi Tavs iyridnen lekebi. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma general-
poruCikma pavel potiomkinma suleiman faSa oficialurad gaafrTxila, rom lekebi
axalcixeSi ar gaeCerebina. axalcixis faSam rus generals upasuxa, rom mas ar SeeZlo win
aRdgomoda lekebis Tavmoyras axalcixeSi da lekTa gaaqtiurebas erekle II-s abralebda.
suleiman faSa pavel potiomkins werda: ,,ratom atareben qarTvelebi lekebs TavianTi
samSoblos teritoriaze da ratom ar aRkveTen lekebis Sesvlas kaxeTsa da qarTlSi,
saidanac lekebi CemTan modian, rogor unda avukrZalo maT CemTan mosvla? miT umetes, rom
Cven erTi aRmsareblobisani varT da Cven Soris mtroba da omi ikrZaleba. cnobilia isic,
rom daRestani Tavisi mdebareobiT axloa saqarTvelosTan da Sorsaa Cemgan... mizezi CemSi
araa. me uZluri var or did saxelmwifos (ruseTsa da osmaleTs _ v. g.) Soris mSvidoba
davarRvio~100. garda amisa, suleiman faSa pavel potiomkins aseve swerda, rom zavs ruseTsa
da osmaleTs Soris (igulisxmeba 1774 wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zavi _ v. g.) arRvevda
mefe erekle, romelic SeiWra axalcixis safaSos teritoriaze, ayara da qarTlSi
gadaasaxla ramdenime aseuli glexi. suleiman faSa Tvlida, rom mas ufleba hqonda
moqceuliyo iseve, rogorc iqceoda qarTl-kaxeTis mefe101.
1785 wlis aprilSi 4.000 leki da axalcixeli osmalo mtkvris xeobiT qarTlSi SemoiWra,
daarbia sami sofeli da tyved aiyvana 600 kacze meti. suramSi mdgari rusuli batalionis
nawili (200 egeri erTi zarbazniT) maior fiodor siunenbergis meTaurobiT lekebs da
osmalebs daedevna. 1785 wlis 17 aprils (zogierTi cnobiT 16 aprils) rusebma suramidan 7
versis moSorebiT, axalcixisaken mimaval gzaze mowinaaRdege mdinare mtkvris marcxena
napirTan miimwyvdies. cxare brZolaSi lekTa da osmalTa laSqridan 1377 mebrZoli, maT
Soris 465 leki daiRupa, tyved Cavarda 200. rusebs moukles 1 mebrZoli, daiWra _ 5. brZolas
qarTulma jarma ver mouswro. brZolaSi daRupul osmalTa da lekTa gvamebi mtkvarma
TbilisSi Camoitana102.
suleiman faSam gadawyvita Suri eZia gancdili marcxisaTvis. SurisZiebis grZnoba
amoZravebdaT lekebsac. osmalebi da lekebi gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT ganewyvnen maior
fiodor siunenbergis mimarT. 1785 wlis 27 maiss lekTa da osmalTa laSqari (1500 leki, 1500
osmalo, zogierTi cnobiT, 1200 leki da 500 osmalo) mdinare mtkvris xeobiT isev SemoiWra
qarTlSi da 28 maiss surams Seutia. maiori fiodor siunenbergi 300 rusi da 125 qarTveli
mebrZoliT, 4 zarbazniT lekTa da osmalTa laSqars SeebrZola. erTsaaTiani brZolis
Semdeg maiorma fiodor siunenbergma mteri gafanta. brZolis velze darCa lekTa da osmalTa
300 gvami, 63 kaci rusebma tyved aiyvanes. rusebs erTi mebrZoli dauWres103.
marTalia, osmalTa da lekTa laSqari orgzis damarcxda, magram suleiman faSa ar
cxreboda. general-poruCik pavel potiomkins daevala osmalTa seraskir haji ali
faSasaTvis saprotesto werilis gagzavna. ruseTi iTxovda, rom suleiman faSas ar daerRvia
mSvidoba or qveyanas Soris104. 1785 wlis 23 aprils imperatorma ekaterina II-m xeli moawera
reskripts ruseTis elCisadmi stambolSi. ekaterina II iakov bulgakovs werda: ,,osmaleTis
qveSevrdomebis gaerTianebas lekebTan Cven miviCnevT axalcixis faSa suleimanis qmedebad.
suleiman faSam araerTxel daadastura or qveyanas Soris keTilmezobluri Tanxmobisadmi
Tavisi cudi ganwyobileba. Cven eWvi ar gvepareba, rom osmaleTs, ruseTTan zavis pirobebSi,
100Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 80-81. 101Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 81. 102П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 161-162;
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 81-82; Исторический очерк
Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799
года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго
округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 202-203. 103П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 163; Н.
Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82; Исторический очерк
Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799
года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго
округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 203. 104Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82.
94
mSvidobis darRvevis aranairi gegma ar hqonda~105. ekaterina II iakov bulgakovs avalebda
ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT osmaleTis sulTnisaTvis
suleiman faSasa da sxva damnaSave pirebis dasja moeTxova. ruseTis imperatori sulTnisagan
iTxovda imis garantias, rom misi qveSevrdomebi da lekebi ruseTis vasalis _ erekle II-is
samflobeloSi aRar SeiWrebodnen106. roca ekaterina II werda, rom axalcixis faSis
moqmedebaSi osmaleTis sulTnis xeli ar eria, kargad uwyoda, rom sulTani gaRizianebuli
iyo ruseTis jaris SemosvliT qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi da axalcixis faSas swored
stambolidan aZlevdnen miTiTebebs. axalcixis faSa xan farulad, xan aSkarad cdilobda
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimi
mflobelebis amxedrebas qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg. georgievskis traqtatiT,
ruseTs osmaleTis interesebi formalurad ar Seulaxavs da amdenad, osmaleTs protestis
gamoTqmis formaluri sababi ar hqonda. miuxedavad amisa, cxadi iyo, rom osmaleTis sulTani
Zalze gaaRiziana qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvlam. 1783 wlidan osmaleTi
ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas cdilobda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias
Soris dadebuli mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis (georgievskis traqtatis) gauqmebas; 2.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanas107. samxreT-aRmosavleT da Crdilo
kavkasias moevlinen osmaleTis emisrebi, romlebic muslim mmarTvelebs arwmunebdnen, rom
ruseTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi SemoWris Semdeg irans daipyrobda. 1785 wlis
agvistoSi erekle II-s ukve hqonda cnobebi samefos sazRvrebTan mtris samxedro Zalis
Tavmoyris Sesaxeb. axalcixeSi Tavs iyridnen osmalebi da lekebi, romelTac qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoze salaSqrod suleiman faSa aqezebda. avariis xani omari lekTa jariT War-belaqanSi
Sevida, iqaur lekTa laSqari SeierTa da isic qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze
SemosaWrelad emzadeboda. mefe ereklem isic icoda, rom yazaxisa da SamSadilus muslimi
mosaxleoba meryeobda. maTTan lekebis emisrebi Cadiodnen da adgilobriv mosaxleobis
erekle mefis winaaaRmdeg amxedrebas cdilobdnen. yazaxis TaTrebma lekebs pirobac ki
misces, rom laSqrobis dawyebisTanave Seipyrobdnen iq myof giorgi batoniSvils da lekebs
gadascemdnen. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze farulad Semosuli lekebi qarTvelebs
urCevdnen usafrTxo adgilebSi droulad gadaemalaT TavianTi col-Svili da qoneba. aseTma
xmebma mosaxleobaSi panika gamoiwvia108.
erekle II lekTa Semosevis mosagerieblad emzadeboda. gamocdilma sardalma kargad
icoda, rom qarTuli da rusuli jari axalcixisa da War-belaqnis mxridan osmalTa da
lekTa erTdroul Semotevas ver gaumklavdeboda. amitom iyo, rom mefe ruseTis imperators
damatebiTi jarisa da 200 fuTi Tofiswamlis gamogzavnas sTxovda. polkovnik stepan
burnaSevis egerTa ori rusuli batalioni (8 aseuli) TbilisSi idga da mzad iyo brZolaSi
Casabmelad109.
§5. omar-xanis laSqroba saqarTveloSi da rusuli jari
qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris mier 1784 wlis Semodgomasa da 1785 wlis gazafxulze
mopovebuli gamarjvebebis miuxedavad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos usafrTxoeba
uzrunvelyofili mainc ar iyo. viTarebas seriozulad arTulebda is, rom yabardosa da
CeCneTSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli omis Sedegad, xSirad rusebi didi xniT kargavdnen
kontrols kavkasiis xazidan (georgievskidan, mozdokidan) saqarTvelosaken momaval gzaze.
general-poruCiki pavel potiomkini seriozulad iyo SeSfoTebuli imiT, rom qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoSi gamogzavnili ori rusuli batalioni SeiZleboda safrTxeSi aRmoCeniliyo.
kavkasiis xazidan TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi rusulma batalionebma ver miiRes
xelfasi da tansacmeli. ferxdeboda batalionebis sursaTiT momaragebac. SemaSfoTebeli
105Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82. 106Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82-83. 107Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 83. 108Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 83-84. 109Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 84-85.
95
iyo isic, rom TbilisSi ver xerxdeboda batalionebisaTvis proviantis maragis Seqmna, rac
aucilebeli iyo omis SemTxvevaSi110. rusuli batalionebis bediT SeSfoTebuli general-
anSefi grigori potiomkini general-poruCik pavel potiomkins 1784 wlis 13 oqtombers werda,
rom man akrZala qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi batalionebis danawileba da sxvadasxva
adgilas gagzavna, batalionebi unda yofiliyvnen erTad. grigori potiomkini gamosavals
imaSi xedavda, rom mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, Tu es SesaZlebeli iqneboda, rusuli
batalionebi SeeyvanaT cixe-simagreebSi, sadac isini daelodebodnen kavkasiis xazidan
damxmare jaris mosvlas111. grigori potiomkini pavel potiomkins avalebda, rom rogorme
zamTris dadgomamde (igulisxmeba 1784-1785 wlebis zamTari), Tavidan aecilebina lekTa
Tavdasxmebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze. grigori potiomkini varaudobda, rom yabardoelebsa
da CeCnebs daamarcxebda da saqarTvelosaken mimavali gzac gaixsneboda112.mas Zalze
aSfoTebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze omar xanis mosalodneli Tavdasxma. amitom iyo, rom
pavel potiomkins omar xanTan molaparakebas avalebda.113
pavel potiomkinma qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze daRestnelTa Tavdasxmis aRsakveTad aseT
xerxs mimarTa: generalma xma gaavrcela, rom kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi igzavneboda
ruseTis jaris didi razmi, am mizniT mozdokTan Tavs iyrida yabardosa da butirskis
polkebi, aseve donis kazakTa jaris polki. gavrcelebuli xmebi, rom ufro damajerebeli
yofiliyo pavel potiomkinma brZaneba gasca, rom polkebSi dawyebuliyo Sor manZilze
gadaadgilebisaTvis aucilebeli moCvenebiTi samzadisi. verc gavrcelebulma xmebma da verc
polkebSi dawyebulma moCvenebiTma samzadisma daRestnelebi SecdomaSi ver Seiyvana. maT
kargad icodnen, rom kavkasiis xazze ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebi yabardoelebisa da
CeCnebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT iyvnen dakavebuli, xolo kavkasiis xazidan saqarTvelosaken
erTaderTi gza midioda, romlis kontroli mowinaaRmdegisaTvis did siZneles ar
warmoadgenda. daRestnelebma isic kargad icodnen, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi ruseTi qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoSi damatebiT samxedro Zalas ver gadmoisroda, xolo Tu jarebis
gadasrolas mainc Seecdeboda, es did sirTuleebTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli. amitom iyo,
rom omar xani War-belaqnis mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi SeWrisaTvis mSvidad
emzadeboda114. omar xanma daRestanSi 11.000 mebrZoli Sekriba da WarSi Cavida, sadac mas
Wareli da belaqneli lekebi SeuerTdnen. kaxeTSi SeWris win, 1785 wlis agvistoSi, omar
xans daaxloebiT 20.000 mebrZoli hyavda115.
1785 wlis agvistoSi omar xanma kaxeTSi lekTa mcire razmebis Segzavna daiwyo, Tavad
ZiriTadi ZalebiT mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze idga. omar xanisa da suleiman faSas
molaparakebis Tanaxmad, omar xanis kaxeTSi SeWrisTanave suleiman faSa mtkvris xeobiT
qarTlSi unda SeWriliyo. mefe erekle grZnobda, rom omar xani da suleiman faSa erTi
gegmiT imoqmedebdnen, rac imas niSnavda, rom qarTvelebs or frontze mouxdebodaT brZola.
erekle II-m sul 8.000 mebrZolis Sekreba SeZlo. jari mefem Tbilisis, goris, Telavisa da
siRnaRis cixeebSi Caayena. orive rusuli batalioni maCxaanidan da suramidan TbilisSi
gadaiyvanes. mefe ereklem kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals saqarTveloSi damatebiTi samxedro
Zalis _ ori polkis gamogzavna sTxova. mefes Tofis wamalic sWirdeboda116. pavel
potiomkinma qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Txovnis Sesruleba SeuZleblad miiCnia. mogvianebiT
rusuli istoriografia uars Semdegi mizezebiT xsnida: 1) Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kavkasiis
xazze simSvide ar sufevda, praqtikulad omis mdgomareoba iyo; 2) Crdilo kavkasiidan
saqarTvelosaken momavali gza ruseTis jaris mier mTlianad ver kontroldeboda; 3) qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ori rusuli batalioni mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda; erekle II
ar asrulebda georgievskis traqtatis pirobas ruseTis jaris Senaxvis xarjebis gaRebis
110Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 137. 111Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138. 112Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138. 113Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138. 114Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138-139. 115П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 178. 116П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179.
96
Taobaze; rusi jariskacebi sakvebi produqtiTac ki ar iyvnen uzunvelyofili; 4) Seqmnil
viTarebaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi damatebiTi jaris gamogzavna saxifaTo iyo117.
erekle II kaxeTis laSqriTa da ori rusuli batalioniT siRnaRis cixeSi dadga. mefem
qarTlis laSqari axalcixis safaSos mxridan mtris Semosevis saSiSroebis gamo qarTlSive
datova,xolo yazax-SamSadilus TaTrebis lekTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Cabma saxifaTod
miiCnia _ TaTrebis mxridan Ralats eloda118.
polkovniki stepan burnaSevi erekle II-s urCevda omar xanisaTvis maSinve Seetia, rogorc
ki lekTa laSqari mdinare alazanze gadmosvlas Seecdeboda. am droisaTvis mefes sul 3000
mebrZoli Tu eyoleboda. amas emateboda rusuli batalionebi (1500 mebrZoli). iranul
saxanoebSi Seqmnili arasasurveli viTarebis pirobebSi aseTi ZalebiT (4500 mebrZoli)
omar-xanis 20-aTasian laSqarTan SebrZoleba saxifaTo iyo. amitom iyo rom erekle II
siRnaRis cixis datovebas ar apirebda.
1785 wlis seqtemberSi omar xanma 11.000 mebrZoliT sofel yaraRajTan mdinare alazani
gadmolaxa. lekebma siRnaRis cixeSi gamagrebul qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris winaaRmdeg
Setevis dawyeba ver gabedes da qiziyis soflebs Seesivnen119. omar xanis laSqrobis istoria
dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili am movlenis TviTmxilvels, rusuli batalionebis meTaurs,
polkovnik stepan burnaSevs, xolo polkovnik burnaSevis moxsenebebis mixedviT _ piotr
butkovsa da nikolai dubrovins.
17 seqtemberi. omar xanma mdinare iori gadalaxa da Seqmna STabeWdileba, rom TiTqos
Tbiliss Seutevda. mefe erekle 1000 mebrZoliT da polkovniki stepan burnaSevi ori rusuli
batalioniT saswrafod gamoemarTnen Tbilisis dasacavad.
18 seqtemberi. omar xani mtkvris napiras Tbilisidan 25 versze SeCerda. am droisaTvis
erekle II-m ukve 3.000 mebrZolis Sekreba SeZlo.
19 seqtemberi. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari Tbilisisaken moiswrafoda. omar xani mdinare
mtkvris marcxena napiridan marjvena napirze gadavida, Semdeg ki sofel marneulTan mdinare
algeTi gadalaxa. am droisaTvis erekle II-is gankargulebaSi ukve 4.000 mebrZoli iyo.
qarTvelTa da rusTa jari Tbilisidan 18 versze imyofeboda.omar xanis laSqris moZraobis
mimarTulebidan Canda, rom lekebi borCaloSi apirebdnen SeWras. Mmefem gadawyvita mters
dadevneboda. rusuli batalionebis artileria da aRali TbilisSi gagzavnes.
20 seqtemberi. qarTuli jari artileriiTurT Tbilisidan 12 versis moSorebiT mdinre
mtkvarze gadavida, 40 versi gaiara da sofel marneulSi mivida. am droisaTvis mefe erekles
ukve 5.000 mebrZoli hyavda.
21 seqtemberi. erekle II qarTul jarTan da or rusul batalionTan erTad borCaloSi
Sevida. borCaloSi ereklem Seityo, rom omar xans Tofis wamlis gamoyenebiT aufeTqebia
axtalis cixe, gauZarcvavs da gaunadgurebia axtalis vercxlis mompovebeli sawarmoebi,
gauZarcvavs axtalis taZari, dauxocavs 640 da tyved auyvania 860 kaci (ZiriTadad axtalaSi
vercxlis mopovebaze momuSave berZnebi).
22-29 seqtemberi. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari borCaloSi idga da eloda axtalaSi myofi
omar xanis mier laSqrobis gagrZelebas. axtalaze Seteva tyis masivebSi gamavali da
artileriis gadaadgilebisaTvis gamousadegari gzebis gamo saxifaTod iqna miCneuli.
26 seqtemberi. omar xanma Tavi aarida qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebul jarTan brZolas
da axtalidan lores cixis mimarTulebiT gaemarTa. lekebi qarTvelTa da rusTa banakidan
45 versze, sofel uzunlarTan, SeCerdnen. lekTa razmebma lores garSemo soflebi gadawves.
erekle II-m lores cixis garnizonis dasaxmareblad 70 mebrZoli gagzavna. 5.000 qarTveli
mebrZoliTa da ori rusuli batalioniT omar xanis mTavari Zalebis winaaRmdeg Setevis
dawyeba mefes gaumarTleblad miaCnda. Mmefe erekle kavkasiis xazidan ruseTis jaris
Semosvlas eloda. mefis brZanebis miuxedavad, Tavadebma Tbilisis, goris, Telavisa da
siRnaRis cixeebis garnizonebis gasaZliereblad mebrZolebi ar gagzavnes da TavianT
117П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179. 118П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179. 119 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138-139.
97
cixeebSi gamagrdnen. Tumca mkacri zomebi gaatara, mefem borCaloSi mdgari qarTuli
jaridan dezertiroba ver aRkveTa.
28 seqtemberi. qarTul jarSi mxolod 3.000 mebrZoli darCa. omar xanma sofeli uzunlari
datova da lores cixes Seutia, magram cixis garnizonma lekebis Seteva moigeria.
29 seqtemberi. lekebs lores cixis aRebis imedi gadaewuraT. omar xanma erekle II-s Semdegi
piroba wauyena: TiToeul tyveSi mefes unda gadaexada gamosasyidi 50 maneTis odenobiT,
xolo omar xanisaTvis yovelwliurad mieca 10.000 maneTi.
30 seqtemberi. erekle II-m omar xans aseTi pasuxi SeuTvala: TiToeul tyveSi gadaixdida
45 maneTs, naxevar Tanxas naRdi fuliT, naxevars farCis qsoviliT. omar xans laSqari
mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze unda gadaeyvana da molaparakeba sxva pirobebze amis
Semdeg daiwyeboda. omar xanma mefis pirobebi ar miiRo.
2 oqtomberi. erekle II varaudobda, rom omar xani axalcixeSi gadavidoda, suleiman
faSasagan mebrZolebsa da qvemexebs miiRebda da Tbilisze daiZreboda. amitom iyo, rom mefem
banaki mdinare qciis napiras, sofel marneulTan, Tbilisidan 40 versze, gadaitana.
3 oqtomberi. omar xani faravnis tbasTan imyofeboda, saidanac axalqalaqis gavliT
axalcixeSi Cavida. erekle II-m qarTuli jaris ZiriTadi nawilis TbilisTan Tavmoyra
gadawyvita120.
qarTl-kaxeTSi omar xanis laSqrobis paralelurad qarTlSi axalcixidan xSirad
Semodiodnen marbieli razmebi da qveyanas awiokebdnen. axalcixis faSa suleimans osmaleTis
sulTnisagan akrZaluli hqonda ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi myofi qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos winaaRmdeg omis Riad dawyeba. sulTnis firmanSi ewera: `nu Seexebi mwoliare xarsa
da nu aiZuleb wamodges~121. miuxedavad amisa, suleiman faSa lekebs qarTlis darbevaSi
farulad uwyobda xels.
osmaleTis emisrebi mTel kavkasias moedvnen. daRestnelebis garda, maT kavSiri daamyares
osebTan. osmalo emisrebi osebs sTxovdnen CaeketaT kavkasiis xazidan saqarTvelosaken
mimavali erTaderTi gza, raTa rusebisaTvis jarebis gadmosrolis saSualeba ar miecaT.
marTalia, osebma Tavi Seikaves ruseTis winaaRmdeg aSkara gamosvlisagan, magram osmaleTis
emisrebma warmatebas miaRwies CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva xalxebSi da isini ruseTis
winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaze daiTanxmes122.
TbilisSi myofma erekle II-m SemaSfoTebeli ambavi Seityo: bambakis mosaxleoba lekebis
Tavdasxmis SiSiT ayrila da erevnis saxanoSi gadasula, xolo nawils yarsamde CauRwevia.
mefes isic Seutyvia, rom axalcixis faSa suleimans erevnis xanisaTvis bambakidan Sexiznuli
mosaxleobis misTvis gadacema mouTxovia123. yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma gadawyvita esargebla
Seqmnili viTarebiT. am droisaTvis ibrahim xani jer kidev ganjasTan idga. xanma ganjis
cixis aReba scada, magram male didi zaraliT ukan daixia. ganjasTan damarcxebulma ibrahim
xanma taqtika Secvala da erekle mefesTan urTierTobis mogvareba scada. xanma mefes werili
miswera da momxdari ise warmoaCina, rom TiTqos ganjis cixis ieriSisas ki ar damarcxebula,
aramed ukan erekle II-is rCevis gamo daixia. ibrahim xani mefes arwmunebda, rom masTan
megobroba da kavSiri surda. yarabaRis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis mefes aseve acnoba, rom man omar
xanTan Tavisi warmomadgeneli gagzavna da erekle mefesTan dazaveba urCia. omar xans ibrahim
xanis rCeva ar miuRia, ris gamoc ibrahim xans gadauwyvetia omar xanis winaaRmdeg jariT
daxmareboda erekle mefes124. erekle II ibrahim xans ar endoboda, amitom iyo, rom jariT
miSvelebaze uari uTxra, samagierod, fuliTa da SeiaraRebiT daxmarebis miRebaze
dasTanxmda. ibrahim xans arc fuli da arc iaraRi mefisaTvis ar gamougzavnia125.
120П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 180-182;
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 139-144 121П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 182-183;
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 144. 122Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 144-145. 123Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 145. 124 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 145. 125Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 145; П. Г. Бутков.
Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 182-183.
98
omar xani laSqriTurT axalqalaqSi idga. suleiman faSam mas 100 qisa oqro gaugzavna,
raTa laSqrisaTvis xelfasi droulad daerigebina. amjerad suleiman faSa omar xans
saqarTveloze axali laSqrobisaken aqezebda. suleiman faSam imereTis mefe daviT giorgis
Zes SeuTvala: sulTani imereTis mefes xmliTa da qurqiT daajildovebs, aseve firmans
uboZebso. samagierod, imereTis mefe suleiman faSasa da omar xans unda mimxroboda. imereTis
mefem axalcixis faSas uari SeuTvala. gagulisebuli omar xani 1785 wlis 25 oqtombers
imereTSi gadavida126.
1785 wlis 27 oqtombers omar xanma 6.000 lekiTa da axalcixidan masTan imereTSi
salaSqrod wasuli 1000 mebrZoliT imereTis sazRvarze mdebare vaxanis cixes Seutia,
romelic Tavad qaixosro abaSiZes ekuTvnoda. Seityo Tu ara vaxanis cixis alyis ambavi,
erekle mefe cxenosani jariT Tbilisidan gorisaken gaemarTa, xolo Tbilisidan gasuli
ori rusuli batalioni polkovnik stepan burnaSevis meTaurobiT muxranis velze
dabanakda127. erekle mefes surda rusis jarisaTvis gorSi provianti moemzadebina. mefe
stepan burnaSevs sTxovda sagangebo Setyobinebamde muxranis velze darCeniliyo. amis mizezi
iyo is, rom erekle II-s damajereblad ar miaCnda cnoba lekTa da osmalTa jaris mier
vaxanis cixis alyis Sesaxeb. saqme is iyo, rom suleiman faSas da qaixosro abaSiZes kargi
urTierToba hqondaT. vaxanis cixis alyis Sesaxeb dadasturebuli cnoba, mefem 28 oqtombers
miiRo. erekle mefem stepan burnaSevs acnoba, rom rusuli batalionebi qarTul jars
saswrafod unda dasweodnen. mefem rus polkovniks isic gaagebina, rom imereTis mefe daviTi
imereTisa da samegrelos jariT mzad iyo sabrZolvelad128. gorSi Casul stepan burnaSevs
mxolod dRe-naxevris provianti daxvda. polkovnikma gorSi datova mTeli aRali, aseve
avadmyofi jariskacebi da TviTon dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaagrZela svla. 1785 wlis 30
oqtombers rusis jarma surams miaRwia. imave dRes suramSi erekle II-is sardlobiT qarTuli
jaric Sevida. mefes, mxolod 1500 mebrZoli (zogierTi cnobiT 1200 mebrZoli) axlda.
qarTvelTa da rusTa jari suramSi ori dRe SeCerda. am droisaTvis (30-31 oqtombrisaTvis)
omar xani kvlav vaxanis cixis alyas agrZelebda129.
omar xans laSqrobaSi Tan axlda qarTveli Tavadi gedevani (rusul wyaroSi gvari ar
ixsenieba _ v. g.). Tavadma gedevanma qaixosro abaSiZe (imereTis mefis solomon I-is qaliSvil
darejanis meuRle) da kidev ori Tavadi abaSiZeTa sagvareulodan omar xanTan molaparakebis
mizniT cixidan gamoityua. qaixosro abaSiZes imedi hqonda, rom omar xanTan molaparakebaSi
mas daexmareboda Tavadi papuna wereTeli da Tavadi abaSiZe (qaixosro abaSiZis naTesavi),
romlebmac omar xani axalcixidan imereTSi gadaiyvanes da vaxanis cixis alyisas isev omar
xanis banakSi imyofebodnen. lekebma qaixosro abaSiZe da misi Tanmxlebi orive Tavadi
Seipyres. vaxanis cixis garnizons brZolis gagrZeleba jer kidev SeeZlo. lekebma xerxs
mimarTes da cixis damcvelTa Tvalwin tyved ayvanili Tavadebis wameba daiwyes. vaxanis cixe
danebda. am droisaTvis cixeSi orive sqesis daaxloebiT 700 adamiani iyo TavSefarebuli.
omar xanma, Tavadebis garda, yvela mamakaci daxoca, cixe ki daangria. tyved iqna ayvanili
ori qali abaSiZeTa sagvareulodan. erTi maTgani omar xanma colad SeirTo da saxelad
javar-xanumi uwoda. javar-xanumad wodebulma wereTlis qalma omar xanis sikvdilis Semdeg
samSobloSi dabruneba moaxerxa. meore qali, elene wereTeli, omar xanma yarabaRis xan
ibrahims gaugzavna colad130.
mefe erekle qarTl-kaxeTis samefos jariTa da ruseTis jaris ori batalioniT imereTis
jarTan SeerTebas 1785 wlis 1 noembers gegmavda. moulodnelad 1 noembers mefem cnoba
miiRo, rom vaxanis cixis garnizoni danebda. omar xanis mier vaxanis cixis aRebam erekle II
126П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 183-184;
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 146. 127Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 146. 128Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 146. 129Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 146-147. 130П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 183-184;
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 146-147, Исторический
очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября
1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго
округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 206-207.
99
aiZula laSqroba Seewyvita. ereklem imereTis mefes SeuTvala, rom omar xanis laSqrisaTvis
Seetia, xolo qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da rusis jari omar xanis laSqars qarTlSi
gadasasvlel gzas mouWrida. erekle mefis varaudi ar gamarTlda, omar xans qviSxeTis
gavliT ukan ar dauxevia.. igi imereTidan mTebze gadavliT pirdapir axalcixeSi gadavida131.
polkovniki stepan burnaSevi ori rusuli batalioniT mtkvris napirs gahyva da sofel
WalasTan SeCerda. WalaSi mivida erekle mefec qarTuli jariT. WalaSi myof erekle mefes
imereTis mefe daviTma Seatyobina, rom gavrcelebuli xmebis mixedviT, omar xani quTaisze
Tavdasxmas apirebda132. Seqmnil viTarebaSi mcirericxovani qarTuli jariT da ori rusuli
batalioniT erekle II imereTis mefes daxmarebas ver aRmouCenda.
omar xanis laSqris damarcxeba SeuZlebeli gaxda. qarTvelTa da rusTa jars amisaTvis
Zalebi ar yofnidaT. pavel potiomkinma omar xans 1785 wlis 29 noembers 1.000 Cervoneci
gaugzavna saCuqrad, rac sakmarisi sulac ar iyo laSqrobis Sesawyvetad.133 mteri umowyalod
Jletda da itacebda adamianebs, aCanagebda soflebs.mefe erekle iZulebuli gaxda omar
xanTan molaparakeba daewyo134. 1785 wlis 22 dekembers mefesTan omar xanis warmomadgenlebi
gamocxadnen da xanis pirobebi gaacvnes. avariis xani omari iTxovda: 1) 10.000 maneTs wliurad
daRestnelTa beladebisaTvis; 2) 10.000 maneTs wliurad piradad misi jamagiris saxiT. Mmefis
piroba aseTi iyo: omar xani dauyovnebliv miiRebda 10.000 maneTs, xolo Semdeg yovelwliurad
_ 4.000 maneTs135.
zavze molaparakebis periods ekuTvnis omar xanis werili erekle mefisadmi. ai, isic:
“Tqveni werili miviRe. mwerT, rom aw ukve gardacvlil mamaCemTan 33 weli megobrobdiT
da mravalgzis gamoavlineT misdami keTilganwyoba, xolo mamaCemis gardacvalebis Semdeg
me momagebdiT pativs. es sruli simarTlea.
Tqven gvwerT, rom dagibrunoT axtalaSi ayvanili tyveebi. xelmwifev da mamav Cveno! Cven
yovelTvis veswrafodiT TqvenTan megobrobas, survili gvqonda SviliviT damjere
vyofiliyaviT... Tqven ki SvilebaT Cven ki ara, daRestneli beladebi aRiareT... Cven
saqarTveloSi jariT saomrad movediT, gvinda nadavlis aReba da ara Tqveni sabrZolo
didebis gamravleba. Tu Tqven gsurT simarTliT gangsvajoT, maSin unda aRiaroT:
saqarTveloSi momxdaris mizezi TqvenSia, magram Cven ar gvaxasiaTebs TqvenisTana didi
adamianisaTvis pasuxis moTxovna. tyved ayvanilebi, daRestanSi arsebuli wesis mixedviT,
ukve jars gaunawilda da amitom SeuZlebelia maTi erTad Tavmoyra~136.
molaparakebis Sedegad miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba: omar xani saqarTvelos teritorias
datovebda, yovel tyve qarTvelSi mefe erekles unda gadaexada 50 maneTi, xolo omar
xanisaTvis yovelwliurad unda eZlia 10.000 maneTi. omar xanma saqarTvelos teritoria
datova137.
omar xanma udidesi zarali moutana saqarTvelos. erekle mefe werda, Sah-abas II-is
laSqrobebis Semdeg saqarTvelos aseTi ubedureba Tavs ar dastexiao138.
mefe erekle did sagonebelSi iyo Cavardnili. samefo saxlSic ar iyo Tanxmoba. dedofali
darejani qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ubedurebis mizezad ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi
Sesvlas da georgievskis traqtats miiCnevda. dedofals mxars uWerda ramdenime Tavadi139.
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, antirusuli mamarTulebis sulisCamdgmeli iyvnen solomon
131Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 148. 132Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 148. 133П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 187. 134Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 149. 135П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр, 185-186,
Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 149. 136П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 186, Н.
Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 150. 137Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 207; П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803
год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 185. 138П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 188, Н.
Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 150-151. 139Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151.
100
lioniZe da daviT orbeliani140. erekle II kvlav ruseTze amyarebda imeds. omar xanTan
brZolaSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, 1785 wlis dekemberSi mefe grigori potiomkins
saqarTveloSi damatebiTi jaris gamogzavnas sTxovda. imavdroulad, mefe qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos sruluflebian warmomadgenels ruseTis saimperatoro karze garsevan WavWavaZes
werda, yoveli Rone exmara jaris gamogzavnis dasaCqareblad141. uaRresad mZime
mdgomareobaSi myof mefes garsevan WavWavaZe arwmunebda, rom general-anSef grigori
potiomkins erekle mefis qaliSvilze surda daqorwineba. garsevan WavWavaZe mefes
sTavazobda qaliSvili grigori potiomkinisaTvis mieTxovebina, Semdeg siZe Tavis vasalad
gamoecxadebina da eboZebina misTvis samflobelo darialidan ananuramde142. garsevan
WavWavaZis azriT, grigori potiomkini darialSi cixe-simagres aaSenebda, alagmavda osebs
da uzrunvelyofda kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis usafrTxoebas. garsevan
WavWavaZe aseve arwmunebda mefes, rom ananuri gadaiqceoda mSvenier evropul qalaqad Tavisi
fabrikebiT, vaWrebiT, mxatvrebiT da evropuli wesrigiT143. garsevan WavWavaZis gegma ar
ganxorcielda. iranma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo imdenad daasusta, rom grigori potiomkinma
xeli aiRo samxreT kavkasiaSi Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideaze da miznad
daisaxa saerTo kavkasiuri qristianuli saxelmwifos Seqmna144.
§6. ruseTis jari da qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da osmaleTis urTierToba
(1785-1787 ww.)
omar xanis laSqrobis Semdeg, 1785 wlis miwurulidan, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos War-
belaqnisa da axalcixis safaSos mxridan lekTa axali Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba daemuqra.
erekle II-m kvlav ruseTs mimarTa da samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis gasaZliereblad 30.000
maneTi iTxova. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardali general-poruCiki pavel potiomkini 1786 wlis
28 ianvars general-anSef grigori potiomkins swerda, rom man mefe erekles 4.000 Cervoneci
gaugzavna da im artileriis gagzavnasac dahpirda, romlic imperatorma ekaterina II-m 1784
wels mefes aCuqa145.
ruseTisagan miRebuli fuli erekle II-m polkovnik stepan burnaSevs gadasca da Tanac
gaafrTxila: ruseTidan fulis miReba saidumlod unda darCeniliyo da mefis naTesavebs ar
unda SeetyoT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi fuli daixarjeboda. stepan burnaSevma mefis Txovna
Seasrula. erekle II stepan burnaSevs sTxovda eSuamdgomla qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi
ruseTis jaris kontigentis gazrdis Taobaze. mefe polkovniks arwmunebda, rom ori rusuli
batalioni sakmarisi ar iyo lekTa TareSis aRsakveTad146. erekle mefis naTqvami male
dadasturda. 1786 wlis martSi War-belaqanSi mokalaTebulma lekebma mdinare alazani
gadmolaxes da saqoneli garekes. axalcixidan mdinare mtkvris xeobiT SemoWrilma lekebma
suramis midamoebi gaZarcves da tyved 20 adamiani aiyvanes. mefe ereklem Seityo Tu ara
lekTa Tavdasxmis ambavi, 200 qarTveli da 150 rusi mebrZoliT Tbilisidan gavida, magram 17
versis gavlis Semdeg laSqroba Sewyvita, sami dRe banakad idga da Semdeg qalaqSi dabrunda.
stepan burnaSevis 1786 wlis 13 martis moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom laSqrobis Sewyvetis
mizezi sursaTis uqonloba iyo147. stepan burnaSevi aRniSnavs, rom rusuli batalionebis
danawileba da qarTul jarTan gaerTianeba mizanSewonili ar iyo, xolo ruseTis ori
batalionis erTad gadaadgilebisaTvis saWiro sursaTis raodenoba mefes ar gaaCnda.
polkovniki werda, rom rusuli batalionebi sursaTis uqonlobas aramarto laSqrobisas
ganicdidnen, aramed TbilisSi yofnis drosac148. mefe erekle stepan burnaSevs arwmunebda,
140sargis kakabaZe. saqarTvelos istoria. axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810 w.w.). tfilisi, 1922, gv.233. 141Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151. 142Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151. 143Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151-152. 144Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151-152. 145Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 205-206. 146Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 206. 147Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 206. 148Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 206.
101
rom samefoSi puris seriozuli maragi arsebobda, rac sakmarisi iyo ara marto ori rusuli
batalionis, aramed ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontigentis gamosakvebadac149. mefe kidev
erTxel sTxovda polkovniks eSuamdgomla ruseTis jaris gazrdis Taobaze, radgan utyuari
cnobebi hqonda, rom lekebi kvlav SemoiWrebodnen samefos teritoriaze. rogorc Cans, stepan
burnaSevsac eWvi ar epareboda, rom lekebi kvlav gaagrZelebdnen qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
Zarcvas. 1786 wlis 18 aprils stepan burnaSevi pavel potiomkins moaxsenebda, rom axalcixis
faSa suleimani omar xans fuls ugzavnida da axali laSqrobis dawyebisaken mouwodebda150.
omar xans wesad hqonda or an sam mxaresTan erTad ewarmoebina molaparakeba da Semdeg
yvelaze ufro sarfiani gadawyvetileba mieRo. omar xanma suleiman faSas SemoTavazeba miiRo
da 7.000 mebrZoliT axalcixeSi Cavida. 7.000 leki mebrZolidan calkeuli razmi TiTqmis
yovel dRe SeiWreboda xolme qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi. lekTa erT-erTma razmma
TiTqmis Tbilisamde miaRwia da 300 cxeni gaitaca. lekebs ufliswuli giorgi daedevna,
magram uSedegod151.
osmaleTTan omis dawyebamde ruseTis imperiis diplomatia cdilobda samxreT kavkasiaSi
viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT erekle II da suleiman faSa Seerigebina. grigori potiomkini
ekaterina II-s swerda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da axalcixis faSas Serigeba droebiTi
movlena iyo da mas savsebiT konkretuli mizani hqonda _ ruseTs drois mogeba sWirdeboda.
konkretuli mizani hqonda erekle mefesac: CrdiloeT kavkasiidan ruseTis jaris damatebiTi
kontigentis Semosvlamde omar xanTan brZoliT dasustebuli qarTl-kaxeTis jari
axalcixis safaSos winaaRmdeg oms ver daiwyebda. erekle II-isa da grigori potiomkinis
mimoweridan irkveva, rom zavi axalcixis safaSosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris
saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontigentis SemosvlisTanave dairRveoda152.
sulTanic savsebiT garkveuli mizniT dasTanxmda erekle II-isa da suleiman faSas Serigebas.
sulTans eSinoda, ruseTTan omis dawyebis Semdeg erekle II axalcixis safaSos teritoriaze
ar SeWriliyo153. osmaleTis sulTnis Tanxmoba qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da axalcixis faSas
dazavebaze sulac ar niSnavda imas, rom osmaleTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis
mfarvelobaSi Sesvlasa da saqarTveloSi ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlas Seurigda.
erekle II-sa da suleiman faSas Soris molaparakebis umTavresi sakiTxi safaSos
teritoriaze lekTa razmebis yofnas exeboda. mefem suleiman faSas sTxova safaSos
teritoriaze lekebi ar gaeCerebina da ar mieca maTTvis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriis
darbevis saSualeba. erekle II-isa da suleiman faSas Soris gamarTuli molaparakebis kursSi
iyo stepan burnaSevi. 1786 wlis 31 maiss stepan burnaSevi pavel potiomkins moaxsenebda:
suleiman faSam erekle mefes aRuTqva, rom mis Txovnas Seasrulebda mxolod erTi pirobiT:
mefes axalcixis safaSos winaaRmdeg ruseTis jari da imperator ekaterina II-is mier
naboZebi artileria ar unda gamoeyenebina, aseve osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis jarisaTvis
daxmareba ar unda aRmoeCina. stepan burnaSevi imasac werda, rom axalcixis faSas mier
wamoyenebuli pirobis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis sulTani qarTl-kaxeTis mefes
ganjis, erevnisa da iranis sxva saxanoebs dauqvemdebarebda154. erekle II-s pirobebi ar miuRia
da suleiman faSasaTvis ucnobebia: qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperatoris
mfarvelobaSi imyofeba da imperatoris gverdis avliT ufleba ar maqvs vinmesTan
molaparakeba vawarmooo155. gagulisebul suleiman faSas mxridan pasuxmac ar daayovna.
lekTa razmebi moedvnen samefos teritorias: erTi razmi mdinare algeTze, Tbilisidan 30
versis moSorebiT gamoCnda, meore _ mcxeTasTan, mesame _ qarelTan, meoTxe _ diRomTan,
mexuTe _ suramTan156.
149Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 150Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 151Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 152O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.228. 153O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 228. 154Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 155Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 208. 156Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 208.
102
1786 wels axalcixis mxridan Semosuli lekebis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriis
darbeva da adamianebis gataceba osmaleTis mxridan ruseTis imperiis interesebis Selaxvas
niSnavda. ruseTma osmaleTis sulTans mosTxova suleiman faSasaTvis axalcixeSi lekebis
Tavmoyra da maTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze Segzavna aekrZala. 1786 wlis 17
aprils imperatorma ekaterina II-m ruseTis elCs stambolSi iakov bulgakovs specialuri
brZaneba gaugzavna. imperatori werda, rom elCs osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrisaTvis
protesti werilobiT gadaeca. ruseTis moTxovna aseTi iyo: sulTans axalcixis faSa unda
aeZulebina Seewyvita qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbeva, samagierod ruseTi ar daarRvevda
osmaleTTan dadebul zavs157 (igulisxmeba 1774 wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zavi – v. g.)
sanam ekaterina II-is brZaneba stambolSi CaaRwevda da ruseTis elCi iakov bulgakovi
osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saprotesto notas gadascemda, suleiman faSa
mtrul moqmedebas agrZelebda. faSam xmebi gaavrcela, rom sulTanma mas saCuqrebi da 44.000
Cervoneci gamougzavna. saCuqrebi da fuli gankuTvnili iyo azerbaijaneli xanebisa da
daRestneli mflobelebisaTvis, romelTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze erToblivi laSqroba
unda moewyoT. imave xmebis mixedviT, omar xani kaxeTSi unda SeWriliyo, suleiman faSa _
qarTlSi, azerbaijaneli xanebi _ yazaxsa da SamSadiluSi158. erekle II am xmebma seriozulad
SeaSfoTa. 1786 wlis 6 agvistos mefe pavel potiomkins daxmarebas sTxovda. mefem icoda,
rom sanam pavel potiomkini sankt-peterburgidan qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi
kontigentis gagzavnis uflebas miiRebda, lekebi samefos gaaCanagebdnen. amitom iyo, rom
mefe erekle generals sTxovda jaris damatebiTi kontigenti sankt-peterburgidan nebarTvis
miRebamde gamoegzavna159.
erekle II-is daJinebulma Txovnam qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebuli jaris kontigentis
gazrdis Taobaze garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. imperatorma ekaterina II-m ukve meored daavala
ruseTis elCs stambolSi iakov bulgakovs protesti ganecxadebina osmaleTis sagareo
saqmeTa saministrosaTvis. moTxovnis Sinaarsi igive iyo: sulTans axalcixis faSasaTvis
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi SeWra unda aekrZala160.
ruseTis imperatoris meore protestis Semdeg osmaleTis sulTanma arzrumis, vanis,
yarsisa da axalcixis faSebs firmani gaugzavna da qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan mSvidobiani
urTierTobis damyareba ubrZana. Tavis mxriv, faSebma erekle II-s megobrobis
damadasturebeli werilebi gamougzavnes. gansakuTrebiT gamoido Tavi arzrumis faSa
baTalim, romelic male sulTanma seraskirad daniSna. baTali faSa mefes swerda, rom misi
keTildReoba osmaleTis sulTnis mfarvelobaze iyo damokidebuli. faSas arc is daumalavs,
rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yvela ubedureba ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT iyo
gamowveuli161. 1786 wlis 31 ivliss baTali faSas werili mefe ereklem kavkasiis xazis
mTavarsardal general-poruCik pavel potiomkins gadaugzavna. mefe generals kvlav jaris
damatebiTi kontigentis gamogzavnas sTxovda162.
erekleII-is SeSfoTebas savsebiT realuri safuZveli hqonda. erTi mxriv,sulTanma
axalcixis faSas aukrZala qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze SeWra, raTa am gziT Tavi
aeridebina ruseTis jaris winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis, xolo meore mxriv, osmaleTi ruseTTan
omis dawyebisaTvis emzadeboda163. 1786 wels foTSi Semovida sabrZolo masaliTa da
sursaTiT datvirTuli 2 samxedro da 15 satransporto gemi. baTumsa da foTSi osmalebma
gemebidan gadmozides zarbaznebi, mdinare rionsa da paliastomis tbas Soris daiwyes mcire
simagreebis mSenebloba, sadac SehqondaT zarbaznebi. mSeneblobas xelmZRvanelobda
stambolidan Camosuli oTxi ucxoeli specialisti. simagreebSi dadgmuli zarbaznebis
157Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 208. 158Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 209. 159Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 209. 160Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 210. 161O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966.
стр. 228-229. 162O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966.
стр. 229. 163Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 210.
103
amoqmedebisaTvis ucxoelma specialistebma moamzades 60 osmalo mebrZoli. gavrcelda xmebi,
rom anatoliaSi Tavmoyrili iyo osmaleTis armia (35.000 mebrZoli), xolo axalcixeSi Casul
osmalo faSas davalebuli hqonda Seekriba daaxloebiT 12.000 leki164.
1786 wels saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan osmaleTis jaris Tavmoyra winaaRmdegobaSi modioda
sulTnis brZanebasTan, romelic suleiman faSas qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi SeWras
ukrZalavda. Tumca isic cxadi iyo, rom osmaleTi samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWrisaTvis ar
emzadeboda. sulTani cdilobda saqarTvelo-osmaleTis sazRvari imdenad gaemagrebina, rom
osmaleTis teritoriaze ruseTis jaris SeWra aecilebina Tavidan165. ruseTis imperatori
ekaterina II savsebiT garkveviT ambobda: aranairi aucilebloba ruseTs ar gaaCnia, rom
osmaleTSi saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT scadon SeWra, osmalebs albaT is axsovT,
gemebis gareSe rusebma rogor gadalaxes mdinare dunai, isic ar daviwyebiaT, rogor daeca
osmaleTis cixe-simagreebi, Cveni mxedarTmTavrebi iq ar Seuteven, sadac maT elodebian166.
anatoliasa da axalcixeSi osmaleTis jaris Tavmoyris Sesaxeb cnobam Zalze SeaSfoTa
erekle II, SeSfoTebuli iyo stepan burnaSevic. am droisaTvis stepan burnaSevs ori
batalionidan (daaxloebiT 1.500 mebrZoli) mwyobrSi mxolod 1000 mebrZoli hyavda. danarCeni
jariskacebi an avadmyofobdnen an avadmyofobis Semdeg imdenad sustad iyvnen, rom brZolaSi
monawileobas ver miiRebdnen. rus polkovniks afiqrebda isic, rom mis gankargulebaSi ar
iyo Zlieri sakavalerio razmi. isic sagulisxmo iyo, rom laSqrobis dawyeba rusul
batalionebs proviantis maragis gareSe mouwevdaT167.
pavel potiomkinma omis SemTxvevisaTvis garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba daiwyo. 1786
wels ruseTis jarisa da osebis daxmarebiT daiwyo kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi
momavali gzis SekeTeba, vladikavkazis simagresTan Tavi moiyara ruseTis jaris samma qveiTma
batalionma, dragunTa oTxma eskadronma da kazakTa polkma. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi es
samxedro Zala qarTl-kaxeTis mefis dasaxmareblad unda daZruliyo168. axalcixis faSas
osTa Soris bevri moene hyavda, amitom kargad iyo informirebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiis xazze
ruseTis jarebis ganlagebasa da vladikavkazis simagresTan jaris Tavmoyris Sesaxeb.
suleiman faSam miiRo cnoba samxreT kavkasiis sazRvrebTan dajgufebul osmaleTis jarebis
sardlad baTali faSas daniSvnis Sesaxeb.axalcixis faSas baTali faSas jarisa da ruseTis
jaris axalcixesTan miaxloebisa erTnairad eSinoda. suleiman faSa baTali faSas pirad
mtrad miiCnevda da sulac ar surda, rom safaSo baTali faSas kontrolis qveS gadasuliyo.
axalcixis faSa manevrirebis gzas daadga. 1786 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi Camovida suleiman
faSas elCi da erekle II-s sazavo xelSekrulebis dadeba SesTavaza. axalcixis faSa qarTl-
kaxeTis mefes pirdeboda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis sakiTxs osmaleTis did vezirTan igi
piradad SeaTanxmebda. erekle II-s axalcixis faSas winadadeba cota ucnaurad eCvena.
suleiman faSas savsebiT konkretuli mizani hqonda dasaxuli: qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da
axalcixis safaSos Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg axalcixis faSa
osmaleTis did vezirs daarwmunebda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mxridan osmaleTis sazRvrebs
safrTxe ar daemuqreboda. am SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis jarebis Tavmoyra samxreT kavkasiis
sazRvrebTan aucilebeli aRar iqneboda, rac cxadia xels aZlevda erekle II-sac169. erekle
II-isa da suleiman faSas elCis molaparakeba ise dasrulda, rom mefes saqmis kursSi ar
Cauyenebia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze ruseTis sruluflebiani
warmomadgeneli(ministri)stepan burnaSevi170.
molaparakeba erekle mefesa da suleiman faSas Soris Zalze mZimed mimdinareobda. faSa
mefes Semdeg pirobebs uyenebda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvana da Tu es
ar moxerxdeboda, samefoSi ruseTis jari ar unda gazrdiliyo. 2.ekaterina II-is mier erekle
mefisaTvis naboZebi artileria samefos teritoriaze ar unda SemoetanaT. 3.ruseTis jaris
164Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 210-211. 165Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 211. 166Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 211. 167Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 211-212. 168Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 212. 169Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 212-213. 170Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 213.
104
ori batalioni axalcixis safaSos sazRvrebTan ar unda ganlagebuliyo. Tu erekle mefe am
pirobebs Seasrulebda, suleiman faSa valdebulebas iRebda: 1. axalcixeSi lekebs ar
gaaCerebda; 2. axalcixis faSas ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebze pretenzia ar eqneboda; 3.
axalcixis faSa Crdilo kavkasiis muslim mflobelebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze Tavdasxmebis
Sewyvetisaken mouwodebda.imave werilSi, romelSic pirobebi iyo Camoyalibebuli, suleiman
faSa erekle mefes swerda: Tu mefe saerTod CamoSordeboda ruseTs, igi sulTnisagan did
jildos miiRebda da saganmgeblod gadaecemoda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mosazRvre bevri
teritoria171. cxadia, am teritoriebSi igulisxmeboda ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebi da
ramdenime azerbaijanuli saxano. yvela es saxano iranis nawili iyo, ase rom osmaleTis
sulTani qarTl-kaxeTis mefes iranis teritoriebs umtkicebda.
suleiman faSas winadadebebi erekle II-m ar miiRo. amis Semdeg axalcixis faSam erekle
mefes SesTavaza dadebuliyo Tavdausxmelobis xelSekruleba ara qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa
da osmaleTs Soris, aramed qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da axalcixis safaSos Soris. suleiman
faSas separatistuli ganwyobileba moewona ekaterina II-s. 1786 wlis 26 ivliss imperatori
grigori potiomkins swerda:k`argi iqneboda, rom suleiman faSa damoukideblobis gzas
Sesdgomoda~172. cota ufro adre rusma diplomatebma suleiman faSas agrZnobines, rom Tu
igi osmaleTidan axalcixis safaSos gamoyofas Seecdeboda, ruseTi mxars dauWerda. bolos
suleiman faSa SeSinda da safaSos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaze xelsayreli viTarebis
Seqmnamde xeli iaRo. 1786 wles 8 seqtembers grigori potiomkini ekaterina II-s swerda: Tu
ruseTma osmaleTis omSi gaimarjva, suleiman faSa Cven dagvemorCileba, manamde ki faSas
ruseTTan aranairi molaparakebis warmoeba ar SeuZlia173.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da axalcixis safaSos Soris samSvidobo xelSekruleba 1786
wlis 12 seqtembers daido. xelSekrulebis pirobebi aseTi iyo: qarTl-kaxeTis mefe
valdebulebas iRebda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris raodenoba ar unda
yofiliyo 3.000 mebrZolze meti; 2. osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris zavis moqmedebis periodSi
erekle II-s omi ar unda daewyo axalcixis safaSos winaaRmdeg; 3. Tu axalcixis safaSos
sazRvrispira teritoriis mflobelebi erekle II-is uflebebs Selaxavdnen, mefe Tavs
daicavda rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli jariT (3.000 mebrZoliT). axalcixis faSa suleimani
valdebulebas iRebda: 1. axalcixis faSas safaSos teritoriaze ar unda gaeCerebina lekebisa
da daRestnelebis laSqari da lekebisa da daRestnelebisaTvis ar mieca axalcixis safaSos
mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis darbevis ufleba; axalcixis faSas lekebisa da daRestnelebisaTvis
unda aekrZala axalcixeSi qarTveli tyveebiT vaWroba; 2. axalcixis faSas safaSos
sazRvrispira teritoriis mflobelebi ar unda waeqezebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
winaaRmdeg; 3. axalcixis faSas osmaleTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvarze ar unda
ganelagebina174. erekle II-m kargad icoda, rom suleiman faSas mier dadebul pirobas,
aranairi kavSiri ar daemyarebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebTan da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
sazRvrebTan osmaleTis jarebis Tavmoyra ar daeSva, aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. Tu
osmaleTis sulTani ubrZanebda, axalcixis faSa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebTanac
daamyarebda urTierTobas da verc samefos sazRvrebTan osmaleTis jarebis Tavmoyras
aRudgeboda win. miuxedavad amisa, erekle II-m xelSekruleba mainc dado, dado im mizniT,
rom suleiman faSasa da lekebs droebiT mainc SeewyvitaT samefos sazRvrebSi SemoWra175.
axalcixis safaSosTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb 1787 wlis 15
seqtembers erekle II-m osmaleTis did vezirs acnoba. didi vezirisaTvis gadasacemi werili
erekle mefem suleiman faSas elCs gadasca. ase rom, stambolSi werilis gagzavna saidumlod
ar darCenila. erekle mefe osmaleTis did vezirs swerda: ,,mtris Tavdasxmebis dros Cven
171O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 229. 172O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.229. 173O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.230. 174Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.
Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902, стр. 60; Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на
Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 212-213; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 174; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi rva tomad. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 709. O. П. Маркова. Россия,
Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.207-209. 175Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 213.
105
iZulebulni viyaviT daxmareba mezoblebisaTvis gveTxova, Tumca am Txovnas xSirad
sasurveli Sedegi ar mohqonda. mxolod ruseTma Cven da Cvens winaprebs aRmogviCina Zlieri
daxmareba. amitom iyo, rom Cven mivmarTeT ruseTis umaRles kars. misma imperatorobiTma
udidebulesobam Cven mfarveloba gviwyaloba da qveynis dacvisaTvis gviboZa jari, 3.000
mebrZoli. ukve sami weli gavida, rac rusis jari Cems samflobeloSia, magram sulTnis
qveSevrdomebisaTvis Cven arc farulad da arc aSkarad wyena ar migviyenebia, xolo Cvens
sazRvrebSi SemoWril mters SeZlebisdagvarad vuwevdiT winaaRmdegobas. amis sanacvlod
suleiman faSam, rogorc ki gaigo CvenTan ruseTis jaris mosvlis Sesaxeb, axalcixeSi
daRestnelebi moixmo, romelTac bevri sofeli gagviZarcves, daxoces da tyved waiyvanes
Cveni uamravi qveSevrdomi, radgan Cvens qveynebs Soris mSvidobaa da vcdilobT wyena ar
mivayenoT sulTans, axalcixidan ganxorcielebuli Semosevebi dausjelad davtoveT, rasac
daadastureben Tqvens qveSevrdomobaSi myofi Tqveni mezoblebi~176. am Sesavlis Semdeg
erekle II ukve suleiman faSasTan urTierTobas exeba da ganagrZobs: ,,axla suleiman faSas
surs, rom CvenTan megobroba hqondes. faSam elCi gamogvigzavna, romelTanac Cven
SevTanxmdiT: CvenTan mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamogzavnili ruseTis samiaTasiani
jari ar gaizrdeba, sanam ruseTi da osmaleTi mSvidobian urTierTobaSi iqnebian. suleiman
faSa gvpirdeba, rom daRestnelebs axalcixeSi aRar moiwvevs, xolo axalcixeSi myof
daRestnelebs gaaZevebs, Tavisi jariT zians arasdros mogvayenebs, Cveni qveSevrdomebis
axalcixeSi yidva-gayidvas ar dauSvebs, Cven mtrebTan arc farulad da arc aSkarad
urTierTobas ar iqoniebs da sulTnis jars Cven sazRvrebTan ar daayenebs~177. cxadia, elCma
erekles werili suleiman faSas aCvena. faSa, cxadia, kmayofili ar darCeboda. suleimans
surda erekle mefes sulTnisaTvis mfarveloba eTxova, amitom iyo, rom suleiman faSam
samSvidobo xelSekrulebas xeli ar moawera da axalcixeSi Casuli erekle mefis elCebic
ukan gamoistumra. suleiman faSa erekles werda, rom Tu mefes Tavisi qveSevrdomebis
keTildReoba da qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva surda da Tu ar surda lekebs saqarTvelo
gaenadgurebinaT, sxvagvarad unda moqceuliyo. faSa mefes acnobebda, rom axalcixeSi myofi
lekebis SeCereba mas ar SeeZlo. miuxedavad aSkara ukmayofilebisa, suleiman faSa erekle
II-s hpirdeboda, rom is mSvidobis SenarCunebaze Tanaxma iyo178. axalcixis faSa arc imas
malavda, rom ar moewona erekle II-is mier osmaleTis didi vezirisaTvis gagzavnili werilis
Sinaarsi. faSa erekles rCevas aZlevda: Tu sulTnis erTguleba ginda daamtkico, sulTnis
karze mZevlebad ori moxele unda gaagzavnoo. suleiman faSa mefes aseve urCevda, rom
ruseTSi gagzavnili Svilebi saswrafod ukan gamoewvia. werilis dasasruls suleiman faSa
erekle II-s aseTi sityvebiT mimarTavda: ,,Tu me Sen Zmad mTvli, nu ugulvebelhyof am
sasargeblo rCevebs~179.
1786 wlis dekembris Sua ricxvebSi suleiman faSam TbilisSi kvlav gamogzavna Tavisi
elCebi. elCebma mefe erekles faSas danabarebi zepirad gadasces. axalcixis faSa qarTl-
kaxeTis mefes wina werilSi micemulm”rCevebs” faqtobrivad imeorebda, roca werda, rom
ruseTis jari samefodan gaeyvana (ruseTSi daebrunebina), xolo Svilebi, miriani da
Teimurazi (berad aRkvecis Semdeg antoni, momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II _ v.g.),
ruseTidan gamoewvia. suleiman faSas azriT, am pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg osmaleTis
sulTani erekle II-s yvela Txovnas daakmayofilebda. garda amisa, axalcixis faSam erekle
II-s acnoba: 1. Tu rusis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi darCeboda, mas araviTari ziani ar
unda mieyenebina osmaleTis samflobeloebisaTvis; 2. erekle II-s ar unda moeTxova ruseTis
jaris raodenobis gazrda; 3. erekle mefes axalcixeSi mZevlad unda gaegzavna ori Tavadi
cnobili sagvareuloebidan. mxolod am pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg sulTani aranair zians
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ar miayenebda, osmaleTis sazRvrebidan gaaZevebda lekebs,
176Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 213-214. 177Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 214. 178Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 214-215. 179Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 215.
106
axalcixeSi myof qarTvel tyveebs daabrunebda da erekle II-s kvlav daumorCilebda
azerbaijanis urC saxanoebs180.
axalcixidan lekebis gaZevebis Sesaxeb dapirebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis
samefosaTvis. lekTa Semosevebisagan rom Tavi daecva, erekle II omar xanis mamas wliurad
1.000 maneTs uxdida, xolo omar xans 6.500 maneTs. erekle mefe omar xanTan danaTesavebasac
ki cdilobda da surda batoniSvil giorgisaTvis omar xanis qaliSvili SeerTo colad.
qorwineba ar Sedga da avariis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbeva kvlavindeburad
gaagrZela. mogvianebiT omar xanma TviTon moindoma erekle II-sTan danaTesaveba. xans surda
batoniSvil vaxtangs mis daze eqorwina. es qorwinebac ar Sedga da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
rbeva-awiokebac Zveleburad grZeldeboda181.
aseT viTarebaSi suleiman faSas dapirebas, rom axalcixidan lekebs gaaZevebda, erekle
mefisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. amitom iyo, rom suleiman faSas elCis TbilisSi
CasvlisTanave erekle II-m samefo darbazis wevrebs sagarejoSi Sekreba ubrZana. calke miiRes
miwveva taxtis memkvidrem giorgi batoniSvilma da kaTolikos-patriarqma anton II-m.
sagarejoSi darbazis sxdoma 1786 wlis 18 dekembers Sedga. darbazis sxdomis Semdeg erekle
II-m qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis sruluflebian warmomadgenels (ministrs)
polkovnik stepan burnaSevs ganucxada: 1. darbazis mier miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba
axalcixeSi ori Tavadis mZevlad gagzavnis Sesaxeb; 2. mZevlebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miReba ganpirobebuli iyo im mosazrebiT, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT
osmaleTis Tavdasxma182. stepan burnaSevi, cxadia, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbazis
gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo darCa da erekle mefes ganucxada: georgievskis traqtatis
meoTxe muxlis ZaliT, msgavsi gadawyvetileba kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalTan unda
SegeTanxmebinao. erekle mefe polkovniks dahpirda, rom momxdaris Taobaze werils
gaugzavnida general-poruCik pavel potiomkins. Tumca, mefe pavel potiomkinisgan pasuxis
mosvlas ar daeloda da axalcixeSi mZevlebad gagzavna Tavadebi nikoloz orbeliani da
Teimuraz ciciSvili183.
erekle II-is moqmedebiT ukmayofilo darCa pavel potiomkini, romelic mefes werda: ,,Tqven,
ruseTis imperiasTan dadebuli traqtatis meoTxe muxliT valdebuleba aiReT mezobel
qveynebTan yovelgvar urTierTobamde da mezobeli qveynebidan elCebis mosvlamde rCeva
gekiTxaT sazRvris ufrosisaTvis (igulisxmeba kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardali _ v. g.),
traqtatis ZaliT, Cemi valia Tqvens umaRlesobas vurCio ar misces axalcixis faSas
mZevlebi”184. rusi generali mefes swerda, Tu ra gegmebi hqonda osmaleTs qarTl-kaxeTis
mimarT: 1. ruseTis imperatorisadmi qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erTgulebis Seryeva, erekle mefis
veragad warmoCena; 2. qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvana, samefos mrisxane
damcvelis gareSe datoveba; 3. qarTl-kaxeTis mefisagan pirobis miReba, rom lekebisagan
miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba osmaleTs ar moeTxovos; 4. qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvis
Tavadebis mZevlad moTxovna. pavel potiomkini erekle mefes afrTxilebda, rom dapirebis
miuxedavad, axalcixis faSas ar SeeZlo azerbaijaneli xanebi erekle II-saTvis
daemorCielebina185. ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris urTierTobis daZabvis gamo pavel
potiomkini erekle II-s urCevda yovelgvari urTierToba gaewyvita axalcixis faSasTan da
ar mieca misTvis mZevlebi186. amis sapasuxod mefem pavel potiomkins miswera, rom man ukve
gagzavna elCebi axalcixeSi, yovelnairad ecdeboda, mZevlebi aRar mieca suleiman
faSasaTvis, magram aseTi moqmedebidan gamowveuli Sedegebisa eSinoda187. erekle II-s
frTxili politika ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom ar icoda ruseT-osmaleTis daZabuli
urTierToba omis gareSe damTavrdeboda, Tu omi aucileblad daiwyeboda. amitom iyo, rom
180Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 215. 181Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 215-216. 182Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 216. 183Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 216. 184Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 217. 185Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 216-217. 186Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 218. 187Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 218.
107
mefe pavel potiomkins swerda: ,,Tu or saxelmwifos Soris (ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris _
v. g.) mSvidoba male dairRveva, Cven axalcixidan mZevlebis gamoyvanas SevZlebT~188.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da axalcixis safaSos Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT
ukmayofilo darCa grigori potiomkinic. 1786 wlis 10 dekembers grigori potiomkini
Eekaterina II-s swerda, rom erekle mefem daTmo, roca qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasaxmareblad
gamiznuli ruseTis jaris raodenoba sami aTasiT gansazRvra189.
sulTanma, cxadia, icoda axalcixis faSas separatistuli miswrafebani da SeiZleba arc
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebas iwonebda, magram erekle II-
Tan urTierTobis daZabva sulTans xels ar aZlevda. sulTans eSinoda, mefe erekles qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoSi jaris raodenobis gazrda ar eTxova ruseTis imperatorisaTvis190.
suleiman faSamac ar icoda, rogor ganviTardeboda osmaleT-ruseTis daZabuloba,
daiwyeboda Tu ara omi.
amitom iyo, rom suleiman faSa yovelnairad cdilobda kargi urTierToba daemyarebina
qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan da mieRwia axalcixeSi mZevlebis gagzavnisaTvis. ruseTi
yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da axalcixis faSas urTierTobas. 1787
wlis 3 ianvars stepan burnaSevi pavel potiomkinisaTvis gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda,
rom axalcixis faSam erekle II-is elCebs gzaSi cxenosani razmi daaxvedra da didi pativiT
miiRo isini191. erekle mefem axalcixeSi mZevlad gagzavnil nikoloz orbelians da Teimuraz
ciciSvils daavala suleiman faSas zraxvebSi garkveva da masze zegavlenis moxdena.
mcdelobis miuxedavad, mZevlebma faSa ver daarwmunes, rom xeli aeRo qarTl-kaxeTis
mefisaTvis mZevlebis moTxovnaze. piriqiT, suleiman faSa osmaleTis sulTans arwmunebda,
rom ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobidan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gamosvla SesaZlebeli iyo.
stambolidan axalcixeSi gamoigzavna didi raodenobiT saCuqrebi, safaSos teritoriaze
mdgari osmaleTis jaris sardals da suleiman faSas daevalaT qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan
xelSekrulebis dadeba. aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba advili ar iyo, radgan erekle II-m
kargad icoda, ra veragul politikas atarebda osmeleTis sulTani da rogor sastikad
epyroboda igi qristian xalxebs. mefe imasac cxadad grZnobda, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveboda
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobidan gamosvlas da osmaleTis
mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas192.
erekle mefem icoda, rom suleiman faSa misi dauZinebeli mteri iyo, xolo mis mier
SemoTavazebuli megobroba da mSvidoba _ moCvenebiTi. Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze
prorusuli orientaciis proosmaluriT Secvlas Tavisi momxreebi hyavda. prorusuli
orientaciis uaryofas moiTxovda dedofali darejani da misi Tanamoazre Tavadebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom taxtis memkvidre batoniSvili giorgi prorusul orientaciaze rCeboda.
dedofal darejanis antirusuli orientacia didi gansjisa da fiqris Sedegi ar iyo.
dedofalma icoda, rom ruseTis saimperatoro kari erekle II-isagan moiTxovda
batoniSvilebs Soris samefos danawilebis (saufliswuloebis gamoyofis) Sewyvetas da mefis
xelisuflebis gaZlierebas. darejan dedofali ZiriTadad swored am moTxovnebis gamo
daupirispirda rusebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom dedofals mebrZoli xasiaTi hqonda, sasaxlis
karze ramdenime gavleniani Tavadic uWerda mxars, magram sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia _
erekle mefem prorusuli orientacia ar uaryo. Ddedofal darejanisa da misi momxreebis
brZolas ukvalod mainc ar Cauvlia: erekle II-is daaxloeba suleiman faSasTan swored
darejan dedoflis gavleniT moxda193.
1787 wlis Tebervlis meore naxevarSi axalcixeSi miiRes osmaleTis sulTnis firmani,
romelic faSas auwyebda, rom male osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris omi daiwyeboda. firmanidan
suleiman faSam Seityo, rom osmaleTis armia (52.000 mebrZoli) male daiZvreboda mdinare
arpaCais (mdinare araqsis marcxena Senakadi, somxeTi _ v. g.) mimarTulebiT. sulTanma
188Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 218. 189O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.230. 190saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. rvatomeuli. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 709. 191Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 218. 192Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 218. 193Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219.
108
suleiman faSa seraskirad daniSna da daavala armiisaTvis aucilebeli proviantis
momzadeba194. mdinare arpaCais mimarTulebiT osmaleTis jaris gamogzavnis ambavi suleiman
faSam erekle mefis mZevlebs acnoba. faSa irwmuneboda, rom mas qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan
mSvidobis SenarCuneba surda da Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosavlis povnis mizniT an piradad
erekle II-sTan, an taxtis memkvidre batoniSvil giorgisTan iTxovda Sexvedras. 1787 wlis 28
Tebervals suleiman faSa dedofal darejans swerda: ,,xelmwifeebma (osmaleTis sulTanma
da ruseTis imperatorma _ v. g.) moimoqmedon is, rac ganzraxuli aqvT, Cven ki Cveni
samflobeloebis sasargeblod unda vecadoT. Svidi Tu rva mefe miiswrafoda ruseTisaken
(igulisxmeba rusuli orientaciis qarTveli mefeebi _ v. g.), magram warumateblad. amjerad
davinaxavT, SemiZlia Tu ara me Cemi Zmisa da mefisaTvis (igulisxmeba erekle II _ v. g.) raime
sasargeblo gavakeTo~195.
darejan dedofali marTali iyo imaSi, rom Tu osmaleTis jari (52.000 mebrZoli) ruseT-
osmaleTis omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi SemoiWreboda, qarTuli jari
da ori rusuli batalioni mas winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda. viTarebas verc qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris raodenobis gazrda (gaormageba, gasammageba) ixsnida, Tumca
ruseTi saerTod ar fiqrobda raodenobis Secvlas. yovelive es kargad icoda erekle II-mac.
mefe iZulebuli gaxda axalcixis faSasTan da safaSos teritoriaze mdgar osmaleTis jaris
sardalTan molaparakeba gaemarTa. molaparakebis Sedegi aseTi iyo: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis mefes
axalcixeSi mZevlebi unda gaegzavna; 2. osmaleTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ar
SemoiWreboda; 3. axalcixis faSa lekebs safaSos teritoriaze ar gaaCerebda. axalcixeSi
myofma erekles elCebma molaparakebis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg mefes acnobes: zavi
damtkicebulia, lekebi gaaZeves196.
molaparakebis warmatebiT dasrulebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg axalcixeSi Cavidnen
yarabaRis, xoisa da avariis xanebis warmomadgenlebi. maT suleiman faSas sTxoves araviTari
xelSekruleba ar daedo erekle II-Tan, romelsac ,,aqvs oTxi fexi, aqedan sami ukve moWrili
aqvs da mxolod meoTxeze dgas”197. suleiman faSa ar daeTanxma xanebis winadadebas da erekle
mefes acnoba, rom maT Soris arsebul ,,Zmobasa da megobrobas” SeinarCunebda198. am
danapirebis Semdeg suleiman faSa erekle mefes mTavar saTqmels moaxsenebda: ,,sulTnisagan
wyalobis sigeli rom miiRoT, unda ecadoT moiSoroT ucxo qveynis jari(igulisxmeba
ruseTis jari _ v. g.), daangrioT aSenebuli gza (igulisxmeba kavkasiis xazidan
saqarTvelosaken momavali gza _ v. g.), aRar miemxroT romelime saxelmwifos, sulTans
miarTvaT Txovna, romelSic gamoxatavT Tqvens gulwrfelobas. me vaskvni, rom Tqvenis
mxridan aseTi qmedeba ara Tu vnebas ar mogitanT, aramed sulTnisagan miiRebT wyalobis
firmans da kidev sxva wyalobas”199. suleiman faSas mier wamoyenebuli piroba qarTl-kaxeTis
mefisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo. mefem saqmis kursSi Caayena stepan burnaSevi.
polkovnikma mefes urCia suleiman faSasaTvis uari SeeTvala. rogorc Cans, erekle II-m da
stepan burnaSevma suleiman faSasaTvis gasagzavni werili erTad Seadgines. mefe faSas
swerda: ,,Cveni mizani arasdros yofila sulTnis ganawyeneba, Cveni samefos dacvis mizniT
misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis (ruseTis imperatoris _ v. g.) jari SemoviyvaneT, magram
miznad ar gvqonia mezoblebis Sewuxeba. Tqven agvijanyeT azerbaijanelebi da daRestnelebi
da sami weli TavSesafars aZlevdiT lekebs, romlebic Zarcvavdnen da averanebdnen Cvens
miwebs, xolo nadavls Tqvens samflobeloSi hyidnen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, Cven Cveni jariT
umciresi zianic ki ar migviyenebia sulTnis qveSevrdomebisaTvis da es Tqven kargad
mogexsenebaT. bolos gaCnda survili dagvedo megobrobis Sesaxeb kavSiri da Segvewyvita
mtroba da Zarcva-gleja~200. werilis bolos erekle mefe miRweuli mSvidobis
194Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219. 195Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219. 196Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219. 197Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220. 198Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220. 199Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220. 200Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220-221.
109
SenarCunebisaTvis mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda da iTxovda axalcixidan qarTveli mZevlebis
gamoSvebas201.
erekle II-is aseTi werili SeiZleboda axalcixis safaSosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobis Sewyvetis sababi gamxdariyo. sruliad moulodnelad 1787
wlis 13 ivliss axalcixidan TbilisSi suleiman faSas elCebi Camovidnen202. elCebma erekle
mefes ganucxades, Tu ruseT-osmaleTis omSi rusebi gaimarjveben, suleiman faSa maSinve
morCilebas gamoucxadebs ruseTs, xolo omis damTavrebis Semdeg rusebs aCvenebs
stambolidan miRebul yvela firmans~203. suleiman faSas aseTi gabeduli moqmedeba imiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, rom gavrcelda xmebi saqarTveloSi ruseTis didi jaris (30.000 mebrZolis)
Semosvlis Taobaze. ruseTis jaris Semosvlis Sesaxeb gavrcelebulma xmebma sulTani
aiZula sapasuxo nabijebi gadaedga. vanis, baiazeTis, yarsis, arzrumisa da axalcixis faSebma
miiRes brZaneba, SeekribaT 60.000 mebrZoli. amave dros axalcixis faSam miiRo calke firmani,
romelic mas avalebda kargi urTierToba SeenarCunebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan.
axalcixeSi mZevlad myofma Tavadma Teimuraz ciciSvilma moaxerxa xsenebuli firmanis
wakiTxva da amdenad, aRar ukvirda, erekle mefis dauZinebeli mteri suleiman faSa ratom
cdilobda masTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas. axalcixis faSam stambolidan firmani
qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvis Zalze xelsayrel dros miiRo _ mSvidobis, Tundac droebiT
SenarCuneba, erekle mefisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo204.
axalcixis faSa suleimani ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebis Semdegac cdilobda erekle
II-sTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas. marTalia, qarTveli tyveebiT vaWroba axalcixeSi
1786 wlis xelSekrulebis Semdegac grZeldeboda, magram samSvidobo xelSekrulebis sxva
muxlebi ase Tu ise sruldeboda. amaze metyvelebs is, rom erekle II suleiman faSasgan
iRebda strategiul nedleuls. 1789 wels suleiman faSam neba darTo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe mieyidaT qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis kala, foladi da rkina.
dadginda Sesyidvis yovelwliuri norma: kala _ 1.000 fuTi, foladi _ 500 fuTi, rkina _ 20
fuTi. kalis, foladisa da rkinis nawils erekle II daRestanSi yidda, raTa lekebis mier
motacebuli, aseve iranSi myofi qarTveli tyveebi rogorme gamoesyida205.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom sagareo viTarebis daZabvasTan
erTad daiZaba viTareba qveynis SigniT, Tavi iCina centraluri da adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis sisustem. ar iyo mSvidoba muslimebiT dasaxlebul regionebSic. yazaxidan
ahmed aRas meTaurobiT muslimTa 1.500 ojaxi aiyara da yarabaRis saxanoSi ganizraxa
gadasvla. erekle II 5.000 qarTveli mebrZoliTa da ori rusuli batalioniT, yazaxidan
gaxiznul muslimTa ukan dabrunebis mizniT ganjisaken gaemarTa. yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma,
Seityo Tu ara Tbilisidan qarTvelTa da rusTa laSqris ganjis mimarTulebiT
gadaadgileba, TavisTan daibara yarabaRis saxanos somexi meliqebi, romlebic xans rusuli
orientaciis gamo aTvalwunebuli hyavda. meliqebi xans ar eaxlnen da ganjasTan mdgar
ruseTis jars Seafares Tavi. ganjidan erekle II-m 4.000 mebrZoli iulon batoniSvilisa da
Tavad daviT orbelianis sardlobiT yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg gagzavna. qarTulma jarma
yarabaRis xani pirvelsave brZolaSi daamarcxa. warmatebuli laSqroba moulodnelad
Sewyda qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanis gamo.
§6. ruseTis jaris gayvana qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan
(1787 wlis agvisto-oqtomberi)
omar xanis laSqrobam da momdevno xanebSi lekTa gamudmebulma Semosevebma qarTl-
kaxeTis samefo ise gaaverana, rom erekle II-s ori rusuli batalionis Sesanaxi Tanxis
gaRebac ki uWirda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac rusebi SimSilobdnen. erekle II-sa da pavel
potiomkins Soris rusuli batalionebis Taobaze mimowera daiwyo, Tumca raime konkretuli
201Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 221. 202O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.231-232. 203Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 221. 204Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 221. 205П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 197-198.
110
gadawyvetileba miRebuli ar yofila. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris ori
batalionis bedi ukve sxva viTarebaSi gadawyda.
1787 wlis 13 agvistos osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs. omis dawyebis Semdeg, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, yazaxis muslimi mosaxleoba, sul 1.500 ojaxi, aiyara da yarabaRis saxanoSi
gadavida, riTac yarabaRis xanis samxedro Zala gaZlierda. mefe erekle yazaxis muslimi
mosaxleobis dabrunebas ZaliT apirebda. mefem 5.000 mebrZoli Sekriba da qarTul jarTan
da or rusul batalionTan erTad 1787 wlis seqtemberSi yarabaRis saxanos winaaRmdeg
daiZra. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari ganjas miuaxlovda. erekle II-m Tavad daviT orbelianisa
da iulon batoniSvilis sardlobiT 4.000 qarTveli mebrZoli somex meliqebTan erTad
yarabaRis saxanoSi gagzavna. qarTul jars gzad yarabaRis xanis laSqari Semoeyara.
qarTvelebma mters sZlies da 500 mebrZoli moukles206. qarTuli jariTa da ori rusuli
batalioniT erekle II da polkovniki stepan burnaSevi yarabaRisaken daiZrnen. stepan
burnaSevi da rusuli batalionebi mefem ganjasTan datova, TviTon ki yarabaRisaken
gaemarTa. qarTulma jarma erekle II-is sardlobiT yarabaRis xani ibrahimi sastikad
daamarcxa da saxanos teritoriaze SeiWra207.
1787 wlis 13 agvistos, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs.
ruseTis imperiis umaRles politikur da samxedro wreebSi ukve miRebuli iyo
gadawyvetileba, rom samxreT kavkasiidan, arc qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da arc imereTis
samefos teritoriidan, ruseTi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebs ar daiwyebda.
es ki imas niSnavda, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingentis gamogzavna
ar igegmeboda. Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos prorusuli orientaciiT gaRizianebuli
osmaleTi erekle II-is dasasjelad seriozul samxedro Zalas gadmoisroda, iranis
saxanoebsa da Crdilo kavkasiis muslim mflobelebsac miimxrobda, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
jari da ori rusuli batalioni uZluri iqneboda am koaliciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, _
qarTul da rusul jars ganadgureba eloda. aseT viTarebaSi grigori potiomkinma miiRo
gadawyvetileba: safrTxeSi ar Caegdo ori rusuli batalioni da isini mosalodneli
katastrofisagan ganeridebina. ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesuli qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos bedi, rogorc grigori potiomkinma, ise ekaterina II-m, Seqmnil samxedro-politikur
viTarebaSi ruseTis interesebidan gamomdinare gadawyvites. radgan samxreT kavkasiidan
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi ar igegmeboda, mimdinare omSi qarTl-kaxeTis
samefom funqcia dakarga, Sesabamisad, misi bedic naklebad aqtualuri iyo...
cxadia, mfarvelobaSi miRebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gawirva grigori
potiomkinisaTvis garkveul uxerxulobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ruseTis imperiis
gamoCenili politikuri da samxedro moRvawe, romelic osmaleTis imperiis dangrevasa da
mis danawilebaze ocnebobda, arad dagidevda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos momavals. yovelive
amas imperatoris favoriti sajarod ar aRiarebda da jaris gayvanis gadawyvetilebis
gamarTlebas cdilobda. 1787 wlis 22 agvistos qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan rusuli
batalionebis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT grigori potiomkini ekaterina II-s swerda:
`ereklesaTvis ufro moxerxebuli iqneba axalcixis faSasTan urTierTobiT usafrTxoebis
miRweva” (rusul dedanSi: `Ираклию удобнее будет себя обезопасить через сношение с пашой
ахалцихским~)208.
ganjasTan savele banakSi myofma polkovnikma stepan burnaSevma 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers
miiRo general-poruCik pavel potiomkinis 1787 wlis 29 agvistoTi daTariRebuli saidumlo
orderi (miweriloba). dokumentidan dgindeba, rom 1787 wlis 19 agvistos general-
feldmarSal grigori potiomkins general-poruCik pavel potiomkinisaTvis ucnobebia
Semdegi: saqarTveloSi myofi egerTa ori batalionis gamokvebaSi Seqmnili ukiduresi
sirTuleebis gamo batalionebi gamoyvanili iqnan saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan da gaigzavnon
206П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 194-195. 207Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 207-208. 208O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966.
стр. 234.
111
kavkasiis xazze. pavel potiomkini polkovnik stepan burnaSevs ubrZanebda batalionebTan
erTad masac daetovebina saqarTvelo da gamocxadebuliyo da general-feldmarSal grigol
potiomkinTan. pavel potiomkini stepan burnaSevisagan iTxovda ecnobebina misTvis, rodis,
konkretulad romel ricxvSi, daiwyebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan batalionebis gayvanas.
pavel potiomkini werda, rom saqarTveloSi rusuli batalionebis Sesvlis Semdeg erekle
II-s brZolebi hqonda mtrebTan, rusuli batalionebis gamoyvanis Semdeg ki viTareba
ganimuxtebao. orderze xelmoweris Semdeg PS-iT pavel potiomkins aseTi minaweri gaukeTebia.
`Под рукою же объявите Его Высочеству что он поладил с Ахалцихским пашею...209 ase `anugeSa~
kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma erekle II. rogorc vxedavT, pavel potiomkini sityva-sityviT
imeorebda batalionebis gayvanis Taobaze grigori potiomkinis misazrebas. orive
potiomkinis pozicia SemdegSi mTlianad gaiziara rogorc ruseTis imperiis
istoriografiam (piotr butkovma, nikolai dubrovinma, vasili pottom da sxv.), ise sabWoTa
istoriografiamac (olga markovam da sxv.).
polkovnikma stepan burnaSevma pavel potiomkinis brZanebis Sesaxeb dauyovneblad acnoba
erekle mefes. stepan burnaSevma mefis Txovna ar gaiTvaliswina da ganjidan dauyovnebliv
kavkasiis xazisaken gaemarTa. 1787 wlis 9 oqtombers ruseTi jaris orive batalionma stepan
burnaSevis meTaurobiT vladikavkazis simagres miaRwia. batalionebis kavkasiis xazze
dabrunebis Semdeg rusebma vladikavkazis simagre daangries, romelic mxolod 1793-1795
wlebSi iqna aRdgenili210.
erekle II-m yarabaRSi dawyebuli laSqroba Sewyvita da TbilisSi dabrunda211. ganjis
saxanosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris urTierToba droebiT mogvarda. erekle mefem
uari Tqva ganjis xan javadis gadayenebis moTxovnaze, samagierod, yarabaRSi gaxiznuli
yazaxisa da SamSadilus muslimi mosaxleoba ukan dabrunda212.
§7. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareoba ruseTis jaris gayvanis Semdeg
1783 wlis 24 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi miReba da
georgievskis traqtatis ZaliT 1783 wlis 3 noembers ruseTis jaris ori batalionis
TbilisSi Semosvla samxreT kavkasiaSi iranisa da osmaleTis politikis marcxs
warmoadgenda. CrdiloeTidan ruseTis mier ukiduresad Seviwroebulma kavkasiis xalxebma,
mmarTvelma zedafenam samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCena did safrTxed aRiqves.
kardinalurad Seicvala iranis, osmaleTisa da Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis, maTi mmarTveli
zedafenis damokidebuleba qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da mTlianad saqarTvelosTan.
georgievskis traqtatma Secvala kavkasiis geopolitika. ruseTma kavkasiaSi
damkvidrebisaTvis xelsayreli placdarmi Seqmna da, cxadia, ecdeboda mis gafarToebas. aseT
viTarebaSi ruseTis jarma 1787 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefo datova, ramac isedac
dasustebuli qveyana umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo.
***
Nnadir Sahis mkvlelobis (1747 w.) Semdeg irani sul ufro da ufro sustdeboda. qerim
xanma iranis gaerTianeba ver SeZlo, Sahis tituli ver miiRo. iranis Sahis taxtisaTvis
zendebisa da yajrebis brZolam qveyana ukiduresad daasusta. qerim xanis gardacvalebis
(1779 w.) Semdeg iranSi SinaaSliloba kidev ufro gaZlierda. centraluri xelisuflebis
sisustis, praqtikulad, ararsebobis pirobebSi amierkavkasiis iranul saxanoebs Soris
Sinaomebi daiwyo. erekle II-s saxanoebs Soris urTierTobasa da maT Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis
saSualeba mieca.
209Новые материалы жизнеописания и деятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Собрал и издал С.
Н. Бурнашев. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.-Петербург, 1901, стр. 29. 210O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.234-235. 211Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими
войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе
Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 208. 212O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 234-235.
112
1783 wlamde (georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde) qarTl-kaxeTis mefes erekle II-s erevnisa
da ganjis xanebi umaRles xelisuflad aRiarebdnen. erevnis xanma huseinma mefe erekles
sazeimod Sehfica erTguleba da Sesabamis dokumentsac moawera xeli. erevnisa da ganjis
saxanoebidan samefos xazinaSi xarkis saxiT seriozuli raodenobis Tanxa Semodioda.
yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma ganjis saxano daimorCila, Tumca erekle II da ibrahim xani
morigdnen da ganjis saxanosaTvis Seweril xarks Suaze iyofdnen. nuxis xani, Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamomdinare, xan erele II-Tan karg urTierTobas arCevda, xanac qarTl-kaxeTSi
moTareSe lekebs emxroboda. naxWevnis xani erekle II-Tan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas
eswrafoda213.
axalcixis faSas, suleimans, aRizianebda qarTveli mefeebisa da maT Soris erekle II-is
swrafva samcxe-saaTabagos SeerTebisaken. 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi osmaleTis
damarcxebis Semdeg, 1774 wels, suleiman faSam erekle II-s osmaleTis sulTnis mier
gamogzavnili saCuqrebi miarTva. suleiman faSa erekle II-s arwmunebda qarTl-kaxeTis
samefosadmi Tavis keTilganwyobilebaSi214.
***
1783 wels georgievskis traqtatis dadebam da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris
Semosvlam iranis saxanoebi erekle II-is winaaRmdeg aamxedra. yarabaRis xani ibrahimi qarTl-
kaxeTis mefes ganudga da ganjis xanic gadaibira. erevnis xani huseini, dediT qarTveli,
erekle mefis mier iqna dasmuli xanis taxtze. axalcixis faSa suleimani yvela saSualebiT
cdilobda erevnis xanis gadabirebas, Tumca husein xani aSkara Ralatisagan jer-jerobiT
Tavs ikavebda215.
osmaleTis sulTani grZnobda, rom samxreT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebis ZalebiT ruseTs
ver aiZulebda qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaze xeli aeRo da saqarTvelodan jari gaeyvana.
osmaleTma Tavisi gegmebis realizeba daRestnelTa daxmarebiT gadawyvita. axalcixis faSad
suleimanma avariis xani omari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze salaSqrod daiyolia. omar xanma
suleiman faSasagan Tanxmobis sanacvlod didi raodenobiT qrTami miiRo216. 1785 wels omar
xanis laSqrobam aunazRaurebeli ziani miayena qarTl-kaxeTis samefos217.
***
1787 wlis 13 agvistos osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs. 21 agvistos osmaleTis floti
Sav zRvaze, oCakovis cixe-simagris misadgomebTan, Tavs daesxa ruseTis samxedro flots.
1787 wlis 7 seqtembris imperatorma ekaterina II-m specialuri manifestiT omi gamoucxada
osmaleTs. sabrZolo mdgomareobaSi iqna moyvanili kavkasiis xazze ganlagebuli ruseTis
jarebi218. omis gamocxadebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 1787 wlis 19 agvistos, grigori
potiomkinma qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanis gadawyvetileba miiRo, rac
dauyovnebliv acnoba pavel potiomkins. 1787 wlis 29 agvistos pavel potiomkinma qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoSi myof ruseTis imperiis srulyflebian warmomadgenels (ministrs) da
rusuli batalionebis meTaurs polkovnik stepan burnaSevs ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi
miRebuli qveynidan jaris gamoyvana da kavkasiis xazze dabruneba ubrZana. brZaneba ganjasTan
213Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим
при Его Высочестве царе Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракли Темуразовиче полковником и кавалером Бурнашевым в
Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бегичева. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 11-14. 214Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим
при Его Высочестве царе Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракли Темуразовиче полковником и кавалером Бурнашевым в
Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бегичева. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 14-15. 215Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим
при Его Высочестве царе Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракли Темуразовиче полковником и кавалером Бурнашевым в
Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бегичева. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 15-16. 216П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 176-177. 217П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179-185. 218П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 198.
113
mdgarma stepan burnaSevma 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers miiRo da dauyovnebliv Seudga mis
Sesrulebas. 1787 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTis jaris orive batalionma saqarTvelo datova219.
ra viTareba iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebTan ruseTis jaris gayvanis wina xanebSi
da gayvanis Semdeg? viTareba uaRresad daZabuli iyo. movuxmobT amis damadasturebel
faqtobriv masalas:
1. imereTSi vaxanis cixis aRebis Semdeg omar xans 1785 wlis Semodgomazeve qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoze axali laSqrobis mowyoba surda. qarTl-kaxeTsa da imereTSi laSqrobis dros
omar xanma 2600 mebrZoli dakarga. omar xani axalcixis faSa suleimanisagan daxmarebas
eloda, kerZod, 3.000 mebrZolsa da 10 zarbazans. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg axali
laSqroba daiwyeboda, rom ara osmaleTis sulTnis firmani. sulTanma suleiman faSas
ruseTis jaris winaaRmdeg Riad brZolaSi Cabma aukrZala220.
2. imereTidan omar xani axalcixeSi dabrunda. 1786 wlis aprilis bolos omar xani 7.000
mebrZoliT axalcixidan daRestnisaken gaemarTa. gzad lekebma ganjis saxanoze gaiares,
gaZarcves erTi sofeli da Zarcvas Tavi mxolod maSin daanebes, rodesac ganjis xanma 5.000
maneTi gadaixada221.
3. 1787 wlis damdegs osmaleTis sulTanma avariis xan omars, daRestnis Samxals, yarabaRis
xansa da sxva xanebs didZali fuli da saCuqrebi gaugzavna, raTa isini ruseTis winaaRmdeg
miemxro222. am droisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jer kidev imyofeboda ori rusuli
batalioni.
4. 1787 wlis oqtomberSi avariis xani omari laSqriT belaqanSi Sevida da qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoze TavdasxmisaTvis mzadebas Seudga223.
5. ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebis (1787 wlis 13 agviosto) Semdeg grigori potiomkinma
daRestnis mflobels SeuTvala Tavi SeekavebinaT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT mtruli
moqmedebisagan. omar xans grigori potiomkinma acnoba, rom ruseTisadmi keTilganwyobis
damtkiceba Tu surda, xeli aeRo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbevaze.224 daRestnis
mflobelebisa da omar xanis pozicia damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Tu rogor
warimarTeboda ruseT-osmaleTis omi. Tu omSi ruseTi upiratesobas moipovebda, maSin
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo SedarebiT daculi iqneboda. Tu omi osmaleTis gamarjvebebiT
daiwyeboda, grigori potiomkinis sityvas aranairi fasi aRar eqneboda da qarTl-kaxeTis
samefo sasikvdilo safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeboda. jer-jerobiT ki erekle II mSvidobas omar
xanisaTvis wliurad 5.000 maneTisa da lekebisaTvis 3.000 maneTis gadaxdis sanacvlod
inarCunebda225.
6. qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanis Semdeg, 1788 wels, grigori potiomkini
erekle II-sagan iTxovda, rom imereTis mefesTan erTad gaenadgurebina osmaleTis
mcirericxovani razmebi226. es, cxadia, gaamwvavebda urTierTobas osmaleTTan, romelic
ruseTTan omis dawyebis Semdeg arc qarTl-kaxeTis samefos da arc imereTis samefos
TavdasxmebiT ar awuxebda, neitralitets inarCunebda227.
***
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo martodmarto aRmoCnda iranis, osmaleTisa da kavkasiis muslimi
xalxebis winaaRmdeg. samive Zala, gaRizianebuli georgievskis traqtatiTa da saqarTveloSi
ruseTis jariT SemosvliT, revanSis aRebas Seecdeboda. erekle II-m muslim xelisufalTa
219ix.: Новые материалы жизнеописания и деятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Собрал и издал
С. Н. Бурнашев. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.-Петербург, 1901, стр. 29; Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их
начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею
генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899,стр.
208. 220П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 185. 221П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 189. 222П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 196. 223П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 37. 224П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 196-197. 225П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 196. 226П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 197. 227П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 197.
114
ndoba dakarga. samxreT kavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis forpostad
gadaqcevis gegma imxanad ver ganxorcielda. miuxedavad amisa, yvelam kargad uwyoda, rom
xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmnisTanave ruseTi isev Seecdeboda miznis miRwevas _ samxreT
kavkasiaSi SemoRwevas. ruseTisagan mitovebul erekle II-s iransa da osmaleTTan morigebis
Sansi ar hqonda. ufro zustad, Sansi hqonda, Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos iranis saxanod an
osmaleTis safaSod gadaqcevas dasTanxmdeboda. am gzas, cxadia, erekle II ar daadgeboda.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arc damoukidebeli politikuri kursis gatareba SeeZlo da arc
samxreT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri viTarebis Secvla. samxreT kavkasia sami
didi saxelmwifos _ iranis, osmaleTisa da ruseTis _ brZolis asparezad gadaiqca da
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos bedic am brZolis Sedegebs unda ganesazRvra.
Wachtang Guruli
Russische Armee im Konigreich Kartlien-Kachetien
(1783-1787)
Resümee
Am 23. Juli 1783 wurde zwischen dem Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien und dem Russischen Reich ein
Schutzvertrag (Vertrag von Georgijewsk) abgeschlossen. Nach diesem Vertrag sollten zwei Bataillons der russischen
Armee (1500 Kämpfer) mit vier leichten Kanonen im Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien ständig stationiert sein. Im Falle
eines Krieges sollte die Zahl der russischen Soltaden gesteigert werden. Dass Kaiserin Katharina II beschlossen hatte
Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien unter Schutz zu nehmen und die russische Armee dorthin zu schicken, hing damit
zusammen, dass seit 1782-1783 Jahren das Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien eine bestimmte Rolle in der Ostpolitik
Russlands zu erfüllen hatte. Nämlich beabsichtigte das Russische Reich das Osmanische Reich zu zersplittern und zu
zerstören, wozu auch König Erekle II seinen Beitrag leisten sollte.
Im Oktober 1783 marschierten zwei Bataillons der russischen Armee aus dem nördlichen Kaukasus ins
Königsreich Kartlien-Kachetien ein und erreichten am 3. November Tbilissi. Zum Kommandeur der beiden Bataillone
wurde der bevollmächtigte Vertreter des Russischen Reiches (Minister) Oberst Stephan Burnaschew ernannt. Zu dieser
Zeit war das Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien der dreifachen Gefahr ausgesetzt. Obwohl der 1774 zwischen Russland und
dem Osmanischen Reich abgeschlossene Friedensvertrag immer noch gültig war, schickte Pascha von Achalziche
Suleiman auf Befehl des Sultans vom Osmanischen Reich öfter kleine Truppen von Osmanen und Awaren nach Kartli.
Diese Truppen griffen Dörfer an, plünderten sie, entführten die Menschen. Awarentruppen überfielen außerdem aus
Dagestan und Tschar-Belakan kachetische Regionen. Gegen das Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien kämpften auch im
Südostkaukasus liegende persische Khanate (Karabach, Derbent, Gandscha). König Erekle II benötigte russische Armee
um das Land vor diesen Gefahren zu schützen. Russische und georgische Armeen führten zusammen Kämpfe, einige
davon sehr erfolgreich: am 14. Oktober 1784 wurden in Kachetien eingedrungene Awaren am Fluss Alasani bei Muganlo
besiegt; Am 17. April 1785 wurde die aus Achalziche durch das Tal vom Fluss Mtkwari eingedrungene Armee von
Osmanen und Awaren (4000 Kämpfer) am Fluss Mtkwari ebenfalls geschlagen; Am 27. Mai 1785 wurde die aus
Achalziche eingedrungene Armee von Osmanen und Awaren (3000 Kämpfer) bei Surami besiegt. Allerdings erlitt
georgische-russische Armee im Sommer und Herbst 1785 eine Niederlage im Kampf gegen Khan von Chundsachi Omar,
was zur Zerstörung des Königreiches Kartlien-Kachetien führte. Im Oktober 1787, nach dem Beginn des russisch-
osmanischen Kriges, verließen beide Bataillons der russischen Armee das Königreich.
115
mamuka cuxiSvili, filologiis doqtori
M
Cixis jvari saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebisTanave damkvidrda macxovris rCeuli
mociqulis wmida andria pirvelwodebulis jvari, amis gagrZelebaa „jvari vazisa“, romelic
pirdapir asocirdeba qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebel da mociqulTaswor wmida ninosTan da e. w.
„bolnuri jvari“ anu wreSi Casmuli tolmklavebiani jvari.
yvela jvari Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da arsiT erTia, Tumca sxvadasxvaa maTi forma da
saxismetyveleba. magaliTad, vnebis jvari gamomxatvelia macxovrisa, romelmac sikvdiliT
sikvdili daTrguna, wmida ninos vazis jvari simboloa TviT saqarTvelosi, xolo wreSi
Casmuli jvari gamoxatavs macxovris amaRlebas, rasac adasturebs kidec jvris amaRlebis
kompoziciasTan gamosaxuli angelozebi (mcxeTis da TeTriwyaros magaliTze).
wmida basili didi brZanebs „mTeli msofliosTvis jer kidev xis jvramde iyo
aRmarTuli azrobrivi jvari, romelSiac erTmaneTs SeukavSirda samyaros oTxi mxare,
romlis Zalac, moTavsebulia garemoSi, gadis oTxiv kuTxiT“.
CvenSi odiTgan damkvidrebuli jvrebis garda gvxvdeba:
berZnuli - Tanabarboloiani,
laTinuri - oTxboloiani,
rusuli - eqvsboloiani,
antioqiuri - rvaboloiani,
monograma, romelic aRniSnavs ieso qristes,
qristes xuTi Wrilobis gamomxatveli ierusalimuri jvari.
aseve, aRmosavluri, Ruzisebri, golgoTis, tevtonuri da sxva saxis jvrebi...
jvarze gakvra sikvdiliT dasjis erT-erTi saxeoba iyo, romelic qristes jvarcmis
Semdeg cxonebis simbolod gvevlineba. xolo sul raRac sami saukunis Semdeg, IV saukunis
romis imperiaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis umTavres simbolod
gadaiqca, romelic ukavSirdeba wmida konstantine didis saxels.
mociqulTa swori wmida konstantine didi (306-337 ww.) pirveli iyo romis
imperatorTagan, romelmac Sewyvita qristianTa devna da qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad
gamoacxada. am udides movlenas win uswrebda xiluli saswauli, romelic TviT imperatorsa
da mTels armias gadaxda Tavs. 312 wels, maqsentis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli erT-erTi brZolis
miwuruls maT caze gamosaxuli jvari ixiles warweriT „amiT sZlie!“, xolo meore RamiT
imperators TviT macxovari Cveni ieso qriste gamoecxada jvriT xelSi da uTxra, rom jvris
ZaliT sZlevda mters, Tan ubrZana, brZolaSi jvari win waemZRvanebina. imperatoric ase
moiqca da miaRwia kidec Zlevamosil gamarjvebas. amis Semdeg, 313 wels, konstantine didma
da misma mokavSirem avgustus liciniusma qalaq mediolanumSi erToblivi ediqti gamosces
qristianobis oficialur-uflebamosil religiad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. Tumca jvris
aRiarebamdec arsebobda jvris simboloebis gamosaxuleba, rasac mowmobs wmida kvipriane
karTagenelis (daaxl. 200-258 ww.) cxovrebis aRmwerelis pontes cnobiT, III saukuneSi
zogierTi qristiani jvars gamoisaxavda Sublze, rac gamoarCevda danarCenebisgan imiT, rom
is iyo qristes mimdevari...
Cveni mizani ar aris jvarTan dakavSirebuli masalebis ganxilva, Tumca savsebiT
sakmarisia guldasmiT wavikiTxoT saqarTvelos istoria, movilocoT eklesia-monastrebi da
umalve davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom qarTveli xalxi qristes WeSmarit gzaze svlas Seudga
pirvelive saukuneebidan da amis naTeli dasturia Cveni eris gmiruli warsuli da qvaSi
ametyvelebuli siyvaruli rwmenisadmi.
116
„xolo Cemda nu iyofin siqadul, garna juariTa uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesiTa,
romlisaTvis sofeli Cemdamo juar-cmul ars da me soflisa“ brZanebs wmida pavle
mociqluli galatelTa mimarT epistoleSi (6, 14).
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriis specialistebi, ise rogorc istorikosebi,
arqeologebi, arqiteqtorebi Zalian axlos icnoben bolnisis sionis taZarsa da mis
warwerebs, aseve im jvrebs, romlebic dRes „bolnuri jvris“ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili,
magram praqtikulad ar icnoben Cixis taZris jvars, romelic TiTqmis bolnuri jvris
analogias warmoadgens da yvirilis xeobis marTlmadidebluri Zeglebidan gamorCeuli da
gansakuTrebulia. imasac davsZenT, rom dadga dro, jerovani yuradReba davuTmoT
miviwyebul, magram didi warsulis mqone unikalur Zeglebsa da am Zeglebze gamosaxul
jvrebs, ornamentebs Tu CuqurTmebs, romelTa eniT Cveni didi da Rirseuli warsuli
metyvelebs.
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, qalbatoni ina gomelauri (1918-2006 ww.) naxevar
saukuneze metxans Rirseulad emsaxura qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavlisa da
popularizaciis saqmes. Cixis taZris Sesaxeb swored man dagvitova erT-erTi uaRresad
saintereso naSromi.
Tumca, namdvilad umaduroba iqneba is, rom aqve ar movixsenioT batoni giorgi boWoriZe
(1884-1939 ww.), romelmac fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana saqarTvelos, misi warsulis
gamomzeurebis, eklesia-monastrebisa da cixe-qalaqebis istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. rom ara
sulmnaTi mecnieri, udavod bevr rames davkargavdiT.
am orma adamianma mokled gadmogvces Cixis RmrTismSoblis (wm. barbares) saxelobis
taZris Sesaxeb yvelaze sando da faseuli cnobebi.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom i. gomelauris gamokvleva warmoadgens bibliografiul
iSviaTobas, aqve srulyofilad gTavazobT aRniSnul naSroms. aseve, g. boWoriZis kvlevas
da amis Semdeg SemogTavazebT Cvens mokrZalebul daskvnebs aRniSnuli Zeglis Sesaxeb.
„Cixa
Cixa RvTismSoblis (wm. barbares) eklesia dgas tyiT Semosil mcire gorakze, oTxkuTxi
koSkis nangrevis gverdiT; igi erTnaviani bazilikaa 5X4 arSini (daaxl.), naSenia
qviTkirisagan; dasavleTis kari da karnizebi (nawilobriv) Semkulia Zvirfasi CuqurTmebiT.
adgilobriv mcxovrebis abiaTar iakobaSvilis1 sityviT, eklesia Zvelad mdgara ufro
CrdiloeTiT, koSkisken da Semdeg aq gadmoutaniaT.
eklesiis dasavleTis karis Tavze mdebare Zvirfas WriRobiani jvariTa da saxeebiT
Semkuli qvas gareSemo da Zirs aqvs mrgvlovani asomTavruli warwera ikiTxeba:
j(var)i qr(iste)si.
w(mida)i b(ar)b(a)re.
mrav(a)l m(o)wy(a)l(e)o R(mer)To, S(eu)ndv(e)n
c(o)dv(a)ni Serazats da g(anu)su(e)ne
[s(u)lsa] mamisa misisa iv(a)nesa.
warweris paleografiuli xasiaTi da jvris gamosaxulebis xelovneba gvafiqrebinebs
warweris mikuTvnebas X saukunisaTvis.
eklesiaSi aris qva, romelSiac aris gaqvavebuli neknis Zvali; xalxis gadmocemiT,
viTomc is wm. barbaresia. qva woniT iqneba 10 girvanqa, daaxloebiT.
Cixa uZveles xanaSi saerisTavo adgili iyo. Cixis erisTavi ixsenieba IX s. meore
naxevarSi“2 da iqve moxmobili aqvs nawyveti „matiane qarTlisaჲ“-dan, romelic ar aris
simarTlesTan axlos.
qarTlis cxovrebis teqstebSi Cixis erisTavis Sesaxeb aRmovaCineT erTaderTi yvelaze
marTebuli teqsti, romelic Semdegnairadaa warmodgenili: „gamefda Ze bagratisa daviT.
Jamsa amas gamovida mefe afxazTa da daipyra qarTli da dauteva erisTavad Cixas tinen Ze
1mRvdeli abiaTar iakobaSvili gaxldaT Cixeli iakobaSvilebis STamomavali, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi Rirseulad da patiosnad eweoda RvTismsaxurebas sofel Cixis taZrebSi, samwuxarod qalbatoni ina mama abiaTars mxolod adgilobriv macxovreblad moixseniebs. 2g. boWoiZe. imereTis istoriuli Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 134.
117
dimitrisa. xolo Semdgomad, gardaicvala ra giorgi mefe afxazTa, colman misman mokla
tinen Ze dimitrisa da ecrua ioane mTavarsaca da STaagdes Ze dimitrisave bagrat zRuasa
Sina; aramed RmerTman ganarina igi da mivida konstantinepolad“3.
„XII s-is xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli sofel CixaSi sxvadasxva xanis xuroTmoZRvruli
ZeglebiT Zalze mdidar yvirilis xeobaSi erT-erT saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens am
werilis saganic, sofel Cixis RvTismSoblis eklesia.
es patara Senoba, romelic aq agebuli cixe-simagris eklesia-samlocvelos
warmoadgenda, ar yofila dRemde gazomili da gamokvleuli. specialur literaturaSi mis
Sesaxeb araviTari masala ar moipoveba, arc istoriul sabuTebSi Semonaxula raime cnobebi,
arsebobs mxolod xuroTmoZRvar kalaSnikovis mier Sesrulebuli sqematuri naxazi cixis
kompleqsis generaluri gegmisa - galavani, koSki da eklesia (Zegli 1929 wels gazoma
kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri institutis eqspediciam).
CixaSi agebuli cixe, rogorc Cans adgilobriv feodalTa saTavdacvo simagres
warmoadgenda. adgili misTvis didad moxerxebuladaa arCeuli. maRla, mTis kalTaze
dadgmuli koSkidan, rogorc xelis gulze, iSleba vrceli xedi zemo-imereTis midamoebze,
soflebze.
cixis galavani, romelic ovaluri moxazulobis ezos farglavs, axla TiTqmis
mTlianad nangrevebadaa qceuli. dazianebulia droTa ganmavlobaSi ezos centrSi
aRmarTuli oTxkuTxa koSkic. misi zeda nawili mTlianadaa gadangreuli, samxreTis kedeli
nawilobriv gangreulia. yuradRebas iqcevs koSkis kedlebis uzarmazari sisqe. dRevandeli
saxiTac ki cixe mZlavri da mniSvnelovani nagebobis STabeWdilebas axdens mayurebelze.
SekeTebis kvals arc koSki da arc galavani ar atarebs. saSen masalas koSkisaTvis
umTavresad uxeSad gaTlili, muqi ruxi feris qva warmoadgens. galavnis wyobaSi ki
qvayorecaa gareuli.
miniaturuli eklesia-samlocvelo ezos samxreT-aRmosavleTis kuTxeSi dgas. galavanSi
da eklesiasTanac misasvleli gza aqedanvea gakeTebuli.
3vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 131.
118
eklesiisaTvis adgilis SerCeva galavniT Semovlebul ezoSi, kompleqsis ZiriTadi
nagebobis - koSkis - mdebareobiT unda iyos gansazRvruli. orive Senoba erTdroulad
agebuli Cans. orive erTi meoriTaa ganpirobebuli, erTi meores uwevs angariSs.
Zeglis arqiteqtura ukiduresad martivia. es erTnaviani darbazuli tipis eklesiaa.
romlis absoluturi zomebi imdenad mcirea, rom aq sul ramdenime kaci Tu daeteoda
Tavisuflad. tradiciul sayrden TaRebsa da kedlebis gaswvriv gavlebuli safexurs
moklebuli pawawa navi - darbazi moyvanilobiT kvadrats uaxlovdeba. igi brtyeli
naxevarwriuli, eklesiis iatakis donesTan SedarebiT SemaRlebulia. afsidiT mTavrdeba.
afsidSi gaWrili eklesiis erTaderTi sarkmeli sworkuTxa moxazulobisaa. sarkmlis orsav
mxares TaRCebia datanebuli - saeklesio nivTebis Sesanaxi erTaderTi adgili. aqve
sakurTxevelSi moTavsebulia mozrdili qvis trapezi.
Sesasvleli eklesiaSi oria. erTi, Tavdapirveli, dasavleTiTaa, meore, samxreTisa,
yvela niSnis Tanaxmad gvianaa gaWrili (mas arabunebrivi, trapeciisebri, uxeSi moxazuloba
aqvs, SeWrilia cokolis safexurSi; funqciuri TvalsazrisiT karis gaWra aqedan
gaumarTlebelia: samxreT-aRmosavleTiT ezos Zlieri daferdebis gamo Senoba maRal
cokolzea dadgmuli da am mxridan Sesasvleli ar aqvs).
eklesiis iataki uxeSad gaTlili filebiTaa mofenili. Senobis CrdiloeTisa da
samxreTis kedlebSi Cans kankelis Casamagrebeli budeebi (axla aq xis kankelia, dafaruli
iaffasiani, gviandeli rusuli xatebiT). SigniT eklesiis kedlebi galesilia, magram
mxatvrobis kvali ar Cans. Senobas aRar SerCenia Zveli gadaxurva. afsidis konqisa da navis
kamarac mTlianad daRupulia. axla aq Tunuqis orkalTiani saxuravia gakeTebuli.
gacilebiT ufro sainteresoa Senobis garegani saxe. eklesia kargad gaTlili
moyviTalo ruxi qviTaa mopirkeTebuli. miuxedavad gviandeli Selesilobisa, romelic
garedanac sul mTlianad faravs kedels (Seulesavadaa datovebuli mxolod ornamentuli
morTulobis Semcveli nawilebi Senobisa), mainc irkveva wyobis xasiaTi; iq, sadac
Selesiloba Camocvenilia, Cans, rom kedlebi kargi ostatobiTaa naSeni.
eklesiis gegmis konturi garedan sworkuTxaa. Senobis cokoli ubralo safexurs
warmoadgens. martivi profiliani karnizi _ brtyeli wreTargi Tarosa da lilvs Soris _
mTlianad moCuqurTmebuli yofila, rasac Tavdapirveli fragmentebi garkveviT mowmoben.
Senobis kamarisa da konqis Cangrevis Sedegad, roogrc Cans, Zalian dazaralda karnizic.
dRevandeli saxiT, arabunebrivad mcire qonebis mqone frontonis kalTebi gviandeli
SekeTebis Sedegi unda iyos, iseve, rogorc karnizis Zveli qvebis nebismieri dalageba,
Semamkobeli CuqurTmebis saxeTa angariSgauwevlad.
eklesiis samxreTi, aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi fasadebi savsebiT sadaa. yuradRebas
iqcevs aRmosavleTis sarkmeli, romelic yvela niSnis Tanaxmad, Tavdapirvelia; igi sruliad
moklebulia morTulobas, rac TavisTavad uCveuloa momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis
eklesiebisaTvis.
Senobis „sazeimo“ fasads dasavleTisa warmoadgens. aq aris moTavsebuli mdidrulad
Semkuli Sesasvleli kari, romlis timpanzec asomTavruli warweraa amoWrili. igi timpanis
centralur nawilSi moTavsebuli, medalionSi Casmuli, jvris orsav mxares da mis qvemoTaa
ganlagebuli. warwera kargad ikiTxeba, asoebi Rrmadaa CaWrili. striqonebis siswore
sakmaod wesieradaa daculi, asoebi mrgvali moyvanilobisaa. arsad ar Cans maTi gadabma.
Sinaarsi warwerisa gaxsnili saxiT Semdegia:
„qw jvari qristeis [i]
wmidao barbare
da qvemoT, sami striqoni:
„qw mraval mowyaleo RmerTo Seundven codvani Serazats
da ganusvene [sulsa] mamisa misisa iovanessa“.
119
Serazatisa da misi mamis iovanes vinaoba CvenTvis ucnobia (is ki unda aRiniSnos, rom
SerazadiSvilTa gvari dResac cnobilia zemo imereTis mezobel raWaSi).
Cixis eklesiis Zalze martivi arqiteqtura TavisTavad ar iZleva raime garkveul
monacemebs misi zusti daTariRebisaTvis. aq ZiriTadad dasayrdens Zeglis morTuloba
warmoadgens. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa dasavleTis portalis kompoziciis
Sedgenis principi.
Cixis portalSi sainteresoa misi rTuli, nakleb gavrcelebuli saxe profilisa. Tu
adrindel analogias Cveni ZeglisaTvis (mxolod profilis TvalsazrisiT) XI s.
sveticxovelSi vxvdebiT aRmosavleTis fasadis dekoratiuli frizis saxiT XII saukuneSi
aRniSnuli profili gelaTis didi taZris narTeqsis morTulobaSi ukve sarkmlis sapiris
saxiTaa cnobili. igive profili, kvlav sarkmlis Sesamkobad, gamoyenebulia 1152 w. saorbisis
eklesiaSi. Cveni SemTxvevis uSualo msgavseba or ukanasknel nimuSTan, saorbisTan da
gelaTTan, e. i. drois garkveul monakveTSi moqceul ZeglebTan, mniSvnelovani garemoebaa.
momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis ZeglebSi arc manamde, arc mis Semdeg, msgavsi profilis
gamoyenebis magaliTebi uSualod kar-sarkmelTa sapireebis msgavsad Cven ar Segvxvedria.
amasTan erTad, Senobis dasaTariReblad mniSvnelovania sapiris agebis saerTo sqemac. Cixis
portalSi jer kidev ara gvaqvs TaRis quslebTan da boloSi moTavsebuli tradiciuli
samkaulebi, romlebic TiTqmis sayovelTaod vrceldeba XII-XIII ss. mijnidan.
Tavisi aRnagobiT Cixis portali adrindel nimuSebs ukavSirdeba, romlebSic sapireebi
uwyvetad uvlian gars kar-sarkmlebs.
aseTi sqema, rogorc cnobilia, kvlav Semodis xmarebaSi momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis
gvian safexurze, saxeldobr XIII saukunis meore naxevridan, magram am dros kar-sarkmelTa
morTuloba, CuqurTmis saxeebi, profilebi - aRniSnuli periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mkveTri niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili, rac sruliad ganasxvavebs maT winamorbedi xanis _ XI-XII ss.
nimuSebisagan, kerZod, Cveni magaliTisaganac.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Cixis portali gansakuTrebul msgavsebas saorbisis
aRmosavleTis sarkmelis morTulobasTan amJRavnebs. aq saerToa ara marto sapireTa
profilis Seqmnisa, aramed profilis uSualo xasiaTic. Sefardeba sapiris centralur
Cazneqil aresa da ganapira amozneqil areebs Soris; didia CuqurTmis msgavsebac, roforc
TviT naxatis sqemis, ise CuqurTmis Sesrulebis stilistikuri monacemebis TvalsazrisiT.
Cixis portalis CuqurTma, iseve rogorc saorbisis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis CuqurTma,
Seqmnilia sapiris kideebze ganlagebuli wreebisa da msazRvruli lentebidan aRmocenebuli
mravalnawiliani foTlebic, romlebic avseben CuqurTmis TiTqmis mTel ares.
es saxe dakavSirebulia qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli dekoris farTod gavrcelebul
motivTan, romelsac ramdenime saukunis manZilze vxvdebiT Zeglebis morTulobaSi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, rogorc cnobilia, Seqmnili iyo aRniSnuli motivis mravalgvari
saxesxvaoba, romlebic faqtiurad erTi, ZiriTadi saxis variaciebs warmoadgens.
momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis am metad popularul da mravalferovan
saxeSi naTlad aisaxa stilis ganviTarebis TiToeuli safexuri Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli
specifikuri niSnebiT, mxatvruli formebiTa da xerxebiT. am ornamentis evolucias, rogorc
rene Smerlingi SeniSnavs specialuri dakvirvebis safuZvelze, axasiaTebs mcenareuli
elementebis gadazrda dawnul elementebad. XI s. ZeglebSi naxati kompoziciis ZiriTadi
elementia msxvili ganStoebuli foTlebi, romlebsac axasiaTebs didi siaxlove mcenareul
prototipebTan, stilizacia mxolod isaxeba. am CuqurTmaTa naxati da Zerwva rTulia
(samTavro, samTavisi, nikorwminda). aseTia Tavisi xasiaTiT foToli jer kidev XII saukunis
saorbisis CuqurTmaSic. Tumca aq wnvis elementi centraluri kvanZis saxiT ukve Cndeba.
Cixis motivi foTlis xasiaTisa da misi mniSvnelobis mixedviT kompoziciaSi swored
dasaxelebul nimuSebs uaxlovdeba. Zalian gavs igi am mxriv saorbissac. ukanasknelisagan
mas mxolod centraluri kvanZis uqonloba ganasxvavebs.
droTa viTarebaSi foTlis gamosaxuleba, rogorc cnobilia, sul ufro da ufro
Sordeba mcenareul prototips; stilizacia masSi ganmsazRvreli xdeba, xolo CuqurTmis
kompoziciaSi foToli TandaTan wnvis meorexarisxovan, damatebiT elementad iqceva. XIII
saukunidan es tendencia ufro Zlier iCens Tavs XI-XII s. ZeglebTan (samTavisi, samTavro,
120
nikorwminda, saorbisi) Cixis motivs foTlis modelirebis xerxic akavSirebs. foTlis mTeli
are am nimuSebSi mocemulia TiTqos erTiani sibrtyiT, saerTo planiT. foTlis calkeul
elementebs Soris, foTlis SigniT, zRvari mkveTrad ar isaxeba; xazgasmuli diferencireba
foTlebis elementebisa ufro gvian - XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnidan - iCens Tavs.
XI-XII ss. ZeglebTan Cixis CuqurTmas mtkiced akavSirebs centraluri foTlebis
ganapira areebis Taviseburi damuSavebac damatebiTi, festonebis msgavsi, elementebiT.
swored aseTia foTlebis ganapira areebi saorbisSic.
mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens Cveni nimuSisaTvis foTlis Semadgeneli elementebis
Sexvedris adgilebis damuSaveba Rrma, TiTqos gaburRuli, wertilovani RrmulebiT. aseTi
„Savi wertilebi“ XI s. mraval CuqurTmebSi gvxvdeba (ruisSi, samTavisSi, nikorwmindaSi). maT
vxedavT saorbisSic. ufro gvian ki es xerxi daviwyebulia. foTlis naxatis gamartivebasTan,
misi calkeuli elementebis mkveTr xazgasmaTan erTad, igi sruliad ispoba. me-13 saukunis
ZeglebSi „Savi wertilebi“ aRar Cans. CuqurTmebis es detali stilis mkveTri
damaxasiaTebeli niSania. aseTi wertilebis arseboba Cvens ZeglSi, sxva niSnebTan erTad,
garkveviT gansazRvravs Zeglis Seqmnis dros: igi XII saukunis meore naxevarze gviandeli ar
unda iyos. ukve 1172 wlis ikorTaSi da 1196 wlis beTaniis mcire taZarSi es xerxi
daviwyebulia.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli detali Cixis CuqurTmaSi - esaa patara
horizontaluri sartyelebi foTlebis Reroebze, aseTi samkaulebi kvlav mxolod XI-XII
saukuneebSi gvxvdeba. aRniSnul sartyelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eTmobaT, magaliTad,
samTavisis CuqurTmaSi. sartyeli aq guldasmiTaa damuSavebuli. mas mkafiod dekoratiuli
xasiaTi aqvs. aseTive xasiaTis sartyelebi gvaqvs saorbisis samxreTis sarkmlis
morTulobaSi. Cvens ZeglSic sartyelebis naxati gulmodgineTaa damuSavebuli: mas erTgvari
manerulobac ki axasiaTebs. sartyeli mTlianad ki ar kveTs foTlis Reros, aramed
mowyvetilia sawnavi lentis ganapira RarebTan.
did msgavsebaTa erTad, romelic XI-XII ss. zemoT moyvanil nimuSebsa da Cixis motivs
Soris arsebobs, rogorc CuqurTmebis calkeuli elementebis xasiaTis mxriv, ise Sesrulebis
saerTo xerxebis TvalsazrisiTac, maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebac aris. Cixis
portalis CuqurTma moklebulia im rbil plastikurobas, Sesrulebis virtuozul
Tavisuflebas, artistizms, rac damaxasiaTebelia mag., samTavros, samTavisis an saorbisis
CuqurTmebisTvis. CixaSi sagrZnobia kuTxovanebis, sixistis elementebi, naxatis mouqneloba,
Tvisebebi, romelnic portalis morTulobas gawafuli xeliT Sesrulebul xelosnur
naxelavad aqceven.
portalis CuqurTmasTan CixaSi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli karnizis Semamkobeli
saxeebic. rogorc saxis naxatis TvalsazrisiT, ise Sesrulebis xerxebiT da maneriT (es
kvlav foTlis zedapirze daunawevrebeli, mTliani zedapiriT damuSavebaa. kvlav „Savi
wertilebis“ gamoyeneba da sxv.). Senobis ornamentuli dekori, erTgvarovani Tavis
stilistikuri monacemebiT da Sesrulebis xasiaTiT. erTi ostatis xels unda ekuTvnodes.
Cixis eklesia, Tavisi morTulobiT SegviZlia miviCnioT didi xuroTmoZRvrebis
provinciuli skolis warmomadgenlad. igi Sors aris qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis zemoT
moyvanili wamyvani nimuSebis brwyinvalebisagan, magram masSi, rogorc davinaxeT, gvxvdeba is
niSnebi, romlebic swored aRniSnul Zeglebs axasiaTebs. es niSnebi saerToa, rogorc
gamoCenili, didad niWieri ostatebis mier Seqmnili ZeglebisaTvis, aseve maTi nakleb
daostatebuli, nakleb daxvewili gemovnebisa da naklebi gaqanebis mqone kolegebis mier
agebuli Senobebisa.
Cixis ostati cdilobs ar CamorCes Tavis drois miRwevebs, mxatvrul xerxebsa da
motivebs. sainteresoa, rom maT Soris gabedulad irCevs urTules magaliTebs. ukanasknelTa
xasiaTis mixedviT, rogorc Cans, Zeglis ageba ukavSirdeba XII saukunes, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
amaze gvian ar unda iyos agebuli. analiziT miRebul am daskvnas ar ewinaaRmdegeba
dasavleTis karis warweris paleografiuli monacemebic.
121
amgvarad, Cixis eklesiis saxiT Cven rusTavelis epoqis kidev erTi Zegli Segvemata“4.
Cixis RmrTismSoblis (wm. barbares) saxelobis taZris Sesaxeb ina gomelauri da giorgi
boWoriZe gvawvdian metad sasargeblo informacias, Tumca aris garkveuli sakiTxebi,
romelzedac daTanxmeba namdvilad ar SeiZleba.
upirveles yovlisa ina gomelauri ar icnobs giorgi boWoriZis kvlevas da arc
qarTlis cxovrebis im epizodebs, sadac gadmocemulia Cixis saerisTavos ambavi da
saukuneebis win momxdari tragedia.
Tumca, giorgi boWoriZe eyrdnoba ra qarTlis cxovrebis leonti mroveliseul cnobas,
pirdapir, ukomentarod gadmoaqvs Cixis erisTavis Sesaxeb metad bundovani informacia
(romelic zemoT ukve SevasworeT), romelic meordeba yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi (leonti
mroveli, juanSeri, vaxuStisTan pirveli varianti) - Cixis erisTavi yofila bagrati,
romelic mokles da aseve eqsoriaqmnili iyo, Tanac cocxalic gadarCa, mivida
konstantinepolSi da Semdeg dabrunda samSobloSi, rac absurdia.
Cixis saerisTavo jer kidev IX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moeqca istorikosTa yuradRebis
centrSi. kerZod, afxazTa mefem giorgi I aRwefelma, argveTidan CixaSi gadaitana saerisTao-
saufliswulo rezidencia.
giorgi afxazTa mefe uSvilo iyo da Sesabamisad, samefo taxtze misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg unda asuliyo misi ZmisSvili tineni, romelic manamde swored Cixis erisTavad
daadgina biZam - giorgi aRwefelma. magram, mefis qvrivi Seekra Savlianebs, savaraudod
samefo karze dawinaurebul gavlenian ojaxs da moakvlevina Cixis erisTavi, xolo misi
umcrosi Zma bagrati zRvaSi Caagdes, romelic RmrTis madliT gadarCa, konstantinepols
miaRwia da garkveuli wlebis Semdeg isic Cixis erisTavad dabrunda, rasac bagratis mxridan
Semdeg wlebSi mohyva samwuxaro ambavi, anu Savlianebis (Tu Savlalianebis) dinastiis mimarT
mtroba da sisxlisRvra.
i. gomelauri am faqts ar aRwers, Tu ratom es CvenTvis ucnobia. praqtikulad arafers
ar ambobs taZris timpanze gamosaxul jvarze, romelic Tavisi moyvanilobiT yvelaze axlos
dgas bolnur jvarTan, SeiZleba iTqvas mis analogsac ki warmoadgens. Tumca naSromSi
gadmotanili aqvs aRniSnuli jvari da warwerebi.
g. boWoriZe savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs, roca wers: „warweris paleografiuli
xasiaTi da jvris gamosaxulebis xelovneba gvafiqrebinebs warweris mikuTvnebas X
saukunisaTvis“, rac simarTlesTan Zalian axlosaa. miTumetes, timpanis jvari ganekuTvneba
swored aRniSnul periods, rasac i. gomelauri sxvagvarad afasebs: „rogorc Cans, Zeglis
ageba ukavSirdeba XII saukunes, yovel SemTxvevaSi, amaze gvian ar unda iyos agebuli“, Tumca
iqve SeniSnavs, rom: „kompleqsis ZiriTadi nagebobis - koSkis - mdebareobiT unda iyos
gansazRvruli. orive Senoba erTdroulad agebuli Cans. orive erTi meoriTaa
ganpirobebuli, erTi meores uwevs angariSs“, rac savsebiT sarwmunoa da amarTlebs Cvens
pozicias, rom taZari agebuli unda iyos VI-IX saukuneebSi, kerZod ki manamde, vidre afxazTa
mefe giorgi aRwefeli saerisTavo rezidencias argveTidan CixaSi gadaitanda, radgan,
warmoudgeneli iqneboda axali rezidencia cixisa da taZris gareSe,
aris erTi gasaocari faqtic, taZari udavod agebulia didmowame barbares saxelze
(rac warweridanac garkveviT Cans), magram orive mecnieri, iseve rogorc mTeli sofeli
ixseniebs RvTismSoblis (RmrTismSoblis) saxeliT. ratom atarebs es taZari or saxels
namdvilad gaugebaria.
garda amisa, Cixis taZari erTaderTia mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi arsebuli wyaroebis gaTvaliswinebiT), romelmac Semogvinaxa V-X saukuneTa
periodis bolnuri jvris analogiuri jvari, rac yovelmxriv sasiamovno faqtia.
bolnisis sionis taZris mravalferovan dekoraciul elementebSi gamorCeuli adgili
ukavia taZris aRmosavleT fasadze moTavsebul, warweraSi Casmul tolmklava (igive
erTnairmklavebiani) jvars, romelic asocirdeba wmida konstantine imperatoris
4i. gomelauri. XII s-is xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli sofel CixaSi._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, 1966, #8, gv. 69-78.
122
aRmosavleTSi gamarjvebasTan. uZvelesi cnobebis mixedviT aseTi jvari specialurad
SeukveTes xuroTmoZRvrebs bolnisis sionis5 taZrisTvis.
mas Semdeg wreSi (wrewirSi) Casmul jvars saqarTveloSi ewoda „bolnuri jvari“,
romelmac ZiriTadad gavrceleba hpova aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. „bolnuri jvris“
analogebi aseve gvxvdeba V-X saukuneebSi agebul akvanebas taZarSi, TeTrwyaroSi, mcxeTis
jvris did taZarze, mogvianebiT - olTisSi, parxalSi, xcisis taZarze da qaCaRanas qvajvarze.
rac kidev erTi faqtia imis sailustraciod, rom Cixis taZris timpanze gamosaxuli jvari
ganekuTvneba am epoqas da ara XI-XII saukuneebs, anu Sesrulebulia udavod VI saukunidan
IX saukunis Sua wlebamde.
akvanebas taZris6 karis Tavze moTavsebuli jvari dekoratiuli repertuariT Zalian
hgavs bolnisis sionis jvars. formiT aseTivea TeTriwyaros taZris Sesasvlelis Tavze
gamosaxuli jvari amaRlebis kompoziciiT. amave taZarSi (amaRlebis gareSe) gansxvavebuli
jvrebi gvxvdeba ramdenime adgilze.
mcenareuli elementebiT gajerebuli da gamSvenebuli jvari xuroTmoZRvrebasa da
saeklesio arqiteqturaSi aRiniSneba specialuri terminiT „ganedelbuli jvari“, romlis
unikalur magaliTs warmoadgens mcxeTis jvris mTavari Sesasvlelis Tavze gamosaxuli
„bolnuri jvari“, romelic xelT upyriaT angelozebs, anu mas aseve ewodeba „jvris
amaRleba“.
„jvris amaRlebis“ adrindeli magaliTebi reliefuri gamosaxulebania, romlebic
adrefeodaluri xanis eklesiebis kedlebs amkoben (mcxeTis jvari, anCisxatis bazilika,
TeTriwyaros taZari), isini gadmoscemen am scenis adreqristianul xelovnebaSi
Camoyalibebul da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi farTod gavrcelebul ikonografiul redaqcias.
medalionSi Casmuli jvris amaRleba xdeba ori angelozis mier, romelTa mfrinavi figurebi
simetriuladaa ganlagebuli medalionis orive mxares“7 _ wers xelovnebaTmcodneobis
doqtori naTela aladaSvili.
zogadad, „jvris amaRlebis“ kompoziciebi adastureben imas, rom qarTveli
xuroTmoZRvrebi Tu dargis specialistebi TavianTi warmosaxviT, magram ikonografiis
sruli dacviT hqmnidnen axal variantebs, ramac asaxva hpova jer kidev V saukunis
miwurulidan, riTac dasturdeba jvris TayvaniscemasTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi rwmena-
tradiciebis simtkice mTels saqarTveloSi, Tavdapirvelad ki mis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
agebis, struqturisa da kompozciis TaviseburebiT i. gomelauri Cixis taZarTan
yvelaze axlos xedavs saorbisis taZars8. Tumca, daTariRebaSi namdvilad cdeba, xolo
msgavsebaze Tu midgeba sakiTxi, Cixis jvari zedmiwevniT hgavs TeTriwyaros da wromis
taZris jvrebs.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom X saukunidan iwyeba „bolnuri jvris“ analogebis
ganviTarebis meore etapi, anu isini gvxvdeba X-XI saukuneebis iseT mniSvnelovan Zeglebze,
rogorebicaa: gumbaTis, darkveTis, bediis, parxalisa da xcisis taZrebi. aseve, sainteresoa
Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, jayis wylis xeobaSi mdebare yola boinas cixis eklesiis qvaze
gamosaxul jvari.
Cixis taZari da jvari naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom argveTis saerisTavo VII-VIII
saukuneebSi inarCunebda qveynis erT-erTi dawinaurebuli saerismTavos statuss, aq
moRvaweobdnen da aqve gmirulad aResrulnen wmida Zmebi daviT da konstantine mxeiZeni, rac
erTi orad zrdis argveTis saerisTavos da masSi Semavali cixe-qalaqebis istoriul
mniSvnelobas, romelTagan Cixa xuTi saukunis manZilze saTaveSi edga saerisTavros,
5taZari bolnisis raionSi, mdinare foladauris marcxena napirze, agebulia 478-493 wlebSi. 6akvanebas darbazuli taZari _ VI-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis raionSi, romelsac samxreTidan eketeri aqvs miSenebuli. nagebia Tlili qvis zusti wyobiT. Semkulia reliefebiTa da CuqurTmebiT. 7naTela aladaSvili. `jvris amaRlebis~ Tema qarTul xelovnebaSi._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, 1969, gv. 7. 8saorbisis taZari aris erTnaviani bazilika, romelic mdebareobs kaspis raionSi, TeZmis xeobaSi. taZari Semkulia ostaturad Sesrulebuli CuqurTmebiT. aseve, masze datanili warwera zustad daTariRebulia, anu XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi agebuli taZrebi, romelTac TariRi miwerili aqvT, CvenSi naklebadaa cnobili.
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romelic moicavda teritorias lixis qedidan rionamde da raWis mTebidan fersaTis mTebamde
(Tanamedrove sazRvrebiT moicavs - saCxeris, WiaTuris, zestafonis, xaragaulis, Terjolis,
baRdaTisa da tyibulis raionebs).
Cixis jvarTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli dimitri gordeevs9
„Выгравированный на фронтоне храма в селе Чиха крест своей композицией очень похож на кресты храмов
Болниси Сиони и Тетрицкаро, которые были построены в V-VII веках“.
Cixis jvari gamoirCeva Tavisi daxvewilobiT, kompoziciuri simartiviT da moqnili
teqnikiT. Tavisufalia zedmeti klasikuri simkacrisgan. jvris oTxive bolos kuTxeebze
ganlagebulia lilvismagvari wreebi, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSia frTebTan, xolo qveda
bolo eyrdnoba samagrs, igive fexs, rac miuTiTebs mis siZlieresa da simyareze. bolnuri
jvrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wreebis nacvlad ostats SeurCevia msgavsi, magram mainc
gansxvavebuli rvakuTxedi, romelic jvris boloebze gamoCuqurTmebuli lilvebis pirdapir
iZleva kuTxeebs.
jvris SuagulSi Semovlebulia uwyveti Rarebi, Sida sivrceebi odnav CaRrmavebuli da
natifad gamoyvanilia. jvris garSemo mTels perimetrs fonad gasdevs atmis yvavilis feri,
rac ufro met sisadaves da sifaqizes hmatebs qvaSi amokveTil qristianobis mTavar
simbolos. Tavis moxazulobiT, datvirTviT, gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT da Sesrulebis
TaviseburebiT Cixis jvari zust msgavsebaSia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli
bolnuri jvris tipebTan, rac am epoqis dasavleT saqarTvelos arc erT sxva taZarze ar
gvxvdeba.
ostati SeiZleba aris provinciuli azrovnebis da misi SemoqmedebiTi teqnika ver
aRwevs epoqis sxva mniSvnelovani Zeglebis ostatTa simaRles, magram udavoa erTi ram, is
aris gulwrfeli, daxvewili da mizandasaxuli xelovani, romelmac STamomavlobas dautova
Cixis unikaluri jvari, romelsac JamTa siavem veraferi daaklo. dazustebiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom swored aseT ostatTa damsaxurebaa provinciebSi agebuli taZrebi, maTi
Semkuloba, ornamentebi da stilis Camoyalibebis Taviseburebani. samwuxarod, maTi
safuZvliani Seswavla jerac ar dawyebula.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom Cixis taZari agebulia swored
VI-IX saukuneebSi, rac aseve dasturdeba Cixis saerisTaos istoriul-politikuri winsvliT,
rac damowmebulia „qarTlis cxovrebis“ qronikebiT.
jvari odiTgan iyo qarTveli kacis sawinamZRvro, misi mTavari mcveli da mfarveli,
amitomacaa CemTvis Zvirfasi da gamorCeulad saTayvanebeli Cixis jvari - mcveli Cveni saaqao
da saiqio cxovrebisa, `jvari qristesi“ jvarcmul qristes mowafes dedamiwas warstacebs,
sakuTar jvarze gakruli, Semmecnebeli amaRlebuli sibrZnisa. gonebiTa da guliT zecad
aRityorcneba da Wvrets saidumloebebs uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristessa. „romelsa hnebavs
Semdgomad Cemda uaryavn Tavi Tvisi, da aRiRen juari Tvisi, da Semomidegin me“ amin“! wers
wmida egnate brianCaninovi.
didi akaki wereTeli brZanebs: „ubeduria is xalxi, romelsac Segnebuli da
gamokvleuli warsuli ara hqonia da ucxovria velurad, magram kidev ubeduri da satiralia
is, romelsac hqonia warsuli da iviwyebs“.
„jvaro mfarvelo yovlisa soflisao, jvaro mSvenierebao eklesiaTao, jvaro
simtkiceo mefeTao, jvaro Semweo morwmuneTao, jvaro didebao angelozTao da Semmusvrelo
eSmakTa“10 daifare, daicavi, rwmenaSi ganamtkice da gaaZliere sruliad saqarTvelo, amin!
9rusi xelovnebaTmcodne, 1889-1965 ww. ZiriTadad muSaobda saqarTveloSi; 1952 wlidan gardacvalebamde iyo saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis mecnier-TanamSromeli; Seswavlili aqvs qarTuli xelovnebis araerTi Zegli (safara, zarzma, Wulevi...) muSaobda mxatvrobis, minanqrisa da miniaturebis mecnieruli Seswavla-popularizaciis kuTxiT. 10tropari cxovelsmyofelisa da patiosani jvrisa.
124
Mamuka Tsuchishvili
Cross of Chikha
Summary In the village Chikha, Sachkhere region,there is a small one-deck basilica that,in I. Gomelauris opinion belongs
to the XII th century . But G.Bochoridze consideres it was built in the 10th century.Our investigation proves that the
cathedral of Chikha was built in VI-IXth centuries.It is proved by the promotion of viarious power of that epoch and by
the similarity of the etched cross of this cathedral with he crosses of Tetritskaro,Sioni and Bolnisi cathedrals that are
known as Bolnisi crosses.
Vicarious authority of Chikha was already promoted in the VIIIth century. It transformed this fortress into a
vicarious centre.According to this,the cathedral and the fortress were built not in the XII th century but in the VI-IXth
centuries.
125
cira janaSia, doqtoranti
ramdenime SeniSvna araqel Tavrizelis cnobebTan dakavSirebiT
Tavis droze akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili werda: ,,samwuxaroa, rom CvenSi srulebiT
Segnebuli ara aqvT, arca hqondaT, rom TviToeuli Zveli saistorio Txzulebis ganxilvis
dros mkvlevars marto avtoris Tanamedroveoba ki ar unda hqondes gaTvaliswinebuli,
aramed misi pirovnebac, ganaTleba, medaseoba misi wyaroebis Tviseba, JamTaaRmwerlis weris
wesi da meTodebi. saistorio nawarmoebis qronologiuri ganxilva mxolod Tanamedroveobis
mxriv metad martivi saSualebaa imitom, rom matiane da JamTaaRmwereli SeiZleba Tanamedro-
vec iyos, magram Tu amasTanave moTxrobilis Tanadamxudari ar aris, an Tu misi moambe
sarwmuno Tanadamxvduari da TviTmxilveli ar iyo mis moTxrobas didi fasi da mniSvneloba
ara aqvs“1. akademikos ivane javaxiSvilis SefasebiT erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa
,,TviTmxilveli“ da ,,TviTmxilvelTagan“ mosmenili ambavi: ,,yoveli ganaTlebuli istorikosi
movale iyo, rom moTxrobis ueWvelobaze unda ezruna da sando wyaroebiT esargebla,
Sesaferisadac hqonoda dasabuTebuli... qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba iyo miqceuli da naTlad hqondaT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs
saistorio moTxrobis ueWvelobisTvis, rodesac mTxrobeli TviT aRmwerlis
,,TualTaxiluli“ an ,,TvalTxiluli“, ,,xiluli“, iyo roca istorikosi an misi moambe
naambobis ,,TvaliT mxilveli“, `TvalTa mxilvelni“, ,,TviTmxilvelni“ anu ,,mnaxavi“ da swo-
red im aRwerili SemTxvevis ,,TanadaxTomili“ anu ,,Tanadamxudari“ gamodgeboda2.
qarTul istoriografiaSi araqel Tavrizelis naSromi ,,istoriaTa wigni“ sando
wyarod aris miCneuli. araqela Tavrizeli daibada XVI saukunis damlevs azerbaijanis
sataxto qalaq TavrizSi, somxebi am qalaqs ,,davriJs“ uwodebdnen. aqedan warmodga araqelas
zedsaxeli ,,davriJeci“3.
rogorc somex istorikosTa umravlesoba, araqela Tavrizeli iyo sasuliero piri.
cxovrebis didi nawili man eCmiaZinis saZmoSi gaatara, sadac swavlobda kaTalikos filipos
aRbkecTan (1633-1655). man miiRo ,,varTapedis“ anu ,,moZRvris wodeba“. sicocxleSive uwodebdnen
mas ,,araqel istorikoss“4. araqel Tavrizeli kaTalikosis davalebiT xSirad mogzaurobda
sxvadasxva qveynebSi da qalaqebSi, ZiriTadad somxebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi. garda imisa,
rac kaTalikosisgan hqonda davalebuli, is erTdroulad Tavisi ,,istoriaTa wignisTvis“
agrovebda masalebs, xelnawerebs, ismenda da iwerda naambobs, man imogzaura, rogorc
aRmosavleTSi, aseve dasavleTSi, saberZneTSi, ispahanSi, amasiaSi da mraval qalaqSi. Sromis
sirTulis gamo Tavdapirvelad uari uTqvams araqels patriarqisTvis, magram patriaqis
mkacri gafrTxilebis Semdeg araqelma 1651 wels daiwyo muSaoba am wignze. kaTalikos
filiposis gardacvalebis gamo [1655 wlis 25 marti] araqelma Sewyvita Sromaze muSaoba da
mxolod 3 wlis Semdeg axali kaTalikosis hakof jugaecis davalebiT 1658 wels gaagrZela
Tavis ,,istoriaTa wignze“ muSaoba, daamTavra 1662 wels. cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda
araqeli am wignze, sadac gadmosca imdroindeli mdgomareoba, magram ar dausrulebia. misi
davalebiT gadamwerebi xelnawerebs amzadebdnen da ase avrcelebdnen5. araqela Tavrizeli
1ivane javaxiSvili. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla._ ,,Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII s.s). Txzulebani. Tormettomeuli. t. VIII. mariam lorTqifaniZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 26. 2ivane javaxiSvili. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla._ ,,Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII s.s). Txzulebani. Tormettomeuli. t. VIII. mariam lorTqifaniZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 31-32. 3a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 6. 4А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 16. 5А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 18.
126
gardaicvala 1670 wels. misi survilisamebr dakrZalulia eCmiaZinis monastris saZmo
akldamaSi. is iyo pirveli somexi istorikosi, romelmac Tavis sicocxleSi ixila beWduri
saxiT gamocemuli naSromi. 1669 wels araqel Tavrizelis ,,istoriaTa wigni“ gamoica ams-
terdamSi6. ,,istoriaTa wignSi“ araqeli ganixilavs Tavisi qveynis socialur-politikur vi-
Tarebas, aseve mezobeli qveynebis TurqeTis, azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos socialur-
politikur mdgomareobasac7. araqela davriJecis istoriaSi uxvadaa motanili cnobebi
saqarTvelos, konketulad, qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi naSromis me-9-12
Tavebs, is sagangebod uTmobs saqarTvelos da vrclad aRwers im politikur da ekonomikur
mdgomareobas, romelic Seiqmna qarTl-kaxeTSi Sah-abas I (1587-1629) dapyrobiTi omebis
Sedegad. istorikosi umTavresad eyrdnoba Tavisi TvaliT nanaxs, yuriT mosmenils. araqelis
informatorebs Soris iyvnen, rogorc qristianebi, ise sxva religiis mimdevrebi. XVI
saukunis damlevis da XVII saukunis damdegis movlenebis gadmocemisas, araqeli Cans,
sargeblobda winare xanis istorikosTa TxzulebebiTac8.
,,sparseTis xelmwifed yofnis dros gaZlierda Sah-Tamazi da Tavisi Zalaufleba
ganavrco sxva xalxebzec, romlebic misi qveynis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. gaZlierda agreTve
qarTvelebzec da maT mefeebs mZevlebi gamoarTva: Tbilisis mefes did simon xans asuli
da Zma“9. cnobili faqtia, rom daviTi SemdegSi daud-xanad wodebuli, TviTon eaxla Sah-
Tamaz I yazvinSi 1561 wlis 25 dekembers da Tavisi samsaxuri SesTavaza. vaxuSti batoniSvili
mogviTxrobs: ,,xolo ixila ra, Zmaman mefis svimonisam, daviT, sparsTagan Zleva ese, warvida
sparseTad, rameTu iyo kaci xorcTmoyvare, meZav-ganmcxromel, da iqmna gamcemel qveynisa da
mivida winaSe yeenisa. amas pativsca Sas-Tamaz dahyo mahmadianad, uwoda dauTxan da Zed
Tvisad uxmobda, misca jildo c~ Tumani (2000) xalaTa, kaba, sartyeli da tyavi samuriTa,
oqroqsovilni, Taji, xrmali, sabuxari margalitisa, cxeni aRkazmuli oqroTi, yovelni
mooWvilni TvlebiTa, sura da Ta oqrosi (romeli Semdgomad daidva da moscemdnen mefeTa
qarTlisaTa), warmoavlina mefed qarTlisad spiTa didiTa Semovida tfiliss da aqunda
Semwed ganjis xanica... xolo dauTxan daipyra qarTli. aramed vieTnime mTavarni gandgnen da
ara morCilebdnen. da dajda dauTxan qveSis cixesa10. daaxloebiT igives gvimeorebs beri
egnataSvilic11, rac Seexeba asulis mZevlad micemas, cnobilia mxolod araqelasTan.
qarTveli istorikosebi ar malaven sxva SemTxvevaSi mZevlad micemis faqts, amitom maTi
cnoba ufro sarwmuno unda iyos, vidre araqel davriJecis.
araqel davriJeci kaxeTis samefo karze momxdari ambebis gadmocemisas uSvebs
Secdomebs: ,,zemoTxsenebulma kaxeTis mefe aleqsandrem Tavisi surviliT misca mefoba Tavis
Zes daviTs da daviTi ganagebda samefos. aleqsandres meore vaJi giorgi amis gamo SuriT
aRivso da mokla Tavisi Zma daviTi, raTa TviTon gamxdariyo mefe. maTi mama aleqsandre jer
kidev cocxali iyo. man ar daaneba mefoba giorgis, TviTon daiWira taxti da TviTonve
mefobda12. sinamdvileSi aleqsandrem Tavisi nebiT ki ar gadasca taxti daviTs, aramed am
ukanasknelma waarTva mamas mefoba. marTalia, rom giorgi batoniSvili Zmas taxts
ecileboda, magram mas ar mouklavs batoniSvili daviTi. is bunebrivi sikvdiliT
gardaicvala. araqel Tavrizelma ar icis, rom aleqsandre II-s (1574-1605) daviTis, giorgis,
konstantines garda hyavda sxva Svilebic, beri egnataSvilis mixedviT: ,,xolo kaxsa batonsa
aleqsandres esua asuli amilaxorisa da esxnes xuT Ze daviT, erekle, giorgi, konstantine,
rostom, asuli ese nestan-darejan miaTxova dadiansa manuCars, Zesa mamiasasa, ziTviTa
6А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 18. 7А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 23. 8a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 6-7. 9a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 12. 10vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwerai samefosa saqarTveloisa._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. IV. teqsti dadge-nilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 407-409. 11beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 367. 12a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 14.
127
didiTa. xolo Ze misi erekle gauarSivda aleqsandres da warvida stambols”13. araqels
aranairi informacia ara aqvs iseT mniSvnelovani problemis Sesaxeb, rogoric iyo Sirvanis
sakiTxi. rogorc cnobilia, 1578 wels osmaleTma daarRvia amasiis zavi da daiwyo iranis
winaaRmdeg Seteva. osmaleTma isargebla ra Sah Tamaz I-s memkvidreebs Soris atexili
brZolebiT, kavkasiis mimarTulebiT daZra jarebi mustafa lala-faSas sardlobiT.
osmaleTi miznad isaxavda daekavebina mTeli amierkavkasia. samcxis dapyrobis Semdeg mustafa
lala-faSa imereTSi gadavida, sadac igi imerlebma daamarcxes. faSam aq gaCereba
mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala da Sirvanisken daiZra. kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II (1574-1605) mas
sarTiWalasTan Seegeba, gaimarTa molaparakeba, romlis drosac gamoCnda aleqsandres didi
diplomatiuri niWi. aleqsandrem, marTalia, Tavi osmaleTis morCilad scno, magram
qristianoba SeinarCuna. osmalebma masve miandes Saqis dapyroba, sadac mmarTvelad Sahis
ndobiT aRWurvili misi metoqe Zma gamahmadianebuli iese (isa-xani) ijda, rogorc, simon
mefis Zma daviTi (daud-xani) eaxla Sahs, ise aleqsandes Zma iesec eaxla Sahs da Tavisi
erTguleba gamoucxada (mas isa-xani uwodes). aleqsandre TviTon iyo danteresebuli ieses
Tavidan moSorebiT, romelic kaxeTis taxtze Tavis metoqed miaCnda. aleqsandrem Saqi
daikava, isa-xani gaaZeva da Saqis mmarTvelad Tavisi Svili erekle batoniSvili dasva.
kaxeTis mefeTa tradiciulma politikam Tavisi sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo: qveyana ara Tu
gadaurCa osmalTagan dapyrobas da darbevas, aramed formaluri ymobis aRiarebiT igi
gaZlierda da misi gavlena mezobel Saqzec gavrcelda14.
wminda didmowame qeTevan dedofalTan mimarTebaSic uzustobaa araqel davriJecis –
,,istoriaTa wignSi“: ,,Teimurazis deda Sah-abasma sparseTis SuagulSi, SirazSi gagzavna imam-
yuli-xanTan da iq hyavdaT sapyrobileSi. amgvarad Sah-abasis brZanebiT Seipyres Teimurazis
deda, romelsac mariami erqva“15. Tavis droze b-n k. kuciam aRniSna, rom saubari iyo qeTevan
dedofalze16. Cvenis mxriv davamatebT imas, rom saxeli ,,mariami“ – qeTevanis nacvlad mas
sxvisgan aqvs gagonili, im pirisgan, romelic srulebiT ar icnobda wminda mowame qeTevan
qarTvels – qeTevan dedofals, Torem sxva axsna ar SeiZleba moeZebnos am faqts, radgan
saqarTvelosTvis, qristianobisTvis Tavdadebuli qarTveli dedoflis wameba ara marto
qristianulma samyarom Seityo, aramed imdroindelma msofliom.
araqel Tavrizels aqvs dauzustebeli informacia giorgi saakaZis pirovnebis
mimarTac. araqeli brals sdebs saakaZes imaSi, rom man Semoiyvana Sah-abas-I (1587-1629)
saqarTveloSi da urCia mas, rom saqarTvelos dapyroba zamTarSi ufro gaadvildebao. ,,Sahma
hkiTxa mouravs: ,,ai ukve ganvlo didma drom, rodisRa wagviyvan saqarTveloSi? mouravma
upasuxa: cota kide moiTmine, radganac jer dro araa. me TviTon gagaxseneb iq wasvlas.“
mouravi imitom ambobda, jer dro ar ariso, rom zafxuli gasuliyo, zamTari damdgariyo,
tyeSi xeebs foTlebi gascvenoda, rom sparselTa jars gaadvileboda cxenebiT siaruli da
Sesvla qarTvelTa qveyanaSi“17. ,,Sahma uTxra giorgi saakaZes: ,,yvela Cems meinaxeT upirveles
didebulTa Soris Sen iqnebi“. mouravis rCeviT moicades dekembris Tvemde, did
dResaswaulemde, rodesac dadga zamTari, siciveebi gaZlierda, mosulma Tovlma dafara
mTis mwvervalebi da gasaqcevi gzebi. simagreebSi myofi xalxi sicivisagan Sewuxda. xeebs
foTlebi gascvivda da yvela adgili xelisguliviT gamoCnda. maSin mouravma uTxra Sahs:
,,ai axla gavemarToT qarTvelTa qveynisaken, radgan dadga Jami. [wasvlisa] wamovidnen qalaq
ganZakidan da miaRwies kaxeTis sazRvrebs, romelic aris Teimurazis qveyana. kaxeTis gza
xeobebSi gadioda“18. sparselTa laSqari ki ganlagda xevis win gaSlil adglze, sparselebma
13beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 370. 14nodar asaTiani, givi jamburia. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. t. II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 163-164. 15a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 41. 16a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 71. 17a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 22. 18a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 25.
128
romelTac dainaxes, rom xevis gasasvleli qarTvelebma daikaves, daibnen. Sahma kvlav moixmo
mouravi da sikvdiliT daemuqra, magram mouravma TviTon ar icoda ra eqna, ori dRis Semdeg
man uTxra Sahs, me vici aqedan ori dRis savalze erT adgilas gza, magram gauvali tye rom
advilad gasasvleli gaxdes, saWiroa najaxebi da sxvadasxva iaraRi, rom tye gavkafoT. Sahma
ubrZana Tavis mebrZolebs, aeRoT saWiro iaraRebi da wasuliyvn gzis gasakafad. maT gakafes
Znelad gasasvleli gza. Sahma brZaneba gasca, ar daeSalaT karvebi, aqlemebis sadgomebi,
raTa eWvi ar aeRoT, mxolod jaris nawili sabrZolo masalebiT da cxenebiT uCumrad
misuliyvnen kaxeTSi. axali gaWrili gziT Semovidnen Teimurazis qveyanaSi, gadawves
soflebi, dasaxlebuli adgilebi da sastikad gauswordnen mosaxleobas. ,,luarsabma da
Teimurazma ar icodnen momxdaris Sesaxeb, radgan xevis gadmosasvels icavdnen“19. am cnobaSi
laparakia ara Tu rodis ajobebda laSqroba, amas urCevs TiTqos g. saakaZe da ara imas, rom
saerTod unda elaSqra Tu ara Sahs saqarTveloSi. aseTi xerxi (zamTarSi laSqroba) sxva
dampyroblebsac aqvT gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, Temur-lengs. 1399 wlis bolos Temuri
amierkavkasiaSi Semovida da saqarTvelosken daiZra. Temur-lengis laSqari tyiani gziT
hereTSi SeiWra. jariskacebi culebiT ikafavdnen gzas. 20 dRis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv
Tovda. Temuris molaSqreebi Zarcvavdnen da anadgurebdnen yvelafers, Cexavdnen xexils,
venaxebs, kaklis xeebs. bolos didTovlobaSi, saqonlis sakvebis simciris gamo, iZulebulni
gaxdnen SeewyvitaT laSqroba da ukan dabrunebuliyvnen20. ase rom Sah-abas wesiT es unda
scodnoda, aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom mas am sakiTxSi saakaZis rCeva ar
dasWirdeboda.
am cnobam asaxva mogvianebiT hpova qarTul istoriografiaSi: a) beri egnataSvilis
mixedviT: ,,pirvelad Turme erCiva mouravs Saabaz yaenisaTvis esreT, viTarmed: qarTlSi
zamTar midio, xizani mTaSi ver Sevao da rac ginda iqo, Tumca mTaSi Sevideno, Tovli da
sicive amoswyvetso. da esmina Saabaz sityva mouravisa da movida Tuesa ianvarsa xuTsa
qristes aqeT C~qkd. (1624) da aRiRo cixe TorRisa. Saabaz gamoiRo yovelive saganZuri
kaxTisa“21. b) vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT: „...aramed amisa Semdgomad movida ganjas ug-
rZneulad Saabaz Sesvlad kaxeTs, rameTu eaxla mouravi da euwya yeenisTvs Sesvla qarTls
umjobes ars zamTars, vinaiTagan, ver wavlen xizanni mTaTa Sina da xelT ig¬deb yoveelTa~22.
dasaxelebul istorikosTa mosazrebebi tendenciuria, imitom, rom saqarTvelos
mimarT Sah-abass (1587-1629) garkveuli angariSebi amoZravebda, kerZod, kaxeTis damorCilebiT,
dasustebiT igi mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos iranis saxanod gadaqcevas fiqrobda, jer
erTi, Sah-abasi ar iyo is politikosi, romelic sxvisi WkuiT ivlida, meorec, kargad esmoda,
Tu ruseTi fexs moikidebda saqarTveloSi, maSin irani mTels amierkavkasias dakargavda,
xolo Teimuraz I (1606-1648) im politikas adga, rasac Tavis droze misi papa aleqsandre II
(1574-1606) atarebda.
im Znelbedobis Jams, 1616 wlis TebervalSi, Teimuraz I-ma ruseTSi werilebi gagzavna
,,is moskovis winaSe ayenebda sakiTxs, kvlav aRdgenil iyo Zveli mfarvelobiTi kavSiri
kaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris, romelic gaformebul iqna misi papis aleqsande II-is dros.
Teimurazi sTxovda ruseTis mefees, Tavisi megobruli urTierToba gamoeyenebina iranTan da
moeTxova Sahisgan, rom am ukanasknels xeli aeRo kaxeTis ganadgurebis ganzraxvaze, xolo
Teimurazi kvlav mefed daetovebina. 1619 wlis martSi moskovSi Cavida Teimuraz I-is (1606-
1648) elCi xariton kumurdoeli, romelmac mefe mixeil Tevdores Zes gadasca dasavleT
saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa da Teimuraz I-is werilebi. mefe Teimurazi auwyebda kaxeTSi
datrialebul saSinelebas, sTxovda Sah-abasis mier datyvevebuli dedis, qeTevanis da
Svilebis, levanis da aleqsandres bed-iRbalSi Carevas. 1621 wlis gazafxulze moskovSi
Casul iranis elCs bulat-begs principulad dausves saqarTvelos sakiTxi~23.
19А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 116-117. 20nodar asaTiani, givi jamburia. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. t. II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 92-93. 21beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 392-393. 22vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwerai samefosa saqarTveloisa._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. IV. teqsti dadge-nilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 425. 23n. asaTiani. gza-aRdgoma gamoxsnisaken. Tbilisi, 1983. gv. 65-67.
129
amrigad, kaxeTis ruseTTan dakavSireba aRizianebda iranis Sahs da misi moqmedebac
amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mimarT da ara g. saakaZis rCeviTa da
TxovniT. ,,mouravi yovelTvis cdilobda luarsabisTvis samagiero gadaexada, amitom sababad
misi Casvlis mizezze dauwyo laparaki Sah-abass24. braldeba imis Sesaxeb, rom saakaZem
daasmina luarsab mefe Sah-abasTan, werilobiT pirvelad XVII saukunis istorikosTan
araqela TavrizelTan aris dafiqsirebuli25.
akademikos ivane javaxiSvilis analizis mixedviT vaxtang VI da misi ,,swavlul kacni“
naSroms oTx nawilad anu xanad yofen. pirveli xana exeba im dros, roca cxovrebani
qarTvelTani aRara werebuliyo anu Zisa mefisa giorgis Zisa bagratisa, vidre mefisa
giorgisa Zisa bagratisamdeo“. am drois ganmavlobaSi ese ambavi gujarTa da sparsTa da
somexTa cxovrebebidan gamoviReT da aRvwereTo. meore nawilad unda CaiTvalos ,,cxovrebani
bagratisa da Zisa missa konstantinesi“. ese Txzulebebi ,,vpoveT Zveelsa wignsa, Sina, da
qvemore rigsa missa zeda dagviweriao.“ mesame nawils Seadgens: ,,cxovrebani mefisa
aleqsandresi da Zisa misisa, mefisa konstantantinesi da Semdgomi ...vidre mefisa
rostomamde“. mTeli es xana Semdgomi kacTa sparsTa cxovrebisa da qoronikonTa da
gujarTagan aRviweriao.“ meoTxe nawils Seadgens ambavi rostomis aqeTi“ TviT TvaliTa
mnaxvelTa, misTa omebiTa Sina myofTa kacTagan aRgviweriao“. saqarTvelos xangrZlivi
cxovreba XIV-XVII saukunis dasasrulamde aRuwereli iyo da es didi TvalsaCino nakli
maT unda SeevsoT. rogor? am SemTxvevaSi ,,swavlulni kacni“ imnairsave mdgomareobaSi unda
yofiliyvnen, ra mdgomareobaSic iyo farsadan gorgijanisZe, roca igi Tavis Txzulebebis
weras Seudga. Soreuli warsulis cxovrebis aRdgena da dasabuTeba Zneli saqmea, metadre
roca mkvlevars im droindeli saistorio Txzulebebi ar moepoveba.“
,,swavlul kacebs“ TavianTi Sromis mesame nawilSic raRac sparsuli saistorio
TxzulebebiT (,,sparsTa csovreba“) usargebliaT. es nawili aleqsandres mefobiT iwyeba da
vidre rostomamde aRwevs, magram ra Txzuleba iyo es Txzuleba, igive iskander munSis
istoria, Tu rame sxva wyaro, amis gamorkveva axla ar SeiZleba imitom, rom xelnawers
swored am nawilSi bevri aklia. mxolod cxadia, rom am sparsuli Txuzulebebis garda (Tu
munSis TxzulebebiT marTalia usargebliaT) maT sxva sparsuli wyaroc unda hqonodaT“26.
CvenTvis sainteresoa beri egnataSvilis – ,,axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ swored is
mesame nawili: ,,cxovrebani mefisa aleqsandresi da Zisa misisa mefisa konstantinesi da
Semdgomi... vidre mefisa rostomisamde.“ es xana rogorc weren, ZvelTa kacTa sparsTa
cxovrebis da qoronikonTa gujarTagan aris gadmocemuli. vfiqrobT, arc is aris
gamoricxuli, rom maT gamoyenebuli hqonodaT somexi istorikosis araqel davriJecis,
istoriaTa wigni“, sadac daSvebuli uzustobis gamomwvev mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT isic,
rom naSromis Seqmna moxda ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg (saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ambebis
Txroba 1622 wliT sruldeba). rac Seexeba cnobebs giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb, araqeli eyrdnoba
mosmenil ambebs, romlebic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zog SemTxvevaSi sizustiT ar
gamoirCeva, es Semdgom dafiqsirda qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, pirvelad beri
egnataSvilTan (XVIII ss), mogvianebiT, vaxuSti batoniSvilTan (XVIII ss.) savaraudod
migvaCnia isic, rom araqel Tavrizelis cnobebi im wyaroebidan momdinareobdes, visac
eyrdnoba beri egnataSvili da vaxuSti batoniSvili. SesaZlebelia, rom samives erTi wyaro
hqonoda.
vfiqrobT, rom araqel davriJecis SromaSi gaparuli uzustobani unda aixsnas
ramdenime mizeziT: a) misi pirvelwyaro anu ,,moambeebi“ TviToni iyvnen am saqmis naklebad
mcodne. b) advili SesaZlebelia isic, rom es ,,moambeebi“ aRniSuli movlenis ,,mxilvelni“
da ,,Tanamedroveni“ naklebad yofiliyvnen.
24А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 110. 25givi jamburia. ,,kidev erTxel giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb“._ gazeTi ,,saqarTvelos respublika“, Tbilisi, 1998, 24 ianvari. 26ivane javaxiSvili. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla._ ,,Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII s.s). Txzulebani. Tormettomeuli. t. VIII. mariam lorTqifaniZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 26.
130
Tsira Janashia
Several observations in connection with data of Arakel of Tabriz
Summary
Armenian historian Arakel of Tabriz’s work `Book of histories~ in the Georgian historiography is considered to
be a reliable source. 9-12th chapters of this work concern social and economic, political events of the end of XVI and
XVII centuries in Georgia. During reproduction of the events of the end of XVI and XVII centuries the historian was
relying on the heard events. As it seems Arakel used also works of the previous ages’ historians.
On the basis of study and analysis of `Book of histories~ it was singled out that a whole number of inaccuracies
is given in data, e. g. ̀ Iranian Shah Shah-Tamaz took daughter and brother of Tbilisi King Great Simon-Khan as hostage~.
Giving daughter as hostage is not fixed at the Georgian historians (Monk Egnatashvili, Vakhushti Batonishvili), who in
other case do not conceal the fact of giving as hostage, that is why their data is more reliable, then Arakel’s. Arakel makes
mistakes during reproduction of the facts taken place in Kakheti Kingdom. He accuses Giorgi Saakadze that he had
advised Shah-Abbas I to take the field to Georgia in winter that was later shared by the Georgian historians. This way
(taking the field in winter) was used by the other conquerors as well (e. g. Timur Leng, taking field of 1399), so Shah-
Abass in fact would have known this. Hence we think that Shah did not require Saakadze’s advice on this issue.
Inaccuracies occurred in Arakel of Tabriz’s `Book of histories” shall be explained for several reasons: a) his primary
source, that is `messengers~ themselves were poor knowers of this affair; b) it is easily possible that these `messengers~
hardly were eyewitnesses, contemporaries of the mentioned events that has great importance for reliability of the historian
work that in due time academician Iv. Javakhishvili was noting.
131
mariam gabunia, doqtoranti
iberiis mefis winadadebebis ganxilva madridis samefo karze
(saxelmwifo sabWos dokumentebis mixedviT)
gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos istoriaSi XVII saukunis I naxevari mniSvnelovani
politikuri movlenebiT gamoirCeva. Znelbedobis Jams qarTl-kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-ma
yuradReba dasavleT evropas miapyro, sadac sagangebo politikuri misiiT aRWurvili
qarTuli elCoba gaagzavna cnobili sasuliero moRvawisa da despanis nikifore irbaxis
(nikoloz irubaqiZe-ColoyaSvili) xelmZRvanelobiT. aRniSnuli elCoba qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa rigs ganekuTvneba da Cveni qveynis
warsulis gansacdeliT aRsavse periods ukavSirdeba. Teimuraz I-s surda dasavleT evropaSi
Zlieri mokavSire hyoloda espaneTis mefe felip IV-is saxiT, Tundac mis mimarT vasaluri
damokidebulebis aRiarebis fasad. qarTveli despanis mier SeTavazebuli winadadeba espaneT-
saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb ormxriv dainteresebas
iTvaliswinebda im samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod, romelsac sparseTis asalagmavad
Teimuraz I espaneTisagan moeloda. am mizniT igi felip IV-s Tavis qmediT mokavSireobas
sTavazobda saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg aziis im regionSi, sadac am ori qristianuli qveynis
sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis ganxorcieleba savsebiT realuri Canda.
statiaSi SeviswavleT espaneTis qalaq valiadolidis saistorio arqivSi daculi
saarqivo dokumentebi, romlebic naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian saqarTvelo-espaneTis XV-XVII
saukuneebSi arsebul religiur, politikur da diplomatiur urTierTobebze1. am
dokumentebis saxiT samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semodis wyaroebi, romlebic saqarTvelo-
dasavleT evropis urTierTobebis istoriis mTeli rigi aqamde ucnobi movlenebisa da
faqtebis aRdgenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. qarTul istoriografiaSi, amave dros SevecadeT
ukve cnobili wyaroebis dazustebas da maT axleburad gagebas. aRniSnuli wyaroebi kidev
ufro utyuars xdis im faqts, rom saqarTvelos urTierToba evropis qveynebTan iyo ara
SemTxveviTi, aramed kanonzomieri. igi xorcieldeboda imdroindeli saerTaSoriso,
religiuri da politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
profesorebi g. Jordania da z. gamezardaSvili fiqroben, rom Teimurazis werili
miwerilia ara uSualod espaneTis mefisadmi, aramed qarTveli elCisadmi. mkvlevarTa azriT,
n. irbaxs evaleboda am werilis mixedviT Camoeyalibebina Seqmnili viTareba da, Tavisi mefis
saxeliT, Tavadve daewera espaneTis monarqisaTvis gadasacemi werili2. Cven ar veTanxmebiT
am mosazrebas da movixmobT saTanado argumentebs: Teimurazis werili mimarTulia uSualod
espaneTis monarqisadmi da ara n. irbaxisadmi. werilis adresatia felip IV, rasac misi
saprotokolo formula gvidasturebs. aseve, mesame pirSi iyo dawerili romis papisadmi
gagzavnili Teimurazis werili, romlis laTinur da italiur enebze Sesrulebul TargmanSi
papi ukve moxseniebulia meore pirSi. vfiqrobT, cdebian profesorebi g. Jordania da z.
gamezardaSvili, roca amtkiceben, rom es werilebi iyo, upirveles yovlisa, elCisadmi
gankuTvnili instruqciebi, romelTa mixedviTac mas unda ewarmoebina molaparakeba. maTi
azriT, es werilebi unda yofiliyo is sanimuSo forma, romlis mixedviTac nikifore irbaxs
ucxour enebze unda Seedgina werilebi, rac man kidevac Seasrula madridsa da romSi
1Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993. 2Г. Жордания, З. Гамезардашвили. Римско-католическая миссия и Грузия. г. I. Тбилиси, 1994, стр. 52.
132
TarjimanTa meSveobiT (madridSi berZen konstantine sofias, romSi ki berZen kariofiles
daxmarebiT)3.
Teimurazs diplomatiuri molaparakebis mTavar miznad qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
diplomatiuri sagareo izolaciidan gamoyvana da dasavleT evropis qveynebTan (umTavresad
espaneTTan da romis papTan) daaxloeba miaCnda. swored espaneTis mefesa da romis paps unda
SeeyvanaT Teimurazi da misi samefo dasavleTis qristianul saxelmwifoTa erTobaSi da
ganemtkicebinaT misi saerTaSoriso avtoriteti.
1626 wlis 1 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi ierusalimis patriarqi Teofane
espaneTis mefe felip IV-Tan rekomendacias uwevda Teimurazis diplomatiur misias da
piradad mis elCs _ nikifore irbaxs. amave dros, es werili iyo, erTgvari, rwmunebaTa
sigeli, romelic felip IV-s egzavneboda patriarqis warmomadgenlis, arqidiakon aTanases
xeliT. werilSi xazgasmuli iyo espaneTis monarqisa da qarTveli mefis erTi sarwmunoebrivi
erTguleba, sagangebod iyo aRniSnuli is, Tu rogor iyvnen Sewuxebulebi qarTvelebi iranis
Sahisagan. nikifores TxovniT, patriarqi werilSi gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebda yuradRebas
espaneTis monarqis mxridan qarTvelebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis aucileblobaze.
m. TamaraSvili miCnevs, rom madridis molaparakebebs savaraudod hqonda antiiranuli
xasiaTi. igi wers: „neapolidan qarTveli elCi pirdapir gaemgzavra madridSi, raTa
waeqezebina espaneTis mefe daewyo omi sparselTa winaaRmdeg. marTalia nikifore am
molaparakebidan kmayofili dabrunda, magram ar Cans ra dapireba miiRo man. naTelia, rom
sparseTis winaaRmdeg omi ase advili gansaxorcielebeli ar iyo, rameTu evropis
saxelmwifoTa monarqebi megobrulad iyvnen sparseTis mimarT ganwyobilni, radgan es
ukanaskneli evropelebTan erTad ibrZoda osmanTa winaaRmdeg“4. simankas arqivSi aRmoCenili
dokumentebidan irkveva, rom espaneTis mefes qarTvelTa elCma warudgina antiiranuli
samxedro-politikuri kavSiris proeqti. amis safuZvelze SeiZleba msjeloba, Tu rogor
warmarTa qarTvelTa elCma espaneTis mefis mrCevlebTan saubari. 1. nikifore espanur
mxaresTan saubrisas araerTgzis aRniSnavs Tavisi misiis saidumlo xasiaTs. Tan acxadebs,
rom misi misia „Rrma saidumloebiT unda inaxebodes, rameTu es exeba mravali qristianis
yofna-aryofnis sakiTxs“. 2. irbaxma espanel mrCevlebs moaxsena Tavisi personis Sesaxeb,
auwya, rom igi aris nikifore irubaxisZe (irbaxi), qarTveli, wm. basilis ordenis beri,
saidumlo davalebiT wargzavnili qarTvelTa mefis Teimurazis mier, romlis erTgul
msaxursac igi warmoadgens. 3. sityvaSi, elCi dawvrilebiT Seexo Tavisi qveynis mdgomareobas
da Tavisi mefis pirovnebas. elCma aRniSna, rom Teimuraz mefe flobda „eqvs samefos“,
dasaxlebuls „uZvelesi meomari xalxiT“ qarTvelebiT, romlebic garSemortymulni arian
mtruli xalxebis _ sparselTa da TurqTa saxelmwifoebiT. 4. irbaxma moxsenebaSi
Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa Tavisi mefe: Teimuraz mefe _ kaTolike qristiani, bibliuri mefe
daviTis STamomavali, uZvelesi samefo gvaris warmomadgenelia. elCma mefe Teimurazi
moixsenia SesaniSnav mxedarTmTavrad, romelmac arc Tu didi xnis winaT (igulisxmeba 1625
weli) iranis Sahs waarTva (daibruna) „sami samefo“ da erTi wlis manZilze samjer daamarcxa.
aseve osmalebs waarTva maT mier uzurpirebuli samefo. 5. maTTan saubarSi elCma ganacxada,
rom igi, rogorc Tavisi mfarvelis Teimurazis elCi sTavazobs espaneTis mefe Sekras maTTan
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri, da axsna, Tu ratom surs Teimurazs swored espaneTTan da
mis mefesTan kavSiri, sxva evropul saxelmwifoebTan msgavsi molaparakebis dawyebamde.
nikifores ganacxadis Tanaxmad, Teimuraz I moxibla kaTolike mefis siZlierem, romelic
warmoadgens wminda kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis erTaderT sayrdensa da mfarvels da aseve, im
garemoebamac, rom espaneTis monarqs da qarTvelTa mefes saerTo mtrebi hyavT, upirveles
yovlisa, iranis Sahis saxiT. 6. qarTvelTa elCi cdilobda espaneTis mefis mrCevlebi
daerwmunebina imaSi, rom espaneTis mefisTvis savsebiT xelsayreli iqneboda qarTvelTa
mefesTan kavSiri. amis dasadastureblad elCs mohyavda sami argumenti. Teimurazi iqneboda
kaTolike mefis Rirseuli mokavSire da partniori saerTo mtrebis, upirveles yovlisa,
3Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993, pp. 52. 4mixeil TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. Tbilisi, 1902, gv. 92.
133
sparseTis mefis (iranis Sahi) winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. am ukanasknels nikifore udides tiranad
da Tavisi kaTolikuri rwmenis da qristes saxelis dauZinebel mtrad moixseniebda. nikifore
Tavisi xelmwifis samxedro Zalebs gazviadebulad warmoadgenda da aRniSnavda, rom
Teimurazs mzadyofnaSi hyavs asiaTasiani laSqari da CamoTvlida Tu ra gamarjvebebs
miaRwies maT Sahze. amasTan erTad, nikifore aRniSnavda, Tu ra warmatebebi SeiZleba moetana
espaneTis mefis TeimurazTan erTad brZolas Sahis winaaRmdeg. Teimurazisgan Seviwroebuli
Sahi, romelic erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samjer daamarcxa qarTvelTa mefem, ver moaxerxebda
ormuzSi mebrZoli Tavisi xalxis daxmarebas espaneTis mefis winaaRmdeg5.
nikifore aseve cdilobda daerwmunebina espaneTis mrCevlebi imaSi, rom kaTolike
mefisaTvis momgebiani iqneboda Teimuraz mefesTan kavSiri ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac,
rameTu Teimurazis gankargulebaSi iyo uxvi da mdidari provinciebi da miwebi, sadac aris
oqrosa da vercxlis sabadoebi, romelTa damuSaveba saomari viTarebis gamo ar xerxdeboda.
magram, roca saerTo mters daamarcxeben (igulisxmeba iranis Sahi) da aRdgeba kavSiri da
vaWroba, espaneTis mefe saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis damyarebiT miiRebs did sargebels.
7. espaneTis mefis mrCevlebTan qarTvelma elCma Camoayaliba is amocanebi, romlebic espaneT-
saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri kavSiris miznebs warmoadgenda. upirveles yovlisa unda
daemarcxebinaT iranis Sahi da gaeTavisuflebinaT iranTa uRlisagan Sahis mier dapyrobili
qveynebis xalxebi. 8. rogori xasiaTi unda hqonoda am samxedro-politikur kavSirs? irkveva,
rom es kavSiri iTvaliswinebda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis espanel monarqze vasalur
damokidebulebas. Teimurazi varaudobda, rom espaneTis mefe, romelsac igi miiCnevda Tavis
mbrZaneblad mas saTanadod daexmareboda. Teimurazi upirveles yovlisa misgan iTxovda
samaradJamo mSvidobas, megobrobas, kavSirs, urTierTobis damyarebas. mis udidebulesobas
igi sTavazobs Tavis samefoebs, iaraRs, avladidebas, mTel Tavis Zalas misi udidebulesobis
nebismieri mtris winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki sparselTa winaaRmdeg... 9. qarTveli elCi
mimarTavda TxovniT espaneTis mefes, rom mis udidebulesobas umokles vadaSi Seetyobinebina
misTvis pasuxi samefo werilebze, romlebic mis udidebulesobas warudgina, agreTve mis
mier aRZrul winadadebebze, iseve rogorc espaneTidan misi gamgzavrebis SesaZleblobis
Taobaze, raTa mas moexerxebina espaneTidan gamgzavreba Tavisi misiis gansaxorcieleblad6.
espaneTis mefis mrCevlebTan qarTveli elCis saubridan naTeli xdeba, rom nikiforem
espaneTis mefes SesTavaza samxedro-politikuri kavSiris Sekvra, romelSic Teimurazs
umcrosi partnioris roli eniWeboda. qarTveli mefe felip IV-s Tavis siuzerenad miiCnevda
da pirobas aZlevda, rom misi erTguli vasali iqneboda nebismieri mtris, gansakuTrebiT
iranis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
nikifores Txovna _ espaneTs omi gamoecxadebina sparseTTan, Zneli
gansaxorcielebeli iyo, rameTu, im droisaTvis espaneli monarqebi ufro megobrulad iyvnen
sparseTTan, radgan es ukanaskneli sxva evropelebTan erTad ibrZoda osmanTa winaaRmdeg7.
espaneTisaTvis mTavar mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda ara irani, aramed osmanTa imperia.
evropaSi mimdinare ̀ ocdaaTwliani omis~ gamo (romelSic espaneTic aRmoCnda Cabmuli)
espaneTi dainteresebuli iyo megobruli urTierToba daemyarebina iranTan da igi osmanTa
imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken waeqezebina. Tu espaneTis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli
aRmoCndeboda antiiranuli samxedro-politikuri kavSiri, maSin qarTuli elCoba
imedovnebda, rom saTadarigod eqneboda sxva proeqti _ antiosmaluri samxedro-politikuri
kavSiris saxiT. j. vaTeiSvili aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia irbaxi madridSi elCobisas
iZulebuli gamxdariyo Seecvala Tavisi gegmebi espaneTis xelisufalTa politikis
gaTvaliswinebiT8. Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom n. irbaxis diplomatiuri misiis mTavari
amocana mdgomareobda SemdegSi: sagareo politikuri izolaciisagan exsnaT Teimurazis
samefo da moeZebnaT Zlieri mokavSire; Tu romel saxelmwifosTan kavSiris meSveobiT
ganxorcieldeboda es amocana, mas ukve meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeboda. amave dros,
5Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993, pp. 432-433. 6j. vaTeiSvili. nikifore irbaxis nakvalevze._ gazeTi `komunisti~, #175. 7mixeil TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. Tbilisi, 1902, gv. 93. 8j. vaTeiSvili. nikifore irbaxis nakvalevze._ gazeTi `komunisti~, #175.
134
qarTveli elCi aRniSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo qarTul-espanuri samxedro-politikuri
kavSiris Seqmna. swored amitom am proeqtis irgvliv espaneTis samefo sabWoSi gaimarTa
sakmaod seriozuli da xangrZlivi msjeloba. savaraudod, espanur enaze Targmnisas iqna
Setanili garkveuli koreqtivebi Teimurazisa da ierusalimis patriarqis werilebis
originalebSi.
Teimuraz mefis „survilebi da mosazrebani“ espaneTis xelisuflebis interesebTan
SesabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili, ris Semdegac mefis brZanebiT, Teimuraz mefis werilis
Targmani da nikifores mier wardgenili sxva werilebic, gadaeca saxelmwifo sabWos.
wardgenili masalebi sabWom 1627 wlis 29 ivliss guldasmiT ganixila da misi TiToeuli
wevris mosazreba mefes warudgina. moxsenebiTi baraTis mixedviT, sabWos wevrebis
winadadebebi da moTxovnebi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:
1. mefes rekomendacias aZleven gansaxilvelad miiRos saqarTvelos mefis winadadeba
(don avgustin mesia, hercogi de feria).
2. sabWos sami wevrisagan Semdgarma komisiam mousminos nikifore irbaxs (don avgustin
mesia, grafi de monterei, grafi de CinCo).
3. aucilebeli iyo qarTvel mefes jer papisaTvis Semdeg ki espaneTis mefisaTvis
miemarTa. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs papis azrs (don avgustin mesia, markiz de
montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de san lukari, sulieri mama).
4. iberiis mefes gaegzavnos espaneTis mefis werili, romelSic aisaxeba mTavrobis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba (don avgustin mesia).
5. iberiis mefes upasuxon damakmayofilebeli dapirebebiT (markiz de montesklarosi,
grafi hercogi de san lukari, don xuan de viliela).
6. aris Tu ara nikifore irbaxi iberiis mefis elCi? amis garkveva daevalos espaneTis
elCs romSi graf de oniates an neapolis vice mefes hercog albas. am ukanasknels daevala,
agreTve, informaciis Segroveba saqarTveloze (markiz de montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de
san lukari, markizi de la inoxosa, grafi de monterei, sulieri mama, don xuan de viliela,
hercogi de feria, grafi de CinCo).
7. osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omze TavSekaveba, ramdenadac is qveyana (saqarTvelo),
romelic omSi daxmarebas iTxovs ar aris kaTolikuri. amdenad omi sargebels ar moutans
kaTolikur eklesias (markiz de montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de san lukari).
8. iberiis mefisaTvis daxmareba gamoiwvevs osmaleTis yuradRebis aRmosavleTiT
gadatanas, rac sasargeblo iqneba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli germaniisaTvis (markizi
de la inoxosa).
9. iberiaSi gaigzavnos erTi an ramdenime kaci, romlebic Seiswavlian qveynis
mdgomareobas da mis samxedro potencials (markiz de montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de san
lukari, markizi de la inoxosa, hercogi de feria).
10. espaneTis omma, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamoiwvios muslimanuri qveynebis
antiespanuri koaliciis Seqmna, rac arasasurvelia (don fernando xironi, grafi de
monterei).
11. elCis dasaCuqreba da samgzavro fuliT uzrunvelyofa (markizi de la inoxosa,
sulieri mama, grafi de segorbe, grafi de CinCo)9.
antiosmaluri laSqrobis gegma mokled aris gadmocemuli Teimurazis werilis
espanur TargmanSi, sakmaod dawvrilebiT ki relaciaSi, romelic sajarod iqna ganxiluli
samefo mrCevelTa mier10. zogierTi mrCeveli dadebiTad gamoexmaura Teimurazis gegmas da
pirovnebas (markizi monteskliaresi, hercogi de sanlukari, markizi de inoxosa,
neapolitaniis vice-mefe hercogi alba, grafi de monterei, xuan de vilela, avgustin mesia,
fernando xironi, hercogi de feria...) Teimurazis werilis ganxilvisas warmoiSva sxvadasxva
Sexedulebebi _ zogi Tvlida, rom saSiSi iyo osmalTa imperiis winaaRmdeg omis wamowyeba,
9Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993, pp. 433-434; ix.: eldar mamisTvaliSvili. saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia. II tomi. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 243-244. 10Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993, pp. 434-449.
135
Tumca es ukanaskneli iyo qristianobis mteri... fernando xironis azriT, saWiro iyo
pativiscemiT mohkideboda elCis winadadebas, magram ar Careuliyo mosalodnel omSi
osmalTa winaaRmdeg, elCisTvis ki SeeTavazebinaT fuladi daxmareba da sityvieri
SeTanxmebebiT Semofargluliyvnen. grafi de monterei Tvlida, rom amgvari erToblivi
laSqroba espaneTis winaaRmdeg gaaerTianebda mTel muslimur Zalebs. gamoiTqva eWvic _
aris Tu ara irbaxi namdvilad Teimuraz I-is elCi, aris Tu ara sarwmuno irbaxis mier
Camotanili werilebi... gamoiTqva azri, sasurveli iyo iberiis mefes jer Tavad miemarTa
papisaTvis da mxolod papis sanqciis miRebis Semdeg miemarTa espaneTis mefisaTvis. romis
papis kurTxevis gareSe, kaTolike mefes ar unda mieca saqarTvelos mefis winadadebaze
Tanxmoba. aseve, gamoiTqva eWvi, iberiis mefis samxedro Zalebi realuria? sabWoze iTqva, rom
iberiis mefe maSin unda CarTuliyo espaneTis mefesTan kavSirSi, Tu is gaxdeboda WeSmariti
kaTolike. iTqva isic, rom iberiis mefes unda mieRo kaTolikoba, aseve, miCneul iqna, rom
iberiis mefes ar SeeZlo kaTolikuri rwmenis miReba Tavis qveSevrdomebisgan Tanxmobis
gareSe. espaneli mrCeveli TiTqosda Wvretda im viTarebas, romelic gvian ganviTarda qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoSi. mrCevlebi moiTxovdnen molaparakebebSi CarTuliyo ori pirovneba,
espaneTis elCi papis karze grafi de oniate da neapolitaniis vice-mefe hercogi alba.
kardinali sapata elCis mier Camotanili werilebis sandoobas eWvqveS ayenebda da moiTxovda
es werilebi gadaegzavnaT romSi _ oniatesa da neapolSi _ albasaTvis, raTa maT am
werilebis sandooba ganexilaT da saqmis kursSi yofiliyvnen. aseve, hercogi de san lukari
moiTxovda n. irbaxis elCobis mTeli masalebi gadaegzavnaT albasaTvis, raTa mas
daedasturebina iyo Tu ara irbaxis elCoba sarwmuno, aseve, daedgina romeli sarwmunoebis
mimdevari iyo iberiis mefe. Tu es yvelaferi sando iqneboda, maSin Tavad albas am daxmarebis
sakiTxic unda gadaewyvita. albas unda gaeyolebina qarTveli elCisaTvis iberiaSi ori
misioneri, raTa Tavad darwmunebuliyvnen ra Zalebis mflobeli iyo iberiis mefe.
madrididan saqarTveloSi irbaxTan erTad unda wasuliyo komisia 2-3 samefo mrCevlis
monawileobiT, romelTac unda SeeswavlaT Teimurazis samefoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SesaZleblobebi. am mrCevlebis mier mokvleuli masalebi unda
gagzavniliyo hercog albasTan, romelic daadgenda ra samxedro Zalebs flobda iberiis
mefe da ramdenad sando iyo irbaxis elCoba. mefis mrCevlebi aRniSnavdnen, rom maTTvis
mTavari iyo romis kaTolikuri eklesiis interesebis da rwmenis dacva. qarTveli mefis
elCis winadadebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebdnen, Tu am winadadebebis ganxilva
momgebiani iqneboda eklesiisaTvis. ra moTxovnebi unda Seesrulebina qarTul mxares: 1.
iberiis mefes unda hqonoda didi samxedro Zalebi, romlebic SeZlebdnen dasaxuli gegmis
ganxorcielebas; 2. imisaTvis, rom gamxdariyo kaTolike mefis mokavSire, iberiis mefes unda
mieRo romis kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba. Tu es ori moTxovna ganxorcieldeboda, hercogi de
feria SesaZleblad Tvlida espaneTs monawileoba mieRo antiosmalur laSqrobaSi. pirveli
ganxilva Sedga 29 ivliss, meore _ 20 seqtembers (1627 w.). ganxilvas eswreboda qarTveli
elCi, romelic pasuxobda mefis mrCevlebis kiTxvebze. sxdomis Semdeg mefes waredgina
mrCevelTa moxsenebiTi baraTi11. qarTvel elCTan erTad unda gagzavniliyo xuan vinsensio
de san feliCe, grafi de banili, maTTan erTad unda gagzavniliyo ori italieli Teatineli
misioneri. elCs dausves kiTxvebi: 1. ramdenad SeeZlo iberiis mefes gamoeyvana meomrebi
osmalTa winaaRmdeg; 2. Tu datovebdnen meomarTa nawils sparselebisagan qveynis dasacavad;
3. rogor ucxadebda morCilebas iberiis mefe paps, mihqonda Tu ara irbaxs papTan Teimuraz
I-is werili; 4. ra xasiaTis damokidebuleba eqneboda iberiis mefes espaneTis mefisadmi; 5.
mzad iyo Tu ara elCi Tavisi misiis gasagrZeleblad gamgzavrebuliyo neapolSi.
irbaxma upasuxa espaneTis mefis mrCevelTa kiTxvebs, moxerxebulad Seecada gverdi
aevlo zogierTi kiTxvisagan, man kargad warmoaCina gamocdili diplomatisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli taqtianoba12. irbaxi Seecada daerwmunebina Tavisi mosaubreni imaSi, rom
Teimurazze aranakleb, Tavad iranis Sahi iqneboda dainteresebuli Tavisi saukunovani,
11Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993, pp. 447-449. 12Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).
Madrid, 1993, pp. 448.
136
mTavari mowinaaRmdegis, osmalTa imperiis damarcxebiT da siriis warTmeviT, romelic
imxanad osmalTa xelSi imyofeboda. kaTolike mefis mrCevlebs unda moswonebodaT qarTl-
kaxeTis mefis vasaluri damokidebulebis samomavlo perspeqtiva. rac Seexeba Teimurazis
sarwmunoebis sakiTxs. nikiforem arc Tanxmoba ganacxada da arc uari (icoda ra, rom es
SeuZlebeli iyo), man Tavi aarida zust pasuxs, Tumca agrZnobina mrCevlebs, rom uaryofiTi
poziciis dafiqsirebas ar apirebdnen. romSi nikifore Seecdeboda daerwmunebina papi da
kardinalebi, rom mieCniaT Teimurazi `morwmune kaTolike xelmwifed. papis dadebiTi
gadawyvetileba sakmarisi iqneboda, rom momxdariyo espanur-qarTuli samxedro-politikuri
kavSiris damyareba. moxsenebiT baraTSi naTqvami iyo: iberiis mefis elCi aRmoCnda Wkviani
adamiani da man gasca gonivruli pasuxebi dasmul kiTxvebze. amitom migvaCnia, rom igi unda
aRWurvil iyos yovelgvari pativiT13. qarTvelTa elCma Tavisi gonivruli moqmedebiT
gafanta yvela eWvi. espaneTis mmarTvelma wreebma momgebianad miiCnies rogorc antiosmaluri
koaliciis Seqmnis gegma, aseve espaneT-saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri kavSiris
damyarebac, magram am mosazrebebma asaxva ar hpoves im dokumentebSi, romlebic iqna
gamoqveynebuli.
dasavleT evropis uZlieresi kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebi romis papis meTaurobiT
osmaleTTan momaval dapirispirebaSi sparseTs TavianT potenciur mokavSired ganixilavdnen
da, cxadia, axlo aRmosavleTSi TavianT am globalur politikas saqarTvelos interesebs
ver dauqvemdebarebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi, qarTveli elCi iZulebuli xdeboda ahyoloda
dasavluri politikuri samyaros liderebs da mxari aeba momavali erToblivi galaSqrebis
gegmisTvis (rac misTvisac iyo misaRebi) osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, romelic saqarTvelosTvis
im konkretul istoriul viTarebaSi sparseTTan SedarebiT nakleb saSiSi iyo.
migvaCnia, rom: warmodgenil naSromSi mTeli rigi dokumenturi masalis Seswavlisa
da gaanalizebis safuZvelze dadgenili da axleburad gaSuqebulia saqarTvelos sagareo-
politikuri da religiuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, gamoTqmulia mTeli rigi mosazrebebi:
• n. irbaxis romSi Casvla SesaZlebelia dagegmili Tavad iyo madridis samefo karze;
espaneTis monarqi felip IV urban VIII-sTan daZabuli urTierTobis mogvarebas swored
qarTveli elCis meSveobiT fiqrobda, rameTu, irbaxis mSobliuri qveynis saxiT, kaTolikur
eklesias ufro mWidrod daakavSirebda romis papis mier saqarTveloSi axlad gagzavnil
TeatinelTa misiasTan.
• nikifore irbaxis evropuli misia saqarTvelos dasavluri orientaciis praqtikuli
gamovlinebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino demonstracia iyo. samwuxarod, Tavis
problemaSi Caflulma evropam saqarTvelosaTvis ver moicala da mefe Teimuraz I
iZulebuli gaxda qveynis gadarCenis sxva gzebi eZebna.
• 1625-1628 wlebis qarTuli elCoba Rrmad gaazrebuli, safuZvlianad momzadebuli
politikuri RonisZieba iyo. Cvens mier Seswavlili saarqivo sabuTebidan kargad Cans irbaxis
diplomatiuri misiis ZiriTadi monaxazi. sabuTebis Sinaarsis gacnoba-Seswavla saSualebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rogori iyo dasavleT evropis qveynebSi qarTuli elCobis politikuri
dedaazri. igi ar unda ganvixiloT, rogorc gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili qristiani
mefis Txovna-mudara Svela-daxsnis Taobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli elCi Seecdeboda
sxva, ufro axlos mdebare, aranakleb Zlier qristianul saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebas.
magram mas Tavisi xelisufalisagan sagangebod hqonda davalebuli swored espaneTTan
ewarmoebina molaparakeba da sparseTTan ukiduresad gamwvavebuli urTierTobiT gamowveuli
qveynis politikuri siduxWire uSualod daekavSirebina portugalia-sparseTis konfliqtur
situaciasTan ormuzis srutis regionSi.
• espaneT-saqarTvelos antiosmaluri gegmebis Seswavla-gaanalizebam gviCvena, rom
dasavleTSi _ espaneTi, xolo aRmosavleTSi _ saqarTvelo yvelaze naTlad xedavdnen da
sworad afasebdnen osmalur safrTxes qristianobisaTvis;
• qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is warmomadgenlis nikifore irbaxis madridSi
elCoba (1626-1627 wlebSi) naTlad miuTiTebs imaze, rom espaneTis samefo kars antiosmaluri
problemis gadawyvetaSi yvelaze saimedo mokavSired saqarTvelo miaCnda;
13ilia tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi. tomi meore. Tbilisi, 1986, 168.
137
• espaneTi, rogorc XVI-XVII saukuneebis saerTaSoriso wesrigis warmomadgeneli
kaTolikuri saxelmwifo, aRmosavleTSi swored saqarTvelos miiCnevda ZiriTad religiur
sayrdenad msoflio kaTolikuri samyaros SeqmnaSi;
• dasavleTSi - espaneTi, aRmosavleTSi - saqarTvelo yvelaze naTlad da sworad
xedavda osmalur safrTxes qristianebisaTvis. albaT, amaSi espaneTis mxridan did rols
asrulebda rekonkistas gavlili gzis istoriuli mgrZnobeloba da qarTvelTa simtkice
qristianobis dacvis saqmeSi.
• qarTul-espanur globalur gegmebSi vgulisxmobT antiosmalur safrTxes, xolo
konkretulSi - religiur unias. aseve, yovelive amis gaanalizebiT unda gamovlindes am or
qveyanas Soris real-politikis ZiriTadi principebi.
• migvaCnia, rom mTeli rigi sakiTxis garkveva-Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca naTlad
dagvenaxa, Tu ra principebi edo safuZvlad saqarTvelos evropuli politikis prevalirebas
evropis ama Tu im qveyanaze mokavSiris ZiebaSi.
• madridis samefo kars umniSvnelovanesi samxedro-politikuri problemebis
gadawyvetaSi yvelaze saimedo mokavSired saqarTvelo miaCnda. sagareo politikuri
interesebis Tanxvedram saqarTvelo da espaneTi Tanamoazre qveynebad aqcia da ganapiroba
erTad dapirispirebodnen osmalur agresias da SeeqmnaT saerTo samxedro politikuri
koalicia.
• Cveni kvlevis Sedegad, gamovlinda saqarTvelos evropaze orientaciis warsuli
istoriuli perspeqtivebi, romlebmac axleburad dagvanaxes Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
miswrafebebi evropul ojaxSi gaerTianebisaken.
• qalaq simankas generalur saistorio arqivSi daculi da Cvens mier Seswavlili
masala, erTi mxriv, adasturebs sxvadasxva istoriul dokumentSi moxseniebuli cnobebisa
da faqtebis utyuarobas, xolo, meore mxriv, ufro dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems movlenaTa
msvlelobis calkeul detalebs. xsenebuli dokumentebi naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian im did
mxardaWeraze, romelsac imxanad saqarTvelos mimarT iCendnen romis papi da dasavleT
evropis kaTolikuri qveynebi.
Mariam Gabunia
King of Iberia’s proposals discussion at Madrid royal court
(According to the documents of the State Council)
Summary
The ambessadors sent by TeimurazI and led by Nikipore Irbakhi (Nikoloz Cholokashvili) are being in the center of
researchers’ attention for a long time. Nearly every researcher declares that the aim of these ambassadors was the creation
of anti-Ottoman coalition. To our mind, this fact contradicts historical sources and even there is no logical reality. The
king Teimuraz aimed to find anti Iranian and anti anti-Ottoman force in Europe (this interest drove him to Spain royalty.
Teimuraz and his partners supposed that Spain had anti Iranian course but later they found out that the opposition was not
strong enough to create anti Iranian coalition. That’s why Nikipore Irbaki and Spanish guards instead of creating anti
Iranian coalition worked out the plan of anti-Ottoman coalition). Diplomatic relation between Kartl-Kakheti and Spain
did not continue any more.
138
Teimuraz petriaSvili, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
mefe erekles gardacvaleba da dakrZalva
aRa mahmad xanma udidesi ziani miayena qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, Tumca
saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba mterma mainc ver SeZlo. qveyana isev fexze idga. daiwyo
miwasTan gasworebuli Tbilisis aRdgena. qarTvelebma ganjac dalaSqres da Tbilisidan
aRa mahmad xanis mier wayvanili tyveebis didi nawili ukan daabrunes. mTlianobaSi qarTl-
kaxeTis samefo mainc umZimes mdgomareobaSi rCeboda. bolo ar uCanda lekTa Semosevebs. aRa
mahmad xani Tbilisze axali laSqrobisaTvis emzadeboda. yovelive amas Tan erTvoda erekle
II-is avadmyofoba. Tu sul oriode wlis win mefe cxens uzangSi fexis gauyrelad
Seafrindeboda, axla sisuste Seepara, unagirze jdoma uWirda. mdgomareoba imanac
gaarTula, rom 1797 wlis zafxulze, ganjidan Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi Savi Wiri
gavrcelda1. epidemiam ifeTqa da aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla ̀ momsvrelma senma~. TbilisSi
gaCereba saSiSi iyo, xalxi qalaqidan gadioda da saimedo adgilebs afarebda Tavs2. erekle
II Telavidan marTavda samefos da TbilisSi myof taxtis memkvidres, giorgis davalebebs
aZlevda. mefe yvelafris kursSi iyo, rac ki qveyanaSi xdeboda.
1797 wlis Semodgomidan erekle II-is janmrTeloba gauaresda. mefes fexebi
usivdeboda. ambobdnen wyalmanki sWirso. `seni mefisa iyo wyliT MAmankiereba“ – aRniSnavs
Teimuraz batoniSvili3. BAeqimis daxmarebiT liTonis patara basri xelsawyoTi – neStriT
(romelic asacrelad da sisxlis gamosaSvebad gamoiyeneboda) mefem Sesiebuli wvivis midamo
daisera da siTxe gamouSva. `erT fexze erTi ori neStriT aviceriT da wyali gvdis, RvTis
mowyalebiT kargaTa varT: marcxena wvivSi gaviWeriT neStriT organ da wyali kargad
gamodis“ – werda erekle werilSi Tavis vaJs farnaozs4. magram, „wyliT mankiereba“ farTe
cnebaa da ama Tu im organoSi siTxe sxvadasxva daavadebis dros, sxvadasxva mizeziT
SeiZleba dagrovdes, qveda kidurebis SeSupeba ufro xSirad gulis ukmarisobis erT–erTi
niSania. am SemTxvevaSic, albaT mainc gulis ukmarisoba iyo fexebis Sesivebis mizezi da
Sesivebuli adgilebidan siTxis gamoSveba mefis zogad janmrTelobas ar gaaumjobesebda,
Tumca ki tkivilebsa da qvemo kidurebSi usiamovno SegrZnebas odnav Seumsubuqebda. fexebis
Sesivebas isic Seuwyobda xels, rom moZrav cxovrebas SeCveuli erekle II, rogorc Cans,
fizikur sisustes amjeradac ar epueboda da SeZlebisgvarad bevrs moZraobda. mZime
avadmyofi, sikvdilis wina xanebSic ki msaxurebis daxmarebiT Tavad gadioda gareT
bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. es ki ufro gaaZlierebda fexebis SeSupebas5.
eqimis rCeviT, qaTmis bulioni miarTves mefes, magram iuara: axla marxvaa, me rom marxva
gavtexo xalxi ras ityvis, Tavad rogor moiqcevao.
1798 wlis ianvris damdegs mefis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba kritikuli gaxda. 5
ianvars gulis midamoSi usiamovno SegrZneba daeufla, goneba dakarga, ramdenime saaTi
gaunZrevlad iwva, Semdeg Tvalebi gaaxila, gons movida, axloblebs gadaxeda, albaT
1saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 205. 2saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 205; Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 60. 3Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 60. 4saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 207. 5Teimuraz petriaSvili. aRsasruli da gapatiosneba patara kaxisa._ Jurnali `istoriani~, 2011, #7, gv. 35-40.
139
fiqrobda es ra udroo dros gtovebT Tqvenca da mTels qveyanaso. mefem msaxurebi Semoiyena
gverdiT da sTxova gareT gaeyvanaT bunebrivi moTxovnilebis gamo.
11 ianvars, gamTeniisas – erekle „SemZimda friad“, aRar moZraobda, Tvalgaxelili
erT wertils misCereboda, TiTqos uxmod loculobso. mere, erTxel kidev moavlo Tvali
oTaxs da... „ganTiad SuaRamidgan meSvidesa Jamsa, gardaicvala.“ „TviT masve sawolsa
Sina, romelsaca Sina iSva saxelovani ese mefe, aResrula“. imave sawolSi dalia suli,
romelSic dabadebula6. darejan dedoflis kivilma SesZra samefo darbazi. mas ahyvnen
ojaxis sxva wevrebi.
mefis cxedari marTmadidebluri wesiT gaapatiosnes. yvelas ainteresebda da dResac
ainteresebT ramdeni Wriloba hqonda sxeulze mefes. erekles droindel wyaroebsa da
literaturaSi arsadaa aRniSnuli erekles Wrilobebis Sesaxeb. zogi ambobda erekles tanze
adgili ar moeZeveboda, rom zed naWrilobevi ar hqonodao. zogic siamayiT aRniSnavda _
siCauqis, simarjvis, siZlieris, kargi saomari aRWurvilobis wyalobiT arc erTi Wriloba
ar hqoniao. „Tavisi samxedro mamacobis, xelCarTuli brZolis wesebis srulyofilad
dauflebis da brZolaSi xeliTa da TvaliT manZilis araCveulebrivi siswrafis gazomvis
wyalobiT, igi ise Cavida samareSi, rom ar miuRia arcerTi Wriloba. da es im dros, rodesac
ara marto Wabukobis, aramed moxucebulobis drosac igi pirveli eSveboda brZolis
qarcecxlSi da ukanaskneli stovebda mas“ – aRniSnavda m. aleqsiSvili7. ase rom, ramdeni
da ra saxis Wriloba hqonda erekle II – es maT saidumlod darCa, vinc mefis cxedari
gaapatiosna8.
mefis cxedari ormagad Sekrul xis kuboSi Caasvenes. yinulebi Caulages. kubo
Zvirfasi xaliCebiT da Savi xaverdiT morTul did darbazSi dadges.
qveyanaSi didma glovam da uimedobam daisadgura.
darejan dedoflisa da kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-is (ereklesa da darejanis vaJi
– eriskacobaSi Teimurazi) davalebiT cermonialis gegmis Sedgena Telavis sasuliero
seminariis reqtors daviT aleqsis Ze mesxiSvils daevala. mTel qveyanaSi afrines Sikrikebi,
raTa mosaxleobisaTvis mefis gardacvaleba euwyebinaT... da didZali xalxi daiZra
Telavisken, sadac Ramis gasaTevi adgilic aRar iyo. saxeldaxelod gaSlil karvebSi
aTevdnen Rames samZimarze mosulni.
qarTvelebTan erTad sxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis mcxovrebni, sakuTari adaT-wesebis
mixedviT dastirodnen TavianT momavlis imeds.
kubo oc dRes samefo sasaxlis did darbazSi idga, Semdeg sasaxlis axlos Tavad
yorCibaSvil-rusiSvilebis kuTvnil taZarSi gadaasvenes da sakurTxevlis win ambionze
dadges.
ezoSi mefis nivTebis gamosafen sagangebod mowyobil, uZvirfasesi xaliCebiT
morTul adgilze ganalages mefis tansacmeli, samkaulebi, sabrZolo iaraRi, abjari,
unagirebi, jildoebi, saqarTvelos sami daxrili droSa...
miwaze msxdom mejinibeebs aRviriT eWiraT Zvirfasad Sekazmuli gamorCeuli cxenebi mefisa,
iranuli jiSis ori taiWi, erTi - TeTri, meore - mowablisfro-wiTeli feris, romelsac Savi
fafari da Savi Zua hqonda. swored am cxeniT avida mefe mTiuleTSi krwanisis marcxis
Semdeg.
darejan dedofali stumrebis misaRebad sasaxlis did darbazSi gamodioda da
misTvis sagangebod mowyobil, xaliCebiT morTul adgilze jdeboda. garSemo sapatio
stumrebi iyvnen. orive mxares isxdnen asakis mixedviT ganlagebuli batoniSvilebi, Semdeg
samRvdeloeba da warCinebuli Tavadaznauroba Camwkrivebuliyo. TeTri tansacmliT mosili
sefeqalebi tiriliTa da saxis xokviT xvdebodnen stumrebs. sasaxlis oTaxebis kedlebi
6Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 70. 7m. aleqsiSvili. ruseT-saqarTvelos istoriuli urTierTobebis sakiTxebisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 186. 8Teimuraz petriaSvili. aRsasruli da gapatiosneba patara kaxisa._ Jurnali `istoriani~, 2011, #7, gv. 35-40.
140
Signidan da garedan Sav narmas daefara. samgloviaro darbazsa da sasaxlis SesasvlelSi
mdgar kariskacebs gadatexili kverTxebi eWiraT.
darbazSi qudmouxdeli aravin Sedioda, arc fer-umarili hqondaT qalebs wasmuli.
sasaxlis ezoSi moTqmiT Semovida zemo qarTlis yofili sardali, 80 wels
gadacilebuli Tavadi ciciSvili, romelic mefes TiTqmis yvela brZolaSi axlda. igi
erekles unagirs gadaexvia da mwared aqviTinda. wrfeli guliT mistiroda batonsa da
megobars. tiriliTa da saxis xokviT miegeba mas darejan dedofali9.
uamravma adamianma daitira mefis cxedari, magram gansakuTrebiT SesZra Wirisufalni
qiziyeli glexi qvrivi qalis moTqmam. misi natirali mTel saqarTvelos gadaswvda da kidev
erTxel dauTuTqa guli mgloviareT.
samefo karze yvelaze gamorCeuli da ganswavluli kacis, solomon lioniZis
samgloviaro sityva istorias SemorCa, rogorc nimuSi qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli mefis
Rvawlis obieqturad Sefasebisa10.
Semzaravi iyo aragvelTa tirili. maT saqveynod cnobili leqsiT mimarTes
saTayvanebel mefes da misi daRupva saqarTvelosTvis rkinis karis Camoxsnas Seadares.
ruseTidan Camovida erekles erT-erTi vaJi - miriani, romelic, mamis survilisamebr
iq cxovrobda da generlis Cini hqonda miRebuli. 14 weli ar enaxa mirians ded-mama. evropaSi
ganswavluli eqimi, gvarad gorTciuri wamoiyvana Tan, magram mamas samwuxarod cocxals
veRar Camouswro.
Telavisken mimaval gzaze TiTqmis 7 kilometrze orive mxares idga mgloviare xalxi.
miriani cxenidan daqveiTda da sasaxlisken fexiT gaemarTa. ukan adiutanti da mxleblebi
mihyvebodnen.
batoniSvili bundovnad amCnevda, mis danaxvaze, rogor ecemodnen muxlebze SaviT
mosili mgloviare qalebi da kacebi, romlebic gamwarebiT Sestirodnen:
_ vinRa gvipatronebs obolT da gaWirvebulT...
_ vin gandevnis Semoseul mters...
_ vin gaarCevs Cvens tyuilsa da marTals..
_ vin gamoesarCleba RatakT da sneulT...
_ davkargeT saqarTvelos imedi, daiRupa saqarTvelo...
sasaxlis ezoSi miriani SeCerda, Tvalcremlianma gaxeda sasaxles, mere mamis
cxenebTan mivida da maT win muxlze daiCoqa. cxenebi gulSemzaravad aWixvindnen, floqvebis
cemiT aamtveres miwa.
miriani darbazSi Sevida da darejanisken gaemarTa. 14 wlis unaxavi deda-Svili
muxlebze daecnen, daCoqilni gadaexvivnen erTmaneTs da mwared atirdnen. bolos miriani
wamodga, deda anugeSa da batoniSvilebTan mivida misasamZimreblad11.
„erekles sikvdili ise aRiniSna, rogorc erovnuli ubedureba da mefe Tavadma Tu
glexma Tanabrad daitira“12.
am dros, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, qarTlSi Savi Wiri mZvinvarebda, ris gamoc, samefo
ojaxi ramdenime aTeul dRes eloda epidemiis Cacxromas, raTa dakrZalvis ceremoniali
winaswari gegmiT gansazRvruli wesiT Catarebuliyo TbilisSic da mcxeTaSic. miuxedavad
zamTris civi dReebisa da kuboSi yinulebis Calagebisa, iyo cxedris gaxrwnis saSiSroebac.
dro aRar iTmenda, epidemia ar klebulobda da bolos taxtis memkvidre giorgisTan
SeTanxmebiT gadawyda, mefis cxedari gardacvalebidan meormoce dRes pirdapir mcxeTaSi,
sveticxovlis taZarSi daekrZalaT.
erekles gamosvenebis dRes uamravma xalxma moiyara Tavi yorCibaSvil–rusiSvilebis
eklesiis garSemo, romelSic mefis kubo idga. TelavSi da Telavidan gasasvlel gzaze
xalxis teva ar iyo.
9И. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа. Часть II. САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГ, 1869, стр. 440-441. 10Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 73. 11И. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа. Часть II. САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГ, 1869, стр. 442–443. 12platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 120.
141
procesiis win cxenosani da qveiTi jari ganlagda ori zarbazniTurT. ormocdRiani
tirili, samgloviaro wirva-locva da galoba droebiT Sewyda. zarbaznebis baTqma da
Tofebis srolam xalxs auwya, rom erekles cxedars ukve miasvenebdnen mcxeTaSi. atyda
zarebis sulisSemZvreli rekva.
procesia daiZra, savaraudod gomboris gziT midiodnen. kubo xeliT mihqondaT.
erekles kubos xeliT tareba didi pativi iyo yvela qarTvelisaTvis. gzispira soflebSi
gamofenili xalxi xmamaRali tiriliT ukanasknel gzaze acilebda Tavis mefes.
rogorc Cans, dakrZalva, didi pompezurobiT ki iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, magram, Savi Wiris
epidemiis gamo, rogorc amas platon ioseliani aRniSnavs _ ̀ dResaswaulebiT~ ver moxerxda13.
aseve saeWvoa, rom dakrZalva warimarTa ise, rogorc amas winaswar, daviT reqtoris mier
Sedgenili ceremonialis gegma iTvaliswinebda.
***
`oci aTasamde cxenosani da qveiTi mebrZoli miacilebda erekles kuboso~, – wers
rusi istorikosi p. butkovi, romelic dakrZalvis TviTmxilveli ar iyo, amdenad, igi sxva
wyaros eyrdnoba.
es ambavi, simarTles ar unda Seesabameodes da, rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa
dasamcirebladaa mogonili. amiT p. butkovi qarTvelebs TavianTi samSoblosa da mefisadmi
orgulobaSi sdebs brals, TiTqos qveyanas amcnobs: „ai, ra moRalate xalxi arian
qarTvelebi, mefem gadamwyveti brZolisTvis ori aTasi kacic ki ver Seagrova, mis kubos ki
oci aTasi meomari mihyvebodao. sad iyvnen isini maSin, roca uWirda mefes da qveyanaso.”
im dRes TelavSi marTlac Seikribeboda uamravi xalxi, albaT oci aTasze metic,
magram cnobilia, rom maSin qarTl-kaxeTSi, miT umetes marto kaxeTSi, am raodenobis
SeiaraRebul mebrZolTa Sekreba yovlad SeuZlebeli gaxldaT. oci aTasi mebrZoli
ereklesa da Teimurazs, qarTvelTa ricxobrivi simciris gamo, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
gaerTianebul jarSic ar hyoliaT da xSirad sxva qveynis mebrZolebs qiraobdnen saomrad.
garda amisa, Savi Wiris epidemiis gavrcelebis SiSi arsebobda, ris gamoc qarTlidan
kaxeTisken gadaadgileba SezRuduli iyo. Mmodaraje razmelebs imaTi mokvlis uflebac ki
hqondaT vinc ar daemorCileboda da unebarTvod, ZaliT wasvlas moindomebda kaxeTisaken.
oci aTasi meomari marTlac rom mosuliyo dakrZalvaze, rogorc p. butkovi
gvamcnobs, Sekrebili xalxis kolonebi jarTan erTad ramdenime kilometrze gaiWimeboda,
rac warmoudgenelia da rac romelime sxva istoriuli wyaroTi ar dasturdeba. albaT
marTalia cnobili istorikosi platon ioseliani, rodesac brZanebs: `odes mefe
gardaicvala Telavsa, Wiri ese iyo mizezi romel mcirediTa kaciTa da ara dResaswaulebiT
gadaitanes gvami mefisa mcxeTas dasasaflaveblad~14.
im dros bevri araswori da damamcirebeli iwereboda qarTvelebze da p. butkovis
monaTxrobic erT-erTi amgvaria. rasac zogjer, samwuxarod, qarTvelebic vimeorebT da amiT
Cvens istorias vayalbebT. aseTiA Aaraswori da qarTvelTa damamcirebeli ambebis
gavrceleba ruseTis imperias imisaTvis sWirdeboda raTa saqarTvelos ruseTTan
`nebayofilobiTi~ SeerTeba gaemarTlebinaT15.
***
Telavidan wamosuli, erTob SeTxelebuli procesia mesame dRes Tbiliss
mouaxlovda. Savi Wiris mZvinvarebis gamo mefis cxedari qalaqSi ver SeabrZanes da mcire
xniT mainc ver daasvenes sionSi. maxaTas mTis Ziras SeCerdnen, kubo Tbilisisaken Seabrunes,
TiTqos undodaT mefisTvis misi sayvareli da naamagari qalaqi ukanasknelad daenaxvebinaT.
Semdeg avWalisken daiZrnen. mcxeTis gamoRma, sveticxovlis gaswvriv miadgnen aragvs da
kubo mdinaris napirTan dadges. aragvis gaRma mcxeTelebi idgnen. procesiis mosvlisTanave
maT fexiT gadmovles aragvi, raTa mefis cxedari gadaebarebinaT. platon ioseliani wers:
13П. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, ч. II, САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГ. 1869. стр. 442–443. 14platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 120. 15iase cincaZe. aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze. Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 169.
142
„aragvis pirsa dadebuli kubo mefisa miiRes mcxeTelTa da daasaflaves da kaxni arRa
gasruli aragvsa ukuiqcen kaxeTad“16. kaxeTidan mosulebma kidev erTxel daasveles
cremliT mefis cxedari da ukan gabrundnen.
mcxeTelebi miuaxlovdnen da mowiwebiT Tayvani sces mefis cxedars, daiCoqes
kubosTan, Semdeg kubo aswies da ise frTxilad gadaatares aragvze, TiTqos cdilobdnen,
ar gaeRviZebinaT mxcovani, samSobloze fiqriT daRlili mZinare mefe.
kubo sveticxovlis karibWesTan miitanes da iq Semogebebul berebs gadaabares.
Telavidan wamosul WirisufalTagan aravin Sehyolia mcxeTaSi erekles cxedars,
garda samefo karis mRvdel qristefore badriZe-keJeraSvilisa. Savi WiriT daavadebis SiSiT
veravin ekareboda sveticxovlis midamoebs, radgan sveticxovlis ezo da TviT taZari savse
iyo avadmyofebiT. zogi maTgani cocxlad gadarCenis imediT, zogi ki gardauvali sikvdilis
molodinSi RvTis saxls iyvnen Sefarebulni da mis ganaCens elodnen.
qristefore badriZe-keJeraSvili iyo is moZRvari, vinc mefis ojaxs aRuTqva, rom
sakuTari sicocxlis gansacdelSi Cagdebis fasad, aRasrulebda yvela qristianul wess da
sakadrisad dakrZalavda mefes. qveynisa da mefis erTgulma moZRvarma, romelsac manamdec
bevri kargi saqme hqonda qveynisaTvis gakeTebuli, pirnaTlad moixada Tavisi vali – `Tavi
gamoimeta~, `saflavs miudga da emsaxura~, mcire AaRapic gadaixada17.
1799 wlis dekemberSi giorgi XII mRvdel qristefore badriZe-keJeraSvilisadmi
naboZeb sigelSi werda: „kurTxeuli mama Cveni Telavs miicvala, mcxeTas unda migvesvenebina.
mcxeTaSi didi Wiri iyo da svra. Sen dauTalabi Seiqmen, Tavi gamoimete,– rom me Sevyvebio
iaxel Tana qarTlidam kaxeTidama diax mravali xalxi axlda Tan, magram Sens meti aravin
Sehyolia, vinc Sig ar iyvnen mcxeTelT meti Wirianebi. iq saflavs miudeqi da emsaxure“18.
1798 wlis 21 Tebervals, kviras, sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZales qarTl-kaxeTis mefe
erekle II. daasaflaves „mun marjvniT kerZo Sinagan didisa mis eklesiisa, qvemore pirispir
xatisa macxovrisa, meufisa qriste mxsnelisa Cvenisa“19.
Teimuraz Petriashvili Death and burring of King Erekle
Summary
The Kingdom of Eastern Georgia – Kartli and Kakheti Regions faced particular difficulties by the end of the 18th
century. There was a growing threat from Persia and Turkey and regular invasions from the North Caucasian tribes which
heavily disintegrated the country and decreased its population.
By this time King Erekle II Bagrationi, thedistinguished militaryleader well-known in Europe and Asia who
ruled the Kartli and Kakheti Kingdom since 1762 and Kakheti since 1745 had almost reached the age of 80 and was
experiencing serious health problems. In addition to that the epidemics of plague spread all over the country. Thousands
of people suffered and died of the epidemics.
Erekle II moved to Telavi, the second biggest city. His health gradually deteriorated. The brave king was
exhausted from numerous battles, conflicts, military and political problems. He had managed to protect Tbilisi, the capital
of Georgia and keep it unconquered for longer than 50 years as cultural, trade and political centre of the Caucasus. Only
in 1795 Persia managed to take over the city of Tbilisi.
On 11 January, 1798 Erekle II died. The whole country, representatives of every ethnic and religious groups
grieved over the beloved leader and the national mourning was declared in the whole of Georgia.
The funeral of the brave king was proposed in Svetitskhoveli – the Royal Cathedral in Mskheta, the ancient
capital. However due to the epidemics of plague in the ancient capital carrying out of Erekle II from Telavi to Mtskheta
was delayed for 40 days, but eventually the coffin was placed on the bank of the Aragvi river opposite of the Svetitskhoveli
Cathedral and later hand-carried across the river. Only the King’s private priest accompanied the coffin into the Cathedral
and led the funeral procession along with the people of Mtskheta in full accordance with the Christian rules and traditions.
16platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 120. 17saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 213-214. 18saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 213-214. 19 Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 73.
143
magda WiqaberiZe, doqtoranti
1832 wlis SeTqmuleba dimitri yifianis memuarebis mixedviT
1832 wlis ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves saqarTvelos maSindelma
progresulma Zalebma. maTi mizani iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena. damarcxebis
miuxedavad, am SeTqmulebam didi roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi erovnuli cnobierebis
aRorZinebis saqmeSi; kerZod, saTave daudo samocianelTa ideebs. dimitri yifiani erT-erTi
aqtiuri monawile iyo 1832 wlis SeTqmulebisa, romlis gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg igi
damnaSaveTa meoTxe kategorias miakuTvnes - „vinc ganzraxvaze Tanxmdeboda da monawileobas
iRebda SeTqmulebis arsebobis manZilze erT-erT wels, oRond ara qmediTad, xolo ajanyebis
ganzraxva icoda nawilobrivad“. igi vologdaSi gadaasaxles samoqalaqo samsaxuris
uflebiT, saidanac samSobloSi 1837 wels dabrunda da saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Cadga.
wlebis gasvlis Semdeg moxucebulma dimitri yifianma 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb
mogoneba dawera, romelsac „yazarmobis saqme“ uwoda. igi rusul JurnalSi, „ruskaia
starinaSi“, unda gamoqveynebuliyo, magram, samwuxarod, es ver moeswro, ramdenadac
TbilisSi ukve sxva ambebi datrialda da samocdaTormeti wlis dimitri yifiani Tavisi
pirdapirobiTa da principulobiT msxverplad Seewira did qarTul saqmes, saqarTvelos
Rirsebis dacvas.
„yazarmobis saqme“ „1832 wlis yazarmobis“ saxelwodebiT Sevida 1930 wels profesor
silovan xundaZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul dimitri yifianis „memuarebSi“. memuaristis mier
asaxuli masala istoriul pirvelwyaros warmoadgens da misi mniSvneloba am TvalsazrisiT
uaRresad didia. aranakleb sainteresoa avtoris damokidebuleba SeTqmulebisa da misi
monawileebis mimarT, vinaidan „ama Tu im epoqis suls xSirad ganwyobileba ufro mkafiod
gadmogvcems, vidre faqti“1.
memuaristi movlenaTa aRnusxvas iwyebs 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatiT. misi
SefasebiT, swored traqtatis pirobebis Seusruleblobam gamoiwvia saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqis akleba sparseTis mier 1795 wels. ruseTis ministri rezidenti kovalenski,
romelic im dros imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, dimitri yifianis azriT, Tavad iyo yvelaze
ufro mwvave da sruli gaugebroba. 1798-1799 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Semovidnen guliakovisa
da lazarevis polkebi. maleve ori rusi Cinovniki - generali lazarevi da ministri
kovalenski - erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen: maT saqarTveloze zrunvisTvis ar ecalaT. meore
mxriv, erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen samefo ojaxis wevrebi, rasac qveynisTvis cudis meti
araferi mohqonda.
dimitri yifianis azriT, qveyanaSi mosalodneli iyo didi areuloba, rac mohyveboda
sneuli mefis gardacvalebasa da mravalricxovan memkvidreebSi gaCaRebul brZolas; misive
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mefe giorgim - „avadmyofobiT dasustebulma da suliT-xorciT
dacemulma“ - sTxova ruseTis imperators, daemyarebina qarTl-kaxeTSi uSualo mmarTveloba,
raTa „moasvenos qveyana gareSe mtrebisaganac da Sinauri areulobisganaco“2.
memuarebis mixedviT, ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre jer uarze damdgara, Semdeg ki
daukmayofilebia mefe giorgis Txovna. dimitri yifianis SefasebiT, manifesti daiwera
sityvebiT, romlebic „cxadad gamohxatavdnen kurTxeuli aleqsandre imperatoris sruls
did-sulovnebasa da keTil ganzraxvebs“3. samwuxarod, „saxelmwifos didi aqtis“ sionSi
saxalxod gamocxadebis dros (1802 wlis 12 aprili) daSvebuli iqna „upatiebeli da
1dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 12. 2dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. qarTuli mwerloba. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 233. 3dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. qarTuli mwerloba. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 233.
144
daujerebeli“ Secdomebi, romlebic mdgomareobda SemdegSi: 1. sionamde misasvleli quCebi
rusis jariT aivso, risi saWiroebac ar iyo; 2. manifesti qarTulad ar iTargmna, ramac
rusuli enis ucodinarTa ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. xolo roca is sityvebi warmoTqves, rac
qarTulad sakmaod uxerxulad JRers („da sxva da sxvao“), taZarSi aRSfoTebis gamomxatveli
grgvinva atyda.
profesor Tamaz jologuas azriT, dimitri yifiani aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12
seqtembris cnobil manifests ganixilavda ara rogorc ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis
Semamzadebel politikur dokuments, aramed giorgi XII-is politikuri nebis
dakmayofilebasa da saqarTvelos nebayoflobiT SeerTebas ruseTTan4.
qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg (1801 w.) saqarTveloSi daiwyo axali, imperiuli
wes-wyobilebis damyareba, romelic ucxo da miuRebeli aRmoCnda qarTvelebisTvis.
ukmayofilebis talRa maleve agorda, bolos ki antiimperiul SeTqmulebaSi gadaizarda.
dimitri yifiani memuarebSi ganixilavs mizezebs, romlebmac moamwifa saqme, romelsac
oficialurad „erTi didi saxelmwifo saqme“ ewoda. es mizezebia:
- qarTl-kaxeTSi ucxo enisa da kanonmdeblobis damkvidreba;
- xalxis zne-Cveulebebisa da adaTebis ugulebelyofa;
- qveynis administraciaSi uvici da ugulo Cinovnikebis mosvla;
- samefo ojaxis qveynidan ayra-gadasaxleba;
- batonsa da ymas Soris urTierTobis gafuWeba.
dimitri yifiani ukmayofilebis, mRelvarebisa da ajanyebis mTavar mizezs sayovelTao
usamarTlobaSi xedavs, rac ruseTis mmarTvelobas mohyva saqarTveloSi. rus mmarTvelTa
da saerTod CinovnikTa sruli uvicoba da Tavxedoba, adgilobrivi cxovrebis wesis, adaT-
tradiciebis ucodinroba da sruli ugulebelyofa, xalxis abuCad agdeba, enobrivi barieri...
- yovelive aman Seqmna niadagi ajanyebebisa da qveynis ukeTes SvilTa SeTqmulebisaTvis.
„1832 wlis yazarmobaSi“ avtori ar saubrobs SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis sakuTar
mizezebsa da miznebze, dawvrilebiT arc gadasaxlebaSi gatarebul wlebs aRwers, magram
mniSvnelovania misi naazrevi SeTqmulebis monawile zogierTi piris daxasiaTebis
TvalsazrisiT; kerZod, dimitri yifianis cnobiT, 1832 wlis dekembris damdegs SeTqmuleba
gasca gubernatoris Zmam - iase falavandiSvilma. avtori ase aRwers masTan pirvel da
ukanasknel Sexvedras:
`Sesaxedaoba hqonda Zalian rigiani, magram tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami, garegnoba
atyuebso. es Sesaxedavad aseTi moridebuli, saTno adamiani, dauZinebeli mteri aRmoCnda
yoveli weswyobilebisa da amasTan iseTi sisxlismeli adamiani, romlis msgavsi Cems
sicocxleSi aravin ar Semxvedria.
misi aRgznebuli sityvebi imdenad mZvinvare da imdenad Seubralebeli iyo, rom iq
damswreTa umravlesobam didi zizRi igrZno im saqmisadmi, ris Cadenasac is urCevda da
yoveli misi rCeva sruliad ukuagdes“5... dimitri yifianis TqmiT, iase falavandiSvili
moiTxovda ramdenime warCinebuli qarTvelis, maT Soris Tavisi Zmis, nikolozis, mokvlas.
sainteresoa memuaristis mosazreba SeTqmulebis gacemis motivis Sesaxeb; kerZod: iase
falavandiSvilma gulis acrueba Seatyo SeTqmulebs da imis SiSiT, vinme gamcemi ar
gamoCndeso, saidumlo organizaciis dabezRebis qaRaldi mTavrobas warudgina, rasac
SeTqmulTa sayovelTao dapatimreba mohyva. dimitri yifiani wers, rom iase udides sasjels
imsaxurebda, rogorc `yvelaze mZvinvare SeTqmuli, saSineli ganzraxvebiT“6, magram mas
daufases ruseTis mTavrobis erTguleba da administraciul sasjels daajeres (fineTis
korpusSi gaamweses unteroficrad).
dimitri yifiani memuarebSi vrclad da sainteresod aRwers avlabris yazarmebSi
gatarebul periods. misi cnobiT, yvela patimari saTiTaod gamoamwyvdies sakanSi da imave
oTaxSi daraji miuCines, romelic saaTobiT xmis amouReblad da gaunZrevlad unda mdgariyo.
zedamxedvelTa yofa Cvensaze uaresi iyoo, aRniSnavs dimitri yifiani.
4T. jologua. bolosityva qarTuli mwerlobis XX tomisa. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 509-510. 5dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 146. 6dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 153.
145
sami Tvis Semdeg or-ori da sam-sami patimari Casves erT oTaxSi, ramac maTi xvedri
metad Seamsubuqa. Tavdapirvelad dimitri yifiani da zaal avTandilaSvili erT sakanSi
aRmoCndnen7, Semdeg ki Tekla batoniSvilis vaJebTan - aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebTan
- gadaiyvanes.
pirvel xanebSi patimrebs kargad epyrobodnen. dimitri yifianis TqmiT, „TiTon
aswrebdnen Cvens survilebs, gvaWmevdnen kargad, dilaze visac ra iameboda, imas gvaZlevdnen,
vis Cais, vis yavas da me ki kakaosa. saRamoobiT ki yvelas - Cais“8. patimrebs, aseve, ufleba
miecaT, esargeblaT Stabis biblioTekiT - ekiTxaT „sulis sacxovnebeli wignebi“; agreTve,
ojaxebidan gamoeTxovaT saWmeli da piradi nivTebi.
memuarebis mixedviT, mdgomareoba Seicvala sagamoZiebo komisiis axali Tavmjdomaris,
general Cevkinis, daniSvnis Semdeg. man daamyara axali wesi, romelic „gansxvavdeboda winad
miRebuli adamianuri da ase vTqvaT, ganaTlebuli mopyrobisagan“9. dimitri yifianis TqmiT,
raime iaraRiT wameba arc Cevkinis dros iyo, magram „SemoiRes fexebis dabraguneba, dayvireba,
Seteva; xan erTs gaiyvandnen kameridan, xan meores da calke daamwyvdevdnen, cariel xmel
purze, erTi dRiT ki ara, mTeli kviraobiT da TveobiTac“10.
gamoZiebam erT weliwads gastana. saqmeSi as kacze meti eria, romelTac sazogadoebaSi
TvalsaCino adgili eWiraT. memuarebis mixedviT, umetesoba administraciuli wesiT
gasamarTlda xelmwife-imperatoris brZanebiT, romelmac „Tavisi sidinje, mefuri
samarTlianoba gamoiCina“11 da damnaSaveebi msubuqad dasaja.
dimitri yifiani calke gamohyofs Tormet Tu camet kacs, romelnic samxedro wesiT
gaasamarTles general d. axlestiSevis TavmjdomareobiT. maTgan umaRlesi sasjeli miesaja
eqvs kacs - SeTqmulebis moTaveebs: elizbar erisTavs, aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebs,
mamuka orbelians, TaTar molla-zamans, solomon dodaSvils. dimitri yifiani xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, rom ruseTis mTavrobas sikvdiliT aravin dausjia da Tuki vinme amas amtkicebs,
`usircxvilod styuis~.
marTlac, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawileTaTvis gamotanili sasjeli imaze msubuqi
gamodga, vidre nikoloz I-isagan iyo mosalodneli. samecniero literaturaSi es faqti
axsnilia, rogorc imperiis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba, qarTveli aristokratiis
gadasabireblad, rom isini gamoeyenebinaT kavkasiaSi kolonizatoruli politikis
dasayrdenad12. arsebiTia iTqvas isic, rom am periodSi imperia dampyroblur oms awarmoebda
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da xels ar aZlebda saqarTveloSic gaemwvavebina viTareba.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT: dimitri yifiani Tavis memuarebSi aRwers 1832 wels saqarTveloSi
ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg dagegmil SeTqmulebas, es Canawerebi unda dabeWdiliyo
imperiis JurnalSi „ruskaia starina“; amis miuxedavad avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom
memuarebis weris momentSi igi samocdaaTi wlis, savsebiT janmrTeli, sulierad
damSvidebuli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisgan Tavisufali adamiania da ixsenebs ambavs,
romelic mis Tvalwin moxda. Sesabamisad, dimitri yifianis mogonebebi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
Sesaxeb erT-erTi sando da mniSvnelovani pirvelwyaroa.
7zaal (zaqaria) avTandilaSvili iyo dimitri yifianis siyrmis megobari. isini erTad swavlobdnen keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi; mogvianebiT maswavleblad muSaobdnen Tbilisis gimnaziaSi. swored zaqariam gaacno dimitri yifiani SeTqmulebs. 8qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 244. 9qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 247. 10qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 247. 11qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 248. 12msjelobisaTvis ix.: T. jologua. komentarebi wignSi „dimitri yifiani - saSviliSvilo mokavSire. t. II. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 253.
146
Magda Chikaeridze
Conspiracy of 1832 according to Dimitri Kipiani Memoirs
Summary
In his memoirs Dimitri Kipiani describes Georgian conspiracy of 1832 organized against the Russian Empire;
Despite the fact that these memoirs were supposed to be published in the imperial journal – `Russkaya Starina~, the author
remarks that he objectively describes the story which took place in front of him. Therefore, Dimitri Kipiani’s memoirs of
1832 conspiracy represents one of the most reliable and important primary sources.
147
laSa deisaZe-SarvaSiZe, politikur mecnierebaTa magistri
erovnuli idea uwmidesisa da unetaresis kirionis SemoqmedebaSi
„qriste RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara
saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am mkerdzed, rogorc kldezed, davudgiT qristianobas
saydari, qvad Cveni Zvlebi vixmareT da kirad Cveni sisxli da bWeTa jojoxeTisaTa ver
Semusres igi“1 - brZanebs saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe da eris ukverTxo sulieri mama,
wmida ilia marTali (WavWavaZe). WeSmaritad! Tu Tvals SevavlebT Cveni samSoblos
mravalaTaswlovan istorias, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, sruliad erTi SexedviT martivad
SeimCneva auarebeli sisxli, godeba da misiT gamowveuli gmirobebi da mravali gmiri,
rogorc sasuliero dasidan, ise eriskacTagan. swored, maT rigebs, mowinave poziciaze
amSvenebs da abrwyinebs iseTi mravalmxriv Tavdadebuli moRvawe mSobeli erisa da
eklesiisa, rogoric gaxlavT uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqi kirion meore, romelic RvTis yovladsamarTlianma da yovladsaxierma gangebam
106 wlovani TvTiTmwyemsobis wyvetis Semdeg, avtokefaliaaRdgenili iveriis uZvelesi
samociqulo eklesiis pirvel mamamTavrad gamoarCia da daadgina. uwmidesi kirioni, erSi
giorgi ieronimes Ze saZagliSvili, RvTis Seucnobeli gangebiT, swored im urTules Jams
moevlina qveyanas, rodesac Cvens mraval-gzis kveTebul samSoblosa da qarTul devnil
eklesias martvilobis morigi, umZimesi uReli edga - ruseTis kolonialuri imperiisgan
ukanonod xel-yofili saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesiis antikanonikurad
gauqmebuli avtokefalia. swored, am erTob umZimesma, Tumca erovnuli suliskveTebiT
aRsavse epoqam Sva kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion meore, rogorc gulanTebuli mamuliSvili,
qarTuli erovnuli interesebisa da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis fundamenturi
principebis Seudarebeli qomagi da Wirisufali. giorgi saZagliSvilma, Tavisi droisaTvis
SesaniSnavi ganaTleba miiRo, rogorc saRvTismetyvelo, ise saero kuTxiT, rac Semdeg, Tavis
moRvaweobaSi mTlianad Seswira da moaxmara mSobeli erisa da eklesiis keTildReobis
saukunovan misias.
misi erovnuli suliskveTeba da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba mefis ruseTis moxeleTa did
ukmayofilebas iwvevda. am mizeziT masze, saero xelisuflebis mier mkacri meTvalyureoba
iyo dawesebuli. arc imJamindeli „sasuliero xelisufleba“ aklebda xels, raTa yovelmxriv
SeeviwrovebinaT episkoposi kirioni, rogorc mefis mTavrobisaTvis arasaimedo pirovneba,
rac sabolood imiT dasrulda, rom is gadaiyvanes goris eparqiidan ruseTSi, kerZod
kamenec-podolskis eparqiaSi da metic, mas saerTod aukrZales samSobloSi moRvaweoba.
Tumca, aRniSnulma veragobam da mSobliur garemos mowyvetam ver gatexa meufe kirioni,
rogorc mSobeli qveynis erTguli moamage da moWirnaxule. is piruku, ucxo mxareSi
gadasaxlebuli, iqedan amxnevebda Tavis megobrebsa da erTgul TanamebrZolebs. 1902 wels,
episkoposi kirioni saukeTeso momavlis sasoebiT, Tavis axlo megobars, mRvdel ioseb
CijavaZes werda: `kacis sicocxleSi sami SesaniSnavi xanaa: dabadeba, cxovreba da sikvdili.
pirvels uneblieT orive mosdevs, vera xorcieli kaci am kanons ver ascdeba. rogorc kacs
neba ar aqvs, dahgmos Tavisi dabadebis dRe, agreTve ar unda daemduros cxovrebis Carxisagan
misTvis miniWebul beds... CemTvis marad saRmrTo iqneba is ltolvileba, romelsac
miveswrafebodi. Cem sicocxleSi Cemi warmatebisTvis ar mizrunia: arc oqro izidavda Cems
guls da arc jildo, piradi Cemi interesebi didi xania uarvyav. bevri usamarTloba
gamomivlia, magram TanagrZnobisaTvis aravisTvis Tavi ar Semiwyevinebia. mtrebisTvis
samagiero ar gadamixdia, Tumca SemeZlo da garemoebac xels miwyobda. dee, droebiT
1ilia WavWavaZe. saaxalwlo milocva. 1887, 31 dekemberi.
148
iparpaSon cbierebam, orpirobam da dambezReblobam... dadgeba dro, usamarTloba
daiTrguneba, moispoba pirisagan qveynisa da WeSmariteba gamefdeba. mxolod moTmineba unda,
moTmineba! Tumca, saqme Tavad mainc ar gakeTdeba, qadebi cidan ar Cacviva. ufalma brZana:
eZiebdiT da hpoulobdiTo. Zieba aris Sroma xangrZlivi da Tavdadebuli“.2
episkopos kirions gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli materialuri da sulieri
kulturis siZveleTa gadarCenisa da popularizaciis saukunovan misiaSi. misi moRvaweobis
erT-erT amosaval wertils mudam warmoadgenda Zveli xelnawerebis, saistorio
dokumentebis, samonastro arqivebisa da numizmatikuri nimuSebis Segroveba da mecnieruli
damuSaveba. meufe kirionis dainteresebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan sakiTxi gaxldaT saojaxo
arqivebSi dacul xelnawerTa moZieba. man gamoikvlia araerTi qarTuli warCinebuli gvaris
STamomavalTa ojaxebSi Semonaxuli masalebi. mRvdelmTavari sakuTari saxsrebiT iZenda
fasdaudebel xelnawerebsa da uangarod gadascemda saqarTvelos saeklesio muzeumebs,
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas, saqarTvelos saistorio
saeTnografio sazogadoebas. „arqivis masalas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierulis mxriv.
amas Cvens droSi aravin ar uaryofs. arqivi aris marTali matiane moRvaweebzed da maT
moqmedebazed. misi piriT, TviT WeSmariteba RaRadebs. is muzaa istoriisa, namdvili ZaliT
wers Tavis ganaCens sazogadoebazed da maT warsul moRvaweebzed. arqivis TvaliT
gvicqerian Cven, Cvenni winaparni da misi SemweobiT SegviZlian Tvali gadavavloT Cven maT
moqmedebas da Rvawls“3 - aRniSnavda episkoposi kirioni.
mRvdelmTavari mecnierulad swavlobda qarTul agiografias, sazRvargareTul qarTul
samonastro centrebsa da maT istorias, agreTve saRvTo werilis qarTul Targmanebs.
episkopos kirionze, rogorc mamuliSviluri SemarTebiT aRsavse mkvlevarze,
umniSvnelovanes da srul warmodgenas gviqmnis misi kapitaluri naSromi „iveriis
kulturuli roli ruseTis istoriaSi“. aRniSnul, sqeltanian naSromze muSaobisas, meufe
kirions sakmaod didi wnexis qveS uwevda cxovreba, vinaidan mas, rogorc samSoblos
Tavdadebul, moamage Wirisufalsa da mgznebare avtokefalists daswames egzarqos nikonis
mkvlelobaSi monawileoba da policiis meTvalyureobis qveS sanaqsaris udabnoSi iqna
gadasaxlebuli, sadac autaneli pirobebi gaxldaT Seqmnili, Tumca man, xsenebul naSromze
SemarTebuli muSaobiT, yvelasTvis cxadi gaxada, rom misi sulierad gatexva SeuZlebeli
iyo. aRniSnul Txzulebas, episkoposi kirioni Tavis „nabolara Svils“ uwodebda. „saocaria,
magram rusebi dRes, naxevradvelur vogulebsa da loasrebs ufro icnoben, vidre
erTmorwmune qarTvelebsa da maT istorias da es maSin, roca qarTvelebi TavianTi
qristianuli RvawliT, maRali erovnuli kulturiT imsaxureben ufro didsa da mTavaria
seriozul yuradRebasa da Seswavlas... rusul enaze ar arsebobs keTilsindisieri da
safuZvliani naSromi saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb“- werda Tavisi naSromis dasawyisSi,
episkoposi kirioni. mRvdelmTavarma vrclad warmoaCina im netarxsenebul qarTvelTa
mniSvnelovani Rvawli, romlebmac V-XII saukuneebSi saxeli gaiTqves qristianul
aRmosavleTSi. episkoposi kirioni erTmniSvnelovnad miiCnevda, rom istoriuli cnobebi da
TanamedroveTa gadmocemebi calsaxad cxad-hyofs, rom konstantinepolis dacemamde da
Semdeg periodSi, qarTvelebi da maTi mefeebi warmoadgendnen qristianuli aRmosavleTisa
da misi siwmindis mTavar damcvelebs.
episkopos kirionis saxelze iricxeba gamorCeuli Rvawli „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa“ da „saqarTvelos saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis“
winaSe gaweuli. man xsenebul saistorio sazogadoebas usaxsovra „vefxistyaosnis“ ucnobi
xelnaweri da „pavlenis“ erT-erTi Zveli gamocema. agreTve, igi mudam Seeweoda sazogadoebas
finansuri kuTxiT. aRniSnuli amagi, sazogadoebis mier 1911 wels aRniSnuli iqna
oficialuri samadlobeli weriliT, xolo 1913 wels, meufe kirioni erTxmad airCies
saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis sapatio wevrad.
2eldar bubulaSvili. „daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)“._
gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, #9-12. 3sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918w.w.). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 55-56.
149
episkoposma kirionma iTava gamorCeuli mamuliSviluri misia da swored, misi didi
mondomebiTa da RvawliT, 1904 wels, peterburgis sasuliero akademiasTan gaixsna
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kaTedra, romelsac 97 bibliografiuli uiSviaTesi wigni
Tavad mRvdelmTavarma gadasca. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kaTedris gaxsnas win
uZRoda urTulesi procesebi rusuli saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis mxridan, Tumca
RvTis nebiTa da wyalobiT, meufe kirionma, am kuTxiT SeuZlebeli SeZlo da faqtobrivad,
xsenebuli mamuliSviluri qmedebiT, im droisaTvis rusul saero da sasuliero sivrces
oficialurad aRiarebina saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc mecnierulad Sesaswavli
mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone uZvelesi samociqulo saydari.
friad gamorCeuli da aRsaniSnavia, episkopos kirionis zrunva qarTveli niWieri
axalgazrdobisadmi. man piradi mondomebiTa da sakuTari saxsrebiT miaRebina ganaTleba
ramdenime aTeul axalgazrdas ucxoeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi. maT Soris gaxldnen:
nestor leJava (SemdgomSi quTaTeli mitropoliti, 1924 wlebis bolSevikuri represiebis
msxverpli da aw wmidanad kanonizirebuli), aleqsi giorgaZe (SemdgomSi, aseve quTaTeli
mitropoliti, romelic mowamvlis Sedegad mokles 1918 wels), korneli kekeliZe, samoel
comaia da sxvebi. materialur SemweobasTan erTad, amagdari mRvdelmTavari maTi sulieri
megobari da yovelmxriv gverdiT mdgomi gaxldaT. 1907 wlis 20 ivnisiT daTariRebul
samadlobel werilSi, mRvdeli ioseb CijavaZe episkopos kirions werda: „didi saqmea Cveni
samSoblosaTvis, rom 12-15 kacs uzrdi, ganaTlebas aZlev... egre rom emsaxuraT 3-4 kacs
CvenSi, exla saqarTvelo bevrad ganaTlebuli da win wasuli iqneboda4. “SemdgomSi cnobili
akademikosi, korneli kekeliZe Tavis did maswavlebelsa da qomags, episkopos kirions werda:
„Zvel ebraelebs Cveulebad hqondaT - yvelaze saukeTesos uZRvnidnen Semoqmeds. Cems pirvel
naSroms, romelic Tqveni STagonebiTa da SemweobiT Seiqmna, giZRvniT Tqven!“5 meufe kirionis
xsenebulma genialurma da Sorsgamiznulma qmedebam, Tavisi keTili nayofi mTeli sisavsiT
gamoiRo da mis stipendiatTagan mravali, cnobili saeklesio moRvawe, erisa da eklesiisTvis
damaSvrali mamuliSvili da SesaniSnavi mecnieri gaxda, romlebmac fasdaudebeli amagi
dasdes Cvens samSoblosa da qarTul samociqulo eklesias. am kuTxiT, mxolod korneli
kekeliZis xsenebac ki kmara. swored, episkopos kirionis gamorCeuli Rvawli da Semweoba
gaxldaT erT-erTi umTavresi faqtori, rom qarTul mecnierebas korneli kekeliZis saxiT
moepoveba Seudarebeli talanti mecnieri.
episkoposma kirionma - saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis daucxromelma
mebrZolma, rogorc praqtikuli kuTxiT, ise samecniero moRvaweobiT, ganuzomeli amagi
dasdo qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis kanonierebis dasabuTebas. metad
sainteresoa misi polemikuri werilebi ivane vostorgovisa da misi msgavsi antiqarTvelebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli. gamorCeuli aRniSvnis Rirsia, 1906 wlis sinodis sxdomebze, meufe
kirionis mier, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis kanonierebis sakiTxze wakiTxuli oTxi
moxseneba. aRniSnul sxdomebze, episkopos kirionis gamosvlas mowinaaRmdegebzec ki didi
STabeWdileba mouxdenia. xsenebul sakiTxs, man miuZRvna monografia „saqarTvelos
saegzarqosos istoria“, romelic dRemde ar kargavs aqtualobasa da warmoadgens erTaderT
ganmazogadebel mecnierul naSroms qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriuli
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.
episkoposi kirioni didi da Rrmad gulismieri sixaruliT miesalma 1917 wlis 12 marts,
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas. aRniSnuli saukunovani aqtis aRsaniSnavad,
friad gaxarebulma qarTvelma mRvdelmTavarma, ruseTidan gamogzavnil werilSi, Semdegi
sityvebiT mimarTa qarTvel xalxsa da avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis damaSvral sasuliero
dass: „gilocavT avtokefalias! xundebi aexsna Cvens sruliad iveriis eklesias, radganac
damonebuli iyo Cveni erovnuli siwminde, mdabio erad iyo qceuli qarTveli xalxi, tanjvis
4eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12. 5eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12.
150
cremls Rvrida, axla ki sixarulis cremlsa vafrqvevT. gaumarjos Tavisufali qveynis
Tavisufal eklesias!“6
avtokefaliis gamocxadebis Semdeg, qarTveli sasuliero da saero pirTa didi nawili
moiTxovda, rom ruseTidan CamoeyvanaT gulmxurvale avtokefalisti, episkoposi kirioni
da swored, igi yofiliyo arCeuli qarTuli eklesiis mamamTavrad. Tavis mxriv, rusuli
caristuli manqanis erTguli msaxurebi acnobierebdnen ra episkopos kirionis gamorCeul
pirovnebasa da mis fass, amitom misi dawinaureba gadawyvites da SesTavazes ruseTis
eklesiaSi, erTi udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi kaTedris _ peterburgisa da ladogis
mitropoliis mitropolitoba, razec, meufe kirionma myisieri da mtkice uari ganacxada. 1917
wlis zafxulSi, erisa da eklesiisTvis damaSvrali didad natanji mRvdelmTavari dabrunda
sanatrel samSobloSi. imave wlis 17 seqtembers, saeklesio krebam, xmaTa umravlesobiT igi
airCia avtokefaliaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiis pirvel mamamTavrad - sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad da mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposad. metad urTules
viTarebaSi mouxda uwmidessa da unetares kirion meores, saqarTvelos mamamTavris umZimesi
jvris zidva. mis winaaRmdeg mravali intriga ixlarTeboda, Tumca RvTis SewevniTa da
piradi Rrma erudiciisa da kolosaluri gamocdilebis fonze, patriarqi umklavdeboda
mavanTa mxridan ganxorcielebul Semotevebs. man saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRiarebis mizniT, mimarTvebi daugzavna msoflios marTlmadidebeli da
aramarTlmadidebeli eklesiebis meTaurebs. sxva mravali sasikeTo saqmis gakeTebac surda...
im sabediswero dRes, 1918 wlis 26 ivniss, roca uwmidesi patriarqi mRvdel-monazon
tarasisTan (kandelaki) erTad martyofs mieSureboda dasasveneblad, misTvis ganucxadebia:
„aucileblad mogonebebi unda davwero Cveni eklesiis uaxlesi warsulis Sesaxeb.
STamomavlobam unda icodes yovelive is, rasac albaT, Cveni istoria ver Semoinaxavs“7.
samwuxarod, patriarqis aRniSnuli ganzraxva sisruleSi ver iqna moyvanili, radgan, gvian
RamiT, igi veragulad mokles martyofis sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi.
Caesvena kidev erTi kaSkaSa da pirovnulad uSreti mze saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisa
da qarTveli erisa... misi saxiT wuTisofeli datova da zesTasofels SeuerTda epoqaluri
moRvawe, mRvdelmTavari da mamamTavari, romlis saeklesio da erovnuli moRvaweobis
brwyinvale sinTezi Rrmad sasikeTod efineboda Cveni didad SeWirvebuli qarTuli
eklesiisa da mravalgzis kveTebuli qarTveli xalxis momaval keTildReobas. uwmidesi da
unetaresi kirioni warmoadgens maradiul saxes qarTveli eris ucvleli sulieri mamisa da
mwyemsmTavrisa. kaTolikos-patriarq efrem meores, misdami Rrma pativgebis gamosaxatavad,
sapatriarqos kancelariis oTaxSi, kaTolikos-patriarq kirion meores gadidebuli suraTi
ekida da araerTzgzis aRniSnavda Turme: „daakvirdiT mis saxes! saukuneebis siRrmidan
mosuli gegonebaT.“ WeSmaritad! uwmidesi da unetaresi kirioni gaxldaT im fesvuZvelesi da
gautexeli qarTuli erovnuli suliskveTebis uRalato damtevi da gamtarebeli, romelic
uxsovar droidan dRemde cxovelsmyofelobas da simtkices sZens qarTul erovnul
TviTmyofadobasa da TviTSegnebas.
daucxromelad evedros wmida mRvdelmowame kirionma, viTarca didad naRvawma da natanjma
mamamTavarma yovladZlier da mravamowyale RmerTs Tavisi samwysosaTvis - deda RvTis
wilxvedri uxvsisxlnadeni, Tumca sulgautexeli saqarTvelosaTvis.
6eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12. 7eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12.
151
Lasha Deisadze-Sharvashidze
National idea of creation of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion
Summary
This resume represents of analysis of the accomplishments of His Holiness and Beatitude Catholicos-Patriarch
of all Georgia and Archbishop of Mtskheta Kirion the second and gives us a clear description of his distinctive devotion
to his own country and mother church. Catholicos-Patriarch Kirion the second played a major role in validating the
autocephaly of the Georgian Apostolic Orthodox Church and researching vital ancient documentation. With his help, tens
of young people had been sent abroad for education, who returned with a huge devotion and commitment to serve home
country and the church.
His Holiness and Beatitude Catholicos-Patriarch of all Georgia and Archbishop of Mtskheta Kirion the second
from early youth till the day he was killed, had shown a confound dedication and loyalty to our country and the ancient
Georgian Apostolic Orthodox Church.
152
irakli lorTqifaniZe, Teologiis magistri
aRsaydrebaUuwmindesisa da unetaresis kirion meorisa
`yovlad samRvdelo episkoposi kirioni. ucxoeTSi myofi, istorikosi, kargad mkvlevari saqarTvelos eklesiis da
eris istoriis, cnobili mTel ruseTSi da rusul istoriul mwerlobaSiac“1.
zaqaria WiWinaZe
dRes iveriis uZvelesi eklesia pativs miagebs did mamamTavars uwmindessa da unetares
kirions... qarTuli kulturis didi moRvawe kirion meore im gamorCeul mamamTavarTa ricxvs
amSvenebs, romelTac fasdaudebeli amagi dasdes msoflio eklesiis saganZurSi saqarTvelos
warmoCenas, qarTveli xalxis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas, eris siZveleTa movla-
patronobas, sulierebis gadarCenasa da mravalsaukunovan tradiciebs.
wminda pavle mociquli samaradJamo mcnebas gvaZlevs: „moixseneniT winamZRvarni igi
Tqvenni, romelni getyodes Tqven sityvaTa maT RmrTisaTa; da xedvidiT gamosvlasa mas
cxovrebisa maTisasa, da baZevdiT sarwmunoebasa maTsa“ (ebr. 13,7).2
swored aseTi misabaZi da samagaliTo pirovneba brZandeboda kaTalikosi kirioni.
patriarqis arCevnebi
1917 wlis 17 seqtembers, Tbilisis sionis taZarSi, samRvdelo dasman da mRvdelmTavarTa
krebulman, yovelTa morwmuneTa saqarTvelos eklesiisaTa erTiTa nebiTa, erTiTa guliTa
da erTiTa piriTa aRirCies episkoposi kirion, STagonebiTa RmrTisaTa, mTavarepiskoposad
mcxeTisa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikoz-patriarqad.
1917 wlis 9 seqtembers TbilisSi gaixsna sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba, rogorc
gazeTi „saqarTvelo“ iuwyeboda krebas Tavjdomareobdnen mitropoliti leonide, giorgi
Juruli, trifon jafariZe, spiridon kedia. krebam ganixila saqarTvelos avtokefaluri
eklesiis eparqiebis, sakaTalikozo sabWos Seqmnis sakiTxebi. msjelobis sagani iyo
saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavarTa sakiTxic. saxeldobr, saWiro iyo Tu ara
mitropolitis pativis arseboba saqarTvelos eklesiaSi. xmaTa umravlesobiT es sakiTxi
dadebiT gadawyda. Seiqmna saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patriarqis arCevnebis xmis damTvleli
komisia dekanoz nikita TalakvaZis TavjdomareobiT. 17 seqtembers dainiSna kaTalikoz-
patriarqis arCevnebi3.
1917 wlis 17 seqtembers, I saeklesio krebaze, romelsac 441 delegati eswreboda, 231
delegatma xma misca episkopos kirions, man 11 xmiT gauswro mitropolit leonides da
kirioni arCeul iqna saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad4.
kirionis kaTalikosad arCevasTan dakavSirebiT saintesoa krebis Tavjdomaris anCisxatis
dekanozis nikita TalakvaZis mogoneba, sadac is mogviTxrobs Semdegs: „1917 wlis 17
enkenisTves sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebi moxda sionis taZarSi.
arCevnebi daiwyo dRis pirvel saaTze da dasrulda samze. arCevnebis dros kirionica da
leonidec sionis ezoSi iyvenen, cal-calke oTaxSi. rom gamoirkva kenWis yra, Semoiyvanes
1zaqaria WiWinaZe. nikoloz besarionis Ze RoRoberiZe da qarTuli stamba 1627-1913 wlebSi. Tbilisi, 1914.
2axali aRTqma. Tbilisi, 2011, გვ. 595. 3sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. ozurgeTi, 1994, gv. 20.
4sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebSi). Tbilisi, 2010,
gv. 67-68.
153
jer leonide, romelic unda mihgebeboda karibWeSi kirions! Seimosa da miegeba kirions,
romelic Semoiyvana taZarSi arqimandritebma5.
axlad gamorCeul patriarqs mitropolitma leonidem mokle sityviT mimarTa: „me
miorkecdeba Zal-Rone, rom marto ar var da megulebiT Cveni eklesiis umaRles
xelmZRvanelad. fics vdeb, mTeli Cemi arsebiT dagexmaroT tvirTis zidvaSi, Cveni eklesiis
saqmis gaZRolaSi“6.
krebis Tavjdomaris mogonebidan: „kirionma dinjad, auRelveblad daiWira ambioni da
iqidan krebas mimarTa sityviT, madloba Seswira krebas da orive xeliT jvari gadasaxa.
igrgvina krebam „aqsios“!„aqsios“!„aqsios“! Semdeg vigalobeT „dRes samRrToman madlman“...
sionidan kaTolikosi am galobiT da litaniobiT, mTelma krebam da quCaSi SemoerTebulma
zRva xalxma, leonidTan erTad, waviyvaneT da davabinaveT „sakaTalikoso sasaxleSi“7
rogorc dekanozi nikita aRniSnavs imdeni ram iyo gasakeTebeli „eyofoda eg „saqme“ aT
kirionsa da oc leonidsac!8
aRsaydreba
dadga bednieri dRe, iveriis eklesiaSi, rodesac ganaxlda sveticxovlis kaTedralSi
mamamTavarTa aRsaydreba. am dResTan dakavSirebiT igonebs dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe:„dRes
moxda kaTalikos kirion meores „intronizacia“ anu kaTalikosis kaTedraze
dabrZaneba!...Seasrules dRes mcxeTaSi. did-Zali xalxi iyo. kaTalikoss mefuri „Sexvedra“
gaukeTes mcxeTis rkinigzis sadgurze. leonidec mis gverdiT iyo da yvela ierarqebi!9
wesi episkoposad xeldasxmisa, aseve kaTalikosad kurTxevisa da saydrad aRyvanebisa
uZvelesi droidanvea naTargmni qarTulad; ar igulisxmeba locvebi da formulebi, romelic
meTerTmete saukunidan wminda eqvTime aTonelis redaqciiT ixmareboda CvenSi. rac Seexeba
„ceremonialur“ nawils, Zvel qarTul xelnawerebSi ar arsebobda mxolod anton
kaTalikosma Targmna is pirvelad meTvramete saukuneSi ruseTis eklesiis
„arqieratikonidan“10 Tumca „aRsarebaTa“ da locvaTa redaqciebi Zveleburad datova,
rogorc es gvxvdeba meCvidmete saukunis berZnul „alliaciis“ evqologionSi11.
„wesi kaTalikozad kurTxevisa“ pirvelad meaTe saukunis evqologionSi (saekl.muz.86)
gvxvdeba. mis meore redaqcias gelaTis erT-erTi xelnaweri Seicavs12.
1917 wels, dekanoz korneli kekeliZis gamocemul wignSi „wesi episkoposad xeldasxmisa“
mocemulia kaTalikosad aRsaydrebis wesi („tipikoni“ SeniSvnebiT). aRniSnul gamocemaSi
SeerTebulia es ori redaqcia. „saydrad aRyvaneba“, warmodgenilia Tanaxmad saberZneTis
eklesiis praqtikisa, radgan Cvens liturgikul mwerlobaSi amis Sesaxeb garkveuli cnobebi
ar Semonaxula13.
episkopos kirionis aRsaydreba swored zemoT aRniSnuli tipikonis mixedviT moxda.
kaTalikosad gamorCeuli Seimoseba Sua taZarSi kaTedraze, xolo mRvdelmTavarni
sakurTxevelSi, am dros sruldeba Jamnoba.
mcire gamosvlis dros rodesac ganTavsdeba sasuliero dasi kaTedris marjvena da marcxena mxares, protodiakoni ityvis: „uflisa mimarT vilocoT“,
mgalobelni: „ufalo Segviwyalen“.
upiratesi mRvdelmTavari: kaTolikosad arCeuli locvebis wakiTxvis dros kaTedraze muxls moiyris, moixdis mitras; upiratesi mRvdelmTavari waikiTxavs locvas: „RmerTo
romelman, yovelive Seqmen...“14
1917 wels, Jurnal „sveticxovelSi“ daibeWda aRsaydrebis dRes warmoTqmuli sityva kirion
meorisa, romlidanac amonarids movitan: „saqarTvelos eklesiam, asis wlis monobis Semdeg,
5dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51. 6mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria. Tbilsi, 2009, gv. 1111.
7dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51. 8dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51. 9dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51.
10arqieratikoni-samRvdelmTavro kondaki. 11didi kurTxevani. 12korneli kekeliZe. wesi, romeli iqmnebis xeldasxmasa zeda episkopozisa. Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 3. 13korneli kekeliZe. wesi, romeli iqmnebis xeldasxmasa zeda episkopozisa. Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 2-4. 14korneli kekeliZe. wesi, romeli iqmnebis xeldasxmasa zeda episkopozisa. Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 32.
154
kvlav hpova mowyaleba RvTisa da daibruna Tvisi damoukidebloba. amieridan ,,arRara varT
mona, aramed aznaur“. qarTvelma erma ama wlis 17 seqtembers damadgina me uRirsi axlad
aRdgenil Tvisisa eklesiisa mned da saWeTmpyrobelad. aRval ra mcxeTis Zvel sapatriarqo
saydarzed, mogmarTavT yvelas mociqulis sityvebiT: ,,madli uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi
da siyvaruli RvTisa mamisa da ziareba sulisa wmidisa iyavn yovelTa Tana“. sayvarelo
samSoblo, RvTis dedis wilxdomolo, brZmedsa Sina tanjva-vaebisasa ganwmendilo! SenTvis
tanjuli, Sengan ganSorebuli, SenTvis mtirali, marad Senken moswrafebuli, dRes
ganvisveneb tkbilsa wiaRsa Sensa Sina, ara viTarca Svili uZRebi, aramed viTarca mesaidumle
da sinidisi eklesiisa Senisa...“15 ..movel ara viTarca mne, sasyidliT dadginebuli, aramed
viTarca mne erTguli da marad morCili da siyvaruliT aRvsili..16,,WeSmaritad saRmrTo, did
da aRmatebul ars wmidai ese msaxureba, romlisaTvis, - Tqmulisaebr wmidisa ioane
oqropirisa, - saWiro ars Zali da buneba angelozTa“17. asi wlis monobis gamo Seirya
saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyobri cxovreba, eris gulTan SeTanxmebuli; dairRva kavSiri, gaqra
suli cxoveli.,,RmerTo, Sewevnasa Cemsa moxeden; ufalo, Sewevnad Cemda iswrafe“ (fs. 69,3).
amin. umdablesi da uRirsi kirion, sruliad saqarTveloUs kaTolikoz patriarqi. q. tfilisi,
19 oqtombers 1917 w.18
marTalia saeklesio krebam kaTolikos patriarqad uwmindesi da unetaresi kirioni II
airCia, magram ar gaauqma tfileli mitropolitis Tanamdeboba... kirion II arCevis Semdeg
mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposobac misi unda yofiliyo. kirions sionis sapatriarqo
taZarSi wirvis Catarebis uflebac ar hqonda. iq tfileli mitropoliti leonide swiravda.
xolo kirioni anCisxatis mcire eklesiaSi aRavlenda saRmrTo liturgias19.
wirvis Semdeg sadili gaimarTa samTavros dedaTa monasterSi! xalxi zeimobda taZris
ezoSi. kaTalikosis aRsaydrebas20.
saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauris Sesamoseli da regaliebi
Mmsoflios avtokefaluri eklesiis meTaurTagan saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqebis,
Sesamoseli da regaliebi rigi TaviseburebebiT gamorCeuli da gansxvavebulia. misi aRwera
mocemuli aqvs istorikoss mose janaSvils, sadac is wers: kaTolikoz-patriarqTa
Sesamoseli: Savi bartyula, romelzedac Cakerebuli iyo ori serafimi margalitebiTa da
sxva Zvirfasi qvebiTa, imazedve Zvirfasi jvari, wamosasxami mantia xaverdisa vercxlis
winwklebiT, mitra jvriTa da kbilebiani gvirgviniT. mRvdelmoqmedebis dros ori panagia
jvaredinad. 1800 wels imperatorma pavle I-ma anton II-s uboZa TeTri bartyula
serafimebiT21.
daskvna
kirionma aRsaydrebisas sveticxovlis taZarSi sadac ganisvenebs kacTaTvis xelSesaxebi,
yvelaze didi siwminde „sveti-cxoveli“ da zegardamoqsovili „sauflo kvarTi“ aRTqma
dado erTguli msaxurebisa. is brZanebda: „miviReb aRrCevasa qristes morwmunisa erisasa da
mosruli winaSe RvTivaRmarTebulisa amis brwyinvale svetisa da kvarTisa cxovelmyofelisa
aRTqmasa vhyof saRmrToTa wesTa da sarwmunoebisa dacvisaTvis, - erTgulebisaTvis ama
kaTolike eklesiisa da Tavisa da sulisa dadebisaTvis, vidre sisxlis daTxevamde erisa
Cemisa keTildReobisaTvis. aRWurvili var cxoveliTa sarwmunoebiTa, rom meoxebiTa da
vedrebiTa yovelTa wmidaTa iveriis eklesiisaTa warimarTos saqme keTilad da sadidebelad
RvTisa“.22
15Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2. 16Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2. 17Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2. 18Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2-3. 19sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. ozurgeTi, 1994, gv. 21.
20dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 53. 21mose janaSvili. saqarTvelos saekklesio istoria. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 149.
22Jurnali `sveticxoveli~, 1917, N4, gv. 3.
155
kaTolikos patriarq kirionis gardacvalebiT, kidev erTi manaTobeli lampari daSrta
imdroindel iveriis eklesiaSi. misi mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba Cans mis biografiul cnobebsa
da naSromebSi. mamamTavari, romelic iRvwoda Tavisi erisa da uwmindesi eklesiis
samsaxurSi, eriskacobidan vidre patriarqobamde.
„Cveni eklesiis xomaldis saWeTmpyroblad mogiwodeT, namdvilad ki es saWe xelidan
gamogacaleT.“ kirionis cxedris win brZana dekanozma nikita TalakvaZem.
tragikuli gamodga saqarTvelosTvis 1918 wlis 26 agvisto, moulodneli da saSineli iyo
misi amgvari gardacvaleba. Tumca, misi pativgeba da xsovna, marad iqneba imaT gulebSi, visac
amoukiTxavs da smenia mis Sesaxeb. Cveni valia vicodeT, pativs mivagebdeT da Sendobas
vTxovdeT uwmindess imis gamo, rom Sesabamisad ver davafaseT misi saxeli. patriarqisa
romelsac SeiZleba iTqvas ar apaties qarTveloba da saqarTvelos eklesiis
mravalsaukunovani, ukanonod gauqmebuli avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis brZola.
kaTalokos-patriarqma kirionma, Seamko da ganadida saqarTvelos eklesia viTarca netarTa
arsen, melqisedek, antoni da sxvaTa uwinares misTa kaTalikosTa.
uwmindeso kirion gmadlobs Sen eri qarTvelTa, romelic ganaSvene Sen saxeliTa SeniTa.
Sen iyav siqaduli qarTvelTa, pirveli qarTveli amasaukunoisa, romelmac daanaxe qveyanas
Zali saqarTvelos Svilis gonebisa, romlis sibrZnis moyvareobas devna da gaWirveba ver
aferxebda.
gmadlobs Sen ena mSobliuri, ena, romelic mdidar hyav qadagebiTa SeniTa; ena,
romlisaTvisac ebrZodi Sen medgrad im ganusjel pirTa, romelTac ena petriwisa, giorgi
mTawmindelisa uarhyves, viTarca uvargisi da gamoudegari mecnierebisaTvis.
umetes gmadlobs Sen eklesia iveriisa.
„netar ars gza ege, romelsa warmarTebul xar Sen, rameTu adgili gansasvenebeli migelis
Sen.“
Irakli Lortkipanidze
Enthronements of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion the second
Summary
The resume concerns elections of Catholicos-Patriarch with was held in 1917. In this election His Holiness Kirion II
was elected as a Patriarch and was enthroned on 1 Octomber in 1917 in Svetitshkoveli Cathedral. The report also reviews
statements of the Heads of the Orthodox Church's Patriarchate garments and ragalias.
Catholicos-Patriarch Kirion II dadicated all of his life to the church's welfare.
157
giorgi alibegaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Q
qristianuli egzegetikis Teoriul-saxismetyvelebiTi
principebis istoriidan
qristianuli egzegetika, rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadad bibliuri Txzulebebis ganmartebas
iTvaliswinebda. k. kekeliZe Tavis gamokvlevaSi - ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ mitrofane
zmvirnel mitropolitisaÁ~- gamoyofs qristianuli egzegetikis sam maxasiaTebel niSans.
Gganmarteba samgvari iyo: pirveli – teqstisa da misi Sinaarsis ubralod da martivad
gadmocema da Txroba; meore – misi gaazrebis gaadvileba komentarebis saSualebiT, da mesame
– erTi enidan meoreze gadmoReba.
,,Targmaneba~, ,,Targmani~ gamoxatavs, erTi mxriv, gadmoTargmnas, xolo, meore mxriv, teqstis
komentirebas. Ggarda amisa, ,,Targmani~ gamoiyeneba mTargmnel-komentatori piris
aRsaniSnavadac. Aam azriT xmarobs miTiTebul terminebs wm. efrem mcirec.
samecniero literaturaSi dadgenilia, rom qristianuli egzegetika warmoSobilia
elinisturi egzegetikis niadagze. berZeni da romaeli mwerlebi da filosofosebi antikur
miTebs xSirad urTavdnen komentarebs. Aaseve iqceodnen Zvelebraeli Talmudistebic
,,Toras” ganmartebisas. aRsaniSnavia, rom stoikosebi sxvadasxva Txzulebas, gansakuTrebiT
ki homerosis nawarmoebebs, RvTaebis STagonebiT dawerilad Tvlidnen. Aamitom isinic aRqmis
gasaadvileblad Txzulebebs komentarebs uwerdnen. es meTodi Semdgom neoplatonikosebmac
gamoiyenes, romlebic, stoikosTa msgavsad, homerosis poemebSi kosmiur, sulier da RvTaebriv
ZalTa alegoriul gamoxatulebas xedavdnen. Aam azrs s. averincevi ase ayalibebs: miTebisa
da poeturi teqstebis elinisturi ganmartebebis tradiciebze metyvelebs stoikosTa mier
SemuSavebuli homerosis TxzulebaTa moralisturi interpretacia, romlis tradiciebic
gadmoiRes neoplatonikosebmac. Eegeve meTodebi jer kidev qristian aleqsandrielebamde
biblias miusadaga iudevelma aleqsandrielma filonma. MmasTan, iseve rogorc origenesTan,
elinisturi tradicia teqstis ganmartebisa iudaurzea dafuZnebuli1.
Nnawarmoebebisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda egzegetikis
ganviTarebas. swored amitomac iTvleba, rom stoikosTa da neoplatonikosTa Sexedulebebma
Sua saukuneTa da aRorZinebis xanis sulier cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa.
IV s-dan iwyeba qristianuli egzegetikis gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba. gamoirCeva
aleqsandriuli da antioqiuri skolebi, romelTac bibliur teqstTa komentirebisas
gansxvavebuli principebi miiRes. Qqristianuli RvTismetyvelebis aleqsandriulma skolam
bibliuri ,,wmida istoriis~ alegoriuli interpretaciis meTodi SeimuSava. Zveli aRTqmis
TiTqmis yvela epizodi ganixileboda rogorc qristes miwieri cxovrebis alegoriebi.
Mmagram, Tavis mxriv, ukanasknel movlenebs SeeZloT igavurad mieTiTebinaT qristianuli
sulis Sinagan gzaTa peripetiebze. Aaleqsandriuli skolis interpretacia TiTqosda
Cqarobs gaiaros, gasxltes movlenis konkretul saxeSi misi abstraqtuli mniSvnelobisken2.
Aaleqsandriuli da nawilobriv apologeturi komentirebis meTodis sapirispirod
antioqielebma bibliis sityvasityviT – istoriul (,,ganmartebiTi TargmanebaÁ~ – wm. efrem
mciris sityvaTxmarebaSi) Sinaarsze gaakeTes ZiriTadi aqcenti. Aaleqsandriulobisa da
antioqiurobis zomieri formebi sinTezurad Sevida bizantiur RvTismetyvelebaSi.
sazogadod, berZnuli egzegetikis istoriaSi gamoiyofa sami periodi: dasawyisi, pirveli
sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, klasikuri, meoTxe da mexuTe saukuneebisa da bizantiuri,
romelic meeqvse saukunidan iwyeba da TiTqmis konstantinopolis dacemamde grZeldeba.
Zvel mwerlobaSi cnobilni arian egzetikis Semdegi warmomadgenlebi: ipolite hromaeli
(gard. 236w.), origene (gard. 254 w.), dionise aleqsandrieli (gard. 264 w.), meTode olimpieli
1 s. averincevi. adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika. m. 1977, gv. 264. 2 s. averincevi. adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika. m. 1977, gv. 96.
158
(gard. 310 w.), aleqsandriisa da antioqiis skolebis IV-V ss-eebis moRvaweebi: wm. epifane
kvipreli, wm. efrem asuri, wm. aTanase aleqsandrieli, wm. basili didi, wm. dionise tarseli,
wm. grigol noseli, wm. ioane oqropiri, wm. evsuqi ierusalimeli, wm. kirile aleqsandrieli,
wm. Teodorite kvireli da sxvani.
VI s-dan egzegetikur mwerlobaSi SemuSavda bibliur teqstTa interpretaciis erTgvari
stereotipuli principi, romelsac aseTi formulireba mieca: ,,numca sxuebr Targmnian mas
(saRmrTo werils), Tvinier viTar igi mnaTobTa eklesiisaTa da moZRuarTa aRwerilTa TvisTa
mier gardamoscemsa~.Aam pincipiT xelmZRvanelobdnen iseTi egzegetikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen
prokopi Razeli, olimpiodore aleqsandrieli, maqsime aRmsarebeli kesaria-kapadukieli,
foti patriarqi, miqael pselosi, Teofilaqte bulgarel, andria i, eqvTime ziRabeni da
sxvani. Aam moRvaweTa Txzulebani umTavresad kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa; Mmagram aqve unda
gaviTvaliswinoT Sua saukuneTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi garemoeba: ,,medievaluri mwerlis
TvalTaxedviT, winaparTa mTeli Semoqmedeba warmoadgens mis sakuTrebas, romelsac igi
SeiZleba daeuflos, nebismierad moepyros. Aaq ar arsebobs arc plagiatis, arc saavtoro
uflebis cneba. Uudidesi pativi, romelic SeiZleba miegos winamorbeds, aris ara misi
nawarmoebiT tkboba, misi xeluxleblad Senaxva, aramed misi gacocxleba axal nawarmoebSi,
cocxal SemoqmedebaSi. gadamuSaveba es aris gamdidreba. Aamave dros, es aris uzenaes
realiebTan, maradiul ideebTan ziarebis pirdapiri gza, radgan es ideebi moipoveba Zvel
mweralTa nawarmoebebSi~3.
Aamitom zemoCamoTvlili mwerlebic ZiriTadad imeoreben winare periodis egzegetTa
naazrevs. Aase warmoiSva katenebi, romlebSic Tavmoyrilia bibliis teqstebis sxvadasxva
adgilis wm. mamebiseuli is ganmartebani, romlebic mkiTxvels teqstis aRqmas uadvilebda.
Kkatenebis avtorebidan gamoirCevian prokopi Razeli (VI s.), andria xucesi (VII s.), ioane
drunRari (XI s.), nikita seroneli (XI s.), nikoloz muzaloni (XII s.), neofite evkleisti (XII
s.).
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi egzegetikuri naSromebi VI s-dan dasturdeba, kerZod, ,,evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~. SeniSnulia, rom am TxzulebaSi moyvanili ,,Targmanebis~ saxiT
xelT gvaqvs erTgvari qaldeur-arameuli Targumiseburi nawarmoebi.
naTargmni egzetikuri Txzulebebidan SemorCenilia wm. epifane kviprelis, wm. andria
kretelis, wm. kirile aleqsandrielis, wm. basili didis, wm. dionise tarselis, wm. grigol
noselis, wm. ioane oqropiris, wm. Teofilaqte bulgarelisa da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi. Nnawili
am wm. mamaTa Txzulebebisa Setanilia ,,Satberdis krebulSi~. aRniSnuli Janris
ganviTarebasa da ZeglTa TargmnaSi didia wm. efTvime da wm. giorgi aTonelebis Rvawli,
romelTa Sromac wm. efrem mcirem gaagrZela. Mman gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia
epistoleTa komentarebis Targmnas da gadmoaqarTula wm. ioane oqropiris ganmartebani.
Eesaa ,,TargmanebaÁ samociqulosaÁ~ da samecniero literaturaSi igi miCneulia efrem mciris
Sromad, romelic dawerilia ioane oqropiris, germanosis, basili didis, ioane damaskelisa
da sxvaTa komentarebis gamoyenebiTi (k. kekeliZe).
wm. efremma Seadgina agreTve, ,,TargmanebaÁ fsalmunTaÁ~, romelic warmoadgens daviTnis
katenebs. igi ZiriTadad Seqmnilia aTanase da kirile aleqsandrielebis, basili didis,
evsuqi ierusalimelis, asteri amasielisa da ioane oqropiris komentarebis safuZvelze.
Ffaqtiurad wm. efrem mcire pirveli qarTveli moRvawea, romelmac Cven mwerlobaSi
Semoitana da daamkvidra katenebi, rogorc egzegetikuri mwerlobis garkveuli Janris
Txzulebebi. katenTa sxvadasxva epoqis avtorebis naSromTa msgavsad, wm. efremis es
Txzulebac kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa, radgan, rogorc vTqviT, masSi mocemulia da
Sejamebuli winamorbed avtorTa mier ganmartebuli bibliuri epizodebi, saxeebi Tu
,,wodebebi~, Tumca, rogorc SeniSnulia, garegani konstruqciiTaa da gegmiT, rac gamoixateba
masalisa da wyaroebis SerCevasa da maT dalagebaSi, is wm. efremis originalur nawarmoebad
unda CaiTvalos. Ees Sroma aris originaluri recenzia daviTnis katenebisa, mniSvnelovani
ara marto qarTuli mwerlobis, aramed, sazogadod, hermenevtikis istoriaSi.
3a. aleqsiZe. berZnuli saraindo romanis samyaro (XIII-XIV ss.). Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 262.
159
Aam naSromTa garda, wm. efrems kidev ori egzegetikuri nawarmoebis Targmani ekuTvnis:
grigol sakvirvelmoqmedis ,,metafrasi eklesiastiasaÁ~ da grigol RvTismetyvelis
,,metafrasi ezekielisaÁ~. rogorc Cans, ,,metafrazi~ ewodeboda egzegetikur ,,gardaTqmasac~.
Aaqve wamoiWreba sakiTxi wm. efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi principebis Sesaxeb, radgan
aTonel moRvaweTa mier naTargmn TxzulebaTa wm. efremis mier dedanTan maqsimaluri
sizustiT gadmoqarTuleba egzegetikuri muSaobisas Seqmnilma siZneleebmac ganapiroba.
zogierTi gansamartavi termini Tu sityva ufro zust gadmotanas iTxovda. wm. efrem mciris
SeniSvniT, berZnuli ena ,,ufskruli Rrma ars da igive da erTi sityvaÁ mravalsa pirsa
aRiarebs~; amitom mTargmnelma zedmiwevniT unda icodes ,,rabamobaÁ berZenTa da qarTvelTa
enebisaÁ~4.
Aamdenad, egzegetikuri mwerlobis specifikidan gamomdinare, sityva jer maqsimaluri
SesabamisobiT unda gadmoTargmniliyo da Semdeg darTvoda mas komentarebi. Aamis gamo wm.
efremi ,,fsalmunTa Targmanebis SesavalSi~ wm. giorgi mTawmidelis mier naTargmn teqstebze
muSaobisas SeniSnavda: ,,mcired cvalebaÁ hnebebia mis sityuasa...… da meca egreTve
samociquloÁ sityuaÁ viTa amaT eTargmna, egreT damiweria, pirveli raÁTa mowmobaÁ misi
srul vyo. xolo sada Targmani sityuisaÁ maiZulebda iSviT cvalebasa sityuisasa~, igi
,,Targmansa Sina~ specialuri niSnebiT gamomiyviao. sxvaganac analogiur SeniSvnas gamoTqvams
wm. efremi: radgan zogjer ganmartebas ar Seefereboda qarTuli Targmani, amitom pirvelad
samociqulos teqsti Sevaswore ,,berZnulisa Zalisaber, Tana-SewevniTa da wina-ZRomiTa
TargmanTa da leqsikonTaÁTa, rameTu ars mravali sityuaÁ, romel Tvisgan pavlesa Sina ege
ufro Seiwyobvis qarTulad~. Tavisi egzegetikuri muSaobisas wm. efrem mcire ase rom ar
moqceuliyo, winaaRmdegoba iqneboda Targmanebasa da gansamartav teqsts Soris, rac imas
gamoiwvevda, rom ,,kualad Semdgomni mecnierni berZnulisani mabraloebed gueqmnebodes
gamouZieblad dawerisaTvis sityuaTaÁsao~.
specialur literaturaSi wm. efremis mTargmnelobiTi meTodi dawvrilebiTa da
guldasmiT aris Seswavlili. Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi daskvnebi
aseTia:
wm. efrem mcire agrZelebs V-XI ss-eebSi SemuSavebuli Targmanis Teoriul tradiciebs,
magram, amave dros, igi upirispirdeba e. w. ,,Semateba-gamoklebis~ mTargmnelobiT meTods. wm.
efremi maqsimalurad iyenebs qarTul enaSi arsebul potenciur SesaZleblobebs, leqsikur
simdidres, riTac amJRavnebs Tavis miswrafebas enis mxatvrul-stilistur problemaTa
gadaWrisken. Aamitomacaa, rom mis mier naTargmn teqstebSi gvxvdeba xan zogierTi muxlis
axali Targmani, zogjer teqstSi Setanilia saWiro dazustebani da Sesworebani, an gvaqvs
berZnuli frazis pirdapiri Targmani, mimReoburi konstruqciebi, sinonimuri Senacvlebani,
neologizmebi da sxva xasiaTis Casworebani.
wm. efremis moTxovniT, mTargmnelma, pirvel rigSi, zedmiwevniT unda icodes dednis enisa
da saTargmni enis Taviseburebani; mTargmnelis movaleobaa, isargeblos uZvelesi
xelnawerebiT, radgan isini dro-Jamis manZilze ilaxeboda; ar SeiZleba nawarmoebis
,,zedawarwerilis~ anu saTauris Secvla; Sesrulebuli Targmani originalTan maqsimalurad
miaxloebuli unda iyos, magram am sizustem ar unda Selaxos im enis buneba, romelzec
Zegli iTargmna, radgan mkiTxvels am SemTxvevaSi xelT eqneba originalidan moCvenebiTi
sizustiT da, aqedan, aramecnierulad naTargmni Txzulebebi; amasTanave, yovlad dauSvebelia
saTargmni Txzulebis ,,daWra da ganbZarva~ (danawileba da Semokleba); Targmans unda
daerTos specialuri komentarebi, rac mkiTxvels teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomas gauadvilebs.
AaseTia zogadad wm. efrem mciriseuli zusti mecnieruli Targmnis Teoriuli principebi,
romlebic man SeimuSava – misTvis mTargmneloba esaa filologiur kvleva-ZiebasTan
Serwymuli SemoqmedebiTi procesi, xolo naTargmni teqsti saSualeba da stimuli, raTa
mkiTxveli originals miuaxlovos.
rogorc iTqva, wm. efremis mTargmnelobiTi meTodi garkveulwilad swored egzegetikuri
Txzulebebis Sedgenisasaa Camoyalibebuli da daxvewili. qarTveli moRvawis teqstisadmi
aseTi damokidebuleba Cans ,,fsalmunTa Targmanebis SesavalSic~, romelSic mocemulia
4ivane javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 12 tomad. t. VIII. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 160.
160
ZiriTad qristologiur saxeTa da terminTa, ,,wodebaTa~ sityvasityviTi Tu alegoriuli
ganmartebani, daculi zemoxsenebul ,,keTilad mecnier~ wm. mamaTa TxzulebebSi.
wm. efrem mciris am naSromis mixedviT Cans, rom, erTi mxriv, aleqsandriuli
saxismetyvelebiTi da, meore mxriv, antioqiuri sityvasityviT-istoriuli interpretaciis
meTodebi Serwymulia da erTgvari sinTezuri formiTaa Sesuli RvTismetyvelebaSi (am
sinTezis erT-erTi pirveli dadasturebaa mitrofane zmvirnelis ,,TargmanebaÁ
eklesiastisaÁ~). isic unda iTqvas, rom bibliur saxeTa komentirebisas xelT gvaqvs ara
marto Teologiuri xasiaTis ganmartebani, aramed moniSnulia am saxeTa mxatvrulad,
saxeobrivad gaazrebis SesaZleblobac.
SevniSnavT, rom wm. efrem mcirisTvis cnobilia rogorc antioqiuri, aseve aleqsandriuli
skolis bibliur teqstTa egzegetikuri interpretaciis meTodebi. Aamaze metyvelebs wm. mamis
Semdegi msjeloba:
1. ,,uzeSTaes ars ganmartebiT Targmna saxismetyvelebiT Targmnisasa~, rasac mxars
uWerdnen antioqiuri skolis egzegetebi;
2. ,,mravalni icilobebian wignisaTvis fsalmunTaÁsa, viTarmed ara yovelni daviTisnia,
aramed umravlesni da Cuenni yovelni erT-xma arian, viTarmed yovelnive daviTis mier
Tqmul arian~. xolo egzegetikuri tradicia, romelic daviTs acxadebda yvela fsalmunis
avtorad, damaxasiaTebeli iyo swored siriuli skolebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki –
antioqiurisaTvis. aleqsandriuli skolis warmomadgenlebis, magaliTad, aTanase
aleqsandrielis mixedviT, fsalmunebi ekuTvnis Semdeg avtorebs: daviTs _ 72, daviTisTvis
Tqmulia 9, asafisa _ 12, kores ZeTa _ 12, eTamisa, emanisa, solomonisa, mosesi – TiTo-
TiTo, angeasi da zaqariasi _ 2.
,,fsalmunTa Targmaneba~ wm. efrem mcires umTavresad aleqsandriuli skolis
warmomadgenelTa Sromebis mixedviT aqvs Sedgenili. Aam dros misi umTavresi mizani ase
ganisazRvra: ,,pirvelTa maT JamTa araraÁ aqunda sxuaÁ sagalobelad saeklesiod Tvinier
fsalmunTa wignisa~. Tumca fsalmunebi RvTismsaxurebaSi Semdgomac farTod
gamoiyeneboda. Aamitom am katenTa SedgeniT, rogorc Cans, wm. efrems surda, rom qarTuli
eklesiis liturgiul praqtikaSi dadebuliyo daviTnis SedarebiT srulyofilad
komentirebuli teqsti.
zemoCamoTvlil wm. mamaTa Txzulebebis garda, efremi iyenebs aseve efTvime aTonelis
mier naTargmn basili kesarielis ,,fsalmunTa Targmanebasa~ da zogierT sxva jerjerobiT
ucnob wyarosac. Eesaa ,,raodenTa wignTagan erTad Semokrebuli~ Teologiuri kvleva-Zieba,
romelic ,,vhgoneb, viTarmed erTsa wignsa Sina ver miemTxvevis yovelsave unaklulod~.
wm. efremi teqstTa komentirebis ,,litonad martivTaTvis~ gamijvniT ,,uRrmesad
gamomeZiebelTaTvis da gulisxmis myofelTagan~ iZleva hermenevtikis ZiriTad
ganmsazRvrel or niSans. rogorc SevniSneT, egzegetikuri mwerlobis upirvelesi amocana
iyo mrevlisaTvis bibliuri teqstis Sinaarsis ubralod da martivad gadmocema, da am
teqstTa aRqmis gaadvileba komentarebis saSualebiT.
wm. efremi imasac miuTiTebs, rom arian ,,ukue sxuanica umravlesni pirvel
moxsenebulTasa mTargmnelni daviTisani ara ueWuelni, aramed friadca saeWuelni~. Mmas
,,wignebsa Tan wmidaTasa~ SeuerTebia imaTi Txzulebebic, ,,romelni-igi arianozTa da
origianTa Tana SeiCuenebian”.Aamas Tavisi axsna moeZebneba: cnobilia, wm. ioane damaskeli
,,wyaro codnisaSi”, kerZod, mis dogmatur-aRmsareblobiT nawilSi, ,,gardamocemaSi~
asabuTebs, rom filosofia da ,,gareSe sibrZne~ SeiZleba Teologiis samsaxurSi Cadges –
esaa sqolastikis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSani: sqolastikis mizani iyo, wm. efremis
mixedviT Tu vityviT, ,,amaT mier winaaRudgebodin Svilni eklesiisani gareSeTa maT
filosofosTa da maTiTave isriTa ganhguremdnen~ maT. Eesaa, wers igi, ,,wamlianTaganca
mxecTa...…wamlisa sakurneblis~ Semzadebis meTodi.
qarTvelma RvTismetyvelma am naSromis Sedgenisas isargebla svimeonwmidis
wignTsacaviT da, ,,Tvinier Teodorites~ Txzulebisa, yvela sxva wm. mamis iq arsebuli
Txzuleba gamoiyena. wm. efremi SeniSnavs, rom daviTnis mTargmnel wm. mamaTa komentarebi
,,adgil-adgil mimoganfenil ars wignsa amas Sina da Znel sapovnelad. amisTvisca mciredi
mravlisgan erTad Semokrebul iqmna gamomeZiebelTaTvis da wina-Sesavalsa amis wignisa
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Cuenisasa daewera ara litonad, arca urTierTas aRreulad, aramed asoTa zeda anbanisaTa
ganwyobilad da gankargulad, raÁTa marjue da advil iyvnen sapovnelad meZiebelTaTvis~.
vidre SevexebodeT wm. efremis mier sistemaSi moyvanil bibliur saxelTa Tu ,,RrmaTa,
wignurTa sityuaTa~ realur-istoriul da saxismetyvelebiT komentarebs, SevCerdebiT
avtoris Sexedulebebze qristianuli saxismetyvelebis Teoriul principebze. Ees sakiTxi
yovelTvis imsaxurebda mkvlevarTa yuradRebas, miT umetes, rom qristianuli
saxismetyveleba uSualod egzegetikis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba.
SevniSnavT, rom saintereso suraTs iZleva wm. efrem mciris am SexedulebaTa Seswavla
adreqristianuli da Sua saukuneTa qristianuli kulturis saxismetyvelebiT sistemasTan
mimarTebaSi.
wm. efrem mciris xedvasTan dakavSirebiT apologetTa da adreuli qristianobis sxva
moRvaweTa mosazrebebis moyvana imdenadaa SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac am periodis wm. mamaTa
Teologiuri komentarebi, warmoSobili platonisa da filonis maxlobeli ideebidan,
gadavida rogorc erTgvari stereotipuli formulebi da modusebi plotinesTan, wm.
basili didTan, wm. grigol noselTan, wm. grigol RvTismetyvelTan, wm. dionise
areopagelTan, wm. maqsime aRmsarebelTan, wm. ioane damaskelTan – maT SemoqmedebaSi ukve
mocemulia sinTezi aRmosavlur-dasavluri saxismetyvelebiTi egzegetikis tendenciebisa
da tradiciebisa, xolo aqedanaa ukve Sesuli uSualod qarTul qristianul TargmanebaSi.
cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneTa sasuliero mwerlobisaTvis bibliuri da wmida mamaTa
Txzulebebi kanonikurad iTvleba. Aam periodis literaturas, rogorc araerTgzisaa
SeniSnuli, axasiaTebs: Zvel avtorTa kulti, gansakuTrebuli orientacia Zvel teqstebze,
nimuSebze, saxeobrivi gamoxatvis, mudmiv TemaTa mtkice SerCeva, siuJetTa, stilis, JanrTa,
gmirTa tipebis gameoreba da a.S. umTavresad ki bibliuri teqstebi iyo Sua saukuneTa
moRvaweTaTvis sibrZnis is ZiriTadi masala, romelic iyo wyaro religiuri, filosofiuri,
eTikuri, politikuri, kulturul-istoriuli, esTetikuri Tu poeturi azrovnebisTvis.
xolo rac winaswar ar aris mocemuli winaswarmetyvelTa, mociqulTa, maxarebelTa mier,
misi Zieba amaoa da araa saWiro (am azrs aviTarebda wm. ioane damaskeli). Uufro adre II
s-is adreqristianuli periodis apologeti avtori tertuliane saxarebiseul mowodebas -
,,eZiebdiT da hpovoT~ (maTe 7.7) – ase ganmartavda: qristianebs araferi aqvT saZiebeli,
WeSmariteba maT uwyebuli aqvT mociqulTa miero.
aqedan iRebs saTaves e. w. ,,wmida mamaTa Sedgomilobis~ principi, romelTan
dakavSirebiT jer kidev ioane zosime werda: ,,ara Sehgavs da arca keTil ars SematebaÁ
gina daklebaÁ rasme ufroÁs gansazRvrebulisa mis wmidaTa mamaTa da moZRuarTaÁsa~. xolo
wm. efTvime aTonelis TqmiT, ,,mindobaÁ Tavisa TvisisaÁ da Tvissa ganzraxvasa SedgomaÁ
warwymedel ars sulisa~. Aavtoritetis cnobis aucileblobas gansakuTrebiT xazs usvams
wm. efrem mcire: ,,Cven ara saRramatikosTa, arca safilosofosTa, aramed
pirveldamaSuralTa TargmanTa wignebisagan ganviswavlebiT da, viTarca RmrTisad, egreTve
CuenTa uwinaresTad SevhracxT madlsa mas da maTsa meoxebasa, romel mwed vixumevT,
viTarca yovelTa wmidaTasa. amiT ganviswavlebiT, amiT vTargmniTca~.
Tuki kanonikuri teqstebi Rrma sulier samyaros gamoxataven, am samyaros realurad
gadmotana ,,soflad~ sasuliero mwerlobas evaleba.Aamitomac romelime konkretuli
bibliuri saxe Tu movlena aiReba rogorc paradigma, arqetipi da Semdeg ,,imoseba~
individualuri niSnebiT. Aamitomacaa, rom qristianuli simbolika, rogorc miuTiTeben,
ZiriTadad gamWirvalea, masSi advilad amoicnoba realuri paradigma.Aam dros ,,poeturi
Tavisufleba~ erTgvarad SezRudulia, radgan winaswaraa gamokveTili nebismieri saxis
arqetipi. Ees ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba tradiciuli
saxismetyvelebiTi gaazrebebiTac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianuli saxismetyveleba,
romelSic Serwymulia formalur-logikuri gansjani saxeobriv-plastikur azrovnebasTan,
Sua saukuneebis qristianuli kulturis umTavresi maxasiaTebelia; Zveli mwerlobis
poetikas igi avsebs da, Sesabamisad, aRrmavebs kidec, radgan iTvleba, rom xels uwyobs
adamianis sulier ZalTa mobilizebas, misi gonebis mimarTvas umaRlesi WeSmaritebis
Casawvdomad. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom, garkveuli SexedulebiT, TxzulebaTa
saxismetyvelebiTi mxare teqstSi mocemul filosofiur msjelobaTa meTodologiur
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safuZvladacaa miCneuli (e. gilsoni, f. boneri), radgan Tavs uyris logikur, esTetikur,
fsiqologiur gagebaTa rigs.
qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi modusebis mimarTeba TviT RvTaebasTanac ukve xedviT-
plastikuria da, amdenad, ,,literaturul-esTetikuri~ niSnebis matarebelic. Mmagram
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, vTqvaT, ,,RvTaebis arseboba patristikul azrovnebaSi ki ar
,,mtkicdeba~, aramed xdeba am arsebobis Cveneba~. rac, garkveuli azriT, exmianeba Zveli da
Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTis cnobil Teoriul princips - ,,me gadmovcem, magram ar vqmni~
(konfuci). aseTi damokidebuleba sasuliero mwerlobis yvela Janrze vrceldeba.
qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi azrovnebis daniSnulebaa ,,soflisa da zesTa
soflis~ erTmaneTTan dakavSireba qristologiuri da, aqedan gamomdinare, saxeobrivi
aspeqtiT. simbolur-alegoriulad, ufro zogadad Tu vityviT, ,,Rrma da gamosaZiebeli~
sityvebiT gadmocemul saxeTa ,,amokiTxva~ ki dafarulis gacxadebas niSnavs: ,,aRxsna uwods
TargmanebiT ganmartebasa, romel ars gamocxadebaÁ Zalsa sityuaTa dafarulebisasa~, –
wers wm. efrem mcire.
laTinuri apologetikis warmomadgenlis - minucius feliqsis TqmiT, visac surs
Seicnos RvTis dideba, igi akninebs mas, xolo visac ar surs misi daknineba, man ar icis
igi. Aam azris gagrZelebad da gaRrmavebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos netari avgustines
mimarTvac RvTisadmi: ,,saerTod risi Tqma ZalgviZs Senze? – magram vai maT, vinc duman
Senze, rameTu mravlismetyvelnic dadumebulan~. Tumca, amave dros, ,,yvelaferi SeiZleba
iTqvas RmerTis Sesaxeb da yvelaferi Tqmuli masze uRirsia misi~.
ioane sabanaZis ganmartebiTac, ,,saSinel da wmida ars da yovlad Zlier da sakvirvel
da ufal da yovlisa mpyrobel ars saxeli misi. ver SemZlebel varT Cven miwdomad
simdidresa mas saxelsa misisa, aramed uZlurebisaebr Cemisa da gulismodginebisa Tqvenisa
viwyo Txrobad Tqvenda~ (ioane sabanisZe). sakiTxis ase dasma, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs
garkveul winaaRmdegobas, romlis sirTulis erTi mxarec komentirebisas ase aqvs
gaazrebuli wm. efrem mcires: ,,ganmartebaÁ ara xolo SesaZlebel ars, aramed
sacTurebaÁca~.
ase rom, Sua saukuneTa nebismieri mwerlis winaSe dgas aseTi dilema: erTi mxriv,
mwerali aRiarebs, rom igi araa Rirsi da SemZle, gadmoces arCeuli Tema sityvebiT, rom
mas RvTisadmi pativis migeba mxolod dumiliT SuZlia da, meore mxriv, igi grZnobs Tavis
vals, mainc mimarTos sityvas; aqedan SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa meore pozicia.
zemoT iTqva, rom patristikul da, saerTod, Sua saukuneTa literaturul
azrovnebaSi RvTaebis arsebobaze an mis mimaniSnebel saxeebze saubari sxvadasxva
avtorTan mocemulia CvenebiT, gadmocemiT da ara mtkicebiT, SeqmniT. amis akrZalvas Tu
gamoxatvis formas, rac xelovnebis nebismier sferoze vrceldeboda, TviT kanonikuri
teqstebi iZleoda. erTi mxriv, bibliaSi weria: „nu iswrafi piriTa SeniTa da guli Seni
nu iswrafin gamoRebad sityvisa winaSe RmrTisa, rameTu RmerTi caTa Sina ars da Sen
queyanasa zeda. amisTvis iyuned sityvani Senni mcire, rameTu moiwios Cueneba simravliTa
ganmcdelisaÁTa da xmaÁ ugunurisa simravliTa sityuaTaÁTa~ (eklesiaste, 5. 1-2); „iyavn
yoveli kaci moswrafe smenad, mZime sityuad~ (iakobi, 1.19); „mravlismetyvelebisagan ver
ganere codvasa, xolo eridebodi Tu bagiTa, gonier iyo~ (igavTa, 10,19). xolo, meore mxriv,
naTqvamia: „aRvaRo igaviT piri Cemi da vityodi igaviT dasabamisaTa~ (fs.77.2); „aRvaRo igaviT
piri Cemi da vityodi dafarulTa dasabamiTgan soflisaÁT~ (maTe, 13.35). sityva parabolas
wm. efremi igavad Targmnis: „ese igavio, ityvis, romel ars paravoli~. sxvagan igavi
ganmartebulia (ara wm. efremis mier) rogorc magaliTi.
parabola-igavi simbolur-alegoriuli azrovnebis erT konkretul formad iTvleba
bibliuri teqstebidan gamomdinare. igi gamiznulia aRqmis mravalmniSvnelobisaTvis, masSi
ar ixsenieba Tavad movlena, aramed martivi sagnis gadmocemiT xdeba miniSneba Rrma,
WeSmarit azrze. amasTan dakavSirebiT mocemulia wm. ioane oqropiris vrceli msjeloba
giorgi amartolis „xronoRrafSi~; movitanT sruli saxiT: „mravlisa raÁs momaswavebel
ars saxeli igavisai, rameTu ars igavi zraxvaÁ da saxisSemoRebaÁ da yuradRebaÁ, viTar igi
raJams ityodis daviT, viTarmed „damxsen Cuen igavad warmarTTa Soris, Tavis saxrelad
erTa Soris~ da kualad ars igavi magaliTiani sityvaÁ, romelsa mravalni saZieblad saxel
163
sdeben ara cxadisa sityvasaebr saCinod gulis-xmis-sayofeli, aramed Sinagan mqonebeli
dafarulsa ZalisaÁ, viTar igi raJams samfson ityoda, viTrmed „gamovida pirisagan
Zlierisa tkbili~, xolo iTqumis igavad msgavsebaÁca, „rameTu sxuaÁ igavi daudga maTo,
Tqmul ars, da Tqua: msgavs ars sasufeveli caTaÁ kacsa, romelman dasTesa Tesli keTili
agaraksa Tvissa~ da kualad igavad iTqumis saxis-metyvelebaÁ, viTar igi ars : „Zeo kacisao,
arqu maT igavi ese: arwivi frTadidi maRlad-mfrinvale”, xolo arwivad ityode mefesa.
igavad ukue iTqmis saxeca da xati, viTar igi pavle ityvis: „sarwmunoebiT Sewira abraham
isaki gamocdasa mas da mxolod Sobilsa mas Seswirvida Semwynarebelsa aRTqumaTasa~,
romelisTvisca igaviT miiyvana igi~, ese igi ars, saxesa Sina da xatsa da igavi ars sityva
ganmzavebeli gulis-xmissayofelebiTa grZnobadTa sityvaTa da warmomadginebeli
soflioTa mier da xilulTa zeSTa soflisaTa da uxilavTa. xolo sxvaguari igavi ars
sityua aCrdiloani da magaliTiani Tqmulsa misebr: „mivyo igavsa yuri Cemi~, egeviTarive
igavi ars xedvaÁ Tana-Setyebuli xedvisa da mecnierebisaÁ. magaliTi ars saTiToeuloÁsagan
yovliT-erTisa mimarT aRsvlaÁ, anu gamoCinebaÁ sarwmunoqmnili kerZoobiTisaÁ
kerZoobiTisa mier da msgavsisa, xolo sakuTari igavi ars sityvaÁ dafarul sxvisa mier
moqene gancxadebulisa SeswavebisaÁ“. amave Txzulebis qarTul TargmanSi daculia aseTi
minaweri: „Seiswave ganyofilebaÁ saxeTa igavTai, rameTu oTxguarad iTqumis eniTa
elinTaÁTa: paravoli, provlima, paradiRma, parvimia~.
igavur anu simbolour-alegoriul saxeebs wm. efrem mcire, wm. dionise areopagelis
qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi sistemidan gamomdinare, ,,umsgavso msgavsebebs~, uwodebs,
rac RvTismetyvelebaSi ,,urTierTgamomricxav bunebaTa SenaerTebad~ da gadmocemis
antinomiur formad aRiqmeba. antinomiuroba, rogorc RvTis Secnobis forma, gansakuTrebiT
gaRrmavebulia wm. dionises moZRvrebaSi, igi esTetikuri kategoriis rangSic kia ayvanili.
antinomiasTan dakavSirebiT p. florenski wers: ,,antinomiebi esaa religiis konstruqciuli
elementebi, Tuki vifiqrebT maTze gonivrulad. Tezisi da antiTezisi, rogorc safuZveli
da misaqseli, wnaven religiur gancdaTa TviT qsovils. sadac araa antinomia, iq araa
rwmena: xolo es iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac rwmenac da imedic ganqardeba da iqneba
mxolod siyvaruli”. Aase rom, umaRlesi religiuri cnobierebisaTvis antinomia
warmoadgens Sinaganad erTian da mTlian sulier xedvas. Aamitom saxe erTdroulad aris
,,Tqmuli da gamouTqmeli, sacnauri da ucnauri~ (wm. ioane damaskeli, ,,gardamocema~, wm.
efremis Targmani).
daskvnis saxiT SevniSnavT: qristianul egzegetikaSi warmodgenili saxeebis
ganmartebis zogadTeoriuli principebi bibliis poetikis rkalSia moqceuli, radgan
bibliis saxismetyveleba esaa igavis poetika, romelic ar tovebs adgils arafrisaTvis,
elinur ,,plastikurobas~ rom hgavs: buneba da sagnebi unda moixseniebodes mxolod
moqmedebis msvlelobaSi da moqmedebis azrTan dakavSirebiT, arasodes ar gaxdeba ra
TviTmiznuri aRweris obieqtebi, romlebic gamoxataven uangaro-gandgomil sixaruls
Tvalisa; adamianebi warmodgebian ara rogorc xelovanis dakvirvebis obieqtebi, aramed
rogorc arCevisa da moqmedebis subieqtebi. aseTia qristianuli egzegetikis Teoriul-
saxismetyvelebiT principTa erT-erTi sayuradRebo aspeqti.
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Giorgi Alibegashvili
From the History of Theoretical-Imagery Principles of Christian Exegetics
Summary
Christian exegetics mainly provides commenting biblical writings. Definitions were threefold: 1. Easy narration
and convey of a text and its contents; 2. Comments for making it easy to comprehend the text; 3. Translation from one
language into another.
Christian exegetics is originated on the base of Hellenistic exegetics. Its development started in IV century. Antioch and
Alexsandria schools are distinguished. Christian theology school in Alexandria elaborated allegorical interpretation of
“pure history” method; Antioch school – word by word historical; the mild forms of Antioch and Alexsandria schools
synthetically entered firstly in Bezant and afterwards in Georgian exegetics where the works of this kind are confirmed
from VI century.
Georgian theologian Ephraim the Small’s merit is very special in this sphere as his comments are particular for
historical inquiry of Eastern Christian culture hermeneutics. Both Alexandria and Antioch school methods of commenting
are distinguished by which Georgian figure explained separate episodes of Biblical text, theological models, images,
forms.
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tariel futkaraZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi1
(manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis)
brunva da bruneba.
qarTul samwignobro enaSi, zogadad, qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi kargadaa
Camoyalibebuli brunvis morfologiuri kategoria2. qarTuli enis brunvebi didi xania aris
mecnaierTa kvlevis obieqti, miuxedavad amisa, specielistebi dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan iseT
ZiriTad sakiTxze, rogoricaa: `brunvaTa raodenoba qarTulSi~. azrTa sxvadasxvaobas qmnis
brunvis cnebis gansxvavebuli gaazrebani, diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli faqtebis
gaudiferencirebuli analizi da sxva faqtorebi.
mag., Sdr., brunvaTa ganmartebani:
anton kaTalikosi: `brunva aris cvaleba mimoxriTi sxvisa da sxvisa mimarT mdgmoebisa
erTisa da misive saxelisa~; e. i. brunva aris saxelis erTisa da imave fuZis sxvadasxvanairad
mimoxriTi cvla.
a. SaniZe: brunva aris gramatikuli kategoria, romelic aerTianebs bgeriTi
Sedgenilobisa da funqciis mixedviT gansxvavebul saxelur formebs.
arn. Ciqobava: brunva gabmul metyvelebaSi saxels akavSirebs saxelTan an zmnasTan (saTanado
Sinaarsis gadmosacemad).
v. Tofuria: brunva aris saxelis forma, romelic miiReba misi sxva sityvebTan
sintaqsuri urTierTobis Sedegad3...
ramdeni brunvaa qarTulSi?
akaki SaniZe `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ aT brunvas asaxelebs, saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebSi ki - Svids. arnold Ciqobavas da azriT qarTulSi eqvsi brunvaa.
samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad sakamaToa wodebiTi da e. w. adgilobiTi brunvebis
sakiTxi4.
wodebiTi brunva qarTulSi Semoitana anton kaTalikosma. mas brunvad Tvlidnen sxva
Zveli gramatikosebic. pirvelad arn. Ciqobavam Seitana eWvi wodebiTi brunvis arsebobaSi.
amis Semdeg qarTul lingvistikaSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ori
Tvalsazrisi:
zogi mkvlevari wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevs, zogi - ara; kerZod: arn. Ciqobavasa da v.
Tofurias msjelobis Sesabamisad zogi dResac ar Tvlis wodebiTs brunvad, radganac, maTi
azriT, es forma ver amyarebs sintaqsur kavSirs zmnasTan da brunvis niSanic axali
1warmodgenili naSromis nawili saTauriT: `bruneba, rogorc saxelis formaTwarmoebis erT-erTi aspeqti (saxelis sinTezisa da analizis formalizebuli modelebisaTvis)~ daibeWda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas saxlobis enaTmecnierebis institutisa da zugdidis damoukidebeli universitetis erTobliv saiubileo krebulSi: giorgi rogava. Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 157-170. 2zogi morfologiur kategoriad brunebas miiCnevs; morfologiuri kategoria არის brunva: fuZe+brunvis niSani, romelic realizdeba ramdenime variantis saxiT; bruneba aris saxelis cvla brunvebis mixedviT; Sdr.: mwkrivi aris morfologiuri kategoria; zmnis cvla mwkrivebis mixedviT ki - uRleba. 3msjelobisaTvis ix.: akaki SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 34; arnold Ciqobava. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 267; И. Наида . морфология . М., 1949. 32; О. Есперсен. Философия грамматики . М. , 1958, 214; E. Курилович . Философия грамматики . М., 1958, 214; А. О. Бондарько . Теория морфологической категории. Л. , 1976. 4g. nebieriZes sakamaTod miaCnia moTxrobiTi brunvis sakiTxic; ix.: g. nebieriZe. arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli konstruqcia qarTvelur enebSi. macne els 3. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 177-191. aqve SevniSnaT, rom saerToqarTvelurSi marTlac SeiZleba ver aRdges -man/-ma/-m niSniani moTxrobiTi brunva (ergativi), magram ergativi da ertatiuli konstruqcia saerToqarTveluridan rom momdinareobs da arqaul qarTulsac rom axasiaTebs, CvenTvis ueWveli faqtia.
166
warmoSobisaa - Sorisdebulidanaa miRebuli5... mag., wodebiTs damoukidebel brunvad ar
miiCnevs g. nebieriZe; kerZod, misi azriT, wodebiTi brunva unda iyos brunvaTa sistemaSi,
magram saxelobiTTan erTad, radgan wodebiTi saxelobiTis `funqciuri variantia~6. T.
uTurgaiZe wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevda adreul gamokvlevaSi7, Semdeg ki brunvaTa ricxvSi
aRar Seitana im argumentiT, rom saxelis es forma zmnasTan kavSirs ver amyarebs;
msazRvrelis rolSi yofna ki araarsebiTia, ramdenadac msazRvreli sazRvrulis formas
`emorCileba~8... aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msazRvreli sazRvrulis formas ver `daemorCileba~,
analogiuri forma (yalibi, mag., fuZe+o/v/0) rom ar hqondes.
a. SaniZes wodebiTi Seaqvs brunvaTa paradigmaSi, magram mas boloSi aTavsebs. mis azrs
iziareben: l. kvaWaZe, al. oniani, l. nozaZe...
samecniero literaturaSi diskusiis sagania e. w. Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxic. jer
kidev m. brosem Tandebulian formebs rTuli brunvebi uwoda da gamoyo lokaluri anu
adgilobiTi brunvebi (bagasa-Sina, bagasa-zeda). m. brosesa da zogi sxva Zveli gramatikosis
kvalad, ZiriTad brunvaTa gverdiT, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, a. SaniZec gamoyofs
ramdenime lokalur brunvas.
saxelis formawarmoebis logikuri wesebis problema
dRes roca aqtualuria manqanuri Targmanis kompiuteruli programis Seqmna, didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod brunvis formaTa Camoyalibebis gzis kvlevas, aramed qarTuli
enis saxelis formebis logikuri paradigmis agebas sinqroniuli monacemebis mixedviT9;
mxolod aseTi paradigmis mixedviT aigeba iseTi algoriTmi, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis
saxelis formawarmoebis modelirebas da romelic maqsimaluri sizustiT da naklebi
operaciebiT aRwers enobriv formaTa sinTezsa da analizs.
warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania saxelTa brunebis amsaxveli iseTi normalizebuli
wesebis SemuSaveba, romlebic martivad da zustad moaxdenen Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
saxelis formawarmoebiTi variantebis sinTezsa da analizs. meti sicxadisaTvis,
postulatebis saxiT warmovadgenT Cveni Semdgomi msjelobisaTvis amosaval debulebebs:
1. gramatikuli kategoria aris erTi semantikuri kategoriis amsaxveli gramatikuli
formebis sistema; gramatikuli kategoriis niSanebs warmoadgenen erTi rangis afiqsebi an
erTi agebulebis yalibebi.
gramatikuli kategoriis aucilebeli niSania mniSvnelobisa da formis erTianoba
(rogorc bilateraluri enobrivi niSnisa); sxvanairad Tu vityviT: Tuki
urTierTdapirispirebul gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa ganyenebuli erToba simetriuladaa
asaxuli erTi sityvis msgavsi agebulebis formaTa rigiT, saqme gvaqvs gramatikul
kategoriasTan10.
2. brunva aris morfologiuri kategoria, romelic sxvadasxva gramaTa saSualebiT
asaxavs sagnis (movlenis) mimarTebas sxva saganTan (movlenasTan), an raime moqmedebasTan:
mimarTeba SeiZleba iyos sintaqsuri an semantikuri (posesiuri, lokaluri); Sdr.: brunva
5Sdr.: svanur da zog sxva qarTul kiloebSic mimarTvis dros dResac o Sorisdebuli gamoiyeneba: o, RerbeT (o, RmerTo). 6g. nebieriZe. arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli konstruqcia qarTvelur enebSi. macne els 3. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 177-191. 7T. uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 23. 8T. uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis doneTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebisaTvis globalur enobriv sistemaSi. Tbilisi, 2009; T. uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis istoriuli gramatikis morfonolofgiuri da morfosintaqsuri aspeqtebi. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 21. 9fomalizebuli wesebis Camoyalibeba unda efuZnebodes myar logikur Teoriul debulebebsa da enis sinqroniul monacemebs; istoriuli (diaqroniuli) aspeqti informaciis saxiT unda Sevides TiToeuli morfologiuri elementis `pasportSi~. 10morfemaSi formisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: Э. Бенвенист . Общая лингвистика . М., 1974; 136; b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da funqciuri analizis principebi. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 92; a. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 40 da sxva.
167
iseTi morfologiuri kategoriaa, romelic gramatikul da semantikur mimarTebebs
gamoxatavs11.
3. konkretuli brunva (gramema) aris morfologiuri yalibi, romelic konteqstis
mixedviT gamoxatavs konkretul sintaqsur Tu semantikur funqcias; sxvanairad: mocemuli
brunva aris saxelis myari formawarmoebiTi yalibi (fuZe + brunv. niSani), romelsac erTi
lqsikuri erTeulis farglebSi aqvs sintaqsur da semantikur funqciaTa sakuTari speqtri.
Sdr.:
v. Smidtis (1960) ganmarteba: `bruneba ewodeba gramatikuli formis cvlilebis sistemas
nominaciur sazRvrebSi~12;
v. vinogradovis ganmarteba: (1972, 139): "Падеж - это форма имени, выражающая его
отношение к другим словам в речи"13;
v. iarcevas ganmarteba: `Конкретный падеж представляет собой специфическое для данного
языка соответствие между набором синтаксич. (или семантич.) функций существительного и
набором морфологич. показателей~14...
4. morfemis zusti ganmarteba SeuZlebelia; kvlevis am etapze Cven safuZvlad viRebT
h. glisonis Sexedulebebis safuZvelze15 SemuSavebul Semdeg ganmartebas: morfema aris
mniSvnelobis mqone iseTi umciresi morfologiuri elementi (erTeuli), romlis Semdgomi
danawevrebiT Zireulad Seicvleba (daiSleba) misi mniSvneloba16.
formis mixedviT morfema aris martivi (-ma, -s, -iT, -o...) da rTuli17 anu Sedgenili; Tu
gramatikul mniSvnelobasac gaviTvaliswinebT, sasurvelia, gairCes Sedgenili morfema da
rTuli morfema:
Sedgenilia morfema, Tuki misi elementebi avtonomiurad inarCuneben sakuTar semebs,
magram maTi erTianoba qmnis Tvisobrivad axal gramatikul mniSvnelobas (-iviT, T-idan, -
isTvis...);
rTulia morfema, romelic Sedgeba ori morfemisagan, magram mis elementTagan erT-
erTs dakarguli aqvs gramatikuli mniSvneloba da erwymis sxva afiqss: -nar-, -evin-, -ebin-...18;
Serwymis Sedegia analogiac: mag., gurulSi -neb- (danebi, Zmanebi) analogiiT gadadis nasesxeb
sityvebSic: badiS-neb-i, angeloz-nebi... -n fuZeSi rom iyos Sesuli, am tipis magaliTebi ar
gveqneboda... asevea kauzativis niSnebic da sxv. fuZeSi moiazreba, ZiriTadad, saderivacio
afiqsebi (gul-ad-i, x-is, gul-iT-ad-i da sxv.).
Semdgomi msjelobis gasaadvileblad zogadi StrixebiT kidev erTxel SevexebiT
zmnisarTTa, TandebulTa da formamawarmoebel afiqsTa gamijvnis sakiTxs19:
vfiqrob, samecniero literaturaSi Tandebulebisa Tu morfemoidebis20 saxeliT
cnobili elementebi aerTianebs Tvisobrivad (rangobrivad) gansxvavebul sam jgufs:
a) morfema, romelic msazRvrelis gareSec gvxvdeba winadadebaSi, Tandebulad ver
CaiTvleba; Sdr.:
11g. nebieriZe. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 186. 12Wilhelm Schmidt. Deutsche Sprachkunele. Berlin, 1960. 13В. В. Виноградов . Русский язык . М. , 1072. 14Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (под ред . В. Н. Ярцевой), М. , 1990. 15Г. Глисон. Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику . М., 1959, 93. 16Sdr., Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (под ред. В. Н. Ярцевой), М. , 1990. 17`rTuli morfemis~ Sesaxeb ix.: E. Курилович , Философия грамматики, М. , 1958, 180; Sdr., О.Есперсен, Философия грамматики . М., 1958, 214. 18T. uTurgaiZis azriT (saxelis fuZisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1983, 1-8), funqciadakarguli sufiqsi fuZeSi gadairicxeba. Cemi azriT, funqciadakarguli sufiqsi erwymis misive msgavs axal sufiqss (dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 138; t. futkaraZe. saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtTa mixedviT._ macne, enisa da literaturis sesia, 1986, #3. 19vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986. 20Tandebuli-morfemoidis ganmartebisaTvis ix.: b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe. qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 1988.
168
saxlTan axlos dgas; axlos dgas;
saxlis win midis; win midis...
vfiqrob, am tipis SesityvebaSic `axlos~, `win~ formebi ufro damoukidebeli
mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebia - zmnisarTebia, vidre - leqsikuri mniSvnelobis armqone
damxmare sityvebi - Tandebulebi. zmnisarTi SezRudulad brunvacvalebadi saxelia21,
Sesabamisad, ufro logikuria, saxlis win tipis wyvili sintqatur wyvilad - msazRvrel-
sazRvrulad ganvixiloT da ara - Tandebulian saxelad. Sdr.: Tandebulebs ara aqvs
formawarmoebis unari, dasaxelebul sityva-formebs ki aqvT: win, winidan, winamde (saxli -
saxlidan - saxlamde...)22;
b) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba, formaTwarmoebis
unari, ar dasturdeba arsebiTi saxelis gareSe, magram SenarCunebuli aqvs sakuTari maxvili,
misaCnevia sakuTriv Tandebulad; mag.: kacis mier gakeTda; ̀ mier~ tipis morfemebi (garda, Sua,
gamo...) Tandebulebia.
g) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobac, formawarmoebis
unaric, maxvilic da sabolood miuerTda romelime erTi brunvis niSans, unda miviCnioT
formamawarmoebel afiqsad; mag., Sdr.: `vfiqrob mSvenier qalze~; aq -ze elements ukve aRara
aqvs leqsikuri mniSvneloba - dakarguli aqvs zeda/zed sityva-formis semantika da
faqtiurad, micemiTis -s msgavsi funqciiT realizdeba.
-ze morfemadarTul micemiTs qarTulSi mravali funqcia udasturdeba, kerZod:
sintaqsuri: ubralo damateba, adgilis garemoeba, miznis garemoeba, drois garemoeba, zomisa
da odenobis garemoeba, viTarebis garemoeba, gansazRvreba.
semantikurad `-ze darTulma micemiTma~ SeiZleba gamoxatos: interesi, adresati,
Tanaoba, daniSnuleba, instrumentalisi, msgavseba, miwevniToba, gamosavlianoba,
mimarTuleba, lokalizacia, adgilmyofoba sagnis zedapirze, saganTan siaxlove, fardobiTi
dro da sxva. xSir SemTxvevaSi leqsikuri mniSvneloba sruliad nivelirebulia sxva amgvar
`TandebulebTanac~23.
vfiqrob, aSenebul-a (< aSenebul ars) tipis zmnaTa bolokiduri `a~-s msgavsad, -ze
tipis morfemebi relatiur afiqsebad ufro CaiTvlebian, vidre damxmare sityvebad24.
brunvis niSani da masTan Serwymuli Tandebuli erTi mTlianobaa mniSvnelobis
aspeqtiTac: arc mxolod brunvis niSans da arc mxolod am e.w. umaxvilo Tandebuls
calcalke ar SeuZlia mag., daniSnulebis gamoxatva, kac-isTvis formaSi. Sesabamisad, -isTvis
segmentian yalibs: fuZe+isTvis ganvixilavT rogorc damoukidebeli brunvis formas. am
brunvis formis ZiriTadi funqciaa daniSnulebis gamoxatva:
-is- warmoSobiT kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli afiqsia, xolo `Tavis~/Tavi saxelis
istoriuli transformaciiTaa miRebuli -Tvis; sinqroniul doneze kac-isTvis yalibSi -
isTvis rTuli agebulebis segmenti erTad gamoxatavs daniSnulebas; Sesabamisad,
daniSnulebis semantikiT -is+Tvis erTiani formaTmawarmoebeli morfemaa.
zogi mecnieri Tvlis, rom am rigis `Tandebulebs~ SenarCunebuli aqvT leqsikuri
mniSvneloba, vinaidan, Tandebuli mTlian Sesityvebas aformebs25; am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis
ufro misaRebia a. onianis kritikuli msjeloba: amgvar msjelobas Tu bolomde mivyvebiT,
`maRali mTebiT~ SesityvebaSi -iT Tandebuli gamova.26. Sdr.: g. cocaniZis azriT, -idan, -ze
21b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 24. 22ver gaviziarebT T. uTurgaiZis mosazrebas, rom win, winidan, winamde... sami sxvadasxva damoukidebeli zmnisarTia. 23t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986. 24-iyo, -arian, -na zmnuri morfemebis Sesaxeb msgavsi msjelobisaTis ix.: b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 130; Sdr. b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe. qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 18, 45-46. 25g. cocaniZe. `gan~ Tandebuliani moqmedebiTis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi._ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi. 1982 , gv. 25; g. cocaniZe. saleqsikono masalis SerCevis principisaTvis erTenovani leqsikonis Sedgenisas. ike. XXXI,. Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 191. 26a. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 76.
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tipis morfologiuri erTeulebi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone formebad unda miviCnioT
imitomac, rom SesaZlebelia, mag, `-ken Tandebulis mniSvneloba gadmoices `mxares~
zmnisarTiT~27.
vfiqrobT, brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli `Tandebulis~ (agreTve, Cveni terminologiiT,
`sakuTriv Tandebulis~) `leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone elementad~ CaTvlisaTvis ver
gamodgeba ̀ avtonomiuri sityviT~ misi Canaclebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. brunvis martivi
niSanic SeiZleba Canacvldes; Sdr.: ded-isTvis//ded-isad//ded-iza; qalaq-s//qalaq-Si//qalaqis
mimarTulebiT... Tu morfemaTa rangebis Teorias moviSveliebT, aucileblad sxvadasxva
rangSi moxvdeba, mag., `Tan~ da `erTad~:
kac-Tan erTad mivdivar - aq -Tan elementi brunvis niSanTanaa Serwymuli, xolo ̀ erTad~
zmnisarTi damxmare sityvis rolSia - aSkarad sxva rangis morfemaa.
aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom morfemebis kvalifikaciisa Tu klasifikaciis wesebiT,
brunvis niSanTan mierTuli Tandebuli ver ganixileba verc leqsikur morfemad, verc
saderivacio morfemad da verc damxmare sityvad - nawilakad - damazustebel morfemebad28:
brunvis niSani+`Tandebuli~ erTianad amyareben sintaqsur Tu semantikur mimarTebebs,
amitomac warmodgenili Serwymuli morfemis, adgili mimarTebiT afiqsebSia29.
nawilakebis erTi jgufic (-c, -Ra, -ve) saxelis formas awarmoebs: daerTvis brunvis
formas, ara aqvs Tavisi maxvili, sityvaSi Seaqvs Tavisi semantika... magram maT ara aqvT
brunvaTa sistemaSi erTi myari adgili, ver asaxaven mimarTebebs da rangiTac gansxvavdebian
brunvis niSnebTan Serwymuli `Tandebulebisagan~.
amgvarad, brunvis niSanTan Serwymulma Tandebulebma ganviTarebis rTuli gza gaiares:
zmnisarTi calke mdgomi Tandebuli (romelic jer naTesaobiTi brunvis formas
daerTvoda sazRvrulis saxiT) konkretuli semantikis mqone morfema brunvis niSanTan
Serwymuli morfologiuri elementi, romelsac garkveuli semantikuri informacia30 aqvs,
magram konteqstis mixedviT sxva ganyenebuli mniSvnelobebic aRmoaCndeba; mag., `bunebaze
Seyvareba~ SesityvebaSi -ze mxolod gramatikuli mniSvnelobis mqonea31.
e.w. lokaluri brunvebis niSanTa zmnisarTuli warmomavloba ucxo ar aris arc sxva
iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvis32.
yovelive zemoTqmuli, vfiqrobT, saSualebas iZleva, sinqroniul doneze erTian,
Serwymul morfemebad gaviazroT ara mxolod a.SaniZis mier lokalur brunvebad miCneuli
27g. cocaniZe. saleqsikono masalis SerCevis principisaTvis erTenovani leqsikonis Sedgenisas. ike. XXXI,. Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 191. 28damazustebeli morfemis Sesaxeb ix.: b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 10. 29b. foCxua Soris, Sua, garda, gamo... damxmare sityvebisagan acalkevebs -ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis, -ze... elementebs da maT morfemebad ganixilavs; e. w. funqcionaluri leqsikisa da morfemebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb ix.: b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 127; logikuria, zmniswinebi da -ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis, -ze... elementebi erTgvar monacemebad ganvixiloT; isini ar arian damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone leqsikuri erTeulebi, arc saderivacio morfemebi da arc damazustebeli afiqsebi (nawilakebi); sinqroniul doneze maT aqvT formaTmawarmoebeli elementisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani: forma, myari adgili sityvaSi da gramatikuli Tu lokaluri (araleqsikuri) semantika. 30morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis Sesaxeb ix.: b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 18-19. 31Sdr., zmniswinebi: aqvT konkretuli semantikac, magram mag., wera - dawera, wers - dawers mimarTebebSi zmnswini mxolod gramatikuli funciis mqonea; msjelobisaTvis dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 84-86, 108; Sdr. Н. В. Чанишвили. Падеж и глагольные категории в грузинском предложении . М., 1981, 39; sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisagan ̀ dacarielebis procesis~ Sesaxeb ix.: b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 128-129. 32il. cercvaZe. andiuri ena. Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 166.
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formebis niSnebi33, aramed `brunvis niSanTan TandebulmierTebuli (enklitikuri) sxva
formebic34; isini SeiZleba gavaerTianoT `rTuli brunvebis~ saxeliT.
Sdr., martivi brunvebi:
fuZe+Ø/i35: miwa, kaci;
fuZe+m/ma/n: miwa-m, kac-ma, vi-n/aman;
fuZe+s: miwa-s, kac-s;
fuZe+s(i)/is/: wyaro-si, kac-is, Cemi36.
fuZe+Ti/iT: wyaroTi, kac-iT;
fuZe+d/ad: wyaro-d, kac-ad;
fuZe+0/v/o: deda, miwa-v, kac-o.
Sdr.:
rTuli brunvebi:
myofobiTi: fuZe+sas/isas37: margo-sas, mezobl-isas... Cem-sas38 Sdr. mis-sas;
daniSnulebiTi: fuZe+sad/isad/dami: wyaro-sad, kaci-sad; Cem-dami;
fuZe+s(a)Tvis/is(a)Tvis/Tvis39: wyaro-sTvis, kaci-sTvis, Cem-Tvis.
msgavsebiTi: fuZe+saviT/iviT: miwa-saviT, Cem-saviT, kac-iviT; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT
fuZe+ebr/isebr40;
sazedao: fuZe+ze/sze: kac-ze, mas-ze;
saSinao: fuZe+Si/sSi: saxl-Si, ma-sSi;
TanaobiTi: fuZe+sTan/Tan: deda-sTan, kac-Tan mas-Tan41, Cem-Tan;
mimarTulebiTi: fuZe+s(a)ken/is(a)ken: Cem-sken42, kac-isken;
33a. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 73; a. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 79... Sdr.: arnold Ciqobava. Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi. t. 2. Tbilisi, 1961; T. uTurgaiZe. Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi._ krebuli `arnold Ciqobavas~. Tbilisi, 1979. 34Sdr. g. cocaniZe -idan segments Tandebulad Tvlis (g. cocaniZe. `gan~ Tandebuliani moqmedebiTis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi. qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi. 1982).. . Cveni azriT, zmnisarTidan momdinare Tandebuli ar SeiZleba saxelis fuZes uSualod erTvodes; -idan erTiani Serwymuli formaTmawarmoebeli sufiqsia - brunvis niSania. 35warmovadgenT mxolod saliteraturo qarTuli enis alomorfebs (`alomorfebs~ viyenebT i. naidas mixedviT; msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 32). 36T. uTurgaiZis mixedviT (1886, 140), msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli naTesaobiTis yalibSi -is formanti sityvamawarmoebeli sufiqsia da ara brunvis niSani; naTesaobiTi brunvis gamoyofis safuZveli gvaqvs mxolod TandebulTa win (kacis mier, kacisken...) da `ZaRls eSinia kacisa~ tipis SesityvebaSi. Tvisobrivad amave rigisaa fuZe+Tana da fuZe+Tanave (drois `zmnisarTis~ warmomqmneli) yalibebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo or SemTxvevaSic sagnobrivi mimarTeba icvleba, tradiciuli naTesaobiTi formis msgavsad, am etapze maT mainc brunvebis rigSi SemovitanT... Cem-Tvis formaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis semantika `Cem~ fuZeSia moazrebuli. 37dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 63-64; ix.: agreTve, jorbenaZe, kobaiZe, beriZe, 1988, 246. 38Cem-sas formaSi -sas analogiTaa gadmosuli arsebiTi saxelebidan. 39-sad/-isad/-dami/-Tvis/-isTvis/-Tvis/iza/-izda... Sedgenili elementebis alomorfebad miCneva SesaZlebelia morfemaTa identifikaciis wesebidan gamomdinare: `ori elementi erTi morfemis alomorfebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive maTgani erTnair mimarTebaSi imyofeba Sinaarsis struqturis erTsa da imave wertilTan~ (Г. Глисон. Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику . М., 1959, 124; oniani. 1989, gv. 46). alomorfebad CaTvlisken isic gvibiZgebs, rom qarTuli enis Tanamedrove qvesistemebSi ukve romelime maTgania gabatonebuli. 40dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 93. 41Sdr.: masze, masSi, masTan da miwaze, miwaSi, miwasTan/miwaTan... nacvalsaxelis `s~ aucileblad SenarCundeba; SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom -s- segmenti garkveulwilad fuZis struqturasac inarCunebs: miwa, qva, oqro... sityvaformebisagan gansxvavebiT oden boloxmovniani mas/man nacvalsaxeluri fuZe ar realizdeba. 42-sken, -mde, -viT... erTian formantebad rom aris enaSi gaazrebuli, Cans iqidanac, rom Cem- fuZesTan analogiTaa gadmosuli: Cem-sken; Sdr. agreTve: mSia - mSia-saviT da sxv.
171
TanabrobiTi: fuZe+isTana/Tana: kac-isTana, Cem-isTana (Sdr., dialeqturi CemTana~);
TanamdeviTi: fuZe+isTanave: Wam-isTanave (sawyisis brunva);
dawyebiTi: fuZe+dan/idan: wyaro-dan, saxli-dan (Sdr. Cem-gan da dialeqturi Cem-idan);
TanxlebiTi: fuZe+(Ti)TurT/iTurT: sandroTiTurT/sandroTurT, kaciTurT;
miwevniTi: fuZe+mde/amde: wyaro-mde, saxl-amde, Cem-amde...
dasaxelebuli brunvebi garkveuli pirobiTobiT SeiZleba daiyos srul da periferiul
(i. iakobsoni), an abstraqtul da konkretul (e. kuriloviCi) brunvebad, magram vinaidan
qarTulSi principulad ver gaimijneba aqtantebisa da garemoebis brunvebi, aseT dayofas
arsebiT mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT43.
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelis formawarmoebis modelireba gacilebiT martivad
da zustad SeiZleba warmodgenili yalibebis mixedviT, vidre tradiciuli (6 an 7 brunva da
e. w. Tandebulebi) Sexedulebebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli; kerZod, saxelis formaTa
paradigmis formalizebisas diaqroniul procesebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, anu brunvebad
CavTvliT mxolod 6 an 7 ZiriTad yalibs da brunvis niSanTan mimarTebiT mirTul e. w.
Tandebuls damxmare sityvad - calke morfemad - ganvixilavT, bevrad garTuldeba
programisaTvis aRsaqmeli logikuri wesebis SemuSaveba. manqanuri TargmanisaTvis
formalizebuli wesebis SemuSavebas STambeWdavad gaaadvilebs saxelis formaTwarmoebis
procesisadmi Cveneuli midgoma; kerZod, mag., Caiwereba Semdegi wesi:
qarTulSi daniSnuleba gamoixateba:
a) Tanxmovanze an kvecad xmovanze damTavrebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi -fuZe+isTvis
yalibiT (brunebis tipebi ix. bolos);
b) ukvecel xmovanze daboloebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi fuZe+sTvis yalibiT;
g) I da II piris nacvalsaxelTan: fuZe+Tvis yalibiT da a. S.
vfiqrobT, ara mxolod programisti, aramed qarTuli enis Semswavleli ucxoelic da
qarTveli mowafec Cveneuli yalibebiT (fuZe+martivi brunvis nuSani; fuZe+Sedgenili
brunvis niSani) ufro martivad gaiazrebs Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTulis saxelis
formawarmoebas, vidre e. w. Tandebulebisa da brunvis niSnebis rTuli urTierTobis
istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT...
sinqroniul doneze brunvis niSnis kvalifikaciisas gaumarTlebelia diaqroniuli
analizis SedegebiT argumentireba44; mocemul SemTxvevaSic, Tanamedrove qarTulSic,
saxeluri formebis analizisas, ufro logikuria, brunvis niSans mirTuli Tu Serwymuli
`Tandebuli~ Sedgenili morfemis nawilad ganvixiloT, vidre gavaTanabroT cakle mdgom
TandebulTan Tu zmnisarTTan. miT umetes, qarTulSi gvaqvs sxva msgavsi agebulebis
morfemebic: -nar-, -neb- da sxv..
Sdr., aseve:
man nawevarisagan Cvens Tvalwin Camoyalibda -ma/-m niSniani moTxrobiTi brunva; Tu
Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmoSobiT nawevars - man elements - moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnad
vTvliT (g. nebieriZis garda yvela mkvlevari moTxrobiTs damoukidebel brunvad miiCnevs),
warmoSobiT `Tandebuloba~ Tu `zmnisarToba~ ratom uSlis xels -ze, -Si, -mde, -dan...
elementebis brunvis niSnebad miCnevas?
aRvniSnavT imasac, rom brunvis martivi Tu rTuli niSnebis warmomavlobis kvleva
mecnierebis saqmea, istoriuli gramatikisaTvisaa saintereso da ara - saswavlo
saxelmZRvaneloebisa da avtomatur Targmanebze orientirebuli kompiuteruli
programebisaTvis. brunvis morfologiuri kategoriis farglebSi sinqroniul doneze
saxelis imdeni brunva unda gamoiyos, ramdenic gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT gansxvavebuli
realuri saxeluri yalibi gvidasturdeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev ramdenime garemoeba:
43brunva rTuli sistema damaxasiaTebelia sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvisac; ix.: mag., Ю. Д. Дешериев . Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахскиx языков. Грозный, 1963. 44Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe. Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi._ krebuli `arnold Ciqobavas~. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 118-122.
172
1. lokalur da posesiur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli msgavsi warmomavlobis brunvebi
ara mxolod qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi, aramed sxva iberiul-kavkasiur da
indoevropul enebSic gamoiyofa;
2. rogorc wesi, brunvaTa saxelwodebebi motivirebulia rogorc sintaqsuri, aseve,
semantikuri funqciis Sesabamisad; faqtobrivadac, brunva, rogorc morfologiuri
kategoria, gansaxilvelia rogorc sintaqsis, aseve, semantikis TvalsazrisiTac.
3. brunvis niSani + `Tandebuli~ erTiani Sedgenili morfema rom aris, Cans mocemul
segmentSi ganxorcielebuli fonetikuri procesis xasiaTiTac: Cveulebriv, morfemaTa
zRvarze izRudeba fonetikuri procesebi; Cvens SemTxvevaSi, naTesaobiTi brunvis
enklitikebis gamoklebiT (gasagebi mizezebis gamo) fonetikuri procesebi imgvaradve xdeba,
rogorc erTi morfemis farglebSi: -ad+mde -amde, -iT+gan -id+gan -dan45.
4. e. w. Tandebulian brunvebSi brunvis niSani aramdgradia: fuZeukumSvel saxelebTan
an saerTod aRar Cans brunvisniSniseuli elementi, an kargavs Tavis Tvisebebs: wyaro-mde,
wyaro-dan; kedel-iviT... mag., bolo yalibSi zogi mecnieri saxelobiTi brunvis niSans xedavs,
ramdenadac -i- segmenti ver kumSavs fuZes; aq e. w. iribi brunvis povnierebaze migviTiTebs
mxolod msazRvreli nacvalsaxeli: am kedeliviT.
5. rTuli brunvebi ara mxolod garemoebebad, aramed aqtantebadac gvevlinebian
(`siyvarulze saubrobs~), Sesabamisad, brunvaTa rigidan maTi gamoricxva `mkacri~
stratifikaciuli midgomis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZlebelia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
meTodologiuradac SeuZlebelia yvela garemoeba (pavlemde, qalaqSi, saxlidan...)
zmnisarTad - saxelis paradigmidan amovardnilad - CavTvaloT46; Sdr., `dRe~ saxelis
paradigmidan marTlac amovardnilia zmnisarTi `dRes~: dRes Camovida da dRes Rame
uTenebia47; Tumca, amgvari msjeloba SeuZlebelia, mag., `qalaqs midis~, `qalaqSi midis~,
`qalaqamde midis~... Sesityvebebis saxelebis mimarT. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zmnisarTsac Tavisi
paradgma aqvs: aq, aqidan, aqamde48.
brunebis tipebi
bevri sxva enisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTulSi saxelTa brunebis erTi tipi gvaqvs, magram
specialistebi am erTi tipis farglebSi ganarCeven brunebis ramdenime saxeobas; kerZod:
a. SaniZe gamoyofs brunebis sam saxeobas:
1. TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi;
2. xmovanfuZiani kvecadi saxelebi;
3. fuZeukveceli saxelebi.
TanxmovanfuZian saxelebSi yvela brunvis niSani srulia (saxl-i, saxl-ma, saxl-s, saxl-
is, saxl-iT, saxl-ad, saxl-o).
kvecad saxelebSi mokvecili an arasrulia (Zma, Zma-m, Zma-s, Zm-is, Zm-iT, Zma-d, Zma-o).
fuZeukveceli saxelebis brunebisas icvleba brunvis niSani naTesaobiTsa da
moqmedebiTSi: ezo-s-i, ezo-T-i.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelTa brunebis tipebis a.SaniZiseuli klasifikacia indoevropuli
enebis gramatikebis gavleniTaa SemuSavebuli, magram am enebisTvis aseTi klasifikaciis
safuZvelia sqesis kategoria, rac qarTulSi ar gvaqvs. amdenad, es dayofa TavisTavad
logikurad sworia, magram ar aris qarTulisaTvis adekvaturi.
arn. CiqobavasTvis amosavalia fuZesa da brunvis niSanSi momxdari cvlilebebi; amis
mixedviT igi ganasxvavebs saxelTa brunebis sam tips:
1. ukumSveli saxelebi;
2. kumSvadi da kvecadi saxelebi;
45Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe. Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi._ krebuli `arnold Ciqobavas". Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 116-124. 46Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe. saxelis fuZisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi. saenaTmecniero Ziebani. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 91-92. 47ver gaviziarebT k. gabunias mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac dRes, kargad tipis gaqvavebul formebSi - zmnisarTebSi - -s, -ad CaTvlilia brunvis moqmed niSnebad (ix.: k. gabunia. zmnisarTis warmoeba da funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi. Tbilisi, 1993). 48b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 46.
173
3. ukveceli saxelebi.
TanxmovanfuZian ukumSvel saxelebSi arc brunvis niSani iwvevs cvlilebas fuZeSi da arc
fuZis daboloeba moqmedebs brunvis niSanze (saxl-i, saxl-ma..).
meore tipis anu kumSvad da kvecad saxelebSi xmovniT dawyebuli brunvis niSani iwvevs
cvlilebas fuZeSi (megobr-is, megobr-iT, megobr-ad; mT-is, mT-iT; kld-is, kld-iT).
mesame tipis saxelebSi fuZis bolokiduri xmovani moqmedebs brunvis niSanze, ikveceba
brunvis niSniseuli xmovani (wyaro-s-i, wyaro-T-i).
am kvalifikaciaSi winaaRmdegobrivia meore jgufis gamoyofa, vinaidan kvecadi saxelebis
saxelobiT, moTxrobiT brunvaTa niSnebi fuZis gavleniT fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdian
da am mxriv mesame tipis saxelebis jgufs miekuTvnebian; amis gaTvaliswinebiT, v.Tofuria
qarTul enaSi gamoyofs saxelTa brunebis 4 ZiriTad saxeobas: ukumSveli, kumSvadi, ukveceli
da kvecadi.
b. jorbenaZe saxelTa brunebaSi ori morfologiur tips asaxelebs: erTfuZians (1)
da orfuZians (2):
erTfuZianSi igulisxmeba sami qvetipi:
.1. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT yvela brunvis forma (kaci, qali; siyvaruli, bedniereba...);
1.2. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT mxolod ori forma (-n da -T formantebiT nawarmoebi
mravlobiTis formebi: kac-n-i _ kac-T-a);
1.3. saxelebi, romelTac axasiaTebT nakluli bruneba: Sen, Tqven, Cven...
orfuZianSi warmodgenilia ori qvetipi:
2.1. saxelebi, romelTac saerTo forma aqvs saxelobiTis, moTxrobiTisa da
micemiTisaTvis, erTi mxriv, naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTisaTvis, meore mxriv: me, Cem-ze (Cem-
Tan, Cem-Si), Cem- (TandebulebiT), Cem-iT;
2.2. saxelebi, romelTac gansxvavebuli fuZeebi aqvT saxelobiTsa da yvela sxva
brunvaSi (is, es, igi...).
Cemi azriT, brunebis Taviseburebis mixedviT qarTul enaSi saxelTa (arsebiTi saxeli,
zedsarTavi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, zmnisarTi) ramdenime jgufi unda
gamoiyos:
I. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTSi dairTavs -i-s; brunebisas arc
saxelis fuZe icvleba, arc brunvis niSani: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s, kac-is...
II. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiT brunvas aformebs -i; naTesaobiT,
moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi fuZis bolo marcvlis Semqmneli a, e, o xmovnebi ikumSeba:
dedali, dedalma, dedals, dedlis...
III. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs i-s (fuZe
boloxmovniania); moTxrobiT, naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT brunvebSi
brunvis niSani reducirebulia (mam, iss; iTT, add, ov): wyaro, wyarom, wyaros...
IV. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs
saxelobiTis i-s; brunebisas brunvis niSani ikveceba moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT
brunvebSi, xolo fuZe ikveceba naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi: kibe, kibem, kibes, kibis...
V. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi ar dairTavs brunvis niSans;
saxelobiT, moTxrobiT da wodebiT brunvebSi ikveceba brunvis niSani., naTesaobiT da
moqmedebiT brunvebSi fuZe kargavs or bolo xmovans: fanjara, fanjaram, fanjris...
VI. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma, magram naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT
brunvebSi uCveulo (/arqauli) formiT warmosdgeba: RmerTi - RvTis, ambavi - ambis, Rvino -
Rvinis...
VII. saxels ara aqvs yvela brunvis forma (SezRuduli brunebis saxelebi): Sen, SeniT,
Senamde; dRes, dReidan, dRemde; aq - aqedan - aqamde...
VIII. brunebisas saxeli avlens or fuZes: es - aman, amas; me - Cem-iT, Cem-Tvis...
brunvis formaTa semantika
samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli enis saxelis morfologiur analizs araerTi
naSromi mieZRvna, magram yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili brunvaTa semantikuri mxare. am
naklis Sevsebas warmoadgens b. jorbenaZis naSromi `brunvaTa semantikuri analizis
174
principisaTvis qarTulSi~. avtoris azriT, aucilebelia, gansxvavdes brunvaTa
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi; mag., micemiTi brunva formis mixedviT
gulisxmobs fuZisa da -s niSnis erTianobas (qalaq-s), sintaqsurad igi SeiZleba iyos iribi
obieqti, pirdapiri obieqti, garemoeba; semantikurad ki miuTiTebs adresatze (amxanags
dauwera), samoqmedo sagans (saxls iSenebs), moqmedebis iaraRs (CaquCs urtyams), mimarTulebas
(qalaqs miemgzavreba), miwevniTobas (qalaqs Cavida)...
am TvalsazrisiT siRrmiseuladaa Sesaswavli qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi.
daskvnis nacvlad:
specialistTa Soris azrTa mkveTri sxvadasxvaobaa qarTuli enis rogorc brunvaTa
raodenobis, aseve brunebis qvetipebis Sesaxeb. warmodgenil Tu sxva axal TvalsazrisTa
Soris upiratesoba unda mieniWos im koncefcias, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
algoriTmisaTvis saWiro ugamonakliso wesebis ageba (manqanuri TargmanebisaTvis).
Tariel Putkaradze
Case as one the aspects of noun formation
Summary
So-called local as well as other forms with a prepositional (enclited) case-marker are considered in the paper to be
fused (complex) morphemes. They can be united under the name of `complex cases~.
175
manana tabiZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
bela SavxeliSvili, filologiis doqtori, profesori
koleqtiuri TviTkuTvnilebis enobrivi gamoxatvis qarTul-naxuri magaliTi
humanitarul mecnierebaTa Tanamedrove kvlevebi sul ufro xSirad iTvaliswinebs
anTropologiur monacemebs da adamianis qcevis (maT Soris enobrivi qcevis) axsnas identobis
TaviseburebaTa safuZvelze cdilobs. miiCneva, rom eTnokulturuli normebi uZveles
socialur normebs warmoadgenen, romlebic yalibdeboda eTnosis istoriuli ganviTarebis,
moRvaweobis formebis, tradiciebis, ritualebis saxiT (an maT wiaRSi). socialuri identobis
Teoriis mixedviT, normebi, maT Soris eTnokulturuli normebi, mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli garkveul socialur konteqstze, socialuri identoba aris normatiuli
qcevis sakvanZo motivaciuri faqtori, anu adamianebi normasTan Sesabamisobas eswrafvian
imitom, rom surT jgufis wevrad igrZnon Tavi. amitomacaa, rom ucxo garemoSi moxvedrili
adamiani cdilobs ipovos is jgufi, romlis nawilic surs iyos da misi sayofacxovrebo
normebic aiTvisos, an SeinarCunos, Tuki es ufro advilia, vidre adaptacia1.
kavkasiisaTvis koleqtiuri identobis uzrunvelmyofi normebis SemuSaveba–dacva
principulad mniSvnelovani iyo saukuneTa manZilze, xolo aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani
amJamad, amas specialuri kvleva esaWiroeba. ramdenadac geopolitikuri mdebareoba
kavkasiis mosaxleobas mudmivi Tavdacvis poziciaSi yofnas aiZulebda, xolo Tavad
„Sidakavkasiur“ eTnosTa mravalferovneba da „Sidageopolitikuri“ izolaciurobac
SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis konfliqtis ganmapirobebeli aRmoCeniliyo, amitom erTiani
identobis ama Tu im komponentis moZieba da SenarCuneba usafrTxoebis pirobad Canda. unda
vifiqroT, rom swored amgvari pragmatika edo safuZvlad saerTo kavkasiuri identobis
elementebis, rogorc sociokulturuli Tanalmobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoris Senaxvaze,
SenarCunebaze zrunvas. sxvadasxva dros winamdebare statiis avtorebi saerTo kavkasiuri
enobrivi identobis ramdenime gamovlinebas ikvlevdnen. koleqtiuri identobisa da am
identobis zogadkavkasiuri bunebis Ziebam amjerad e. w. mezoblobis institutTan da misi
enobrivi gamoxatulebis sakiTxTan migviyvana.
qarTvelTa enobrivi identobis kvlevisas sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
sayofacxovrebo TaviseburebaTa amsaxveli ramdenime leqsema daCndeba, romelTac
respondentebi qarTvelTa yofis mkafio TaviseburebaTa Soris asaxeleben; aseT kategoriaTa
Sorisaa: Zmoba, naTesaoba, megobroba, stumar-maspinZloba, mezobloba da sxv.; imTaviTve unda
iTqvas, rom qarTvelebi mtkivneulad reagireben am faseulobaTa ignorirebis, damcrobis,
eTikur normaTa darRvevis yvela SemTxvevaze, da sazogadoebis ama Tu im wevris mier am
normaTa uaryofaSi erovnuli Rirsebebis degradaciisa da erovnuli mTlianobis darRvevis
safrTxes xedaven. aRmoCnda, rom aseTive damokidebulebas iCenen am sakiTxebisadmi iberiul-
kavkasiuri modgmis sxva xalxebic.
„mezoblis“ (mezoblobis) cneba geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT dRes raime
gansakuTrebuli semantikuri datvirTvis matarebeli ar Cans; globalizaciis amJamindeli
formatisaTvis is, rac sazRvars iqiT, sazRvars gareTaa, ukve mezoblobaa, gaCnda iseTi
cnebebic, rogoricaa „axlo sazRvargareTi“ da „Soreuli sazRvargareTi“ es cnebebi CvenSi
1Phinney J. Identity formation across cultures: The interaction of personal, societal and historical change // Human Development. 2000.
Vol. 43. P. 27–31 1. Tajfel H. Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In H. Tajfel Differentiation between social
groups. London: Academic, 1978, Р. 61-76 2.
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rusul politikur terminologias Semohyva, Tumca viwro politikur wreebs ver gascda,
radgan enam ver igua „mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa da aramezobeli saxelmwifoebis~ amgvari
diferenciacia.
CvenSi „mezoblis“ cneba sxvadasxva kategoriad iyofa: mezoblebi raionis, soflis,
ubnis, quCis, sacxovrebeli binebis siaxlovis (urbanul dasaxlebebSi) mixedviT; amas garda
mezobeli pirebi Tu erTobebi gairCeva konfesiuri, kulturuli da iqamde, politikuri
niSnebiTac. mniSvnelobaTa aseTi mravalferovneba am sakiTxis srulad aRqmas arTulebs,
Tumca imTaviTve Cndeba sakiTxi – aris ki saerTo sxvadasxva xalxis kulturaSi am sakiTxis
gagebis TvalsazrisiT, da ras gviambobs amis Taobaze ena, rogorc adamianTa urTierTobisa
da azrovnebis wyobis yvelaze mgrZnobiare fiqsatori. amjerad am saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebis Zebnas Cven qarTulsa da CeCnur enebSi SevecdebiT.
mezoblad cxovrebis Tema yvela xalxisa da yvela epoqisTvis aqtualuri Cans,
ramdenadac dakavSirebulia mSvidobis, kulturuli gavlenis, savaWro urTierTobebis
mniSvnelovan faqtorebTan; droTa ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg rac sazRvrebad
mavTulxlarTebi, xolo Robeebad ekalbardebi gaevlo, adamianTa erTmaneTisgan izolaciis
xarisxma imata, da bolos egzistencialisturi martoobis mdgomareobisken gadaixara.
cxadia, amgvarma cvlilebebma gamoZaxili pova `mezoblobis~ tradiciul gagebaSi da
pirovnebis maindividualizebeli wris SigniT moxvedril adamianTa Soris mezobeli aRar
moxvda. ena, romelic, rogorc wesi, afiqsirebs adamianis Sinagan da garemoseul codnasa
da SegrZnebebs, am SemTxvevaSic utyuari sazomia `mezoblobis~ institutSi ganviTarebuli
procesebisa. ase rom ovidiusis (V s. Cv.w.aR.-mde) mier SemCneuli samezoblo Surianoba
(`mezoblis yanaSi mosavali ukeTesi Cans da mezoblis Zroxa mets iwveliso~ da horaciusis
(VII s. Cv. w. aR.-mde) mier aRniSnuli mezoblebis altruistul-egoisturi
urTierTdamokidebuleba (`roca mezoblis saxli iwvis, Sens sakuTrebas safrTxe emuqrebao~)
is universaliebia, romelTa suliskveTeba mravali xalxis kulturaSi iCens Tavs.
Sesabamisad, samezoblo TemiTa da pozitiur-negatiuri magaliTebiT savsea Semdgomi drois
msoflio. da imis pirdapirproporciulad, Tu erTmaneTisgan ramdenad damoukidebeli
interesebi uCndebaT mezoblebs, Tavs iCens erTmaneTTan siaxlovis an siSorisaken
miswrafeba. bibliuri andaza `Sors myof Zmas axlo myofi mezobeli sjobso~ pozitiuri
gamonaTqvamebis wyaro gaxda sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. kavkasiaSi es formula
ugamonaklisod yvela eTnosSi gvxvdeba: `mezobeli naTesavze axloao~, `kargi mezobeli da
kargi naTesavi erTia~, `nu gacvli axlo mezobels Soreul naTesavSi~ da a. S.
rogorc specialistebi miuTiTeben, droTa ganmavlobaSi evropis xalxebSi
`mezoblis//mezoblobis~ Tema sul ufro pragmatikulad ganixileba, da grZnobiTze metad
praqtikul midgomas wamowevs win, magaliTad: `Cven Tavad viZenT megobrebs da vqmniT mters,
mxolod mezobels gvaZlevs ufali~ (Cestertoni, inglisi XIX s.), `piradi warmatebis akvani
Tqveni uaxloesi mezoblis megobrobis, ndobisa da pativiscemis SenarCunebaa~ (XIX s. j.
vaSingtoni).
rac ufro aqeT moiweven saukuneebi, miT metad Rvivdeba mesakuTreobis, Sejibrebis
ganwyoba da enac gvidasturebs, rom sazogadoebrivi institutebis RvawliT miRweuli
liberaluri urTierTobebi TviT xalxis individualur gamocdilebasa da mexsierebas
sakanonmdeblo CarCoebiT akaveben da marTaven; amdenad erTmaneTs ejaxeba ori kompetencia:
kanoni da piradi xsovna an instinqti; kanoni awesebs:
(muxli 174. cneba. urTierTpativiscemis movaleoba mezobeli miwis nakveTis an sxva
uZravi qonebis mesakuTreni, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobebisa,
valdebulni arian pativi scen erTmaneTs. mezoblad miiCneva yvela nakveTi an sxva uZravi
qoneba, saidanac SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes ormxrivi zemoqmedeba); piradi
gamocdilebiT ki pativiscema da urTierTgafrTxileba SeiZleba sadavo aRmoCndes.
istoriulad kavkasias misi mosaxleobis SedarebiTi simcirisa da reliefis
TaviseburebebiT ganpirobebuli dasaxlebis principis gamo mudmivad (Soreul saukuneebSic
da met-naklebad dResac) uxdeboda mezoblobis institutisTvis angariSgaweva da am
mimarTulebiT adaTobrivi samarTlis mravalgvari meqanizmis SemuSaveba. am meqanizmebma
bevrjer daicva mosaxleoba Sidakavkasiuri omebisagan, da swored amitom iyo, rom nebismieri
177
momxduri swored mezobeli xalxebis erTmaneTTan wakidebasa da amis meSveobiT sakuTari
xeiris naxvas eswrafoda. genetikuri fesvebis garda (igulisxmeba iberiul-kavkasiuri
warmomavlobis eTnosebi) mTeli kavkasieli xalxebis erTmaneTTan mSvidobiani
Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli Canda mezobloba, romelic mSvidobiani
mezoblobis garkveul kriteriumebs iTvaliswinebda: sxvadasxva socialuri institutis
ganviTareba, ojaxi, stumarmaspinZloba, samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, moyvasis siyvaruli
rogorc uzenaesi mizani, saerTo moyvare da saerTo mteri, tolerantuloba erTmaneTis
rjulis, tradiciis, sakuTrebis sakiTxebSi.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cven yvelani globalistur epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac
Znelia lokaluri Rirebulebebis SenarCuneba, da mravalTa azriT, es arc aris saWiro, Cven
gviwevs fiqri imaze, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia am tradiciuli zneobrivi sistemis
SenarCunebisTvis daZabuli brZola, TaobaTa dapirispireba, msoflio mdinaris „dinebis
sawinaaRmdegod siaruli“; bolos da bolos, xom agvarebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs
uamravi samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo instituti? miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobas sruliad naTlada aqvs gansazRvruli mezobelTa urTierTobis normebi,
da erTmaneTis interesTa Selaxvis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi. cxadia, amgvari sakanonmdeblo
midgoma savaldebuloa, da masTan araferi gvaqvs sadavo; magram kanoni negatiuri moqmedebis
Sefasebisa da prevenciis saSualebaa, mas arc evaleba da arc SeuZlia pozitiuri qmedebebis
danergva-organizeba. tradicia am mxriv kanons win uswrebs: tradicia iZleva pozitiuri
moqmedebebis sistemas, aswavlis sazogadoebas ara mxolod imas, rom ar awyeninon mezobels,
aramed imasac, rom mezoblebi erTmaneTs mxarSi amoudgnen. vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT
ganxorcielebulma kvlevebma TaobaTa keTilad aRzrdisa da aranaTesavebis mSvidobiani
Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofis mxriv kargi Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiRon.
sakvlevi kuTxiT identobis kvlevisas „mezoblobasTan“ dakavSirebiT respondentebi
ramdenime leqsemas asaxeleben2: a) mezobloba taritoriuli gradaciis mixedviT (karis
mezobeli, axlo mezobeli, quCis mezobeli, ubneli mezobeli, erTi soflidan mezobeli
(mag. qalaqSi mcxovrebTaTvis) da a. S.); b) mezobloba adamianTa urTierTobis xarisxis
mixedviT („uaxloesi adamianebi arian es mezoblebi“, „mTlad karis mezobeli ar aris, magram
uaxloesia“, „mezobeli bevr naTesavze axloa, pirveli is igebs Sens gasaWirs“, „mezoblebma
yvelaferi ician erTmaneTze, usityvod esmiT Seni gasaWiri“. „sawyali, aravina hyavs,
mezobelic ki ar yavs, rom wyali miawodos (dacarielebul soflebSi aqa–iq SemorCenil
mcxovreblebze amboben.“ „marto ratom viqnebi, SesaniSnavi mezoblebi myavs“. „afxazeTidan
wamosvlis ubedureba ki gadavitane bolos da bolos, magram Cems iqaur samezobloze
mwydeba guli“. `axalma Taobam aRar icis kargi mezobloba: samsaxuri da saxli, sul esaa
maTi cxovreba“)...
swored es damokidebuleba „mezoblobasTan“, rogorc fenomenTan gaxda winamdebare
kvlevis stimuli. sruliad Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi (Cven, ZiriTadad, es „sasinji“
mokvleva Tbilisel axlobelTa Soris CavatareT) esoden mgrZnobiare damokidebuleba
„mezoblobis“ Temisadmi am sityviT gadmocemuli cnebis SinaarsSi ukeT garkvevis survils
aRZravs.
„mezobeli“ ukve Zvel qarTul teqstebSi dasturdeba. mis amosavlad „ezo“ fuZe
miiCneva, romelsac saerTo qarTvelur fuZeTa Soris ganvixilavT, is dasturdeba TiTqmis
yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi, Tumca misi semantika gacilebiT mravalferovania dialeqtur
sivrceSi, vidre am fuZis dRevandeli mniSvneloba3.
ezoTmpyrobeloba samflobelos qoneba “mamulsa naTesavsa vanacvaleT Cuen deduli
aRmobrwyinvebaჲ, mჴedarTmZRuanelobani da erTmmarTebulobani da sameufoTa
ezoTmpyrobelobani~ (paraklitoni, 25)
2aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cven ar Cagvitarebia sistematiuri da meTodologiurad organizebuli gamokiTxvebi am mimarTulebiT, Cven mxolod SevecadeT sxvadasxva Taobis sxvadasxva ganaTlebis donisa da gansxvavebuli materialuri uzrunvelyofis mqone adamianebis SexedulebaTa gagebas. 3„ezo~ saerToqarTvelur leqsikur erTeulebs ganekuTvneba (imave rigisaa, rogorisac: cxeni, zRva, ca, adre, dro, xani, Sara, kvali, mxare, kari, ezo, didi...).
178
ezoჲsagan ezosi sxuani cxovarni midgan, romelni ar arian amis ezoჲsganni (saxarebis
Targmaneba, me-11 saukune, 101, 8-9)4
ilia abulaZis „Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi“ mocemulia „ezos“ Semdegi
ganmarteba: „stova“5, „baki“6, „kretsabmeli“7, „avlini“8, ialqani, farda, galavani, kari,
sadgomi, saxli, sarTuli...“
da am fuZeze agebuli „ezoჲs–moZRuari“: – aTasis Tavi, sasaxlis mTavari, mne“.
ilia abulaZesTanve dasturdeba sityva „mezobeli“, romelic Semdegnairadaa
ganmartebuli: mezobel-i „moZme“; “mezobelTa maT, romelTa exilva igi pirvel“,.. „moigona
warparvad monagebi mezoblisa Tჳsisaჲ“. am magaliTebs i.abulaZe moixmobs iseTi wyaroebidan,
rogoricaa: parxlis mravalTavi9, jruWis oTxTavi10 da sxv.
miuxedavad imisa, rom „mezobeli„ qarTul teqstebSi xSirad gvxvdeba (gansakuTrebiT
mecxramete–meoce saukuneebis literaturaSi), mainc unda iTqvas, rom informaciuli
TvalsazrisiT masze gacilebiT cota informacia amoikribeba „megobrobasTan“,
„ZmadnaficobasTan“ „stumarmaspibZlobasTan“ SefardebiT.
Cven gadavwyviteT mainc gvecada am sityvis mniSvnelobis segmentizacia:
a) „mezobeli“ aris is, vinc axlos cxovrobs; sityva „axlos“ qarTulSi (iseve,
rogorc sxva enebSi) Zalze bundovani sazomia, radgan erTi soflisaTvis, romelsac
SeiZleba sul erTi quCa hqondes, an mosaxleobas erTi mTis ferdobis sacxovreblad vargisi
nawili eWiros, siaxlove Zalze pirobiTia, didi qalaqis ubnebis mezoblobasTan SedarebiT;
saqarTvelos reliefis gaTvaliswinebiT, iseTi sofelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes, sadac
mosaxleoba ise Sori-Soraa gafantuli da uaxloesi mezoblisagan yanebiTa da venaxebiTaa
dacilebuli, rom erTmaneTisTvis xmis miwvdenac ki ar uxerxdebaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mezobeli „axloa“ urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, da ara fizikurad (geografiulad).
mezobeli iwyeba ezos iqiT, Robis iqiT mcxovrebi adamianiT da mTavrdeba... iq, sadac wydeba
saerTo maidentificirebeli niSnebi. rogorc Cans, Znelia bolo sazRvris miTiTeba.
qarTuli enis sinonimTa leqsikonSi sityva „mezoblad“ Semdegi sinonimebiTaa
SemosazRvruli: axlo axlos, maxloblad, Soriaxlo, axlomaxlo,, …Tan (mag., saxlTan,
baRTan da sxv.), gverdiT, gverdze, karwin, cxvirwin, mezoblad, oriode nabijze, erTi
nabijis manZilze, marjved, erTi nabijis gadadgma, erTi fexis gadadgma, mcire manZili.
agreTve: momijnave, mimdebare, mimxrobi, sanapiro, misamxari, gverdmdebare11.
b) mezobeli“ aris is, vinc msgavsad saxlikacebisa12 monawileobs konkretuli
ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovan movlenebSi. xSirad mezoblebi naTel–mironiT naTesaobasac
eswrafvian; aqve unda iTqvas, rom gansakuTrebulad axlo mezoblebs Soris qorwinebaze
metad naTel–mironia gavrcelebuli; aqedan unda modiodes gamonaTqvami: „mezoblis qals
xels nu axleb, isic Sinauriao“.
an mezoblis qalisadmi uimedo siyvarulis gamomxatveli sityvebi imeruli xalxuri
simReridan: „Cemo mkvlelo, Cemo mwvelo, Cemo axlo mezobelo...“
mezoblobis qeba qarTul aforizmebsa da andazebSi Semonaxula:
„mezobelma rom marili gTxovos, Tu marili ara gqondes, mariliani sityva mainc
uTxario“.
„mezobelo karisao, sinaTle xar Tvalisao“ da mravali sxva.
4orive magaliTi moxmobilia Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonidan, Semdgeneli, z. sarjvelaZe. 5stova saxlis erT–erTi saxea: s t o v a ars qviT kamrebiTa Sekruli da gar(e)Semo farRia; 6sadgomi 7sameufo karis Sida mxares, sakurTxevelSi hkidia farda, romelsac kretsabmeli ewodeba. 8sanagve. 9parxlis mravalTavi, xelnaweri 95, XI saukunisad gadaTariRda (adre mas Xs. Zeglad miiCnevdnen). es krebuli, romelic moculobiT yvelaze didi zomis xelnaweria, Seicavs 7 homilias, gamoucemelia, arada misi cal-calke gamocema saSuri saqmea, sxva rom ar iyos, am xelnawerma Semogvinaxa „SuSanikis wamebis“, marTalia, bolonakluli, erTaderTi uZvelesi nusxa. 10jruWis oTxTavi – XII s. H-1667) xelnaweri Semkulia kamarebiT, TavsamkaulebiT, sazedao asoebiT, maxarobelTa gamosaxulebebiT. 11aleqsandre neimani. qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni. me-3 gamocema. Tbilisi, 1978. 12ojaxis uaxloesi naTesavebi.
179
g) „mezobeli“ TiTqmis ar dadasturda xevsurul leqsikonSi, romelic erT–erTi
udidesi dialeqturi leqsikonia qarTulSi, sakmaod mwiria magaliTebi, imerul, zemoimerul,
qarTlur da sxv. leqsikonebSi. vfiqrobT, amas Tavisi mizezi unda hqondes. mTaSi, sadac
soflis mosaxleoba didxans cxovrobda Temis wesiT, Temis wevrTa umravlesoba naTesauri
da sayofacxovrebo ierarqiis principiT cxovrobda, xolo reliefisa da klimaturi
pirobebis gamo lokalizebul mTlianobas warmoadgenda, amitom is funqciebi, romelsac
baris mosaxleobaSi mezobeli kisrulobda, mTisTvis kargad organizebul socialur
sistemad muSaobda da funqciis dasaxelebac swored am niSniT xdeboda; magaliTad
„xevsurul leqsikonSi dasturdeba ara mezobeli, aramed „meTeme“: meTeme- Temis mcxovrebi
meTeme magveSvelebis, xom mavlen Tenebazeda? (xevs. poezia) meTemes daubardiT, Tu yana
darCis samkali~. anu meTeme aris is adamiani, romlis gasakeTebels barSi mezoblebi
akeTeben. TemSi ki „samezoblo“ funqciebi sxvadasxva adamianzea gawerili: mekode (did
TavyrilobebSi sasmelze agebs pasuxs13, mexorce, xorciT uzrunvelyofs sufras, mekare14
diacebs awvdis sufraze gatanili sursaTis nawilebs, mesadiles mamiTadisTvis sadili
miaqvs da a. S.
d) „mezobloba“ miuxedavad misi sapatio Sinaarsisa, idealizebuli sulac araa.
„mezoblobisTvis“ damaxasiaTebel siaxloves xSirad Crdils ayenebs calkeuli piris
xasiaTi an esa Tu is nakli, sizarmace, meWoreoba, sizarmace da sxv. magaliTad am niadagzea
gaCenili:
analogiuri mini-internetgamokiTxva CavatareT vainaxebs Sorisac. gamogvexmaura
aTeulobiT adamiani, romelTa pasuxebiTac davadgineT, rom isinic mezoblis cnebas Semdegi
Taviseburebis mqoned xedaven: a) CeCnurSi: `rodesac axalgazrdebi saxls an miwis nakveTs
yiduloben, mSoblebi eubnebian: `lamazi saxlis Zebnas kargi mezoblebi eZebeTo~; uaxloesi
mezoblebi iyvnen da maT Soris გერგარლო: viTardeba (naTesaobiTi urTierTobebi) _ erTad
muSaobdnen mindorSi, erTad uvlidnen saqonels, mere ki erT sufrasTan ikribebodnen, raTa
sayofacxovrebo saqmeebze emsjelaT~ an `rodesac ojaxSi sixarulis – vaJi qorwindeba an
qals aTxoveben, bavSvi ibadeba, pirvelad mezoblebs atyobineben. es CeCnurad JRers rogorc
ჴა’ ბაჴჴარ _ sityvasityviT, sixarulis gaziareba; b) interesTa erTianobis TvalsazrisiT
CeCnebisaTvis mezoblad miiCneva is, vinc 40 saxlis radiusSi cxovrobs. `mezoblebTan
CeCnebsac da inguSebsac yovelTvis kargi urTierToba aqvT – es marto kultura ki ara,
religiisa da Sinagani rwmenis nawilia~15 da amis dasturad erTi Cveni internetrespondenti,
saxelad zulixani gvwerda: `Cven mezoblebTan didi megobroba gvaqvs; xadiseSi weria, rom
mezoblebs siyvaruliT unda moepyra, radgan samsjavroze aucileblad gkiTxaven, rogor
epyrobodi mezoblebs _ pirveli xom mezobeli exmaureba Cveni cxovrebis av-kargs~. Bb)
vainaxebi cdiloben moyvasi daifaron mezoblis mimarT cudi saqcielisagan da Caagoneben,
CeCn. ლოლახოჩონცა ვო(ნ) ხილ მეგარ მა დაც – დაალთუოხარ მა დუ იზა, rac niSnavs: `ar SeiZleba
mezobelTan mtroba, RmerTi sasjels mogivlens~. qist.: ნაახაც ვეეხაშ ხილჩ, ლოოლახუოშც ჲისთ
ცა ხილარ დიქ მაც დოღ... აუშ დიქ ბეეცეჰ’, ჰ’ო შეგნებულ ხილ მა ვიეძეი ცაარახ!?.. „Tu xalxSi cxovrob,
mezobelTan ubrad yofna ar SeiZleba, meti შეგნeba mogeTxoveba~. cnobili istorikos-
eTnologi ian Cesnovi vainaxebis Sesaxeb wers: `CeCnebis mentaliteti mkafiodaa
polarizebuli principiT: `Tavisiani~ da `araTavisiani~, amasTan es `araTavisiani~ ucxo
sulac araa: mezoblebisa da sxva eTnosTa mimarT CeCnebs aqvT Rrma pativiscema, rac
anTroponimiaSic vlindeba. farTodaa maTTan gavrcelebuli im adamianTa saxelebi,
romlebic mezobeli, da zogjer moSorebiT mcxovrebic, xalxis eTnonimebidan momdinareobs:
gumki (yumixi), germane (germaneli), iaponi (iaponeli), jarji (qarTveli (giorgi), ruslani
13mekode _ visac qorwilSi da micvalebulis xarjebSi sasmeli abaria. 14mekare – igivea, rac mesamreloe, karsnamyofi, rodesac stumrebs gaistumrebdnen `mekare-mesamreloe diacebs~ miutandnen yvelafris nawils, rac sufraze iyo. 15Д. Музакаев, А. Уциев.- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLP8sryD6hg.
180
(rusi)... 90-ian wlebSi inguSeTis uxucesebma CeCnebis mimarT TanagrZnobis niSnad miiRes
gadawyvetileba, ar gadaexadaT sazeimo qorwilebi, radgan moZme xalxs mwuxareba hqonda~16.
leqsikis semantikurma segmentaciam gvaCvena, rom: 1. mezobeli isaa, vinc gverdiT,
axlo cxovrobs, da es kavkasielTaTvis RvTiT mocemuli wesrigia (maSinac ki, rodesac,
reliefidan gamomdinare, mcxovreblebi erTmaneTisagan didi venaxebiT, xexilis baRebiT,
samwyemsuriT an sulac mTiani landSaftiT arian daSorebulni da zogjer erTmaneTisTvis
xmis miwvdenac SeuZlebelia). qarTulsa da CeCnurSi bevri semantikuri da konotaciuri
saerTo moiZebna: qarT. axlo-axlos, CeCn. ულ–ულლე (sruliad axlos); qarT. maxloblad, CeCn.
Уллехул (ara Sors); qarT. Soriaxlo, CeCn. გერგახულა qarT. axlomaxlo, CeCn. ჲუხხეჰ’ qarT. karis
წინ [mezobeli] კარწინ, qarT. gverdiT, CeCn. ულლოჰ’ qarT. ezosTan [mezoblad] CeCn. ქრთჲისთთეჰ’
qarT. cxvirwin, CeCn. მაირჲუხხეჰ’ qarT oriode nabijze, CeCn. შინ ღულჩანე; qarT.erTi nabijis
manZilze, CeCn. ში ღულჩ ბოჴჴალე da sxv.
2) სamezoblo Tematika kavkasiis eTnonimiaSicaa asaxuli (da aqedan toponimikaSic):
xSirad daxasiaTeba, romelsac ama Tu im mezobels aZleven, eTnonimebad gadaiqceoda; mag.
qarT. ქუშტი (magari muStiT) qistebi arian, qarT. kerketi Cerqezis safuZvlad miiCneva,
vainaxuri ბააცაი < *ბაწაბი (> *წანი//წოვა-dan momdinare Cans, Sdr. toponimi წოვათა); didoelebi
qarTvelebs uwodeben: ვილლესი > arab. vilaieTidan (msxvili administraciuli erTeuli),
lakebi – გაზაგ `tyve~ sityvidan qiziyi (es saxeli, rogorc Cans, lekianobis dros unda
gaCeniliyo) da a. S.
rogorc am mokle mimoxilvidanac Cans, mezoblobis institutis enobrivi markerebi
kavkasielTa istoriulad gaazrebuli mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis anarekls warmoadgens. am
identobis SenarCuneba dResac imuSavebs sayovelTao mSvidobisaTvis, Tuki enaSi am leqsikas,
xolo yofaSi – Sesabamis faseulobebs SevinarCunebT.
Manana Tabidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili
Georgian-Nakh Case of Linguistic Expression of Collective Identity
Summary
Vocabulary related to neighborhood institute represents one of the most interesting examples depicting linguistic
expression of collective identity of the Caucasian population.
Living in the neighborhood seems to be an actual topic for every people and epoch as long as it is related with
peace, cultural influence and important factors of trade relations. According to specialists, the topic of neighborhood is
lately acquiring more pragmatic rather than emotional character among European people.
Due to its relatively small number of population and principle of settlement, historical Caucasus has constantly
been obliged to take neighborhood institute into consideration while working on numerous mechanisms of its custom law.
These very mechanisms have protected the Caucasian population from wars and controversy for numerous times. This
was the reason why enemies strived to create conflicts among neighboring people that later ensured their success. Apart
from genetic origin (i.e. Iberian-Caucasian roots), neighborhood institute seemed to be a vital factor for peaceful
coexistence. Preserving this identity including linguistic and relevant social values will play its role in creating universal
peace even today.
16Ян Чеснов. Быть чеченцем: личность и этнические идентификации народа.- сб. Конференции "Мир, прогресс, правачеловека", Выпуск 3, Москва, 1999; http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/conferentions.
181
lia kariWaSvili, filologiis doqtori
akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qeba~
(simbolo da interteqsti)
Lakaki wereTlis leqsis saTauri _ `qebaTa-qeba~ imTaviTve miuTiTebs mis siRrmiseul
kavSirze bibliis wignTan `qebaTaqeba solomonisa~. MmimarTeba ganpirobebulia ori
umTavresi niSniT: I. leqsic alegoriulia, da II. saRvTo siyvaruls gadmoscems iseve, rogorc
`qebaTaqeba solomonisa~.
L`qebaTa-qeba~ SefarviT, magram gamWvirvale asociaciebiT mianiSnebs saRvTo
siyvaruls. mZafri sulieri eqstazi – trfiali RvTisa - gadmocemulia cocxali gancdiT,
siyvaruli `ganxorcielebulia~, RmerTi – personificirebuli.
orive teqstis mixedviT sulieri aRmafrena da sixaruli Sedarebulia (aRemateba)
RviniT mogvril netarebas. `qebaTaqeba solomonisa~ 8-jer axsenebs Rvinos (2. Rvinoze
tkbilia Seni alersi~. `4. vaqebdiT Sens alerss Rvinoze metad~; 10. `... raoden tkbilia Seni
alersi, Rvinis umjobesi!~)1. amave ideas exmianeba 103-e fsalmuni, romelSic naTqvamia: `Rvino
axarebs gulsa kacisasa~ (103, 13). akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qebac~ swored am motiviT iwyeba:
`sxvebma svan Rvino, me uRvinodac
mTvrali var pirad bednierebiT~2.
`Trobas~, romelsac lirikuli gmiri ganicdis, sagangebo gamomwvevi faqtori ar
sWirdeba, mas sxva mizezi aqvs, ufro bunebrivi. Ees aris Sinagani sixarulisa da bednierebis
gancda, romelic efuZneba samyaros mSvenierebisa da harmoniulobis, sulierTa da usuloTa
Soris idumali enis arsebobis mZafr SegrZnebas. igi sakuTar Tavs, rogorc xats RvTisa,
Seimecnebs samyaros meufed, erTi didi mTlianobis umniSvnelovanes nawilad. Bbuneba udides
saidumlos inaxavs, TiTqos yvelaferi gacxadebulia, magram mainc idumalebiTa da
miuwvdomlobiT aRvsili, da am yvelafris Sesamecneblad sakmarisi ar aris Wkua,
racionaluri sawyisi, aramed goneba, guli gonieri, rogorc erTaderTi ̀ mediumi~ uzenaesTan
misaaxleblad.
`rom saidumlo,
sasiqadulo,
kacsac bunebis Seatyobinos da, sadac Wkua
scdeba da styua,
iq marto mxolod guls agrZnobinos!~
siyvaruli RvTaebrivia, sityviT mouxelTebeli:
`Sen da mxolod Sen ciuro niWo,
gamouTqmelo kacTa eniTa...~… …
aramarto Sinaarsi am striqonebisa, cnebebi, romliTac is gadmoscems saTqmels,
gvaxsenebs rusTavelis diskurss mijnurobis raobaze:
`mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian,
ena daSvrebis, msmenlisa yurnica davaldebian~3.
(21)
1`qebaTa-qeba solomonisa~. mcxeTuri xelnaweri. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 61-68. 2akaki wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 20 tomad. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2011. 3SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. a. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis da a. SaniZis redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 1951.
182
`Wkua~, `Wkviani~ am SemTxvevaSi unda gulisxmobdes saero codnis mqone, pragmatulad
moazrovne adamians, romlisTvisac miuwvdomelia saRvTo sibrZne. RvTis siyvaruli
Seimecneba guliT da gonebiT, am konteqstSi Wkua gonebis sinonimi ar aris.
`qebaTa-qebis~ lirikuli gmiri bunebis `mayrulis~ Semswrea. xedavs mTvares, `tkbili
sevdiT gulavsebuls,~ mis irgvliv varskvlavTa ferxuls. zecis sixaruls miwac uerTdeba.
maTi idumali saTqmeli esmis, Ees aris qebaTa-qeba Semoqmedisa, misi xotba:
`ZalTa dideba,
SeqmnaTa qeba,
ars saidumlo maTi vedreba.
qveyniT buneba bans eubneba
da es bania `qebaTa-qeba~.
yovelive amqveynad Seqmnilia RvTis sadideblad. Efsalmunuri swavlebaa: `3. aqebdiT
mas mze da mTovare, aqebdiT mas yovelni varskulavni da naTelni. 4. aqebdiT mas cani caTani
da wyalni... 7. aqebdiT ufalsa queyaniT veSapni da yovelni ufskrulni: 8. cecxli, setyva,
Tovli, myinvari, suli niav-qarisa...~ (fs. 148).
saRvTo siyvaruls poeti warmosaxavs, rogorc cisa da miwis makavSirebelsa da
gamaerTianebels, am siyvarulis gancda yvelas ar ZaluZs, is xSirad im msubuq, xorciel
urTierTobaSi erevaT, romelsac siZvas uwodeben.
`Sen, visac ugnurT umetesoba
ver gigrZnobs, verc gcnobs, mxolod cils gwamebs,
da Sen magier, Seni saxeliT
is aRiarebs pirutyvul wamebs~.
am striqonTa miRma kidev erTxel gamokrTeba rusTavelis taepebi:
`mijnuroba aris turfa, sacodnelad Zneli gvari;
mijnuroba sxva ramea, ar siZvisa dasadari;
igi sxvaa, siZva sxvaa, Sua uzis didi zRvari,
nuvin garevT erTmaneTsa! Ggesmis Cemi naubari~.
(24)
siyvaruli Semoqmedebis sulia, STamagonebelia. is aZlevs Zalas lirikul gmirs
sulis siRrmidan amoitanos saTqmeli (swored Zalas sTxovs rusTaveli RmerTs, raTa
ganaxorcielos Canafiqri. `Zali momec da Sewevna SengniT maqvs, mivsce goneba~.), romelic
dros gauZlebs, momaval Taobebs gahyveba:
`rom mec gediviT, sikvdilis wineT
ucnaur hangze Cavixmatkbilo...
gcxo wminda simebs ciur malamod
da vsTqva galoba saSviliSvilo~. A
(akakis am striqonebiT unda iyos STagonebuli galaktioni:
`da mec movkvde simRerebSi tbis sevdian gedad
oRond vTqva, Tu Ramem sulSi rogor Caixeda...
rom mefe var da mgosani da simReriT vkvdebi,
rom wahyveba saukunes TqvenTan Cemi qnari~.
`mTawmindis mTvare~)
siyvarulisa da Semoqmedebis gadakveTas `vefxistyaosnis~ prologSic esmeva xazi:
`xams meleqse naWirvebsa missa cudad ar abrkmobdes,
erTi uCndes samijnuro, erTsa visme aSikobdes,
yovlsa misTvis xelovnobdes, mas aqebdes, mas amkobdes,-
misTvis kide nura unda, - misTvis ena-musikobdes.~
(18)
183
RvTis siyvaruli dros ar emorCileba, arc asaki ucvlis fers. mis `dasatevad~
saWiroa siWabuke gulisa da `moxucebuloba gonebisa~. amitomac xandazmuli poeti iseTive
Seyvarebulia, rogoric iyo siWabukeSi.
`da, saamqveynod gulgril moxuci,
dResac Tayvans vcem, rogorc pirvelad,
TiTqo Wabuki viyo me axla,
da vyofiliyo moxuci Zvelad.~
garda `vefxistyaosnisa~, `qebaTa-qebis~ erT-erTi interteqstia nikoloz
baraTaSvilis `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~.
AakakisTvis yvavilTa surneli zeaRmavali sagalobelia:
`yvavilTa ena – ars surnelT fSvena,
sagalobelad aRma kmeuli.~
es striqonebi iseve axdens taZris asociacias, rogorc nikoloz baraTaSvilic
leqsSi yvavilTa surnelis moazreba gundrukad:
`Zirs gaSlils lamazs velsa yvavilni mohfenen, viTa tablas wmidasa,
Dda viT gundruksa samadlobelsa, Senda aRkmeven sunnelebasa!~
(n. baraTaSvili, `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~)4
`qebaTa-qebaSi~ Cans wminda samebis simbolika. sampirovani erTarseba RmerTi
alegoriulad gadmocemulia vardis, iisa da bulbulis mxatvruli saxeebiT (feri, sinaze,
ena –tkbilxmovaneba,) romlebic aq mSvenierebis kategoriebia:
`me mas vugalob, visac gangebam
mSveniereba usxivciskara!
vinc vards elferi, ias sinaze
da bulbuls ena erTad mohpara!~
TiTqmis igive simbolika, odnav saxecvlili (vardi, bulbuli, varskvlavi),
mogvianebiT kvlav gamoCnda akakis leqsSi `suliko~ (1895).
`sulikos~ ganxilvisasAakaki baqraZe aRniSnavda, rom sayvareli anu RmerTi, akakim
ipova vardSi, bulbulsa da varskvlavSi. `ufali yvelgan aris, marTalia, adamiani mas ver
xedavs, magram igi maradiulad sufevs xilul da uxilav samyaroSi, xilul da uxilav
sagnebSi... yvelaferSi, rac adamians garSemo artyia da axvevia. monoTeisturi religiisaTvis
RmerTis yvelgan ganfenilobis idea udavoa, WeSmaritebaa~5.
vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli sameuli SeiZleba moviazroT mSvenierebis kategoriebad.
`me mas vugalob, visac gangebam mSveniereba usxivciskara,
vinc vards elferi, ias sinaze da bulbuls ena erTad mohpara!~
mSveniereba zeciuria, absoluturi erTis atributia sikeTesTan (saxiereba),
WeSmaritebasa da siyvarulTan erTad, (`tomi gvarTa zenaTa~). mSveniereba uflis
`samoselia~. SeiZleba iTqvas, is Teofaniis erT-erTi formaa.
`qebaTa-qebis~Kkidev erTi sameulia wmida ninos, wminda Tamarisa da wminda qeTevanis
mxatvruli saxeebi. cxadia, sxva wmindanTa dasaxelebac SeiZleboda, magram aqac
mniSvnelovania sami, erTSi `SenaTxz-SeerTebulad~ (wmindanTa igive sameuli gamoCnda
`Tornike erisTavSi~).
amdenad, akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qeba~ saTauris aluziuri mimarTebiT, igavuri
sazrisiT, interteqstualobiT da simbolikiT cxadyofs, rom is aris uflis qebaTaqeba da
siyvarulis sagalobeli.
4nikoloz baraTaSvili. `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~. axali qarTuli literatura. qrestomaTia. I.
Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 70. 5a. baqraZe. `suliko~. Txzulebani. t. I. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 231-236.
184
Lia Karichashvili
Canticle of Canticles by Akaki Tsereteli
(Symbolism and Inter-text)
Summary
Title `Canticle of Canticles~ emphasizes deep relation with the Biblical Song of Solomon from the outset. In both
cases the spiritual love to Lord is expressed by clear emotion, this is `embodied~ love.
Here the operation with the psalm concepts could be seen (103, 15; 148). Akaki’s definition of love clearly points
to Rustaveli’s discourse dealing with substance of lovers. In addition, there are transparent allusions of Nikoloz
Baratashvili’s stances.
Canticle of Canticles contains symbols of St. Trinity. Tripersonality of Lord is allegorically presented as the rose,
violet and nightingale, comprising here the categories of beauty. Beauty is a heavenly gift, attribute of absolute unity
together with the kindness (image) and the truth.
One more trio of Canticle of Canticles comprises St. Nino. St. Tamar and St. Ketevan.
185
Tamar lomaZe, doqtoranti
metaforebi politikur diskursSi
(saprezidento arCevnebis diskursis magaliTze)1
rogorc cnobilia, politikuri ritorikuli teqstis yvelaze niSandobliv
maxasiaTebels metafora warmoadgens. metafora ki Tanamedrove sociolingvistur
(lingvopolitologiuri, funqciuri stilistikis...) kvlevebSi sayovelTao yuradRebas
ipyrobs2. ramdenadac ritorikis cneba dRes mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda, da tradiciuli
mWevrmetyvelebiTi Sinaarsis garda, logikuri kanonebiT agebuli nebismieri akademiuri
teqstic moicva, aucileblad migvaCnia imis miTiTeba, rom winamdebare statiis mTavari
dakvirvebis sagani swored mWevrmetyvelebiTi teqstia da ara nebismieri akademiuri teqsti.
metafora sityvis Tu gamoTqmis gadataniT mniSvnelobas warmoadgens. es kargad Cans
am sityvis amosaval SinaarsSic (berZnulad „meta“ -iT, „pherein“ - tareba). gadatanis,
moZraobis cneba gulisxmobs cvlilebas, xazs usvams metaforis unars gadagviyvanos sxva
ganzomilebaSi CvenSi emociuri reaqciis gamoRviZebiT. aristotele metaforas gansazRvravs,
rogorc „sagnisTvis iseTi saxelis miniWebas, romelic sxvas ekuTnis“3. metafora sityvis an
frazis mniSvnelobis cvlilebiT miiReba, rodesac sityva aRmoCndeba konteqstSi, romelSic
misi gamoCena moulodnelia, es iwvevs am sityvisa Tu frazis semantikuri mniSvnelobis
gaZlierebas.
metaforis cneba uaRresad tevadia, radgan metaforebi sxvadasxva principiT SeiZleba
klasificirdes. am mravalferovnebasa da daxarisxebis principTa nairgvarobis erT-erTi
ganmapirobebeli isicaa, rom metafora gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea diskursis mimarT.
perelmanisTvis metafora aris „Sekvecili analogia, romelic forisa (phore) da Temis
Serwymis Sedegad miiReba“. perelmani argumentaciul diskursSi ori tipis metaforas
Seiswavlis. igi miZinebul metaforas uwodebs iseT metaforebs4, romelTac ara aqvT
emociuri zegavlenis funqcia. masSi metaforis mniSvneloba TiTqos waSlilia, radgan
dapirispirebis aRqma pirdapir da gadataniT mniSvnelobebs Soris iSviaTad xdeba.
politikur diskursSi e. w. miZinebuli metaforis gamoyeneba universaluria. cocxali,
avtoriseuli, originaluri metaforisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia msmenelSi gamowveuli
moulodneloba da iSviaToba. rac ufro moulodnelia mocemuli enobrivi erTeuli
mocemul sametyvelo situaciaSi, miT metia damaxsovrebisa damsmenelze emociuri
zemoqmedebis xarisxi5.
amerikelma mecnierebma j. lakofma da m. jonsonma 1980 wels SeimuSaves da
lingvistur literaturaSi daamkvidres kognituri metaforis cneba. am mkvlevarTa azriT,
konceptualuri sistema, romelze dayrdnobiTac vazrovnebT da vmoqmedebT, Tavidan
bolomde metaforulia Tavisi arsiT. cnobil naSromSi `Metaphors we Live by~6 lakofi da
jonsoni aRniSnaven, rom adamianebs axasiaTebT garemomcveli samyaros da mimdinare
movlenebis metaforuli aRqma (metaphorical mapping), raSic gamoxatulebas povebs ama Tu im
1ganxilulia saqarTveloSi 2013 wels Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi. 2manana tabiZe. sociolingvistika (masalebi saleqcio kursisaTvis). gamomcemloba „qarTuli
universiteti“, Tbilisi, 2015. 3Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2004. 4Perelman, C., Titeca, O.Traité de l’argumentation. La nouvelle rhétorique. Bruxelles :
Edition de l’universite de Bruxelles, 2008. ix. adeiSvili, q. 2013. 5q. adeiSvili. argumentacia politikur diskursSi (SepirispirebiTi analizi franguli da qarTuli enebis masalaze). xelmZRvaneli prof. m. doxturiSvili. Tbilisi, 2013. 6Lakoff, George, & Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980.
186
enis matarebelTa kultura, erovnuli fsiqologia da msoflmxedvelobis specifikuroba.
Cveni yoveldRiuri sasaubro ena gajerebulia metaforuli gamoTqmebiT. es garkveulwilad
amartivebs komunikaciis process, radganac metaforis arsebiTi specifikuroba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom ufro nacnobi, martivi saSualebiT moaxdinos ufro rTulisa da ucnobis
aRqma-gaazreba. j. lakofisa da m. jonsonis dakvirvebiT, enaSi arsebuli calkeuli
metaforuli gamoTqmebi xSirad erTi didi, kognituri metaforis gamovlinebas warmoadgens,
romelic Tavad SeiZleba arc iyos naxsenebi enaSi, magram igi arsebobs eris cnobierebaSi
da gamovlinebas povebs enaSi calkeuli gamoTqmebis, sityvebis, frazeologizmebis saxiT7.
j. lakofi Tavis naSromSi „metaforis Tanamedrove Teoria“8 aRniSnavs, rom sityva metafora
ganisazRvreboda rogorc axali (novel), an poeturi/mxatvruli lingvisturi gamonaTqvami,
romelSic raime cnebis gamomxatveli erTi an meti sityva gamoiyeneba misi tradiciuli
mniSvnelobis „gareT“ msgavsi cnebis gamosaxatavad. mTavar gansxvavebad Tanamedrove da
klasikur Teoriebs Soris mas miaCnia gansxvaveba pirdapir/ sityvasityviT da figuralur
mniSvnelobebs Soris. me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi metaforaSi igulisxmeboda axali, adre
ararsebuli metafora (novel metaphor), anu SemoqmedebiTi (creative) metafora, xolo
tradiciuli (conventional) metaforis sistema TiTqmis SeumCneveli rCeboda. misi azriT,
„arsebobs lingvisturi gamoTqmebis axal metaforad interpretirebis sami ZiriTadi
meqanizmi: tradiciuli metaforis ganvrcoba; zogadi metaforebi; da imij-metaforebi, anu
xatovani metaforebi. yvelaze saintereso poeturi metafora samive am meqanizms iyenebs“9
(citirebulia - petriaSvili, 2010)10.
Carteris-bleki gamoyofs Semdegi tipis metaforebs:
- sayovelTaod miRebuli/ konvenciuri metafora. metaforis es tipi imdenad xSirad
gamoyenebadia, rom misi semantikuri siZliere Sesustebulia.
- axali/amoucnobi metafora warmoadgens metaforis tips, romelic ar gamouyenebiaT
arcerT enobriv sazogadoebaSi, rac zrdis mis semantikur simZafres.
- konceptualuri metafora aris gamonaTqvami, romelic xsnis semantikur daZabulobas
metaforebis urTierTkavSiris CvenebiT11.
radgan metaforas aqvs unari gaaRviZos emociebi, is xSirad gamoiyeneba darwmunebis
enaSi. magram konkretuli metaforis efeqti damokidebulia enis gamomyeneblis lingvistur
da pragmatul cnobierebaze. metafora damokidebulia interpretaciaze da amitomac,
warmoadgens enis subieqtur aspeqts. metafora aseve mniSvnelovania Cvens farul politikuri
da socialur Sexedulebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. es metaforas aniWebs centralur (da ara
periferuls) rols humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi.
rogorc Carteris-bleki aRniSnavs, metaforis gamoyenebiT mosaubre cdilobs
msmeneli gaxados interpretaciuli aqtis monawile. kreatiuloba/SemoqmedebiToba
aucilebelia rogorc imaTTvis, vinc metaforas yoveldRiur enaSi iyenebs, ise maTTvis, vinc
am metaforebis interpretaciiTaa dakavebuli. interpretacia gulisxmobs metaforebsa da im
kognitur-pragmatul faqtorebs Soris arsebuli kavSiris gansazRvras, romlebic am
metaforebs ayalibebs. es moicavs konceptualuri metaforebis identificirebas.
politikur diskursSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani metaforaa e. w. „spin doqtori“ (Spin
doctor), rac ronald reiganma mediamanipulaciis specialistebs uwoda. qarTulad es termini
SeiZleba vTargmnoT, rogorc „politteqnologi“, pirdapir TargmanSi, es iqneba „qselis
gabmis/rTvis eqimi“. es termini politikur diskursSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani metaforaa.
7n. kirvaliZe. politikuri diskursi da kognituri metaforebi. saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali `inteleqti~, 2009, 3 (35), gv. 121-125. 8Lakoff, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, in Ortony, Andrew (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (2nd edition), Cambridge
University Press. 1992. ix.: i. petriaSvili. 2010. 9G. Lakoff, M. Turner, More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, University of Chicago Press.1989. 10izabela petriaSvili. metafora da politikuri diskursis pragmatika internetJurnali „semiotika“, 2010. HTTPS://SEMIOTICSJOURNAL.WORDPRESS.COM/ mopovebulia 08.12.2015 11Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
187
Carteris-blekis12 ganmartebiT, is moicavs manipulaciis sam aspeqts: oboba, romelic abams
qsels msxverplis mosazidad; qselis gambmeli, romelic „msxverpls“ miizidavs motyuebiT
da ara Zalis gamoyenebiT; da mkurnalobisa da wrTobis idea. am metaforis gamoyenebis
mTavari motivacia iyo axali leiboristebis mier gamoyenebuli manipulaciuri mediis
negatiuri Sefasebis pragmatuli mizani.
iqedan gamomdinare, rom kda13 ikvlevs diskursis rols socialuri Tanasworobis
SeqmnaSi, Cndeba kiTxva, monawileoben Tu ara metaforebi sazogadoebrivi azris
konstruqciaSi da ra kvaSiri SeiZleba maT hqondeT kda-sTan. kda ar cnobda diskursis
mniSvnelobis kognitur Teoriebs. bolo periodSi es mosazreba Seicvala. kda-Si
sociokognituri midgomis gamoyenebas emxroba van deiki, r. vodaki da bevri sxva mecnieri.
p. Ciltonis14 Tanaxmad, metaforis mimarT interesi aristoteles droidan
aqtualuria. rogorc wesi, zogi metaforas miiCnevda kognituri sferos sakvlev obieqtad,
sxvebi ki mis kvlevas ritorikas miandobdnen. zogjer, es ori perspeqtiva erTiandeboda.
Carteris-blekic aRniSnavs, rom metaforis daniSnulebaa darwmunebis saSualebiT
Sexedulebebsa da gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis moxdena; es mizani xSirad farulia da asaxavs
mosaubris ganzraxvebs konkretul konteqstSi. mecnieri miiCnevs, rom kritikuli
metaforebis analizi aris erT-erTi midgoma, romlis mizania enis momxmareblebis
(mosaubreebis) ganzraxvebis gamomJRavneba.
rogorc q. harTi Tavis statiaSi - „kda da metafora: Teoriuli CarCos mimarTulebiT“
- aRniSnavs, metaforis kvleva kda-is ganuyofeli nawilia da savsebiT SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas
metaforis kvlevis CarCo kda-is farglebSi.
q. harTi eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom metafora SesaZloa miCneul iqnes enad an
diskursad, magram imisTvis, rom is kda-is nawilad ganvixiloT, saWiroa iseTi Teoriis
SemuSaveba, romliTac metafora diskursad ganixileba.
kognituri lingvistikis farglebSi arsebobs metaforis ganxilvis ori varianti:
konceptualuri metaforis Teoria (conceptual metaphor theory), romelic lakofsa da konsons
(Lakoff, 1993; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) ekuTvnis da mecnierebis j. fokoniesa da m. terneris e.
w. konceptualuri Serwymis Teoria (conceptual blending theory)15. am or Teorias Soris arsebobs
rogorc msgavsebebi, ise gansxvavebebi. „orive midgoma metaforas ganixilavs ufro rogorc
konceptualur da ara rogorc ubralod lingvistur fenomens“ (Grady, J., Oakley, T., & Coulson,
S: 1999)16. Tumca arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic. Cveni mxriv davamatebdiT, rom
konceptualuroba lingvisturobas xels ar uSlis, radgan ena (gansakuTrebiT iseTi,
rogoric qarTulia (vgulisxmobT, enis aglutinaciur bunebas, rac formawarmoebiTi
potencialis sididesa, da Sesabamisad, semantikur–konotaciuri SesaZleblobebis siuxves
ganapirobebs), metaforizebis dros yovelTvis akeTebs arCevans semantikur, stilistikur da
formobriv (gramatikul) variantebs Soris.
metaforis analizis erT-erTi mTavari SezRudva aris is, rom kognituri midgoma
izolirebulia pragmatuli midgomisgan, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom metaforis gamoyeneba
aracnobierad xdeba, xolo pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT, mosaubre metaforas iyenebs
darwmunebis mizniT mis xelT arsebuli kognituri da lingvisturi saSualebebis
kombinirebiT17. konceptualuri metaforis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, Serwymis Teoria
ganixilavs konceptualur operaciebs, romlebic diskursisas sruldeba. q. harTis Tanaxmad,
metafora lingvisturi gamoxatvis im konkretul jgufs miekuTvneba, romlebic gulisxmobs
12Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 13kritikuli diskursis analizi. 14Chilton, P. Security metaphors: Cold war discourse from containment to common house. New York: Peter Lang. 1996. 15Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities.New York: Basic Books,
2002. 16Hart, Ch. Critical discourse analysis and metaphor: toward a theoretical framework, Critical Discourse Studies, 5:2, 91-106, DOI:
10.1080/17405900801990058. 2008. 17Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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mentaluri sivrceebis Seqmnas. metaforis Seqmnisas, mentaluri sivrceebi gadian specifikur
konceptualuri Serwymis operaciebs. metafora Sedgeba Temisgan an „samiznesgan“ da ideis
gavrcelebis saSualebis anu „wyarosgan“18.
forsevilma gamoyo metaforulobis dadgenis Semdegi kriteriumebi:
1) identurobis urTierTmimarTeba iqmneba iseT or fenomens Soris, romlebic
mocemul konteqstSi sxva kategoriebs miekuTvneba.
2) movlenebi unda gavigoT rogorc samizne, da Sesabamisad, wyaro: isini, am
konteqstSi, Seuqcevadia.
3) sul cota erTi maxasiaTebeli/konotacia, romelic asocirdeba wyarosTan, unda
moergos samiznes.
rodesac saubaria winasaarCevno diskursis rolze sazogadoebrivi azris konstruqciaSi,
SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT metaforas. metaforebis gamoyenebiT politikosebi axerxeben
TavianTi gamosvlebis ufro emociurad datvirTvas, rac zrdis potenciuri amomrCevlis
ndobas ama Tu im politikosis mimarT.
rogorc s. baqsi aRniSnavs, „metafora politikur process warmoaCens zeciT STagonebul
rTul mogzaurobad, romelsac mivyavarT pozitiuri da imedismomcemi adgilisken. metafora
aseve gvixatavs msmenels, rogorc am mogzaurobaSi monawile mxares“19. msmeneli mudmivad
Tanaarsebobs saarCevno sityvasTan, radgan swored misi interesis, kompetenciis, da Tu
gnebavT, sametyvelo prioritetebis gamocnobas eswrafvis oratori. unda vTqvaT, rom gza
da brZola Cveni amomrCevlisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gamWvirvale semantikisaa. saerTod,
msmenelze gaTvlili teqsti funqciuri stilebis socialuri Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinareobs20.
ramdenadac metafora mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs darwmunebis procesSi, sainteresoa
misi gamoyenebis analizi winasaarCevno diskursSi. amjerad, SevecdebiT yuradReba
gavamaxviloT 2013 wlis 27 oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebis kandidatebis mier yvelaze
xSirad gamoyenebuli metaforebze. kognituri metaforebidan yuradRebas iqcevs
mgzavrobis, gzis mogzaurobis aRmniSvneli leqsemebi metaforebad; rogorc Cans, ms
sityvebis metaforad metaforad gamoyeneba universaliaa, da Tanamedrove politikuri
diskursisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mraval enaSi.
lakofi da jonsoni21 gamoyofen iseT metaforebs, rogoricaa _ siyvaruli mogzaurobaa,
kamaTi mogzaurobaa. Tavis mxriv, mogzauroba gulisxmobs gasavlel gzas, mimarTulebas,
daniSnulebis adgils. „mogzaurobis metafora xazs usvams rogorc mimarTulebas, ise
progress miznisken“. arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi, gasavleli gza winasaarCevno periodia,
romelmac unda migviyvanos daniSnulebis wertilamde - gamarjvebamde.
mogzaurobis metaforis TvalsaCino magaliTia: „...mogveciT SesaZlebloba am qveyanas
mivceT axali Zala, axali Sansi da gavagrZeloT winsvla“.
„ra logikiT unda daviwyo me ukan yureba da momindes isev dabruneba wamebis,
policiuri reJimis da im problemebisken, rac am sazogadoebas hqonda maSin, rodesac marto
win wavediT imis mere22.
giorgi margvelaSvilis mxardasaWerad warmoTqmul sityvaSi, saxelmwifo ministri
kaxa kalaZe iyenebs metaforebs: „me darwmunebuli var, Cven erTad, yvela, TqvenTan erTad,
Zalian did gamarjvebas mivaRwevT. batoni giorgis gamarjvebiT da es iqneba TiToeuli
CvenTaganis ocnebebis asruleba da is didi gamarjveba, romelic gasuli wlis oqtomberSi
daviwyeT“.arCevnebi aris mgzavroba („daviwyeT“), Tavisi dasawyisiT da dasasruliT. am
18Bounegru L. and Forceville Ch. Metaphors in editorial cartoons SAGE Publications (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore
and Washington DC: http://vcj.sagepub.com) Copyright © The Author(s), 2011. 19Bax, S. Discourse and Genre: Analyzing Language in Context. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York : Palgrave
Macmillan, 2011. 20manana tabiZe. funqciuri stilebi _ sazogadoebis socialuri diferenciaciis Sedegi Tu mizezi._ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvewodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti. humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi. IV. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 108-113. 21Lakoff, George, & Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980. 22arCevani - giorgi margvelaSvili - 22.10.2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-3Yif2teBQ - mopovebulia 18.12.2015.
189
nawyvetSi arCevnebi asocirdeba aseve SejibrTan, brZolasTan („gamarjvebas mivaRwevT“, „is
didi gamarjveba“). am tipis metaforis naTeli magaliTia aseve g. margvelaSvilis fraza:
„garantias gaZlevT, 27-Si Cven rom movigebT“, aseve: „rodesac Cven movigebT arCevnebs
(arCevnebi aris brZola, TamaSi), Zalaufleba me ki ar momecema, dagibrundebaT Tqven, visac
ekuTvnis. Zalaufleba daubrundeba xalxs“, „gamarjveba unda iyos Zalian damajerebeli“,
„...Cvenma amomrCevelma unda icodes, es unda iyos Cveni erToblivi gamarjveba da Cveni
amomrCeveli unda CaerTos amaSi“23.
yuradsaRebia aseve giorgi margvelaSvilis winasaarCevno kampaniis mTavari lozungi:
mTavari lozungi - „erTad ganvagrZoT winsvla“. inglisurSi gamoyenebuli „mogzauroba“
qarTul realobaSi ar gamodgeba saarCevno kampaniis dinamikis gadmosacemad, radgan
qarTulSi mogzauroba seirnobaa, moxilvaa sxvadasxva adgilisa, CvenSi mgzavrobis, svlis,
moZraobis semantika ufro faseulia miznis dasauflebel RonisZiebaTa aRwerisas.
igulisxmeba, rom „qarulma ocnebam“ daiwyo winsvla da axla, margvelaSvilis arCeviT,
moxdeba aRebuli kursis gagrZeleba. „davasruloT kohabitacia“, margvelaSvilis
ganmartebiT, „winsvlas emsaxureba“. „kohabitacias Tu ver davasrulebT da mudmivad gveqneba
xelSeSla winsvlaSi, bunebrivia, es procesi swrafad ver ganxorcieldeba“24.
mgzavrobis (//mogzaurobis) metafora aRmovaCineT aseve prezidentobis meore
kandidatis _ daviT baqraZis winasaarCevno diskursSi: „me yovelTvis vcdilob, ro yvela
gamosvlaSi viyo maqsimalurad gulwrfeli, visaubro kargzec da cudzec, ar davmalo arc
kargi da arc cudi da am gulwrfelobiT vipovo gza Cveni mosaxleobis gulamde“. arCevnebi
aqac gaigivebulia moZraobasTan, svlasTan..., romlis saboloo daniSnulebaa mosaxleobis
„gulis mogeba“.
„erTi rame mjera namdvilad, rom yvela nabiji, romelsac Cven gadavdgamT sazogadoebis
gamTlianebisken aris kargi nabiji qveynisTvis, yvela nabiji, romelsac Cven gadavdgamT
sazogadoebis dapirispirebis, gaTiSvis da konfliqtisken, aris cudi nabiji qveynisTvis25.
gadacemaSi – „arCevani“ moWadrake nona gafrindaSvili nino burjanaZis wardgenisas
iyenebs Semdeg metaforas: „marTali giTxraT, mas Semdeg, rac is opoziciaSi aRmoCnda, Cven
erTad vibrZodiT am wlebis ganmavlobaSi (politika brZolaa - metafora) im reJimis
winaaRmdeg, romelma reJimmac aseTi ubedureba moutana Cvens qveyanas26.
brZolis metaforas iyenebs giorgi TargamaZec: g. TargamaZe: „da vici, rom iseT
qveyanaSi, rogoric aris saqarTvelo, Tanamedrove axalgazrda demokratiis viTarebaSi, Sen
geqneba rogorc warmateba, aseve damarcxeba“. - metafora - cxovreba/politika
brZolaa/TamaSia, sadac imarjveb an marcxdebi.
„Cven viciT ra pasuxismgebloba aviReT sakuar Tavze da ra brZolaSi CavebiT“.
wamyvani ekiTxeba nino burjanaZes: „ramdenad xarT mzad am brZolis mosagebad?“,
razec prezidentobis kandidati pasuxobs: „Cven yovelTvis varT mzad brZolis mosagebad da
viciT, rom es aris Zalian grZelvadiani brZola, es ar aris moklevadiani garbena, es aris
maraToni, politikuri, romlisTvisac mzad unda iyo27. rogorc vxedavT, am magaliTSi
metafora axsnilicaa da brZola da svla erTmaneTTanaa miyvanili.
am da sxva magaliTebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom politika, kerZod ki
wanasaarCevno periodi asocirdeba brZolasTan, SejibrTan. Sesabamisad, winasaarCevno
diskursTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi metaforebi: arCevnebi aris brZola, arCevnebi
- TamaSia da arCevnebi - gzaa, mgzavrobaa.
23arCevani - giorgi margvelaSvili - 22.10.2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-3Yif2teBQ - mopovebulia 18.12.2015. 24arCevani- giorgi margvelaSvili - 22.10.2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-3Yif2teBQ - mopovebulia 18.12.2015. 25arCevani - daviT baqraZe arCevani – daviT baqraZe - 15.10.2013.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIsZzTSXnUo mopovebulia 18.12.2015. 26arCevani – nino burjanaZe - 08.10.2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNDMk2UVWZU - mopovebulia 19.12.2015. 27arCevani – giorgi TargamaZe - 01.10.2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbQ_vTWB1_Y mopovebulia 19.12.2015.
190
Tamar Lomadze
Metaphors in Political Discourse
(based on thepre-election discourse of 2013 presidential elections in Georgia)
Summary
The paper focuses on the importance and role of metaphors in persuading potential voters. Metaphors tend to be
used unconsciously but, from the pragmatic point of view, with the combination of cognitive and linguistic means, they
can be most influential tool of persuasion and manipulation of the potential voters. This leads to the relation of metaphors
with Critical Discourse Analysis. Reference will be made to the results of a qualitative analysis of a corpus of pre-election
political talk-show discourse depicting the 2013 presidential election campaign in Georgia. Three major metaphors
characteristic for the pre-election political discourse are revealed: election is a battle, election is a game, election is a
journey.
192
eka duRaSvili, filologiis doqtori, profesori
himnografiuli kanonis II odis (moixilesas) erTi aspeqtisaTvis
Zveli qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT
bizantiuri himnografiis problemaTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze rTulia himnografiuli
kanonis kompoziciaSi II odis (moixilesas) arsebobisa da misi reduqciis sakiTxi.
cnobilia, rom himnografiuli kanoni ToTxmetodiani bibliuri galobidan miRebuli
cxra bibliuri odis modelis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. poeturma troparebma, romlebic
bibliuri odebis muxlebs daerTvoda, damoukidebeli kanonis saxe miiRo. ToTxmetodiani
galobis cxra odaze dayvana VI s-Si ivaraudeba1.
mecnierTa erTi nawili (u. xristi, e. veleSi, i. voznesenski)2 Tvlis, rom II oda Tavisi
mZime da samgloviaro xasiaTis gamo martooden didmarxvis periodSi gamoiyeneboda.
saeklesio weliwadis sxva periodisaTvis ki iwereboda kanonebi mis gareSe. am mosazrebis
sapirispirod l. berhards mohyavs nimuSad 150-e fsalmuni, romelic ganwyobilebiT ufro
mZimes, vidre II oda, da es fsalmuni bizantiur RvTismsaxurebaSi dResac yoveli dRis
cixkarze ikiTxeba3.
l. bernhardis azriT, meore odis reduqcia moxda jer kidev bibliur gamobaTa doneze.
igi ioane damaskelisa da kozma ierusalimelis kanonebsi II odis klebas xsnis TviT
liturgikuli praqtikidan II bibliuri odis (moses didi galobis) amoRebiT da asaxelebs
kozmas didi samsabaTis arasrul kanons. es ukanaskneli samfsalmuni unda iyos, magram mas
ara aqvs `moixilesa~, l. bernhardi Tvlis, rom kozmas droisaTvis `moixilesas~ modeli _
bibliuri II oda ukve amovardnili iyo odaTa rigidan Tavis sididis gamo `manamde, vidre
poeturi kanoni ioanesa da kozmas xeliT Camoyalibdeboda, rogorc ucvleli norma~4. u.
ueis miTiTebiT, romlis Tvalsazrissac vicnobT l. kvirikaSvilis naSromidan, Teofane
graptosis epoqidan (IX s-dan) iwyeba meryeoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tanaarsebobs rvaodiani
srulakrostiqiani da rvaodiani arasrulakrostiqiani kanonebi. gamovlenilia iosebis (IX
s.) cxra rvaodiani arasrulakrostiqiani kanoni, sadac aSkarad Cans, rom II oda dakargulia5.
amrigad, Tanamedrove gamokvlevaTa fonze, himnografiul kanonSi II odis ararsebobis
safuZveli myari da damajerebeli argumentebiT ar aris axsnili. SesaZlebelia vifiqroT,
rom cxra da rva ricxobrivi simbolika himnografiuli kanonSi sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa,
iseve, rogorc bibliur galobaTa Sesaxeb aRniSnavda u.xristi. igi werda: `bibliuri
galobisaTvis `cxra~ dadginda `mysticus rationibus~6 (mistikur simbolikaTa mixedviT). aqedan
gamomdinare, sabawmidel himnografTa reformac, cxra odidan rva odaze gadasvla da
rvaxmiani sistemis Seqmna SesaZlebelia urTierTkavSirSi iyos. magram es varaudic
uaryofilia u. ueis mier7.
auxsnelia VIII saukunis Semdgomi periodis himnografTa mcdeloba, aRadginon
cxraodiani liturgikuli kanonebis praqtika.
vnaxoT, ra suraTs gviCvenebs kozma ierusalimelis rvaodian kanonTa qarTuli
Targmanebi.
1Bernhard L. Der Ausfall der 2. ode im byzantischen Neunodenkanon, Salzburg, 1969, 93. 2Christ W. Prolegomena. A.G.C.Ch. Lipsiae. 1871. p. LXIV, Wellesz E., The History of Byzantine Hymnography and Liturgy, Oxford,
1971.198. Вознесенский И. О церковном пении православной греческо-русской церкви. 1890, gv. 84 3Bernhard L.. 96. 4Bernhard L.. 100. 5l. kvirikaSvili. himnografiuli kanonis kompozicia. gv. 228. 6l. kvirikaSvili. himnografiuli kanonis kompozicia. gv. 36. 7l. kvirikaSvili. himnografiuli kanonis kompozicia. gv. 38.
193
unda SevniSnoT, rom uZveles iadgarSi, romelic adreuli ierusalimuri praqtikis
amsaxveli Zeglia da misi Tavdapirveli plasti Targmnilia ara ugvianes VII saukunisa,
himnografiuli kanonebi Seicaven II odas. radgan uZvelesi iadgaris berznuli modeli
dakargulia, masze msjeloba mxolod qarTuli TargmanebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aqedan
gamomdinare, qarTul krebulSi `moixilesas~ arseboba adreuli etapis (VII s-is) bizantiuri
kanonis kompoziciaSi mis arsebobas unda niSnavdes. kozmas kanonTagan uZveles iadgarSi
Sesulia RvTismSoblis miZinebisadmi miZRvnili kanoni, romelic krebulSi gviandeli
CanarTia8. mis SemadgenlobaSic II oda ar aris. asec iyo mosalodneli, radgan cnobilia,
rom kozmas kanonebSi `moixileebi~ arsad dasturdeba. gansxvavebuli viTarebaa axal
iadgarebSi. mis zogierT nusxaSi is kanonebi, romlebic berZnuli dednis mixedviT
rvaodiania, Sevsebulia II odiT. magaliTad, imave kozma ierusalimelis ramdenime kanoni.
qarTul himnografiul tradiciaSi rvaodiani kanonebis `moixileebiT~ Sevseba ioane
minCxis saxels ukavSirdeba. swored am avtors miewereba kozmas samarxvo kanonebis II odiT
Sevseba9. sistemurad es procesi miqael modrekilis krebulSi (978-988) SeimCneva. II odiT
Sevseba krebulis Semdgenelis gamiznuli qmedebaa, razec metyvelebs krebulze darTuli
anderZi: `Sevkriben sagalobelni ese wmidisa aRdgomisani, romelni vpoen eniTa
qarTvelTaჲTa mexurni, berZulni da qarTulni, srulni yovliTa gangebiTa, wesisaebr
saeklesioჲsa: ufalo RaRatyaviTa, moixiliTa da aqebdiTiTa Zlierad~.
amrigad, rvaodiani kanonis cxraodianad Sevseba qarTul himnografiul krebulebSi
faqtia. asaxavs Tu ara es procesi Tavad bizantiur himnografiaSi mimdinare movlena
dReisaTvis miRebulia is Tvalsazrisi, rom ̀ moixilesas~ Camateba berZnulis analogiiT unda
momxdariyo10. qarTul krebulebSi II odiT Sevsebis mcdeloba miqaelze adreul sinur
iadgarebSi (Sin-34, Sin-1, Sin-14) SeimCneva. jer kidev sinur nusxebSi kozmas Sobisa da
gancxadebis kanonebs aqvs `moixilesa~. raime faqti rvaodian kanonSi II odis Camatebisa
berZnul xelnawerebSi gamovlenili ar aris, magram yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
T.detorakisis erT dakvirvebaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom evstratiadesis gamocemul
irmologionSi kozmas Sobisa da gancxadebis ``~ da gancxadebis -
`~, da `~. T. detorakisi Tvlis, rom es
Zlispirebi kozmas ar ekuTvnis. Sobis kanonis II odis irmoss andria kritelis kuTvnilebad
miiCnevs da kozmas akoluTiaSi mis mixvedras gadamweris naxelavad Tvlis11. gancxadebis
kanonis II odis Zlispirebis arsebobas ki amave akoluTiaSi ver xsnis, mxolod
fsevdokozmaseuls uwodebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sinur nusxebSi Sesuli kozmas Sobisa da gancxadebis kanonebis
TargmanebSi II odis Zlispirebi T. detorakisis mier warmodgenili irmosebis Targmanebia;
`~ `moixile, cao da vityodiT~. aqve qarTul Zlispirs uZRvis berZnuli
Zlispiris dasawyisis qarTuli transliteracia `propeSeurane~, rac aSkarad `~-s
damaxinjebuli wakiTxvaa. aseve gancxadebis kanonSic Sin-34, Sin-1, Sin-14, Sin-65 `caჲ da queyanaჲ
gulisxmisyofiT qristesa adidebdiT~ Targmania `~. Zlispiris
teqstebi srulad aris motanili iadgaris zemoT CamoTvlil nusxebSi. am Zlispirebs ar
icnobs qarTuli irmologionis I da II redaqciebi. III redaqciaSi ki Cans `moixile cao~,
xolo meore ̀ caჲ da queyanaჲ,~ ar aris arc III redaqciaSi12. amitom vfiqrobT, rom `moixileebis~
Zlispirebi TviT odebTan erTad iTargmna da Sevida iadgarebSi.
rac Seexeba kozma ierusalimelis sxva kanonTa Targmanebs, amgvari suraTi gvaqvs:
daviT da iakobisadmi da grigol RvTismetyvelisadmi miZRvnili kanonebi `moixileebiT~
Sevsebulia mxolod miqaelis iadgarSi. RvTismSoblis miZinebisa da feriscvalebis kanonebi
miqaelis krebulSi SemorCenili ar aris da arc Sin-65-is doneze ar Seicaven `moixilesas~.
8uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades el. metrevelma, l. xevsurianma, c. Wankievma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 688, 829. 9l. xaCiZe. ioane minCxis poezia. 1987, gv. 145. 10l. jRamaia. himnografiuli kanonis `moixilesa~. `mravalTavi~. X. 1980, gv. 115. 11, 127. 12g. kiknaZe. nevmirebuli Zlispirni. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 137.
194
migebebis kanoni Sevsebulia yvela sinur nusxaSi da A 190-Si. mina, biqtor da bikentisadmi
miZRvnil kanons ki arc miqaelis krebulSi ara aqvs II oda. amrigad, Cans, rom kozmas kanonTa
Targmanebi `moixiles~ arsebobis mixedviT araerTgvarovan suraTs gviCvenebs.
daviT da iakobis kanonis II odis Zlispiri (`ismendin queyanaჲ), migebebis (`uxilavTa
mxilvelman~), grigol RvTismetyvelis (`zeSTa bunebaჲ) qarTul ZlispirTa krebulebis I da
II redaqciaSi ar Cans, maT mxolod gviandel III redaqciis (603 X-XI) irmologionSi vxvdebiT.
magram am samive Zlispirs icnobs jer kidev ioane minCxi da iyenebs originalur kanonebSi13.
aqedan ioanes originaluri, eqvTime didisadmi miZRvnili kanoni miqaelis krebulSi gvxvdeba.
swored am kanonis II odis Zlispiri emTxveva daviT da iakobis kanonis II odis Zlispirs
(ismendin queyanaჲ). Zlispirebi miqaelis iadgarSi mxolod dasawyisebiTaa moyvanili. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom maTi teqstebi da kiloc ukve cnobilia. maSin ratom ar Cans am ZlispirTa
sruli teqstebi ZlispirTa adreul krebulebSi? xom ar SeiZleboda es Zlispirebi
moTavsebuli yofiliyo miqaelis krebulSi ZlispirTa da rvTismSoblisaTa swored im
nawilSi, romelic dakargulia, radgan miqaelis krebuli naklulobis gamo sruliad ar
aris SemorCenili, amitom aRniSnuli ZlispirTa sruli teqstebi masSi ar Cans, magram
apriori unda vifiqroT, rom meore odis ZlispirTa Targmanebi miqaelis iadgarSi iyo.
miqaelis krebulSi grigol RvTismetyvelisadmi miZRvnili kanonis `moixilesas~
miwerili aqvs `q~.
amgvari aRniSvna xSirad gvxvdeba miqaelis krebulSi, `q~-s garda aRiniSneba `b~-c.
p.ingoroyva am niSnebs ase xsnis `q~ _ qarTuli, `b~ _ berZnuli14.
teqstebze dakvirveba warmoCens, rom Dmiqael modrekilis iadgarSi `q~ miwerili aqvs
ara qarTul sagaloblebs maTi warmomavlobis mauwyeblad, aramed im masalas, romliTac
Sevsebulia miqaelis iadgari, maT Soris Targmnili sagaloblebica da originalurebic.
II odis arseboba qarTuli iadgarebis nusxebSi kozma ierusalimelis kanonTa
magaliTebis mixedviT raime siaxles ar gviCvenebs. gamovlenili ori SemTxvevis garda,
vgulisxmobT Sobisa da gancxadebis kanonebis Targmanebs, sadac `moixileebis~ Zlispirebi
udavod berZnuli dednidan aris Targmanili. sxva SemTxvevebSi Znelia Tqma `moixile~
qarTveli avtoris originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofia Tu Targmania.
Eka Dugashvili
On one aspect of the second ode (moikhile) of the Hymnographic Canon
According to the ancient Georgian translations
Summary
In the composition of hymnographic Canon worth of particular interest is the question of reduction and the
existence of the second ode. In Georgian translations, on the early stage, hymnographic translations of the Canons contain
the second ode according to Ancient Iadgari. In Big Iadgari of the X century the facts filled with the Canons of the second
ode (Sin. 34, Sin. I, Sin. 14 systematically Michael Modrekili’s collection) are found. Does this fact reflect proper
phenomenon occurring in Byzantine hymnography? Examples of incomplete acrostic Canons consisting eight odes are
confirmed, where incomplete acrostic points the second ode was in the part of Canon. According to this fact, an
observation of Detorakis is worth of note. Three versions of Heirmos of the second ode are seen in the Hermologion
published by S. Eustratiades and in Akolouthia of Cosma’sHeirmos of Canons of Nativity and Theophania. Neither of
Heirmoses belongs to Cosma. It is important, that in the translations of the Canons of Nativity and Theophania (in the
lists of SinainIadgari) are met mainly these Heirmoses “” “”
“”. `moixile cao da vityodiT~ და „ca da queyana gulis misyofiT~...
13l. xaCiZe. ioane minCxis poezia. 1987, gv. 256, 263, 329, 312.
195
These Heirmoses are not seen in Georgian collection of Heirmoses. Only „moixile cao da vityodiT~ is met in
the third edition. It is reasonable to suppose, that the marked Heirmoses were translated with odes and formed the part of
Iadgari. As to other Canons of St. David and Jacob and Gregory the Theologian, they are filled with the second ode only
in the collection of Michael, the Canon of Assumption is filled in all the lists of Iadgari. Heirmos of the second ode of St.
David and Jacob’s canon „ismendin queyana“, „uxilavTa mxilveli~ of Assumption, „zeSTa buneba~ the
Gregory of Theologian, they are met only in the third edition. Observation of the translations of the second odes of
Cosma’s Canons has shown that filling with “Moikhile” originates from Byzantine tradition, but in most cases of the
translations it is difficult to understand whether it is the second ode translated from Greek or the reap of Georgian author’s
scientific work.
196
manana maTiaSvili, filologiis doqtori
elizabet biSopi: poeti-asketi
winamdebare werili mokrZalebuli cdaa, qarTuli samecniero literaturis sivrceSi
pirvelad moxdes didi amerikeli poetis elizabet biSopis wardgineba. Sesabamisad, aq
ganxiluli iqneba poetis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani etapebi, misi poeturi
xelwerisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebi da misi memkvidreobis Sesaxeb literaturis
kritikosTa mier gamoTqmuli Sefasebebi.
sicocxleSi elizabet biSopi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da pativsacemi poeti iyo,
Tumca amerikul literaturul samyaroSi, garkveulwilad, bundovanebiT iyo moculi misi
pirovneba. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, 1979 wlidan, misi reputacia sagrZnoblad gaizarda,
rasac mowmobs kritikosTa mier sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva formiT gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba
imis Sesaxeb, rom elizabet biSopi, udaod, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani avtoria me-20
saukunis amerikul literaturaSi.
aqve SevniSnavT, rom 2001 wlamde qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi am didi poetis
saxeli arsad yofila naxsenebi. 2001 wels pirvelad iTargmna da Sesaval werilTan erTad
daibeWda ramdenime leqsi literaturul JurnalSi „arili“, #10, rasac mohyva memuarebis
erTi nawilisa da sxva ramdenime leqsis Targmanis publikaciebi.
elizabet biSopis poeturi xelweris yvelaze gamokveTili maxasiaTebelia
perfeqcionizmi, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom bevrs ar werda, magram bevrs muSaobda da did
dros uTmobda TiToeuli leqsis srulyofas; ganuwyvetliv cvlida, asworebda da
amuSavebda Tavis nawarmoebebs. amis Sedegia is, rom sicocxleSi sul 5 wigni gamosca, xolo
gamoqveynebuli da gamouqveynebeli leqsebis raodenoba mxolod 105 erTeuliT
Semoifargleba. cnobilia, rom biSopi xSirad erTi leqsis weras ramdenime wels andomebda.
erTxel robert louelisTvis uTqvams: „ar mitacebs didi moculobis samuSao, rogorc
aseTi. namuSevari kargi rom gamovides, amisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli is didi moculobisa
iyos“.
elizabet biSopis leqsebi gamoirCeva fizikuri samyaros detaluri aRweriT,
mWvretelobiTi poetikiTa da moulodneli mignebebiT, xolo qveteqstiT Semotanili Temebi
warmoadgens lirikuli gmiris ganuwyvetel brZolas samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis
sapovnelad da, aseve, sevdisa da ltolvis adamianuri gamocdilebebis gaziarebas.
elizabet biSopi ferweriTac iyo dakavebuli, amitom misi striqonebi vizualuri
xelovnebis nimuSebs hgavs. mis leqsebsa da naxatebs aerTianebs mniSvnelovani momentebisa
da scenebis ostaturi gamoxatva. miuxedavad imisa, rom is materialur siduxWires ar
Seuwuxebia da yovelTvis garkveuli privilegiebiT sargeblobda, poeziaSi farTo adgils
uTmobs ubralo adamianebis cxovrebiseuli garemos aRweras. esenia: xmauriani qarxnebi,
fermebi, meTevzeTa soflebi. kritikosi erni hilberti werda: „biSopis poetika gamoirCeva
mSvidi dakvirvebebiT, sagangebo dazustebebiT, samyaros umciresi nawilakebisadmi
gamoCenili yuradRebiT, miniaturistis alRoTi. miuxedavad agresiuli da dauvarcxneli
poeziisa, romelic poetis sicocxlis meore naxevarSi dominirebda amerikul literaturaSi,
misi leqsebi gamoirCeva iseTi gawonasworebulobiT, rac aleqsander kalderis moZrav
skulpturebs axasiaTebT, romlebic ise faqizad trialebdnen, rom erTi SexedviT mnaxvels
umoZraoc moeCveneba. yoveli detali, yoveli sityvis mniSvneloba da JReradoba unaklod
aris Sewonili momdevno frazasTan“1.
1http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/elizabeth-bishop.
197
rasakvirvelia, yvela poetis pirovnuli da profesiuli Tavisebureba misi
biografiidan iRebs saTaves. miT ufro gverds ver avuvliT biografiul monacemebs iseTi
tipis avtoris SemTxvevaSi, rogoric elizabet biSopi iyo - poeti, romelsac geografia
yvelaze mniSvnelovan da sabediswero momentad miaCnda sakuTar cxovrebaSi. amitom, Tu
ganvazogadebT „geografiis“ mniSvnelobas da masSi moviazrebT realur monacemebs, ara
marto saintereso, aramed aucilebelic gaxdeba poetis biografiis yvelaze saintereso
momentebis gacnoba.
amgvarad, elizabet biSopi 1911 wlis 8 Tebervals amerikaSi, masaCusetsis Statis
qalaq uorCesterSi daibada. misi bavSvoba aRbeWdilia danakargis mZafri SegrZnebebiT, rac
mis poeziasac msWvalavs. mis yvelaze cnobil leqsSi „dakargvis xelovneba“ swored amgvar
cxovrebiseul danakargebs exeba misi poeturi refleqsia:
„Zneli ar aris dakargvaSi daxelovneba.
dakargvis bedi Tan dahyveba uamrav sagans,
romelTa kleba jer ar niSnavs ubedurebas.
TiTqmis yoveldRe vkargavT rames da dagvaqvs sevda
dakarguli gasaRebis Tu uqmad Cavlili wuTebis gamo.
Zneli ar aris dakargvaSi daxelovneba...
dakargva sulac ar yofila Zneli xeloba,
Tumc SeiZleba (aRiare, rom SeiZleba!) daemsgavsos ubedurebas“.2
mama 8 Tvis asakSi daeRupa, deda nervuli Setevebisgan itanjeboda, xolo roca
elizabeti 5 wlis iyo, dedamisi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. am gziT deda
erTaderTi Svilis cxovrebidan samudamod gaqra. saavadmyofoSi is saR gonebaze ar iyo,
amitom Svils amis Semdeg aRar Sexvedria (dedas elizabeti mogvianebiT aRwers prozaul
SedevrSi „soflad“).
3-dan 6 wlamde elizabeti dedis mSoblebTan erTad kanadaSi, nova skotiis qalaq
greiT vilijiSi cxovrobda, siyvaruliTa da siTboTi savse atmosferoSi. Tumca myudroeba
daurRvia mamis mSoblebis gadawyvetilebam SviliSvili TavisTan, uorCesterSi, gadaeyvanaT.
mogonebebSi poeti wers: „wamiyvanes saxlSi, sadac mamaCemi daibada, Cemi neba-survilis
sawinaaRmdegod, CemTan SeuTanxmeblad, rom gavridebodi siRaribesa da provincializms“. iq,
mdidrul, Tumca izolirebul garemoSi biSopma mkveTrad igrZno urTierTobebis nakleboba:
„megona, davberdi, megona vkvdebodi. mowyenili viyavi, marto bebiasTan, sityvaZunw babuasTan
da sadilebTan erTad. RamiT viweqi, fanris anTeba-CaqrobiT verTobodi da vtirodi“.
rodesac deidam, maud balmer Seferdsonma disSvilis wayvana gadawyvita 1918 wlis maisSi,
misma bebia-babuamac aRiara maTi wamowyebuli eqsperimentis warumatebloba.
deidam is samxreT bostonSi waiyvana. axali sacxovrebeli Zalian moewona elizabets
da es siyvaruli naTlad gamoCnda misi gamouqveynebeli moTxrobis („qalbatoni salivani
kibeze“) xelnawerSi. rogorc mogvianebiT ixsenebs, swored iq, bostonSi, daiwyo man leqsebis
wera, razec gavlena iqonia deidam, romelsac Zlier uyvarda literatura.
elizabetma skolis bolo wlebi uolnaT hil squlSi gaatara, bostonTan axlos,
rasac mohyva 4 weli niu iorkSi, vasaris kolejSi. kolejis biblioTekarma is im droisaTvis
cnobil poets, masze 24 wlis ufros mariana murs warudgina. male maTi nacnoboba xangrZliv
megobrobaSi gadaizarda. amave wels gardaecvala elizabets deda da daamTavra koleji.
biSopis pirveli namuSevrebi vasaris kolejis JurnalSi daibeWda. maTSi igrZnoboda jorj
herbertis, Jerar menli hopkinsisa da muris gavlenebi. biSopi mcire xniT samedicino
karieraze fiqrobda, magram mariana muris gavleniT, gadawyvita Tavi mieZRvna poeziisaTvis,
rogorc qalisaTvis savsebiT Sesaferisi profesiisaTvis.
elizabeti sami wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis sxvadasxva qalaqSi cxovrobda, sanam 1938
wels floridis Statis qalaq qivestSi saxls iyidda. ramdenime niu-iorkuli
2literaturuli Jurnali `arili”, 2001, #10 (statiaSi moyvanili leqsebis Targmani Sesrulebulia
inglisuri enidan manana maTiaSvilis mier).
198
gamomcemlobidan miRebuli uaris Semdeg mariana murma rekomendacia gauwia hauton miflinis
premiaze, sadac misi wignis „CrdiloeTi da samxreTis“ xelnaweri SerCeul iqna dasabeWdad
1946 wlis agvistoSi sxva 800 xelnawers Soris. es iyo biSopis leqsebis pirveli krebuli.
am wignSi Tavmoyrili leqsebi moicavs Temebs, romlebic ganuyrelia misi poeziisTvis:
landSafti da geografia, samyarosTan adamianis kavSiri, codnisa da wvdomis sakiTxebi,
qaosis momwesrigebeli formebis Zieba.
1947 wels megobarma poetma rendel jarelma elizabets wveulebaze gaacno im
droisaTvis aRiarebuli poeti, aRsarebiTi poeziis warmomadgeneli, robert loueli. es
moxda manam, sanam loueli „CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs“ gaecnoboda. ase daiwyo amerikuli
poeziis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da winaaRmdegobrivi megobroba, rac maTi
sicocxlis bolomde gagrZelda. muris msgavsad, loueli sTavazobda mas uamrav
SesaZleblobas grantebis, programebis, jildoebis saxiT. 1950 wels swored loueli
daexmara mas poeziis konsultantis Statis dakavebaSi kongresis biblioTekaSi. am dros
biSopi ukve meore krebulze muSaobda.
1951 wels poets kvlav mouxda sacxovreblis Secvla, rodesac samxreT amerikaSi,
braziliaSi amazonis mosanaxuleblad gaemgzavra. mogzaurobis dros avad gaxda, Tumca
gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg braziliaSi darCena arCia Tavis momvlelTan da megobar qalTan
erTad, visTanac 18 weli gaatara. es wlebi yvelaze stabilurad da bednierebiT savsed
iTvleba poetis cxovrebaSi. swored aq, 1955 wels, Seiqmna misi meore poeturi krebuli „civi
gazafxuli“, romelsac aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda kritika. am wignma 1956 wels pulitceris
premia miiRo.
biSopma momdevno sami weli popularuli braziliuri nawarmoebis „helena morleis
dRiuris“ Targmnas miuZRvna, romelic 1957 wels daibeWda kidec. helenas cxovrebiseuli
istoria, dakavSirebuli patara qalaq diamantinasTan, elizabets greiT vilijiSi gatarebul
sakuTar bavSvobas agonebda. am Targmanze muSaoba daexmara poets Soridan Seexeda sakuTari
warsulisTvis da gamoeyenebina is mxatvrul masalad.
brazilia, rogorc moqmedebis adgili, mogvianebiT mis mraval leqsSi gamoCndeba,
romlebic Seva aTi wlis Semdeg 1965 wels gamocemul mesame krebulSi „mogzaurobis
Sesaxeb“. esenia rogorc bavSvobisdroindeli gamocdilebis gaazrebaze Seqnili, ise
braziliaSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebis Sedegad dawerili leqsebi. wigni iyofa or nawilad:
erTis mxriv, warmodgenilia brazilia, meores mxriv, ki yvelaferi danarCeni. am krebulSi,
rogorc mkvlevrebi SeniSnaven, „is ubrundeba geografiis, formis Ziebis, landSaftis Temebs,
romlebsac meti intimurobiT warmoaCens. es intimuroba Cans landSaftsa da mis
damkvirvebels Soris warmoqmnil sivrceSi, iseve rogorc im sivrceSi, rac mkiTxvelsa da
poets Soris warmoiqmneba.
„mogzaurobis Sesaxeb“ savsea im ostaturi aRwerebiT, risTvisac biSops yvelaze
metad aqebdnen. aRwerebTan erTad aris iseTi pasaJebic, roca poets realobis gadmosacemad
saWiro Zalebi umtyunebs da mkiTxveli gadahyavs idumalebiT mocul, saxifaTo da eqstaziT
savse samyaroSi“3.
1966 wels biSopma 2 semestri gaatara uoSingtonis universitetSi poeti-rezidentis
statusiT, ris Semdegac rio de JaneiroSi dabrunda im imediT, rom kvlav braziliaSi
damkvidrdeboda, Tumca fsiqologiuri daZabulobisa da fizikuri sisustis gamo
saavadmyofoSi moxvda. momjobinebis Semdeg ki sabolood gadavida amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, niu iorkSi. 1970 wlidan harvardis universitetSi 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi mihyavda
SemoqmedebiTi weris kursi. manamde ki mcire xniT uoSingtonisa da niu iorkis
universitetebsa da masaCusetsis teqnologiur institutSic aswavlida. cnobilia, rom
maswavlebloba did siamovnebas ar aniWebda, magram studentebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bevri ram
iswavles misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sizustis siyvarulisgan da mSvidi saubrebidan.
amerikaSi cxovrebisas gamosca kidev erTi krebuli - „yvela leqsi“, sadac manamde
gamoqveynebul leqsebTan erTad Sevida ramdenime axali namuSevaric. am wignma 1970 wels
„erovnuli wignis jildo“ moipova.
3Anne Agnes Colwell, http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-01885.html.
199
1976 wels elizabet biSopi aRmoCnda pirveli amerikeli da pirveli poeti qali,
romelsac literaturaSi nuStadtis (ucxouri wignebis) saerTaSoriso premia mieniWa. amave
wels 9 leqsisgan Semdgari misi bolo poeturi krebuli „geografia III“ gamoqveynda. masSi
Sesulia filosofiuri siRrmis matarebeli namuSevrebi, aRbeWdili poeti-damkvirveblis
gadmocemis srulyofili gamWvirvalobiT, iumoriTa da sevdiT savse striqonebis
monacvleobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am krebulis saTauri mesame klasis geografiis
saxelmZRvanelos gulisxmobs - geografia mesame klasisTvis. misi, rogorc maradiuli
mogzauris saxe yvelaze kargad Cans SesaniSnav leqsSi „mogzaurobis Sesaxeb“:
`nuTu mxolod warmosaxvis naklebobaa,
rac gvaiZulebs vimogzauroT warmosaxul grZed-ganedebze
imis magivrad, rom ubralod, saxlebSi davrCeT?
Tu davijeroT, rom paskali odnav scdeboda,
roca ambobda, rom yvelafers Sin yofna sjobda...
kontinentia, qalaqia qveyana Tu nacnobebis wre,
arsad ar aris arCevani Tavisufali.
aq Tu iq? ara, arsad. netav, marTla xom ar sjobda saxlSi darCena,
es saxli sadac ar unda iyos?”4
realur cxovrebaSi marTlac mogzaurad qceulma poetma Tavis leqsebSi Seqmna
sakuTari kanada, amerika, evropa da brazilia. is gamudmebiT utrialebda geografiisa da
mogzaurobis Temebs da Seqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa „kruzo
inglisSi“, „yure“, „TevzsaSenis fardulebTan“, „Tevzi“, „benzingasamarTi sadguri“,
„mosacdel oTaxSi“ da sxva.
1977 wlis 1 oqtombers 66 wlis poetma gugenhaimis stpendiaze ganacxadi Seitana da
miuTiTa, rom muSaobda axal krebulze samuSao saTauriT „didedas SuSis Tvali“ da didi
moculobis leqsze „elegia“. ori wlis Semdeg am krebulSi Sesatani 4 cnobili leqsi
(„santaremi~, `norz haveni~, `vardisferi ZaRli~ da `soneti“) ukve dawerili hqonda, rodesac
cerebraluri anevrizmiT gardaicvala.
1983 wels gamomcemlobam Farrar, Straus and Giroux gamosca misi nawarmoebebis krebuli
saTauriT „sruli krebuli 1927-1979“. am gamocemis Sesaxeb kritikosi deivid lemani werda:
„elizabet biSopi ara marto kargi, aramed didi poetia. Tavis leqsebSi man miaRwia
Cveulebrivobis jadosnur gasxivosnebas, riTac mkiTxvelebs gvaiZulebs, garSemo arsebul
realobas SevxedoT keTilganwyobili ucnobis siaxlismaZiebeli TvaliT“.5
rogorc Tanamedrove kritikosebi SeniSnaven, elizabet biSopi „Tavisi drois yvelaze
mistiur da, amavdroulad, kanondamrRvev mwerlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. kanondamrRvevad
imitom, rom aravin moeloda aseTi civi gonebis poetisgan, rom me-20 saukunis poezias
Searyevda. mistiuri ki imitom, rom aravin icis, es rogor moaxerxa - rogor moaxerxa
Cveulebrivi qalma modernistuli poeziis kanonis Seryeva... mis araCveulebriv gviandel
leqsebSi („dakargvis xelovneba“ da „losi“) ucxadesi ormagi efeqtia miRweuli: maT
mkiTxveli didi sicxadeSi SehyavT mkveTri, dialoguri toniT. mZime musikis es zebunebrivi
Semodineba teqstSi Semparavi yoveldRiuri eniT - esaa biSopis poeturi maneris mTavari
niSani da mTavari miRwevac. amiT man modernisti poetis mediduri poza Searyia, poza,
romelic mas aSkarad aRizianebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis gamo misi poeturi me sasworze
dado“.6
sxvanairad, albaT, arc SeuZliaT did poetebs. „kanondamrRvevi“ poetebi radikalurad
eqcevian sakuTar Tavsac, sakuTar Semoqmedebasac da biografiasac. sxvanairad ver aixsneba
is TavSekaveba da poeturi asketizmi, riTac elizabet biSopi gamoirCeoda. sainteresoa, rom
sakuTar Tavs is xSirad adarebda Tavisive leqsis „meqviSia“-s gmirs - patara Cits, romelic
4eleqtronuli biblioTeka `lib.ge~ 5Elizabeth Bishop. Collected poems 1927-1979. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983. 6George S. Lensing, The Oxford Companion to Women’s Writing in the United States. 1995, by Oxford University Press.
200
zRvis sanapiroze TavgametebiT darbis da „raRacas“ eZebs. mas miaCnda, rom meqviSiasaviT
TviTonac mudmiv moZraobasa da ZiebaSi iyo:
„samyaro mxolod nislia jerac. mere samyaro nawilaks hgavs,
farTovdeba da xdeba sufTa. axla wyali miiqceva
Tu moiqceva, meqviSia veRarc ki amCnevs, radgan
gezi aqvs aRebuli erTaderTi mimarTulebiT: raRac awuxebs,
raRacas eZebs, raRacas misdevs gaSmagebuli.
sawyali Citi, Sepyrobili devnis maniiT!..7
da marTlac, profesiul ostatobasTan Serwymuli gamudmebuli Zieba, asketuri
damokidebuleba sityvasTan da sakuTar namuSevrebTan, bundovanebaSi sicxadis Setanis
unari, dakvirvebisa da Wvretis niWi is gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebia, ramac poeti elizabet
biSopi individualuri xelweris poetad aqcia da Seucvleli adgili daumkvidra me-20
saukunis amerikul literaturaSi.
Manana Matiashvili
Elizabeth Bishop – the Ascetic Poet Summary
The article deals with the life and writings of great American poet Elizabeth Bishop. With this article she is
introduced for the first time into the scientific literary works in Georgian language. Accordingly, the author has mentioned
here about the most important and crucial moments in poet’s biography. There is also analyzed Bishop’s literary method,
artistic peculiarities and the literary value of her writings.
Elizabeth Bishop is known to be reserved and ascetic person working hard and long on her poems. She was a
perfectionist who did not write prolifically. So, it is not surprising that all her works include only 5 little volumes and 105
poems at all.
During her lifetime, poet Elizabeth Bishop was a respected yet somewhat obscure figure in the world of
American literature. Since her death in 1979, however, her reputation has grown to the point that many critics have
referred to her as one of the most important American poets of the twentieth century.
Elizabeth Bishop’s poems were translated into Georgian by Manana Matiashvili. They were published in 2001
in literary journal `Arili~.
7literaturuli Jurnali `arili”, 2015, 21 maisi.
202
mindia ugrexeliZe, samarTlis doqtori, profesori
„liderSipis“ krisizi: zogierTi veqtorisa da
ganzomilebis Sesaxeb*1
„liderSipis“ problema sxvadasxva modifikaciiT uxsovari droidan warmoadgens
dauRalavi Ziebis sagans. es gaxlavT amouwuravi Tema uamravi aspeqtiT. sakuTriv termini
sul cota ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: 1. statikuri mniSvnelobiT, rac gulisxmobs lideris
mdgomareobas, funqciasa da statuss; 2. dinamikuri gagebiT, romelic moiazreba, rogorc
saqmeTa gaZRola lideris rolSi (individuria is Tu koleqtiuri). es ori mniSvnelobac ki
terminisa „liderSipi“ SeiZleba sakmarisi yofiliyo dausrulebeli kamaTisa da
debatebisaTvis. magram gaiazro da gadaiazro isini krizisul situaciebTan mimarTebaSi,
kidev ufro rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo amocanaa. amitom Tu gvinda, rom gulubryviloba ar
dagvwamon, vikmaroT mcire, magram aucilebeli. saxeldobr, jer vcadoT gavixsenoT, ra
niSnebiT xasiaTdeba „liderSipi“ Cveulebriv situaciebSi (orTave mniSvnelobiT), Semdgom
ki vikvlioT, ra specifika axlavs kriziss uCveulo situaciebSi (politikuri iqneba is,
ekonomikuri, globaluri Tu sxva).
„liderSipi“ Cveulebriv viTarebaSi. Tu situacia eqstremaluri ar aris, Tu sakuTriv
viTarebaSi, romelSic xorcieldeba saqmianoba da funqcionireba, ar arsebobs specifikuri
problema, romelic eqstraordinarul SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, maSin aseT
„Cveul“ situaciaSi „liderSipis“ amocana SedarebiT iolia. upiratersad igi imaze
daiyvaneba, rom STaagonos, darazmos, aiyolios da gaiyolios adamianTa jgufi, romlis
nawilsac Tavad warmoadgens. „liderSipis“ vargisianobis verifikacia SedarebiT martivia,
Tu movimarjvebT kvlevis sociometriul da legimetriul meTodebs. sociometriulisa, raTa
gaizomos pirovnebaTaSorisi (interpersonaluri) kavSirebis simtkice; legimetriulisa
instituciaTSorisi (interinstituciuri) kavSirebis gamarTulobisa da saimedobis
gasazomad. es ori meTodi ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed piriqiT, avsebs erTmaneTs da
SesaZlebels xdis Seiqmnas met-naklebad sruli suraTi imisa, Tu ramdenad xels uwyobs da
ganamtkicebs „liderSipis“ interpersonalur kavSirebs sociumis danarCen nawilTan
interinstituciuri struqturuli kavSirebi; institucionalizabulia Tu ara
pirovnebaTSorisi kavSirurTierTobani, da Tu ho, maSin, ramdenad sakmarisia es, da xdeba
Tu ara igi saTanado, Sesatyvisi formiT. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom ho, maSin unda velodoT
warmatebas, harmoniasa da simSvides. magram Tu ara, maSin saswrafo RonisZiebani unda
gatardes. saboloo jamSi, warmatebis formula proporciebSi mdgomareobs. saWiroa, yvela
Rone vixmaroT, raTa umkacresi kontrolis qveS SenarCundes sistema an situacia, romelic
maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba yvelaze optimalur da delikatur balanss e. w. „oqros kveTis“
an „RvTaebrivi proporciisa“, rac uaRresad Zneli misaRwevia da piriqiT, romelic
uaryofiT balanss qmnis, an uaxlovdeba, anu rodesac interpersonaluri (pirovnebaTSorisi)
kavSirebi imdenad sustia, rom male gawydeba kidevac, saswrafod unda daeqvemdebaros
`teqnikur Semowmebasa~ da remonts. gavixsenoT: jaWvi, xom sust rgolSi wydeba.
„liderSipi“ krizisul viTarebaSi. krizisuli situaciis dros sakuTriv saqmianobisa
da funqcionirebis sferoSi Tavs iCens damatebiT specifikuri sirTule, romelic
eqstraordinarul SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. aq „liderSipis“ amocana,
*statia warmoadgens Semoklebul qarTul versias inglisurenovani moxsenebisa, romliTac avtori warsdga evropis sabWos zafxulis universitetis saerTaSoriso forumis winaSe msoflios oTxi kontinentis eqvsasze meti warmomadgenlis monawileobiT. migvaCnia, rom Temas ara Tu ar daukargavs aqtualoba, aramed piriqiT, praqtikuli da Teoriuli interesi misadmi matulobs, metadre saqarTveloSi. publikacias erTvis avtoris wvlilis evropis sabWosmieri Sefaseba, romelic oficialuri madlobis TanxlebiT gamoigzavna saqarTveloSi.
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cxadia, garTulebulia. saqme isaa, rom STaagonos, darazmos, aiyolios da gaiyolios
jgufis wevrebi, an saerTod SeuZlebelia, an Znelad Sesasrulebeli. amasTan, uecrad Tavs
iCens xolme axali, uCveulo funqciebi, romelime ucxo (egzotikuri) socialuri senis
„diagnostikisa“ da mkurnalobis saWiroeba. sistemaSi „liderSipi krizisuli situacia“
(„krizisogenuri situacia“) SeiZleba imZlavros „pirovnulma“ an „situaciurma faqtorebma“.
Tanac, sasurveli an arasasurveli mimarTulebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi, proporciebi ZalTa
ganlagebaSi, rogorc wesi, cvalebadia. amitom gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens im ZalTa
veqtorebis urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTqmedebis Tanafardobis dadgena an damkvidreba,
romlebic Cveulia, tradiciulia an organulia krizisul viTarebaSi myofi sistemisaTvis.
„liderSipis“ roli uTuod izrdeba. „liderSips“ ekisreba axali, gansakuTrebuli roli
erTgvari „kompensantisa“ swored rom Tavisi lideruli unarebis wyalobiT, man unda Seavsos
xarvezebi da gamoasworos naklovanebani; daZlios krizisuli situaciis problemebi da
sirTuleebi. Tu is SeZlebs, rom marjved Cajdes lideris „unagirSi,“ Sesabamisad movlenaTa
msvlelobaze misi zegavlena, agreTve misi roli da mniSvneloba gaizrdeba. magram Tu ver
SeZlebs, maSin gaiTqvifeba `krizisul situaciaSi,“ dahkargavs yofil damoukideblobas da
gaxdeba oden nawili „krizisuli mTelisa“. „lideri kompensantisagan“ gansxvavebiT, aseTi
warumatebeli lideri, pirobiTad „lideri krizisanti“ _ araTu ver Svelis da ver
ganmuxtavs krizisul situacias, aramed, piriqiT, kidev ufro amZimebs mas, vinaidan misi
uunaroba aCqarebs da amravlebs saerTo marcxs.
optimalur gadawyvetilebaTa ZiebaSi. arsebobs krizisis daZlevis mravali gza da
varianti imaze damokidebulebiT, Tu rogoria misi genezisi, mdgomareoba, specifika da
stadia. SeuZlebelia sruli moculobiT aramarto maTi mimoxilva, aramed CamoTvlac ki.
amitom SemovifarglebiT uzogadesi universaluri sqemiT, romelic erTgvari modelia
uklebliv yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. mecnierebaSi igi cnobilia „liderSipis stilis“ (Leadership
style) saxelwodebiT, romelic misi saxelganTqmuli Semoqmedis kurt levinis damsaxurebis
wyalobiT, didi xania sayovelTaod aRiarebul formulad iqca iseTi sistemis
analizisaTvis, rogoric gaxlavT „lideri - situacia“.
zemoT aRniSnuli formulis mixedviT, arsebobs „liderSipis” sami stili.
1. avtokratiuli; 2. demokratiuli; 3. Laisser – faire (frangulidan _ „gauSvi, mieci
Tavisufleba“);
pirveli stili gulisxmobs xelisuflebis (Zalauflebis) koncentracias lideris
xelSi, romelic naklebad eTaTbireba (an sul ar eTaTbireba) qveSevrdomebsa da garemocvas;
mTeli jgufis magivrad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da iSviaTad abarebs maT angariSs, Tanac _
gamonaklisis wesiT.
meore stili e. w. „demokratiuli xelmZRvanelobisa“ gulisxmobs gadawyvetilebis
miRebas Sesabamis jgufTan SeTanxmebiT an daTaTbirebiT mainc. amitom isini arasdros
erTpirovnulni ar arian da yovelTvis iTvaliswineben jgufis wevrebis mosazrebebs,
survilebs da nebas.
mesame stili „et do“ uaRresad pirobiTad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli „liderSipis
stilad“, vinaidan Laisser – faire-is dros jgufis saqmianoba Tavis dinebazea miSvebuli,
rac zogjer anarqias warmoSobs. praqtikulad, mas arsad aravin iyenebs. amitom misi
molodini realobaSi arc ki gviwevs.
samagierod, pirveli ori stili Tavisuflad da momgebianad SeiZleba gamodges
krizisul viTarebaSi. yovelive krizisis genezissa da nomologiaze iqneba damokidebuli.
Tu magaliTad, krizisis fesvebi sakuTriv „liderSipis“ mmarTvelobis avtokratiuli
stilidan warmodgeba, maSin „liderSipis“ gonivruli demokratizacia, cxadia, ver iqneba
mniSvnelovani, miT ufro gadamwyveti fatori krizisis dasaZlevad. magram, Tu piriqiT,
umravlesobis Warbma liberalizmma da demokratiulobam Seqmna mmarTvelobis sadaveebis
dakargvis saSiSroeba, da anarqiisa da TviTnebobisaken wagviZRva, an gvibiZga, maSin
avtoritaruli sawyisebis gaZliereba (ganmtkiceba) „liderSipis“ saqmianobasa da
xelmZRvnelobis stilSi da meTodebSi SesaZloa dasaSvebi (gamarTlebulic ki) iyos. mkacri
aucileblobisa da legitimurobis farglebSi. miuxedavad moZraobis principuli
dasaSvebobisa orive zemoT aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, rogorc „liderSipis stilis“
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demokratizaciis, ise avtokratizaciisa, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes arsebiTi
gansxvaveba or arCevans Soris, realuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxeldobr, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba xelmZRvanelobis avtokratizaciis dagegmva xangrZlivi drois
perspeqtiviT. aq e. w. „Sori maSuqebi“ marTlac rom ar aris saimedo. „Sori maSuqebiT“
gauTaveblad ver imoZraveb. es ubraod saSiSia. rogorc Cans, swored amitom, politikuri
liderebis aRWurva Warbi uflebamosilebebiT, saerTaSoriso standartebiT da Cveulebis
Sesabamisad, miRebulia SeizRudos droisa da sivrcis mkacr CarCoebSi, romlebic
gankuTvnilia e. w. „sagangebo mdgomareobisaTvis“.
aRniSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, Cveulebriv, demokratizacias ar gegmaven mokle xniT;
igi moiTxovs xangrZliv, lamis uvado gamoyenebas. “axlo maSuqebs” aq ar ZaluZT sasurveli
Sedegis, qmediTi efeqtis motana. es iqneboda did krizisul sivrceSi manevrirebis
SesaZleblobis borotad gamoyeneba. garda imisa, rom es principulad miuRebelia moraluri,
politikuri da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, igi Seicavs safrTxes anomiis Casaxvis,
damkvidrebisa da gaRrmavebisa. es ki ukiduresad damRupveli mdgomareoba, procesi an
movlenaa, rodesac romelime didi gaerTianebis an adamianTa didi jgufis legitimuri
miswrafebani ver kmayofildeba Cveuli alternatiuli meTodebiT, xolo oficialuri
institutebi paralizebulia da veRar funqcionireben. TavianT arsebobas isini oden
nominalurad ganagrZoben. migvaCnia, rom amgvari situaciebis SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi
perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesaferis da qmediT RonisZiebad konstituciuri reforma
gamodgeboda.
lideris qarizmatulobis Taobaze. misasalmebelia Tu ara lideris qarizmatuloba?
jer SevTanxmdeT, rom qarizmatuloba es aris pirovnebis specifikuri Tviseba, romliTac
is momxiblavia mravalTaTvis da badebs mis mimarT TanagrZnobisa da mxardaWeris
enTuziazms.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, lamis calsaxad aRiarebdnen, rom es kargia, qarizmatuloba
Zalaa. magram istoriam daamtkica, rom mcire gamonaklisis garda, es „Zala“ iolad
gadaizrdeba xolme seriozul saSiSroebaSi lideris mimdevarTaTvis (eri, xalxi, partia,
koleqtivi, kompania da a. S.). amis mravali magaliTi arsebobs. Sesabamisad warmoiSva
erTgvari TavSekavebuloba qarizmatulobisadmi.
miuxedavad amisa, Secdoma iqneboda mxolod erTi mxriv Segvefasebina lideris iseTi
iSviaTi Tviseba, rogoricaa qarizmatuloba. umarTebuloa misi dayvana SefasebiT polarul
cnebebamde: „kargi“ da „cudi.“ gacilebiT umjobesi iqneboda, Tu miviCnevdiT, rom
qarizmatulobas unari Seswevs SeiZinos es Tvisebebi, iyos kargi an cudi imaze
damokidebulebiT, Tu ra Rirebulebebis aRmsarebelia, ra miznebs emsaxureba da SeuZlia Tu
ara saerTod qarizmatul liders, gonivrulad gamoiyenos Tavisi es Tviseba. istoriaSi amis
magaliTi, rogorc erTi, ise meore mimarTlebiT, sakmarisze metia. amitom maT CamoTvlas
azri ara aqvs. mTavaria, arsebobdes saimedo „mexamridebi“ realuri meqanizmebis saxiT, raTa
avamoqmedoT isini, Tu qarizma Zlierad gadaaxvevinebs liders swori gzidan.
samwuxarod, qarizmatulobis Tvisebas zogjer uwindeburad gadaWarbebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba. xdeba misi gadametfaseba. niSandoblivia, rom zogierTi uaxlesi kvleva-
Ziebis mixedviT, rodesac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done, metadre politikuri kultura
mTlianad, dabalia, rodesac adamianebis ZiriTadi masa ufro pirovnebazea orientirebuli,
vidre samarTlebriv da mmarTvelobiT meqanizmebze, xelmZRvanelobis marcxis mizezebi
TiTqmis mTlianad liders Seeracxeba; zogjer _ lideris qarizmatulobis ukmarisobas.
Sesabamisad, saqmis mogvarebis gzaTa Zieba xorcieldeba kidev ufro meti qarizmatulobis
misaRwevad. politikurad es ara marto gulubryviloba da uvicobaa, aramed saxifaToc.
dabolos, SesaZlebeli da saWiroa Tu ara qarizmatulobis Tvisebis aRzrda da ganviTareba
momaval liderebSi?
vinaidan qarizmatulobas marto RmerTi da buneba ki ar iZleva, aramed kadrebis
momzadebis kargad gaazrebuli meToduri sistema, dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi ufro dadebiTi
SeiZeboda yofiliyo. amis dasturad SeiZleba gavixsenoT tibetis sulieri lideris dalai-
lamasTvis gankuTvnili, mravalgzis aprobirebuli wesi lideris SerCevisa da momzadebisa.
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samwuxarod, istoriam araerTi cudi magaliTic icis, magram aq da amjerad, maTi ganxilva
ver moxerxdeba.
***
dasasrul, cxovreba brZolaa, mudmivi, uwyveti brZola adamianis bednierebisaTvis.
magram brZola warmoudgenelia individuri an koleqtiuri liderSipis gareSe, romelic
mowodebulia STaagonos, darazmos, aiyolios da gaiyolios am brZolis monawileni. amitom
brZolis avangardSi dauSvebelia uvargisi liderebi; arc susti da uniaTo da, piriqiT, arc
gavleniani, magram egocentristuli, Tavdajerebuli da imaTi ndobis borotad
gamomyenebeli, vinc maTi mimdevaria. es iqneboda Cvenive Tavis ganwirva
TviTviqtimizaciisaTvis. amitom, Tu mainc moxda msgavsi ram, saWiroa ganxorcieldes
gadaudebeli zomebi miuRebeli liderSipis neitralizaciisaTvis, uares SemTxveveaSi _ maT
Sesacvlelad. magram advili misaRwevia yovelive es? pasuxi cxadia, Tumca
araerTmniSvnelovani. yvelaferi Cvenzea damokidebuli, Cvens unarsa da mzaobaze, viyoT
mebrZoli demokratebi. sxva sityvebiT, vaxdendeT WeSmaritad demokratiul arCevans,
viRebdeT gabedul, magram awonil-dawonil, keTlgonivrul gadawyvetilebebs; vdgamdeT
mtkice, gadamwyvet nabijebs.
saboloo jamSi, safuZvelTa safuZvelia demokratiuli kultura, romelsac miwyiv
unda vnergavdeT, vamkvidrebdeT da vaviTarebdeT.
evropis sabWos
generaluri samdivno
demokratiisa da politikur saqmeTa
generaluri direqtorati
generaluri direqtoris
Jan-lui loranisagan
b-n mindia ugrexeliZes
samarTlis doqtors,
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos yofil mosamarTles
z. bolqvaZis q. 3 №3/16
Tbilisi,
0171
saqarTvelo
Zvirfaso batono ugrexeliZe,
demokratiis me-5 „zafxulis universiteti“, romelic wels strasburgSi Sedga 28
ivnisidan 2 ivlisamde, moaswavebs did warmatebas 650 monawilisa da momxseneblisa. es
gaxldaT unikaluri SesaZlebloba saimisod, raTa evropis, afrikis, aziisa da Crdilo
amerikis monawileebi da eqspertebi Sekrebiliyvnen da gaeziarebinaT erTmaneTisaTvis
TavianTi Sexedulebani „liderSipis krizisis~ Taobaze.
neba miboZeT, gamovxato Cemi madliereba piradad Tqveni wvlilis gamo, romelmac
maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. minda virwmuno, rom Cven kvlavac ganvagrZobT TanamSromlobas
„politikuri swavlebis skolebis“ farglebSi.
siamovnebiT gigzavniT asls finaluri dokumentisa, romelic miRebulia
„zafxulis universitetis“ dasasruls.
gulwrfelad, Tqveni,
Jan-lui lorani
206
Mindia Ugrekhelidze
Crisis of Leadership: on Some Vectors and Dimensions Summary
Verification of the leadership validity is based on the use of sociometric and legimetric methods of research.
Sociometric methods are used for measuring the strength of interpersonal connections, Legimetric – for measuring the
state and reliability of interinstitutional connections. These two methods supplement each other and help to create a more
or less complete picture of how much the correlation of interpersonal connections of leadership with the rest part of
society is supported by interinstitutional, structural connections; how much the interpersonal connections are
institutionalized and if they are, then to what extend and adequacy.
207
karlo bziSvili, samarTlis doqtori, profesori
erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis ganmarteba
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis sakiTxiT dainteresebulni iyvnen jer kidev antikur
samyaroSi. kanonis ganmartebis mimarT gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa msgavsad xdeboda anderZis,
xolo mogvianebiT xelSekrulebis ganmartebac1.
winamdebare statia ar isaxavs miznad saerTo saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis
yovelmxriv gaSuqebas, misi yvela formis analizsa da Sefasebas, aramed Cveni mizania
xsenebuli xelSekrulebis ganmarteba, rac ხels Seuwyobs sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad
daSvebuli Secdomebis gamosworebas da momavalSi aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis monawileTa
mimarT gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebas.
xelSekruleba aris mxareTa mier miRweuli konsensunsis Sedegi, romelic
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT iwvevs mxareTa mimarT Sesabamisi uflebebisa da
valdebulebis warmoSobas maTive nebis safuZvelze. misi arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia ori
an meti nebis Tanxvedra, რაც iwvevs mxareTa saerTo nebis dadgenis aucileblobas2.
imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria mxareTa Soris ganawilebuli uflebebi da movaleobebi,
xelSekrulebebi iyofian calmxriv, ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrulebebad. Tu mxareebs
mxolod uflebebi aqvT, an mxolod movaleobebi, calmxrivi xelSekrulebebia. ase
magaliTad, sesxis, Cuqebis, anerZis xelSekrulebebi. ormxrivi xelSekrulebis dros
TiToeul mxares erToblivad aqvT uflebebic da movaleobebic. magaliTad, nasyidobis,
qiravnobis, nardobis da sxva xelSekrulebebi. ormxriv xelSekrulebebs – sanalagmაturi
(sunallagma– berZnulad rac „ormxriv მავალდებულებელს niSnavs) – ewodeba3.
Sinaarsis mixedviT, მრავალმხრივ xelSekrulebad ganixileba xelSekruleba, sadac
monawileobs orze meti subieqti erTmaneTis mimarT damoukidebeli uflebebiTa da
movaleobebiT. amasTan ar aris aucilebeli, rom urTierTobis monawile yvela mxares
erTmaneTis mimarT gaaCndes uflebebica da valdebulebebic. SesaZlebelia romelime
subieqti aRWurvili iyos mxolod uflebebiთ, an ekisrebodes mxolod valdebulebebi.
Sinaarsis mixedviT xelSekrulebis mravalmxrivad kvalifikaciisaTvis
ganmsazRvrelia ara xelSekrulebis monawile subieqtebis raodenoba, aramed is, Tu rogoraa
ganawilebbuli misi monawile mxareebze ufleba – movaleobebi da arsebobs Tu ara orze
meti damoukidebeli ufleba da Sesabamisi valdebuleba4.
mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebis erT – erTi magaliTia erToblivi saqmianobis
(mxanagobis) xelSekruleba, romelTac ori an ramdenime piri kisrulobs erToblivad
imoqmedon saerTo sameurneo an sxva miznis misaRwevad xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli
saSualebebiT, iuridiuli piris Seuqmnelad.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebs calmxriv, ormxriv da mravalmxriv
garigebebs, ris gamoc gansxvavebulia am tipis garigebebis ganmartebis meTodebic.
1nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 9. 2 saxelSekrulebo samarTali. saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 161. 3z. ZlieriSvili. qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa samarTlebrivi buneba. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 12. 4saxelSekrulebo samarTali. saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 99.
208
xelSekruleba warmoadgens garigebis nairsaxeobas, Sesabamisad xelSekrulebis
ganmartebaze vrceldeba garigebis ganmartebis wesebi5.
xelSekrulebis ganmarteba garigebis ganmartebaTa konkretul nairsaxeobas
warmoadgens, ris gamoc masze srulad vrceldeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 52 – e muxlSi
ganmtkicebuli debuleba. sk 52 – e muxlSi naTqvamia: „nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba
unda dadgindes gonivruli gansjis Sedegad, da ara martooden gamoTqmis sityva – sityviTi
azridan“. aRniSnuli norma gulisxmobs xelSekrulebis monawileTa namdvili nebis dadgenas,
anu imis garkvevas, SeeZlo Tu ara nebis mimRebs gamovlenili neba ise gaego, rogorc es
nebis gamomvlenma igulisxma.
Tu nebis gamomvlenis warmoTqmuli Tu dawerili azri (sityva) sxvanairad gaigo misma
mimRebma, nebaTa gamomvlinebაs Soris warmoiSoba gamovlenil nebaTa gaugebroba, konfliqti,
romelic nebis gamovlenis ganmartebiT unda gadawydes. nebis gamovlenis ganmartebebisas
unda aixsnas ara marto gaugebari an orazrovani sityva – sityviTi teqsti, aramed unda
Seivsos arasruli, zogjer ki Seswordes gaumarTavi teqsti“6. xelSekrulebis ganmartebas
adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxezea xelSekruleba, romlis gamonaTqvamebic bundovani,
orazrovani an urTierTgamomricxavia, agreTve, roca xelSekrulebiT gamonaTqvami
Sesworebasa da Sevsebebs moiTxovენ7.
maSasadame, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis aucilebloba warmoiSoba maSin, roca
mxareebi daoben xelSekrulebis calkeul gamonaTqvamebze, kerZod imaze, Tu ra azri
Caaqsoves mxareebma am gamonaTqvamebSi.
xelSekrulebis ganmartebisTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ori Teoria: 1) nebis Teoria
(anu subieqturi), rodesac upiratesoba eniWeba mxareTa nebis gamovlenis Sinagan
(nagulisxmev) Sinaarss. 2) nebis gamovlenis Teoria (anu obieqturi), rodesac nebis
gamovlenis garegnul formebze (e. i. გამოხატულ ნებაზე) keTdeba aqcenti8.
xelSekrulebebis gamonaTqvamebis ganmarteba, rogorc wesi, ganmartebis wesebis
Sasabamisad xdeba. yvela qveynis samarTalma SeimuSava gansazRvruli principi, Tu rogor
unda ganimartos xelSekrulebebi9. ase magaliTad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs nebis gamovlenis ganmartebasa da xelSekrulebis ganmartebas.
133- ე – paragrafis Tanaxmad „nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas unda dadgindes namdvili neba
gamoTqmuli sityvasityviT mniSvnelobaze SeCerebis gareSe“, e. i. aRniSnuli norma
subieqturi nebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze imiuTiTebs, magram imis gamo, rom
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gaZnebelulia (garTulebulia) mxareTa namdvili eმpiriuli nebis
dadgena, ganmarteba unda Seesatyvisebodes keTilsindisierebis კრიტერიუმს gonivrulobisa
da samarTlianobis gaTvaliwinebiT.
germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldebaSi xelSekrulebis ganmartebas daTmobili aqvs 157
paragrafi, sadac naTqvamia: „xelSekrulebebi ganmartebuli unda iqnes keTilsindisierebis
principebis safuZvelze samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebebis gaTvaliwinebiT“.
maSasadame, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros gadamwyvetia ara is, Tu, savaraudod,
ras isurvebda am SemTxvevisaTvis TiToeuli mxare mxolod sakuTari interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed, rasac keTilsindisieri gansjis SemTxvevaSi orive mxare miiRebda
rogorc samarTlian kompromiseul gadawyvetilebas10.
xelSekrulebaSi xarvezebis Sesavsebad germaniis uzenaesma federalurma
sasamarTlom miiRo xelSekrulebis damatebiTi ganmarteba, sadac naTqvamia: „mosamarTle
valdebulia gamoavlinos da mxedvelobaSi miiRos yvelaferi is, rac mxareebma ar gaamxiles,
magram xelSekrulebis saboloo miznis gaTvaliswinebiT masSi dafiqsirebuli unda
5saxelSekrulebo samarTali. gv. 165. 6nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 97. 7nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 17. 8saxelSekrulebo samarTali. saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 161. 9saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni mesame. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 159. 10ian kropholeri. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis saswavlo komentari. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 77.
209
yofiliyo Tu xarveziani adgilebi mowesrigdeboda samarTlianobis principis da saqmiani
brunvis CveulebaTa Sesatyvisad11.
ავსტრიის samoqalaqo sjuldebis 914 – e paragrafis Tanaxmad xelSekrulebis
ganmartebis dros upiatesoba eniWeba ara gamoxatuli nebis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobas,
aramed mxereTa ganzraxvas da samarTliani vaWrobis praqtikas.
italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1366- ე muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSekruleba unda ganimartos
keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis keTilsindisierebis
principze miuTiTebs moldaveTis samoqalaqo kodeqqsis 725 – e muxliც.
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1156- ე muxlis mixedviT ganmartebebisას, aqcenti
unda gakeTdes mxareTa ganzraxvis gamovlenaze da ara sityvaTa Sinaarsze. aSkaraa, rom
ganmartebis obieqtur da subieqtur meTodebs Soris safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
subieqturs iziarebs. moyvanili muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas
unda dadgindes mxareTa saerTo neba. amasTan aRiarebulia isic, rom amis dadgenis
SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi unda dadgindes „mxareTa hipoTeturi neba“ an sasamarTlom
mxareTa nebis dasadgenad, yvela subieqturi da obieqturi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
unda misdios mxareTa gonivruli nebis gamovlinebas CaTvlil miswrafebebs. kodeqsi
mosamarTles aseve „obieqturi garemoebebis“ gaTvaliswinebas sTavazobs, e. i. xelSekrulebis
bundovani an arasruli debulebebis xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis an arsebuli praqtikis
Sesabamisad ganmartebas12.
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros franguli samarTlიT sasamarTloebi valdebulni
arian gamoarkvion mxareTa namdvili neba da ar SeizRudon mxolod xelSekrulebis teqstis
formaluri analiziT. amrigad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisას moqmedebs e. w. „nebis Teoria“.
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis sakiTxis mimarT moqmedebs safrangeTis sakasacio
sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli „xelSekrulebis cxadi da zusti pirobebis doqtrina,
romelic obiteqturi ganmartebis meTods emxroba. orazrovani an Seusabamo gamonaTqvamebis
ganmarteba mxareTa WeSmariti an savaraudo ganzraxviT xorcieldeba, xolo cxadi da zusti
gamonaTqvamebis SemTxvevaSi, isini obieqturi mniSvnelobiT ganimarteba13.
sagulisxmoa dsT – s qveynebis kanonmdebloba xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb.
ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 431 – e muxlSi naTqvamia, „xelSekrulebis
ganmartebis dros sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos nebis
gamoxatvis sityvavityviTi Sinaarsis mniSvnelobaze. Tuki aRniSnuliT ar gairkva
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, maSin sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos mxareTa saerTo nebiT,
xelSekrulebis azriTa da miznebiT mTlianobaSi, risTvisac mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes
miRebuli yvela Sesabamisi garemoebebi, rogorc winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi, aseve
mxareTa mimowera, ormxriv urTierTobaSi dadgenili pratika, saqmiani brunvis Cveulebani
da mxareTa Semdgomi qceva“.
ukrainis samoqalaqo kodeqsi xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros sityvasityviT
ganmartebas aniWebs upiratesobas. analogiuri midgoma aqvT: belorusiis, yazaxeTis,
uzbekeTis, yirgizeTis, tajikeTis da somxeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsebs.
azerbaijanis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 404 – e muxli xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros
yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto teqstis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobaze, aramed mxareTa nebis
gamoxatvas xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis mniSvneloბიsa da sxva garemoebebze.
maSasadame, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis principebze sxvadasxva qveynis
kanonmdeblobis Sexedulebebi erTmaneTisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba. Bunebriviა
kodificirebuli samarTali ar aris praqtikuli amocanebis krebuli, romelmac unda
aiZulos mosamarTle materialur – samarTlebriv, praqtikul Sinaarss moklebuli
samarTlis gamoyenebis teqnikuri wesebis Seswavla. xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas
11koნრaდ cvaigerti, hain kotci. SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kერძო samarTlis sferoSi. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 91. 12nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 47. 13nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 48.
210
mosamarTle imdenad Rrmad unda Cawvdes gansaxilveli saqmis garemoebebs, rom nebismieri
მშრალი ganzogadoeba, sakanonmdeblo danawesis formis saxiT, mxolod Secdomis momtania.
amitom ganmartebis wesebi erToblivad unda SeimuSaos sasamarTlos praqtikam da
doqtrinam14.
xelSekrulebis SevsebiTi ganmarteba
zogjer xelSekruleba ara mxolod ubralod ganmartebas moiTxovs, aramed Seicavs
xarvezs, e. i. mxareebs xelSekrulebis Sedgenisas raRac gamorCaT, an ver gaiTvaliswinეს,
ris gamoc dgeba xarvezis Sevsebis sakiTxi.
xelSekrulebis Sevsebis ganmarteba swored Riad darCenili adgilebis Sevsebis da
arsebuli xarvezebis gamosworebas emsaxureba15.
kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic mosamarTle SevsebiTi
ganmartebebs mimarTavs kanonis normebs, romlebic samoqalaqo savaWro kodeqsSi an
specialur kanonebSia mocemuli. kontinenturi evropis samarTalSi mas dispoziciuri
samarTlis normebi ewodeba. am ukanasknels ganekuTvneba ara mxolod kanonSi mocemuli
normebi, aramed sasamarTlo praqtikis mier ganviTarebuli da Camoyalibebuli normebic16.
tipiur xelSekrulebaSi xarvezis Sevseba xdeba dispoziciuri samarTlis normebiT.
atipiur (araordinalur) xelSekrulebaSi ki xarvezis SevsebisTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi
formula:
„mosamarTlem unda daadginos da gaiTvaliswinos is, rac mxareebs marTalia, ar
gamouxatavT, magram xelSekrulebis saerTo miznidan gamomdinare gamoxatavdnen, Tuki Riad
datovebuli punqtebi maT SeTanxmebaSi maT mierve mowesrigebuli iqneboda da amasTan
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda ndobisa da rwmenis principebi da urTierTobebSi gamoyenebuli
Cvevebi“17. esaa sasamarTlo praqtikis mier Camoyalibebuli formula.
sayuradRebo da gasaziarebelia prof. nino ioselianis mosazreba, xelSekrulebis
SevsebiTი ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT:
„xelSekrulebis SevsebiTi ganmartebis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba sxvadasxva
faqtorebi, maTTan erTad mxareTa ganzraxva, xelSekrulebis xasiaTi da mizani,
keTilsindisiereba da samarTliani saqmianobis principi, gonivruloba. xelSekrulebis
SevsebiTi ganmartebebis gansakuTrebul saxed unda miviCnioT is SemTxveva, roca mxareebs
xelSekrulebaSi gamorCenili aqvT damatebiTi valdebulebebi da mosamarTlis amocanas
aseTi valdebulebebis SevsebiTi ganmarteba Seadgens. damatebiTi ganmartebis dros
mosamarTles xelSekrulebaSi ar Seaqvs is debulebebi, romlebic mas miaCnia gonivrulad.
mosamarTlis mizans mxareTa mier gamorCenili damatebiTi valdebulebebis zogadad
miRebuli SinaarsiT dadgena warmoadgens18.
sainteresoa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos pozicia erToblivi saqmianobis
(mxanagobis) xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb.
2006 wlis 9 agvistos erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
Seiqmna amxanagoba „g“ romlis damfuZnebel wevrebs warmoadgendnen g. S. da Sps
„s“.xelSekrulebis monawileebma (SemdgomSi mosarCeleebma) xsenebul amxanagobaSi Sesatanis
saxiT Seitanes maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli gansazRvruli farTis miwis nakveTebi, sadac
ganTavsebuli iyo maTi individualuri sacxovrebeli saxlebi. xelSekrulebis monawileebis
mier amxanagobaSi Setanili miwis nakveTebze amxanagoba „g“ unda aeSenebina mravalbiniani
sacxovrebeli saxli da miwis nakveTebis sakompensacioდ amxanagobis monawileebisaTvis unda
gadaecaT xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli sacxovrebeli binebi, razedac mxareTa Soris
gaformda amxanagobis xelSekrulebebi. sayuradReboa, rom amxanagobis xelSekrulebis
nawil monawileebs xelSekrulebaSi Cauweres, rom miwis nakveTebis sakompensaciod isini
14konrad cvaigerti, hain kotci. SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 87. 15nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 20. 16saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni mesame. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 161. 17samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni III. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 162. 18nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 23.
211
miiRebdnen garkveuli farTis garemontebul binebs, nawili monawileebis, kerZod n. n-isa
da e. t – s SemTxvevaSi, amxanagobis xelSekrulebebSi araferi iyo naTqvami misaRebi binebis
remontis Sesaxeb Tumca xelSekrulebaSi arc is iyo miTiTebuli, rom maT binebi
gadaecemodaT e. w. „Savi karkasis“ (სaremonto) mdgomareobaSi.
sayuradReboa, rom sxva monawileebis msgavsad mosarCeleebma e.t. - m da n. n. - m
amxanagoba „g“- s binebis miRebis sakompensaciod gadasces maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis
nakveTebi da masze ganTavsebuli Senoba - nagebobebi.
imis gamo, rom amxanagoba „g“ - m arajerovnad Seasrula amxanagobis xelSekrulebiT
nakisri valdebulebebi, xelSekrulebis monawileebma sarCeliT mimarTes sasamarTlos maT
individualur sakuTrebaSi registrirebuli binebis remontisaTvis saWiro „X“ Tanxis
mopasuxeebze, amxanagoba „g“ - s Tavmjdomares g.S. - sa da Sps „s“ - ze, dakisrebis Sesaxeb.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiam 2011 wlis 19 dekembris
gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli daakmayofila da mosarCeleebis individualur sakuTrebaSi
registrirebuli binebis remontisaTvis saWiro „X“ Tanxa amxanagoba „g“ - s damfuZneblebs,
Tavmjdomare g. S - s da Sps „s“ solidarulad daakisra.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba mosarCeleebis e. t. - is da n. n. - s nawilSi saapelacio
wesiT gaasaCivres amxanagoba „g“ damfuZneblebma - g. S. - m da Sps „s“ - m.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatam 2012 wlis 26 aprilis
gadawyvetilebiT amxanagoba „g“ - s saapelacio saCivari ar daakmayofila im motiviT, rom
xelSekrulebis monawileebma e. t. - m da n. n. - m sxva mosarCeleebis msgavsad, axali binebis
miRebis sanacvlod (sakompensaciod) gadasces maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebi
Senoba - nagebobebTan erTad, ris gamoc, saapelacio palatam amxanagoba „g“ - s daakisra imis
mtkicebis valdebuleba, Tu ratom daawesa gansxvavebuli standarti e. t. - s da n. n. - s
mimarTebaSi gasaremontebeli binebis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
saapelacio sasamaTrlos aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivres
amxanagoba „g“ damfuZneblebma: g. S. – m da Sps „s“ – m.
sakasacio palatis 2014 wlis 28 ianvris ganCinebiT gauqmebuli iqna pirveli da
saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi da saqme xelexla gansaxilvelad
daubrunda imave sasamarTlos Semdeg miTiTebiT: „...rom mosarCeleebs e. t. – sa da n. n. – s
ar warmoudgeniaT mtkicebulaba, sadac miTiTebuli iqneboda amxanagoba „g“ –s mier amgvari
valdebulebis aReba (mosarCeleebisaTvis garemontebuli binebis gadacema). samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 102 – e muxlis safuZvelze garemontebuli binebis gadacemis Taobaze
amxanagoba „g“ – sa da e. t – sa da n. n – s Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevis damtkiceba“swored
am ukanaskneli mosarCeleebis valdebuleba iyo, rac maT ver daadastures, Sesabamisad
gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebis daსkvna am nawilSi usafuZvloa da ver iqneba gaziarebuli
sakasacio palatis mier19.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakasacio palatis mier sakasacio saCivarze saboloo
gadawyvetileba ar yofila gamotanili, radgan saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daubrunda
imave sasamarTlos, mimaCnia, rom sakasacio palatis zemoaRniSnul miTiTebაze msjeloba
sainteresoa im mxriv, rom მასში kanonis normis araswor ganmartebebzea saubari.
sakasacio saCivris ganxilvisas sasamarTlom yuradReba ar miaqcia samoqalaqo
brunvიs ZiriTad keTilsindisierebis da samarTlianobis principebs, riTac dairRva
momxmarebelTa interesebi.
cnobilia, rom xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTlis erTerTi
umTavresi principia, magram igi arasdros yofila SeuzRudavi. es SezRudvebi Seexeba
rogorc xelSekrulebis dadebas, ise misi Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebas.
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisufleba, rogorc wesi, imperatiuli normebis
safuZvelze izRudeba20. imperoatiuli normebi awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs da
19saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 28 ianvris as – 885 – 831 – 2012 ganCineba. 20saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni mesame. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 61-66.
212
uzrunvelyofs, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis procesi kanonis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
warimarTos. kanonis normebis imperatiuli xasiaTi xSir SemTxvevaSi erT – erTi mxaris
interesebis dacvas ganapirobebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, akrZalulia mxareTa SeTanxmebiT kanoniT
dadgenili wesebisagan gadaxveva xelSekrulebis konkretuli mxaris sazianod21.
swored aseT SemTxvevasTn gvaqvs saqme, rodesac damfuZneblebma g. S. da Sps – m
amxanagoba „g“ – s Seqmnis dros isargebles mosarCeleebis e. t. da n. n – is gamoucdelobiTa
da maTdami ndobiT, am ukanasknelებma xelSekrulebis dadebamde ar gamoiyenes saqmis
garemoebebis mcodne specialistis an iuristis rCeva da nacvlad imisa, rom damfuZneblebs
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi daemyarebinaT mxereTa urTierTTanamSromlobisa da
keTilsindisierebaze amxanagobis xelSekrulebebi gauformes mosarCeleebisaTvis e. t. da
n. n. - თვის Zalze araxelsayreli pirobebiT, rac gamoixata masSi, rom damfuZneblebma
mosarCeleebs e. t. da n. n – s, sxva mosarCeleebis msgavsad, xelSekrulebaSi ar Cauweres
daTqma imis Sesaxeბ, rom miwis nakveTis sakompensaciod isini miiRebdnen garkveuli farTis
garemontebul binebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTlianobis umTavresi principidan gamomdinare,
mosamarTlis ZiriTadi amocanaa, yoveli konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas gaarkvios
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebisas mxareebi moqmedebdnen Tu ara kanoniT daSvebul
farglebSi da xom ar iyo darRveuli momxmarebelTa interesebi.
reziume
amxanagobis xelSekrulebis mizania monawileTa interesebis dacva. xelSekrulebis
ganmartebis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba misi arsi, winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi,
samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebani, mosarCeleTa Semdgomi moqmedebani da xelSekrulebis
mniSvnelobis mqone sxva garemoebani. mosamarTleebi valdebulni arian gamoavlinon
monawileTa namdvili neba da ar SeizRudon mxolod xelSekrulebis teqstis formaluri
analiziT. samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT keTilsindisierad gansajიs
SemTxvevaSi monawileebma unda miiRon samarTliani kompromისuli gadawyvetileba.
Karlo Bzishvili
The contract definition of joint activity (partnership) Summary
The partnership agreement goal is to protect the interests. The interpretation of the contract taking into account
his essence, previous contract negotiations, civil turnover rites, the plaintiffs further actions and the importance of other
circumstances. The judges are required to demonstrate the real will and will not be restricted only to the formal analysis
of the text. The civil turnover usages of good faith to discuss the case of the participants in the fair compromising decision.
21saxelSekrulebo samarTali. gv. 105.
213
aleqsandre baramiZe, doqtoranti
precedenti saerTo samarTlis qveynebisa da adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvenciis samarTlebriv sistemebSi
Sesavali
am statiis mizania gamoavlinos sasamarTlo precedentis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi saerTo samarTlis qveynebisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis
samarTlebriv sistemebSi. amaSi mdgomareobs misi siaxlec. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT,
evropuli sasamarTlo, Cveulebriv, misdevs xolme Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs, Tumca,
amas igi akeTebs ara imitom, rom sakuTar precedents misTvis savaldebulo Zala aqvs, aramed
imitom, rom erTguli darCes iseTi principebisa, rogorebicaa, samarTlebrivi garkveuloba,
samosamarTlo samarTlis mowesrigebuli ganviTarebis interesi, gadawyvetilebaTa
ganWvretadoba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa da sxv. statiaSi aseve
Sejamebulia garkveuli kanonzomierebani, romelTa gamoc SeiZleba sasamarTlo gaemijnos
Tavis uwindel precedents.
1. precedentis raobis Sesaxeb
zogadad, precedenti aris is, rac erTxel warsulSi moxda. xolo, samarTalSi is
aRniSnavs uwin miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ Cveulebriv, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas,
romelic awmyoSi misaReb gadawyvetilebas unda daedos safuZvlad1. arcTu yvela warsulSi
miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT xelmZRvanelobs mosamarTle, rodesac gadawyvetilebas
Rebulobs. arsebobs uwindeli gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ar aris imdenad mniSvnelovani,
rom mosamarTlem maTiT ixelmZRvanelos. meore mxriv, arsebobs gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic
gansxvavebul faqtebs eyrdnoba, ris gamoc isini ararelevanturia mocemuli gadawyvetilebis
mimarT. misdio precedents, niSnavs gaavlo analogia or sxvadasxva faqtobriv mocemulobas
Soris. amitomacaa, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi, sadac iSva da moqmedebs savaldebulo
precedentis doqtrina, iuristebi samarTlebriv msjelobas analogiiT msjelobas uwodeben2.
ixelmZRvanelo precedentiT, niSnavs mocemul saqmezec gamoitano precedentuli
gadawyvetilebis msgavsi gadawyvetileba. Cveulebriv, sxvis msgavsad adamianebi imitom
iqcevian, rom amiT xarks uxdian tradicias an piris avtoritets. xSirad amas ubralod
gemovnebis gamoc akeTeben. magram saerTo samarTlis qveynebis samarTlebriv sivrceSi
precedents imitom ki ar misdeven, rom moswonT es precedentuli gadawyvetileba
(sinamdvileSi, mosamarTles, romelic misdevs precedents, SesaZloa, sulac ar moswondes
es gadawyvetileba), aramed imitom, rom amas maT kanoni karnaxobs. zemdgomi sasamarTloebis
precedentebs saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi savaldebulo, SemboWveli Zala aqvs, rasac stare
decisis-is doqtrinas uwodeben (sruli laTinuri frazaa `stare decisis et non quieta movere~
(„daemorCile [uwindel] gadawyvetilebebs da nu axleb xels imas, rac mSvidad devs“)3.
Tumca, sasamarTloebis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs mosamarTleebi kontinenturi
evropis samarTlis qveynebSic imowmeben. isinic misdeven xolme gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic
analogiur faqtebze sxva sasamarTloebma gamoitanes. magram rac, magaliTad, germanel
mosamarTles Tavisi ingliseli kolegisgan ganasxvavebs, aris is, rom germaneli ar aris
valdebuli daemorCilos uwindel gadawyvetilebas, magram ingliseli aris. sxva sityvebiT,
germanelisgan gansxvavebiT es ukanaskneli SeboWilia uwindeli gadawyvetilebiT.
1Neil Duxbury, The Nature and Authority of Precedent, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 1. 2Ibid. p. 2. 3Ibid., p. 12.
214
Tumca, xdeba xolme, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebSic mosamarTleebs ar surT
misdion precedents. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini an ganasxvaveben (distinguish) erTmaneTisgan
precedents da maT mier gansaxilvel saqmes, anda auqmeben an cvlian (overrule) precedents.
amas isini im SemTxvevaSi akeTeben, rodesac saamisod „mniSvnelovani mizezi“ aqvT4. marTalia,
aseTi SesaZlebloba arcTu yvela SemTxvevaSi arsebobs _ magaliTad, qveda instanciis
sasamarTlos mosamarTle ver Secvlis zemdgomi sasamarTlos precedents, magram aseTi
wesis arseboba noyier niadags qmnis samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis. amdenad, precedenti ki
boWavs mosamarTles, magram am tipis SeboWva gansxvavdeba kanonismieri SeboWvisagan. kanonis
darRveva garkveul sanqciebTan aris dakavSirebuli, precedentis darRveva ki mosamarTlis
pasuxismgeblobas ar iwvevs5.
Stare decisis-is doqtrinis ganviTarebaSi pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani etapi is iyo,
rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi dasabuTebuli unda yofiliyo. sxva sityvebiT, masSi
unda dasaxelebuliyo garemoebebi, romelTa gamoc mivida mosamarTle mocemul
gadawyvetilebamde. Tumca, garemoebebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, romelTagan zogi SeiZleba
ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, zogic nakleb mniSvnelovani; zogi - arsebiTi, xolo zogi -
ararasebiTi xasiaTis. saerTo samarTlis qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi cnobilia
terminebi ratio decidendi da obiter dictum. pirveli SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc „gadawyvetilebis
sazrisi“, xolo, meore - rogorc „sxvaTaSoris naTqvami“6. amasTan, savaldebulo Zala eniWeba
mxolod pirvels, maSin, rodesac meores mimarT qvemore sasamarTloebs araviTari
valdebulebebi ar ekisrebaT.
am or fenomens Soris gansxvavebis povna arcTu ioli saqmea, radgan xSirad isini
erTmaneTSi iTqvifeba xolme7 an rodesac ratio-s povna SeuZlebelia8. arsebobs
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT erTze meti ratio9. ufro metic, zogjer
ratio-s lokalizeba imiTac aris rTuli, rom garkveul sazriss ama Tu im precedents Semdgomi
gadawyvetilebebis avtorebi miaweren xolme, riTac faqtiurad axali precedenti iqmneba
nacvlad imisa, rom gviandeli gadawyvetileba uwindels misdevdes10.
precedentis cnobili mkvlevris, artur gudhartis azriT, gadawyvetilebis sazrisi
ar SeiZleba iqnes gaigivebuli dasabuTebasTan, romlis safuZvelzec mosamarTlem es
gadawyvetileba gamoitana. SeiZleba gadawyvetileba ar Seicavdes dasabuTebas, magram es
aucileblad ar niSnavs, rom mas ar gaaCnia sazrisi11. amis sanacvlod, gudhartis azriT,
gadawyvetilebis sazrisi sxva araferia, Tu ara mosamarTlis mier aRwerili faqtebi, plus
daskvna, romelic mosamarTlem am faqtebis safuZvelze gamoitana.
Tavis saintereso msjelobas gudharti iwyebs ratio decidendi-s da obiter dictum-is Sesaxeb
literaturaSi arsebuli ganmartebebidan:
„maSasadame, precedenti aris sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic Tavis TavSi
garkveul princips Seicavs. princips, romelic safuZvlad udevs gadawyvetilebas da qmnis
mis avtoritetul elements, xSirad ratio decidendi-is uwodeben. konkretuli gadawyvetileba
mxareebisaTvis savaldebuloa, magram is, rasac calke aRebuls gare samyarosaTvis kanonis
Zala gaaCnia, aris swored es abstraqtuli ratio decidendi~12.
„unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTo samarTalSi mosamarTlis arcTu yvela azri qmnis
sasamarTlo precedents. imisaTvis, rom azrs precedentis Zala mieniWos, erTdroulad ori
garemoeba unda arsebobdes: pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos sakuTriv mosamarTlis azri da,
meorec, is unda iyos azri, romlis arseboba aucilebelia konkretuli saqmis
gadawyvetisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT, is ar unda iyos obiter dictum~13.
4Ibid., p. 16. 5Ibid., p. 23. 6Ibid., pp. 67-68. 7Ibid., p. 69. 8Ibid., p. 71. 9Ibid., p. 72. 10Ibid., p. 74. 11Arthur L. Goodhart, Determining the Ratio Decidendi of a Case, Yale Law Journal, Vol. XL, December 1930, No. 2, p. 164. 12ser jon selmondis es citata aRebulia gudhartis dasaxelebuli naSromidan, gv. 161. 13Ibid., profesor jon Cipmen greis citata, gv. 161.
215
gudharts mohyavs magaliTebi inglisuri saerTo samarTlis istoriidan, romelTa
Tanaxmad yvelaze mniSvnelovani samarTlis normebic ki mosamarTleebs mcdari
wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinare da mcdari logikis safuZvelze SeuqmniaT. cud logikas xSirad
karg kanonebamde mivyavarTo - ambobs gudharti14. amdenad msjeloba TavisTavad sakmarisi ar
aris.
Semdeg gudharti yuradRebas amaxvilebs faqtebze, radgan mosamarTles, cxadia,
daskvnebi faqtebidan gamomdinare gamoaqvs. magram romeli faqtebidano, kiTxulobs
gudharti. erTi da igive faqtebi SeiZleba ori sxvadasxva adamianisaTvis sxvadasxvagvarad
gamoiyurebodes. mosamarTles daskvnebi gamoaqvs faqtebis romeliRac erTobliobidan,
romelic man faqtebis sxva, ufro did masas Soris yvelaze arsebiTad miiCnia. maSasadame,
mosamarTles gamoaqvs daskvnebi im faqtebidan, romlebic man Tavad amoarCia. swored am, mis
mierve amorCeul faqtebze agebs mosamarTle daskvnebs da ara romelime sxva faqtebzeo.
amdenado, ambobs gudharti, ama Tu im saqmis analizisas Cveni amocana is ki ar aris, rom
ubralod aRvweroT faqtebi da am faqtebze dafuZnebuli daskvnebi, aramed aRvweroT
arsebiTi faqtebi, rogoradac isini mosamarTlem dainaxa da romlebze dayrdnobiTac man
garkveuli daskvnebi gamoitana. swored arsebiTi faqtebis amorCevis gziT qmniso mosamarTle
samarTals, ambobs gudharti. mosamarTles awvdian raRac faqtebis masas, romelTagan igi
amoarCevs garkveul faqtebs, rogorc, misi azriT, arsebiTs, da uars ambobs sxva faqtebze,
rogorc, misi azriT, araarsebiTze. am narCev faqtebze agebso igi Tavis daskvnas15.
gudharts mohyavs metyveli magaliTebi, Tu ra Sedegebamde SeiZleba mivideT
mosamarTlis mier ama Tu im faqtis „arsebiTad“ an „araarsebiTad“ miCnevis gamo.
pirveli magaliTi:
saqmis faqtebi:
faqti 1: „D“-s, kanonis darRveviT, gaxsnili hqonda bari.
faqti 2: bari xmauriani iyo da xSirad Cxubs da ayalmayals hqonda adgili.
daskvna: „D“ pasuxs agebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis.
sasamarTlos mier arsebiT faqtebad miCneuli faqtebi:
faqti 1: „D“-s, kanonis darRveviT, gaxsnili hqonda bari.
daskvna: „D“ pasuxs agebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis.
amdenad, radgan mosamarTlem me-2 faqti arsebiT faqtad ar miiCnia, Seqmna samarTlis
ufro farTo principi, vidre iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, mas rom me-2 faqtic arsebiT faqtad
mieCnia.
meore magaliTi:
saqmis faqtebi:
faqti 1: „D“-s Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis nakveTze aqvs wylis rezervuari.
faqti 2: menardem, romelsac SeukveTa „D“-m samuSaoebis warmoeba, gaufrTxileblobiT
rezervuari arasworad daamontaJa.
faqti 3: rezervuaridan wyalma gaJona, ris gamoc „P“-s ziani miadga.
daskvna: „D“ valdebulia „P“-s ziani aunazRauros.
sasamarTlos mier arsebiT faqtebad miCneuli faqtebi:
faqti 1: „D“-s Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis nakveTze aqvs wylis rezervuari.
faqti 3: rezervuaridan wyalma gaJona, ris gamoc „P“-s ziani miadga.
daskvna: „D“ valdebulia „P“-s ziani aunazRauros.
me-2 faqtis mxedvelobaSi armiRebiT sasamarTlom bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis
principi Seqmna16.
gadawyvetilebis ratio-s amgvari gageba Zalze efeqtian meTodologiur safuZvels qmnis.
vfiqrobT, amgvari midgoma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc saerTo samarTlis qveynebis
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis, ise saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis, maT Soris, adamianis
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis analizisas.
14Ibid., p. 163. 15Ibid., p. 169. 16Ibid., pp. 174-175.
216
2. precedentis doqtrina adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis sistemaSi
upirveles yovlisa, unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra moculobiT da mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba
termini „precedenti“ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis sistemaSi. unda iTqvas, rom
es sakiTxi jerovani siRrmiT Seswavlili ar aris araTu qarTul, aramed saerTaSoriso
iuridiul literaturaSic ki17.
saerTaSoriso iuridiul literaturaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom saerTaSoriso
samarTalSi precedentis, anu stare decisis-is doqtrina im saxiT, rogoriTac igi Camoyalibda
jer inglisSi, xolo Semdeg saerTo samarTlis sxva qveynebSi, ar arsebobs18.
meore mxriv, aRirebulia isic, rom saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi, magaliTad, haagis
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi guldasmiT
aanalizeben TavianT uwindel gadawyvetilebebs da cdiloben gaarkvion, Tu riT gansxvavdeba
gansaxilveli saqme am uwindeli gadawyvetilebebis qvemdebare saqmeebisagan.
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTle mohamed Sahabudini Tavis
monografiaSi, romelic am sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis kvlevas isaxavs miznad,
aRniSnavs, rom marTalia haagis sasamarTlosTan stare decisis-is, anu savaldebulo precedentis
ideas Sexeba ara aqvs, haagis sasamarTlos uwindeli gadawyvetilebebi Semdgomi
gadawyvetilebebis miznebisaTvis sasamarTlosTvis „damarwmunebeli precedentis“ funqcias
mainc asrulebs19. analogiuri midgoma arsebobs evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTloSic20.
amasTan, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi, maTi ingliseli kolegebis
msgavsad, ar Semoifarglebian mxolod saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis „gamoyenebiT“,
aramed cdiloben gaakeTon „odnav metic“, magaliTad daadginon garkveuli standartebi,
romlebic SemdgomSi SeiZleba saerTaSoriso konvenciebis teqstebSic ki iqnes Setanili21.
udavoa, rom aseT praqtikas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTloc misdevs.
arsebobs garkveuli doqtrinebi, principebi da standartebi, romlebsac versad vipoviT
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis teqstSi, magram isini SemuSavebuli da dadgenilia
strasburgis sasamarTlos mier Tavis ganCinebebSi da imdenadvea miCneuli adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis sistemis nawilad, ramdenadac TviT evropuli konvenciis
avTenturi teqsti. aseTebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT „pozitiuri valdebulebebis
doqtrina“22, „Sefasebis Tavisuflebis aris doqtrina“23, „kanonierebis, samarTlis
uzenaesobisa da saproceso samarTlianobis principebi“24, „proporciulobis principi“25,
17Luzius Wildhaber, `Precedent in the European Court of Human Rights~, in The European Perspective, Studies in Memory of Rolv
Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds), 2000, p. 1529. 18Malcolm N. Shaw, `International Law~, Sixth Edition, Cambridge University Press, p. 110. 19M. Shahabuddeen, Precedent in the International Court, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 100. 20Tamás Szabados, `Precedents~ in EU Law — The Problem of Overruling, ELTE Law Journal, 2015/1, p. 128. 21Ibid., p. 110. 22ix.: magaliTad, A.R. Mowbray, `The Development of Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by
the European Court of Human Rights~, Oxford/Portland, Hart Publishing, 2004; Steven Greer, `The European Convention on Human
Rights: Achievements, Problems and Prospects~, Cambridge University Press, p. 215; Clare Ovey & Robin C.A. White, `Jacobs and
White, The European Convention on Human Rights~, Third Edition, Oxford University Press,pp. 38-39; fransuaz tulkensi, `adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ormocdaaTi wlisaa: bolodroindeli mimarTulebebi sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi~, wignSi `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ilias saxelmwifo universitetTan TanamSromlobiT, Tbilisi, 2010; eva gociriZe. mizezobrioba. Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 23-27; konstantine korkelia. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, gv. 27-30. 23ix.: magaliTad, E. Brems. The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights.
Zeitschrift für Auslandisches Offentliches Recht und Volkrecht 56 (1996), 240-314 at 289-290; Clare Ovey & Robin C. A. White,
dasax. naSr. pp. 40-41, 210-215; Ivana, Radačić. The margin of appreciation, consensus, morality and the rights of the Vulnerable
Groups. Zb. Prav. fak. Rij. (1991) v. 31, br. 1, 599-616 (2010), hrcak.srce.hr/file/81730; eva gociriZe. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba RirebulebaTa konfliqtSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da strasburgis sasamarTlos iurisprudenciis mixedviT. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 100-129. 24ix.: magaliTad, Steven Greer, pp. 201-202. 25ix.: magaliTad, J. McBride, Proportionality and the European Convention on Human Rights in E. Ellis (ed.), The Principle of
Proportionality in the Laws of Europe (Oxford/Portland: Hart Publishing, 1999), pp. 23-35; M.-A.Eissen, The Principle of
Proportionality in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights’ in R. St. J. Macdonald et al. (eds.), European System, pp.
125-146; Steven Greer, pp. 216-220.
217
„aucileblobisa“ da „absoluturi aucileblobis“ principebi26 da bevri sxva. yvela
CamoTvlili principi an doqtrina strasburgis sasamarTlom, evropuli konvenciis
debulebebis ganmartebisas SeimuSava, Tumca, sakuTriv konvenciis teqtsSi isini ar gvxvdeba.
maT evropuli sasamarTlo konvenciis nawilad miiCnevs. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom sasamarTlo ara mxolod iyenebs kanons - evropul konvencias, aramed Tavadac aris
samarTalSemoqmedi.
Tumca, naTqvami ar gulisxmobs imas, rom strasburgis sasamarTlo SeboWilia Tavisi
uwindeli gadawyvetilebebiT. sazogadod, samosamarTlo samarTlis arseboba maincdamainc
ar aris damokidebuli savaldebulo precedentis doqtrinaze. es ukanaskneli ar
warmoadgens aucilebel winapirobas imisa, rom mosamarTlem samarTlis normebi da
standartebi Seqmnas. inglisSic ki saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi stare decisis-is wess ar hqonda
imdenad mkacri xasiaTi, rogoric man me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
SeiZina. manamde uwindeli gadawyvetilebebisadmi erTgulebas ufro samosamarTlo praqtikis
xasiaTi hqonda da ara samarTlis imperatiuli normisa.27 savaldebulo precedentis wesi
bevrad ufro axali movlenaa, vidre samosamarTlo samarTalSemoqmedebis praqtika. amdenad,
is faqti, rom strasburgis sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi samarTlis normebs qmnis,
ar ganapirobebs mis valdebulebas misdios Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs.
aravisTvis siaxle ar aris, rom Tavis ganCinebebsa da gadawyvetilebebSi evropuli
sasamarTlo mudam miuTiTebda xolme Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebze, rogorc garkveuli
faqtobrivi an/da samarTlebrivi daskvnebis Semcvel avtoritetze, rac imas niSnavs, rom
evropuli sasamarTlo Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs precedentebad miiCnevs. Tumca,
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic Cven SegviZlia
vilaparakoT ara savaldebulo, aramed mxolod damarwmunebel precedentze28.
ramdenadac ucnauri ar unda iyos, evropulma sasamarTlom sakmaod didi xnis
arsebobis Semdeg gaacnobiera, rom mis praqtikas, misdios xolme uwindel gadawyvetilebebs,
sakuTari „precedentebis“ mimarT erTgulebis saxe aqvs. albaT pirvelad 1990 wlis 27
seqtembers, kosis saqmeSi, maSindeli plenaruli sasamarTlos mier miRebul ganCinebaSi
aRniSna evropulma sasamarTlom:
„simarTlea is, rom... [evropuli] sasamarTlo ar aris valdebuli daemorCilos Tavis
uwindel ganCinebebs; es namdvilad gamomdinareobs sasamarTlos reglamentis 51-e muxlis
pirveli punqtidan. Tumca, igi [sasamarTlo] Cveulebriv misdevs da iyenebs Tavis sakuTar
precedentebs, rac samarTlebrivi garkveulobisa da konvenciis samosamarTlo samarTlis
mowesrigebuli ganviTarebis interesebs emsaxureba. amis miuxedavad, es wesi xels ar
SeuSlis sasamarTlos, gaemijnos Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebas, Tu igi darwmundeba, rom
saamisod damajerebeli mizezebi arsebobs. magaliTad, aseTi gamijvna SeiZleba saWiro
gaxdes im mizniT, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes konvenciis ganmartebis Sesabamisoba
sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebebTan da dRevandeli dRis moTxovnebTan~29.
aseTi midgoma evropulma sasamarTlom konvenciis, rogorc cocxali dokumentis
doqtrinidan gamoiyvana, romelic jer kidev 1970-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava: „sasamarTlom
isic unda gaixsenos, rom konvencia cocxali dokumentia, romelic, rogorc komisiam sworad
aRniSna, ganmartebul unda iqnes dRevandeli pirobebis Suqze~30.
kosis saqmidan citirebul sityvebSi ramdenime wesi ikiTxeba: 1) evropuli sasamarTlo
ar aris valdebuli misdios Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs; 2) amis miuxedavad, igi
Cveulebriv misdevs xolme maT; 3) amgvar Tanamimdevrulobas ganapirobebs samarTlebrivi
26ix.: magaliTad, eva gociriZe. mizezobrioba. gv. 38-84. mindia ugrexeliZe. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi. gv. 98-127. 27M. Shahabuddeen, Precedent in the International Court, p. 106. 28A. Mowbray, An examination of the European Court of Human Rights approach to overruling its previous case-law, Human Rights
Law Review, 9 (2). pp. 179-201. ISSN 1461-7781, 2009, ix.: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/1724/1/ECtHR_Overruling_final.pdf.
Yonatan Lupu, Erik Voeten, The Role of Precedent at the European Court of Human Rights: A Network Analysis of Case Citations,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Conference Proceedings, 2010. P. 3,
http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=pnconfs_2010. 29Cossey v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 10843/84, Judgment of 27 September 1990, §35. 30Tyrer v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 5856/72, Judgment of 25 April 1978, §31.
218
garkveulobisa da konvenciis samosamarTlo samarTlis mowesrigebuli ganviTarebis
interesebi; 4) sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaemijnos Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebas, Tu saamisod
arsebobs damajerebeli mizezebi; 5) amgvar damajerebel mizezebs Sorisaa aucilebloba
imisa, rom konvenciis interpretacia Seesabamebodes sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebebsa da
dRevandeli dRis moTxovnebs.
zemoT moyvanili garemoebebi adasturebs, rom precedentis doqtrina adamianis
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi diaxac moqmedebs. Tumca, igi gansxvavdeba klasikuri
inglisur-amerikuli stare decisis doqtrinisagan, radgan mas damarwmunebeli precedentis
xasiaTi aqvs da ara savaldebulo procedentisa.
Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos evropuli sasamarTlos precedentebSi gadawyvetilebis
sazrisad da ra - sxvaTa Soris naTqvamad, TviT evropuli sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi
an iuridiul mecnierebaSi bolomde damuSavebuli ar aris, Tumca amis mcdeloba arsebobs31.
Sesabamisad, am sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Seswavlac momavali kvlevebis sagani unda gaxdes32.
3. precedentis Secvlis kanonzomiereba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentul samarTalSi
ra kanonzomiereba udevs safuZvlad precedentis Secvlas adamianis uflebaTa
evropul sasamarTloSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mcdeloba iSviaTad, magram mainc
arsebobs samecniero literaturaSi.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos yofili prezidenti lucius vildhaberi
albaT pirveli iyo, vinc gamoavlina precedentis Secvlis SemTxvevebi da maTi ganzogadebis
nimuSebic mogvca. ufro Sors wavida alester maubrei, romelmac evropuli sasamarTlos
mier precendetis Secvlis da axali precendetis Seqmnis ramdenime kanonzomiereba
gamoavlina.
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom orive mkvlevris - vildhaberis da maubreis
dakvirvebiT, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikulad arasdros miuTiTebs pirdapir, rom igi
auqmebs an cvlis uwin dadgenil sakuTar precedents. amis sanacvlodo, amboben isini,
evropuli sasamarTlo „nagulisxmevad“ an „iribad“ gadis xolme sakuTari precedentiT
dadgenili principebidan33.
rac Seexeba precedentis Secvlis SemTxvevebs, maubrei ramdenime mizezs gamoyofs,
romelTa gamoc strasburgis sasamarTlos sakuTari precedentisgan gadauxvevia da axali
precedenti daudgenia.
P pirveli aseTi mizezi aris sasamarTlos winamorbedi gadawyvetilebebis
„bundovaneba~34. amis magaliTad maubreis mohyavs evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
saqmeze „pelegrini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg“35. aRniSnul saqmeSi strasburgis sasamarTlos
didi palata ganixilavda sakiTxs, vrceldeba Tu ara „samoqalaqo uflebebisa da
valdebulebebis“ nawilSi konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti sajaro mosamsaxureebis
davaze TavianT damsaqmebelTan. pelegrinis saqmemde gamotanil gadawyvetilebebSi
sasamarTlo ZiriTadad misdevda xazs, rom amgvari davebi ar eqceva me-6 muxlis pirveli
punqtis dacvis qveS, Tumca, calkeul gadawyvetilebebSi am wesidan gansxvavebuli
midgomebic ikveTeboda. pelegrinis saqmeSi sasamarTlom gadawyvita, „bolo moeRo
gaurkvevlobisaTvis“, romelic arsebobda saxelmwifosa da mis mosamsaxureebs Soris
arsebul davebTan dakavSirebiT36 da terminis „sajaro samsaxuri“ avtonomiuri ganmartebis
damkvidrebis mizniT, e. w. „funqciuri kriteriumi“ SemoiRo:
„sasamarTlo adgens, rom erTaderTi kategoriis davebi, romlebic gamoiricxeba
konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis moqmedebis sivrcidan, aris im sajaro
mosamsaxureebis mier aRZruli sarCelebi, romelTa movaleobebi sajaro samsaxurSi
31Luzius Wildhaber, p. 1540. 32Ibid., p. 1531. 33Luzius Wildhaber, p. 1533; A. Mowbray, foornote 27 supra, p. 8. 34A. Mowbray, p. 10. 35Pellegrin v. France, Application no. 28541/95, Judgment of 8 December 1999. 36Ibid., §61.
219
konkretuli saxis saqmianobis tipur magaliTebs warmoadgens, radgan sajaro samsaxuri aris
sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, romlis movaleoba saxelmwifosa da sxva
saxelmwifo organoebis sajaro interesebis dacvaa...“37
rva wlis Semdeg, saqmeSi „vilho eskelineni da sxvebi fineTis winaaRmdeg“38,
sasamarTlos didi palata kvlav miubrunda am sakiTxis ganxilvas da, miiCnia ra, rom mis
mier pelegrinis saqmeSi dadgenilma funqciurma kriteriumma, am sakiTxSi sicxadis Setanis
mxriv, sasamarTlos imedebi ver gaamarTla, gadawyvita gaeuqmebina es standarti:
„sasamarTlos mxolod SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom funqciurma kriteriumma, rogorc is
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneboda, ver uzrunvelyo sajaro mosamsaxureebis monawileobiT davebis
mimarT me-6 muxlis gamoyenebis sakiTxSi analizis gamartiveba an am sferoSi ufro meti
sicxadis Setana, rogorc es ganzraxuli iyo.
am fonze da am mizezis gamo sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom pelegrinis saqmeSi dadgenili
funqciuri kriteriumi Semdgom ganviTarebas moiTxovs. marTalia, samarTlebrivi
garkveulobis, ganWvretadobisa da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis interesebidan gamomdinare,
sasamarTlo, safuZvliani mizezis gareSe, ar unda emijnebodes Tavis uwindel saqmeebSi
dadgenil precedentebs, Tu sasamarTlom ver SesZlo dinamiuri da evoluciuri midgomebis
SenarCuneba, igi safrTxes Seuqmnis reformebsa an Semdgom gaumjobesebebs“39.
funqciuri kriteriumis sanacvlod, sasamarTlom axali, orwvera testi SemoiRo.
kerZod, man dadgina, rom konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti ar gavrceldeba sajaro
mosamsaxuris mier aRZrul davebze, Tu: 1) erovnuli kanonmdebloba pirdapir zRudavs
konkretuli Tanamdebobis pirebis an mosamsaxureebis uflebas mimarTon sasamarTlos; 2)
amgvari SezRudva unda efuZnebodes obieqtur mizezebs da saxelmwifos interesebSi unda
iyos. mxolod is garemoeba, rom momCivani sajaro seqtorSia dasaqmebuli an muSaobs iseT
organoSi, romelic sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs, TavisTavad ar
aris gadamwyvetio, ganacxada sasamarTlom40.
meore faqtori, romelic, maubreis dakvirvebiT, evropuli sasamarTlos mier sakuTari
precedentis gauqmebis safuZveli gamxdara, „saCivrebis raodenobis zrdis Sekavebis
aucileblobaa“41. amis magaliTia didi palatis gadawyvetileba saqmeze „kudla poloneTis
winaaRmdeg“42.
am SemTxvevaSi strasburgis sasamarTlos didi palatis winaSe iyo mravals Soris
erT-erTi saqme, romelic sisxlis samarTlis (da samoqalaqo) saqmeebze sasamarTlo
ganxilvebis gaumarTlebel gaWianurebas exeboda. momCivani asaCivrebda sakuTari uflebebis
darRvevas rogorc konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtidan, ise konvenciis me-13 muxlidan
gamomdinare. am gadawyvetilebamde evropuli sasamarTlo uars ambobda me-13 muxlis nawilSi
saCivris ganxilvaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi cnobda me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRvevas,
radgan me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti, me-13 muxlTan mimarTebiT kerZo normad (lex specialis)
miiCneoda43. Tumca, kudlas SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom „marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaSi Warbi Seferxebebis“ gamo, riTac „safrTxe eqmneba samarTlis uzenaesobas“,
dadga sakuTari praqtikis gadasinjvis dro. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
amieridan, saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo saCivrebs me-13 muxlTan
mimarTebiTac ganixilavda, ganurCevlad imisa, miiCnevda Tu ara igi darRveulad konvenciis
me-6 muxlis pirvel punqtsac44.
mesame faqtori, romelic, maubreis mosazrebiT, sasamarTlos sakuTari
precedentisgan gasvlisken ubiZgebs, konvenciis rogorc „cocxali dokumentis doqtrinaa“45.
37Ibid., §66. 38Vilho Eskelinen and Other v. Finland, Application no. 63235/00, Judgment of 19 April 2007. 39 Ibid., §§ 55-56. 40Ibid., § 62. 41A. Mowbray, p. 15. 42Kudla v. Poland, Application no. 30210/96, Judgment of 26 October 2000. am gadawyvetilebis qarTuli Targmani ix.: Semdeg vebgverdze: http://catalog.supremecourt.ge/blog/foto/138.pdf. 43Ibid., §146. 44Ibid., §§148-149. 45A. Mowbray, p. 17.
220
amis dasturad mkvlevars borgersis46 da selmunis47 saqmeebi mohyavs. Tumca, am doqtrinis
Taobaze zemoTac aRiniSna48.
kidev erTi faqtori, romelmac SeiZleba ubiZgos sasamarTlos, gaemijnos sakuTar
praqtikas da axali midgoma SeimuSavos, esaa evropis sabWos gareT qveynebSi mimdinare
samarTlebrivi tendenciebi, romlebic sasamarTlos konvenciis evoluciuri interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas sTavazobs49. maubreis azriT, amis klasikuri magaliTia, didi palatis
gadawyvetileba qristin gudvinis50 saqmeze, romliTac didi palata gaemijna sakuTar
gadawyvetilebebs didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg saqmeebSi, romlebic transseqsualebs exeboda.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi sasamarTlos daexmara saqmeSi mesame mxared Cabmuli organizacia
Liberty-s mier momzadebuli dokumenti, romelSic aRwerili iyo movlenaTa ganviTareba da
samarTlebrivi tendenciebi avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, aSS-is calkeul StatebSi,
israelSi, kanadaSi, samxreT afrikasa da singapurSi51.
amgvari dinamikis nairsaxeobaa strasburgis sasamarTlos miTiTeba sxva
saerTaSoriso forumebis gadawyvetilebebze52. saqmeSi „mamatkulovi da askarovi TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg“53, ganixilavda ra momCivnebis eqstradiciis sakiTxs iseT qveyanaSi, sadac,
momCivnebis mtkicebiT, isini SeiZleboda wamebis msxverplni gamxdariyvnen, evropulma
sasamarTlom aRniSna:
„sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom, adamianis
uflebaTa interamerikulma sasamarTlom, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma da gaeros
wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetma, marTalia isini sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
safuZvelze moqmedeben, vidre es sasamarTlo, daadastures da daasabuTes ukanasknel
gadawyvetilebebSi, rom gamousworebeli zianis riskis winaSe mxareTa mier gasaCivrebuli
uflebebis dacva, saerTaSoriso samarTlidan gamomdinare, Sualeduri zomebis
umniSvnelovanes mizans warmoadgens. marTlac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ra samarTlebriv
sistemasTanac ar unda gvqondes saqme, marTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorcielebis mizani
moiTxovs, rom procesis dasrulebamde gamousworebeli zomebi ar unda iqnes miRebuli“54.
evropuli sasamarTlos uwindeli precedentisgan gasvlis kidev erTi faqtori
SeiZleba iyos mopasuxe saxelmwifos Sida samarTlebriv sistemaSi mimdinare procesebi55. am
konteqstSi maubrei moixmobs evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas saqmeze „uini
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg“56, romelSic sasamarTlom uvado Tvisuflebis aRkveTis
britanuli reJimi ar cno konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtTan Seusabamod57.
Tumca, rva wlis Semdeg, saqmeSi „stafordi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg“58,
didma palatam Secvala precedenti da axali midgoma daadgina. daeyrdno ra „dinamiuri da
evoluciuri midgomebis SenarCunebis“ aucileblobas59, sasamarTlom aRniSna:
„msgavsi mosazrebebi unda gamoiTqvas mopasuxe saxelmwifos SidasamarTlebriv
sivrceSi mimdinare cvlilebebisa da Camoyalibebuli konsensusis SemTxvevaSi. marTalia, ar
arsebobs raime arsebiTi gansxvaveba am saqmisa da uinis saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebs Soris,
mxedvelobaSi iRebs ra qveynis SigniT mimdinare mniSvnelovan movlenebs, sasamarTlo
saWirod miiCnevs, „dRevandeli viTarebis Suqze“ sxvagvari Sefaseba misces am garemoebebs,
rac amJamad konvenciis saTanado interpretaciis da gamoyenebis saSualebas gvaZlevs“60. amis
46Borgers v. Belgium, Application no. 12005/86, Judgment of 30 October 1991. 47Selmouni v. France, Application no. 25803/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999. 48ix.: zemoT, sqolio #29. 49A. Mowbray, p. 18. 50Christine Goodwin v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 28957/95, Judgment of 11 July 2002. 51Ibid., §56. 52A. Mowbray, p. 19. 53Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey, Applications nos. 46827/99 and 46951/99, Judgment of 4 February 2005. 54Ibid., §124. 55A. Mowbray, p. 20. 56Wynne v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 15484/89, 18 July 1994. 57Ibid., §39. 58Stafford v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 46295/99, Judgment of 28 May 2002. 59Ibid., §68. 60Ibid., §69.
221
Sedegad, uinisgan gansxvavebiT, stafordis mimarT sasamarTlom konvenciis me-5 muxlis
pirveli da me-4 punqtebi darRveulad cno61.
dabolos, sasamarTlo aseve SeiZleba daeyrdnos saerTaSoriso da erovnul
samarTalSi mimdinare movlenebis kombinacias62. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi sasamarTlo ar aRiarebda profkavSirebis uflebas, ewarmoebinaT
damsaqmebelTan koleqtiuri molaparakebebi63, sasamarTlos midgoma sakiTxis mimarT
Seicvala saqmeSi „demiri da baikara TurqeTis winaaRmdeg“64, romelSic, miuTiTa ra Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciis #98 da #151 konvenciebze, evropis socialur qartiaze, evropis
kavSiris fundamenturi uflebebis qartiaze da TurqeTis konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaSi
ganxorcielebul cvlilebebze65, evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:
„am movlenebis Suqze, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom misi praqtika, romlis Tanaxmadac,
koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoeba da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadeba ar
warmoadgenda me-11 muxlis Tandayolil elements, unda Seicvalos, raTa mxedvelobaSi iqnes
miRebuli saerTaSoriso samarTalSi da Sida samarTlebriv sistemebSi am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi“66.
daskvna
amrigad, rogorc zemoTqmuli magaliTebi adasturebs, terminis „precedenti“
gamoyeneba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos samosamarTlo samarTlis sistemaSi
savsebiT gamarTlebulia. amasTanave, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom, iseve, rogorc sxva
saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis SemTxvevaSi, strasburgis sasamarTlosTan mimarTebaSi ar
SeiZleba vilaparakoT e. w. stare decisis doqtrinaze, radgan uwindel gadawyvetilebebs
evropuli sasamarTlosTvis SemboWveli Zala ar gaaCnia. amis sanacvlod, saqme gvaqvs e. w.
„damarwmunebel“ precedentTan.
precedentisgan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebis analizi adasturebs, rom evropuli
sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomiereba, romlis mixedviT
SeiZleba sasamarTlo gaemijnos Tavis uwindel precedents da daadginos axali precedenti.
Tumca, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikulad arasdros aRiarebs, rom adgili aqvs uwindeli
precedentis gauqmebas an Secvlas.
Alexander Baramidze
Precedent in Legal Systems of Common Law and European
Convention on Human Rights Summary
The purpose of this paper is to identify some common and distinguishing features of judicial precedent in
common law jurisdictions and the European Court of Human Rights. It is demonstrated that like in other international
courts (e.g. ICJ and ECJ) there is no `stare decisis~ doctrine in the ECtHR. Instead, the ECtHR adheres to the doctrine of
`persuasive precedence~, which is justified by a number of reasons, such as legal certainty, the orderly development of
the Convention case-law, foreseeability and equality before the law, etc. It is further demonstrated, that whenever the
ECtHR departs from its own case law, it does so for some `good reason~ which may differ from case to case.
61Ibid., §83 and §90. 62A. Mowbray, p. 22. 63Schmidt and Dahlström Sweden, Application no. 5589/72, Judgment of 6 February 1976. 64Demir and Baykara v. Turkey, Application no. 34503/97, Judgment of 12 November 2008. 65Ibid., §§147-152. 66Ibid., §153.
222
nino xunaSvili, samarTlis doqtori, profesori
keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare damatebiTi
valdebulebani saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi
samoqalaqo samarTalSi erT-erT ZiriTad problemad iTvleba saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebSi susti mxaris dacva. keTilsindsiierebis principi mxareTaTvis adgens qcevis
imperatiul wesebs. aseTi wesebis dadgena ar aris damokidebuli mxareTa nebaze. amgvari
wesebis dadgenas safuZvlad udevs xelSekrulebis socialuri koncefcia. am koncefciidan
gamomdinare, mxares ekisreba gansazRvruli wesiT qcevis valdebuleba susti mxaris
sasargeblod. amiT izrdeba mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis moculoba saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebSi, Tundac es ufleba-movalebebi maT SeTanxmebuli ar hqondeT. susti mxaris
dacva moiTxovs samoqalaqo samarTlis iseTi ZiriTadi principidan formalurad gadaxvevas,
rogoric aris mxareTa Tanasworoba (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1-li muxli).
faqtobrivad ki, susti mxarisaTvis damatebiTi uflebebis miniWebiT da Sesabamisad, misi
saxelSekrulebo kontrahentisaTvis damatebiTi valdebulebebis dakisrebiT, samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis monawileTa Tanasworobas
erTmaneTis mimarT.67 susti mxaris dacva aucilebelia, rameTu xelSekrulebis mxareebs
gaaCniaT valdebulebis Camoyalibebaze, misi Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofaze gavlenis moxdenis
sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba, materialuri mdgomareobis, profesiuli statusis, Tu sxva
garemoebis gamo. zogjer romelime mxares ar gaaCnia xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare
valdebulebis Sesrulebis mizniT kontrahentze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba. da
piriqiT, meore mxares, romelsac gaaCnia realuri SesaZlebloba, SeuZlia Tavisi nebis
Tavsmoxveva da karnaxi kontrahentisaTvis. magaliTad, komerciuli bankis da meanabre
fizikuri piris mdgomareobis Sedarebac ki ar SeiZleba sabanko anabris xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze maT Soris Camoyalibebul urTierTobebSi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi, Tu
samarTlebrivad ar mowesrigdeba Sesabamisi urTierToba, valdebulebis Zlieri mxare
srulad dauqvemdebarebs Tavis nebas sust mxares (Tavis nebas moaxvevs sust mxares). aseT
SemTxvevaSi saubaric ki ar SeiZleba iyos arc mxareTa Tanasworobaze, arc dispoziciurobis
principze samoqalaqo samarTalSi, arc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad,
samoqalaqo samarTlis amocana mdgomareobs samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa ̀ gaTanabrebaSi”
susti mxarisaTvis damatebiTi uflebebis miniWebis da misi kontrahentisaTvis damatebiTi
movaleobebis dakisrebis, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis, Zlieri
mxaris pasuxismgeblobis gamkacrebis gziT valdebulebaSi, valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
an arajerovnad SesrulebisaTvis da piriqiT, susti mxaris pasuxismgeblobis SezRudviT da
a. S.
1. TanamSromlobis valdebuleba
keTilsindisiereba gulisxmobs `samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa
valdebulebas, TavianTi uflebebis gamoyenebisas da TavianTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas,
izrunon qonebrivi brunvis sxva monawileTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvaze”.2
`Tanamedrove socialur saxelmwifoSi xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba unda Seicvalos
`saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobiT” (Vertragsgerechtigkeit, Justice contractuelle); susti mxare
Zlierad unda iqnes daculi, orive mxares unda daekisros erTmaneTis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebis valdebuleba. xelSekruleba Tanamedrove gagebiT, iuridiuli
67 М. И. Брагинский, В. В. Витрянский. Договорное право. Книга первая, общие положения, Москва, 2009, стр. 797. 2 А. А Чукреев. Добросовестность в системе принципов гражданского права. Журнал Российского права, 2002, #11, 12.
223
urTierTobaa, romelic mxareebs akisrebs kooperaciis, solidarobis da patiosnebis
valdebulebebs”.1
YTanamSromlobis valdebuleba gulisxmobs mxareTa valdebulebas, gaiTvaliswinon
ara marto Tavisi kerZo interesebi, aramed meore mxaris interesebic. mxareebi valdebuli
arian iseve izrunon meore mxaris interesebze, rogorc zrunaven sakuTar interesebze. magram
mxareebs keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare TanamSromlobis valdebuleba
ekisrebaT ara abstraqtulad, ganyenebulad, aramed mxareTa saerTo miznis misaRwevad,
romlis miRwevac maT surT xelSekrulebis dadebiT. `keTilsindisierebis principi
moiTxovs, rom erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi iyos ara marto calkeuli kerZo interesebi, aramed
agreTve kerZo interesi da mxareTa erTiani interesi.68
keTilsindisiereba icavs mxareTa samarTlian molodins da mxareTa Soris ayalibebs
urTierTndobaze damyarebul TanamSromlobas.69 TanamSromlobis anu urTierTdaxmarebis,
xelSewyobis valdebuleba4 imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeulma mxarem xelSekrulebis
srulad Sesrulebis mizniT meore mxares aRmouCinos iseTi daxmareba, rogori daxmarebis
gonivruli molodinic SeiZleba hqondes kontrahents meore mxaris mier Tavisi
valdebulebis Sesrulebis dros. is garemoeba, rom saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaSi
monawile mxareebs erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego interesebi gaaCniaT, ar iZleva TanamSromlobis
valdebulebis uaryofis safuZvels. `xelSekruleba martooden urTierTsawinaaRmdego
interesebis gadakveTas ki ar warmoadgens, igi. saerTo proeqtic aris, romelSic
TiToeulma mxarem unda iTanamSromlos“. orive mxarem yvelaferi unda iRonos, rom safrTxe
ar daemuqros xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis dadgomas da saerTo miznis
miRwevas. SeiZleba gamoikveTos sami ZiriTadi SemTxveva, roca samoqalaqo brunvis
monawileTa nebis avtonomia izRudeba TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofisa da saerTo miznis
misaRwevad. pirveli maTgani aris ieringis mier SemuSavebuli `culpa in contrahendo”- s idea,
romelic jer kidev xelSekrulebis formirebis da xelSekrulebis pirobebis mxareTa Soris
SeTanxmebis (Sejerebis) stadiaze iZleva mxareTa urTierTobebSi Carevis SesaZleblobas.
keTilsindisierebis principi, rogorc uflebis dacvis iuridiuli instrumenti,
winasaxelSekrulebo stadiaze mxareTagan moiTxovs molaparakebaTa warmoebisas didwilad
da ufro metad orientirebulni iyvnen molaparakebaTa saboloo saerTo Sedegze (es aris
xelSekrulebis dadeba), vidre sakuTar interesebze. am TvalsazrisiT, molaparakebis damwyeb
mxareTa saerTo mizani ufro mniSvnelovan miznad miiCneva, vidre TiToeuli mxaris
individualuri interesi.
nebis avtonomiiis SezRudvis meore SemTxvevas, romelic uzrunvelyofs
TanamSromlobas, warmoadgens inglisuri samarTlianobis samarTlis mier SemuSavebuli
`vaWrobaSi patiosnebis” (fairness of exchange) koncefcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTo
samarTalSi moqmedebs mkacri principi, romlis Tanaxmadac xelSekruleba namdvilia maSinac
ki, rodesac mxareTa ufleba- movaleobebi erTmaneTis mimarT ar aris erTmaneTis
ekvivalenturi (inadequacy of consideration), inglisur sasamarTlo praqtikasa da doqtrinaSi
sakmaod xSirad iyeneben iseT kategoriebs, rogoric aris `samarTliani fasi” (fair price) an
`samarTliani anazRaureba” (fair salary)1, romelTa Sinaarsic, saboloo jamSi, gulisxmobs imas,
rom mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi ekvivalenturi unda iyos. kontinenturi samarTlis
qveynebis umravlesoba aseve iyenebs am ideas. amis magaliTia Sveicariis valdebulebiTi
kanonis 21-e muxli.
1 Kötz H. Flessner A. European Contract Law, V.1: Formation, Validity and Content of Contracts Contract and Third Parties di Hein
Kötz, Tony Weir, - Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997, 12. 68 Новицкий И. Б. Принцип доброй совести в проекте обязательственного права. Вестник зражданского права, 1916, # 6, 65. 69 g. vaSakiZe. keTilsindisiereba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT-abstraqcia Tu moqmedi samarTali,_ Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 10 #1, 2007, gv. 18. 4 zogjer literaturaSi TanamSromlobis valdebulebis nacvlad iyeneben sityvas `Tanaqmedeba”, rac zustad ver gamoxatavs im valdebulebis arss, romelic gamomdinareobs keTilsindisierebis principidan da ufro metic, bundovania, magaliTad, ix.: n. CitaSvili. bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 143-216. 1 Atiyah P.S. The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract – Oxford, 1979.
224
dabolos, nebis avtonomiisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis mesame SemTxveva, romelic
uzrunvelyofs TanamSromlobas, aris `susti mxaris dacva”. susti mxaris dacvis saWiroeba
dgeba magaliTad, xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebSi. standartul pirobebSi, susti
mxaris damcavi normebis arss warmoadgens xelSekrulebis im pirobebis iZulebiT
gamoyenebisagan mxaris dacva, romelzec es mxare ar daTanxmdeboda, am pirobaTa
gansazRvraSi monawileobis miRebis SesaZlebloba rom hqonoda (saubaria arakeTilsindisier
pirobebze). magram susti mxaris dacva martooden standartuli pirobebis Semcveli
xelSekrulebisaTvis rodi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, jer kidev romis samarTalSi SemuSavda
da dRemde gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebis pirobaTa ganmartebis sakmaod efeqtiani meTodi
xelSekrulebis pirobebis SemTavazebeli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod (interpretatio contra stipulatorem).
urTierTdaxmarebis movaleoba ar niSnavs imas, rom mxare valdebulia, meore mxaris
interesebi Tavis interesebze maRla daayenos. saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi yvelaze xSirad
daxmarebis valdebulebasa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebaze saubari SeiZleba iyos
momsaxurebis gawevasTan dakavSirebul valdebulebiT urTierTobebSi. magaliTad,
rwmunebuli valdebulia, ganaxorcielos yvela RonisZieba, romelic aucilebelia
marwmuneblis uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. viTarebisda mixedviT, mzRvevelma unda
daicvas damzRvevis interesebi. gadazidvis xelSekrulebebSi, rodesac dazianda gadasazidi
nivTi, mxarem unda izrunos imaze, rom kontrahentma ar dakargos pretenziis ufleba. Tu
adgili aqvs moTxovnis daTmobas, Zveli kreditori valdebulia safrTxe ar Seuqmnas axali
kreditoris mier Tavisi moTxovnis ganxorcielebas. kerZod, mas ar aqvs ufleba miiRos
Sesruleba im movalisagan, romelmac araferi icoda moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb.
gamyidvels ar aqvs ufleba, safrTxe Seuqmnas xelSekrulebis mizans imiT, rom xelmeored
gayidos myidvelis mier safasur gadaxdili nasyidobis sagani, roca xelSekruleba
saTanado formis dacviT aris Sedgenili, Tundac myidvels jer ar hqondes
daregistrirebuli sakuTrebis ufleba. magram magaliTad, Tu aviRebT Tavdebobis
xelSekrulebas, kreditors ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Tavdebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis
valdebuleba. mxareTa interesebi da maSasadame, keTilsindisierebis principi, daculi unda
iqnes xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdegac. magaliTad, es aucilebelia frenSaizingul
urTierTobebSi da sxva. xelSekrulebis Semdgomi valdebulebebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba
warmoSobdnen Tmenis valdebulebebs. magaliTad, Tu myidvels surs nivTis marTlzomierad
ukan dabruneba, man unda izrunos nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (ssk-is 501-e muxli). SeiZleba
dasaxeldes xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdgomi sxva valdebulebebic. magaliTad,
sasaqonlo sawyobi valdebulia xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdegac miuTiTos safrTxeze,
rom dasawyobebuli saqoneli SesaZloa amortizebul iqnes, an daikargos. gamqiravebeli
valdebulia qiravnobis urTierTobis dasrulebis Semdeg izrunos damqiraveblis mier mis
farTSi Setanil qonebaze.
TanamSromlobis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa franguli midgoma.
Tavdapirvelad frangul doqtrinaSi aRiniSna, rom keTilsindisiereba mxareTa SeTanxmebis
ganmartebis saSualebaa, amasTan, mosamarTlem unda gaiTvaliswinos mxolod da mxolod
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi monawile mxareTa survili da neba. keTilsindisiereba
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis „sulia“. keTilsindisiereba yovelTvis unda mefobdes
SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis dros da mosamarTlis valdebulebaa SeTanxmebis ganmarteba da
sisruleSi moyvana mxareTa nebis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis miznis gaTvaliswinebiT.
keTilsindisierebis abstraqtuli idea asaxulia safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1156-e
muxlSi, sadac saubaria xelSekrulebis ganmartebaze. am muxlSi asaxuli debulebebi
uSualo kavSirSia 1134-e muxlis me-3 nawilTan.1
franguli doqtrinis Tavdapirveli midgoma, rom mosamarTle valdebulia
gadawyvetileba miiRos mxareTa nebis Sesabamisad, gaziarebuli iyo realur sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi. mosamarTleebi gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebisas Tavdapirvelad upiratesobas
sxva cnebebsa da principebs ufro aZlevdnen, vidre keTilsindisierebas. swored amis gamo
iyo, rom keTilsindisierebam „mkvdari koncefciis“ xasiaTi SeiZina. sasamarTlo
1 Beudant C, Cours de droit civil français. 1936. Tome VIII, Paris, 222.
225
gadawyvetilebebSi iSviaTad SeiZleba SevxvedrodiT miTiTebas 1134-e muxlis me-3 nawilze,2
Kmagram SemdgomSi keTilsindisierebis kategoriis negatiurad Sefaseba TandaTan Seicvala,
razec gavlena moaxdina XX saukuneSi safrangeTSi solidarizmis moZRvrebis ganviTarebam,
romlis Sesabamisadac saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi nebis avtonomia ar warmoadgens
gabatonebul ideas.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa mimarT solidarizmis koncefcia ZiriTadad demogma
ganaviTara. misi TqmiT, nebis avtonomia, anu mxareTa nebis gaTvaliswineba, aRar warmoadgens
gabatonebul ideas da xelSekrulebis arsebiT safuZvels.3 neba unda daemorCilos
(daeqvemdebaros) umaRles socialur moTxovnebs, socialuri solidarobis moTxovnebs.
demogma yuradReba miaqcia safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1134-e muxlis me-3
nawilis mniSvnelobas saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa mimarT. keTilsindisierebas igi
aniWebda iuridiul Zalas. misi TqmiT, xelSekrulebis mxareebi qmnian „mikrokosmosis
msgavss“. masSi demogi gulisxmobda patara, momcro sazogadoebas, romelSic TiToeuli
unda moqmedebdes saerTo miznebidan gamomdinare (saerTo miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT). saerTo
mizani TiToeulis mier ganxorcielebuli individualuri miznebis erTobliobaa.4 demogis
azriT, kreditors ramdenime valdebuleba akisria, kerZod: „man Tavisi qceviT ar unda
daamZimos movalis mdgomareoba, aramed man xeli unda Seuwyos valdebulebis Sesrulebas“.5
garda amisa, kontrahentebs (anu orive mxares erTdroulad) ekisreba erTmaneTis
gafrTxilebis valdebuleba saxelSekrulebo procesis mimdinareobisas garemoebaTa
Secvlis SemTxvevaSi da am sakiTxiT orive mxare unda iyos dainteresebuli. demogis azriT,
yovelive es dakavSirebulia kreditorsa da movales Soris solidarobis ideasTan da
gamomdinareobs 1134-e muxlis me-3 nawilidan.6
am ideebis miuxedavad, XX saukunis mxolod samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisidan iCens
interess franguli doqtrina da sasamarTlo praqtika keTilsindisierebis principisadmi.
gamoiTqva azri, rom keTilsindisiereba ukve aRar aris „mkvdari koncefcia“.1
Tanamedrove periodSi keTilsindisiereba ukavSirdeba swored saxelSekrulebo
solidarizms. „Tanamedrove periodSi SeiniSneba solidarobis ... tendencia, romelic
moiTxovs sxvaze (e.i. xelSekrulebis monawilis) da sxvis interesebze
zrunvas“.2keTilsindisiereba aris keTili neba, erTguleba, kontrahentze zrunva, yovelive
es niSnavs kontrahentTan TanamSromlobas da misi interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. e.i.
keTilsindisiereba moiTxovs saxelSekrulebo TanamSromlobas da kontrahentebis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. frangul doqtrinaSi Camoyalibda midgoma, rom
keTilsindisiereba mxareebisgan moiTxovs erTdroulad erTgul qcevasa da
TanamSromlobas.
xelSekrulebis TiToeul mxares ekisreba gansazRvruli valdebuleba meore mxaris
mimarT. kerZod, mxare valdebulia ise moiqces, rom ziani ar miayenos meore mxares.
magaliTad, erTguleba ukrZalavs mxares isargeblos kontrahentis sisustiT. marTlac,
araTanasworuflebian urTierTobaSi arsebobs kontrahentisaTvis im saxelSekrulebo
pirobebis Tavsmoxvevis SesaZlebloba, romlebic mxares aZlevs saSualebas gamdidrdes
Tavisi partnioris xarjze. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxare sargeblobs kontrahentis
sisustiT da cdilobs kontrahentis sisustis wyalobiT miiRos sargebeli (upiratesoba),
is miiCneva erTgulebis movaleobis damrRvev mxared.
frangul samarTalSi keTilsindisiereba gamoixateba ara marto erTgulebaSi, aramed
TanamSromlobaSic. TanamSromloba niSnavs, rom TiToul mxares ekisreba kontrahentis
interesebis gaTvaliswineba mTeli saxelSekrulebo procesis ganmavlobaSi.
2 Cousy H. Droit des contrats: France, Suisse, Belgique, Brussels. 3 Demogue R., Traité des obligations en general. T.1. Paris 1923,1. 4 Demogue R. Traité des obligations en general. T.6, Paris 1923, 9. 5 Demogue R. Traité des obligations en general. T.6, Paris 1923, 17. 6 Demogue R. Traité des obligations en general. T.6, Paris 1923, 17-18. 1 Sonnenberger H.J. Treu und Glauben – ein supranationaler Grundsatz? in : Festschrift Odersky. Berlin, 1996, 706. 2 Sériaux A., Droit des obligations, Paris, 1998, 229.
226
amrigad, frangul samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis principi safuZvelad udevs
mxareTa iseT valdebulebebs, rogoric aris TanamSromloba da erTguleba, erTmaneTis
interesebis dacva.
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi asaxul sakanonmdeblo debulebasTan SedarebiT
keTilsindisierebis gamoyenebis sfero praqtikaSi gafarTovda. keTilsindisierebis
principis safuZvelze xdeba mxareTaTvis gansazRvruli valdebulebebis dadgena
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi. TanamSromlobis valdebuleba vrceldeba orive mxareze -
kreditorzec da movalezec. garda amisa, movale unda gascdes erTgulad da zustad
Sesrulebis farglebs. movalem imgvarad unda imoqmedos, rom kreditors maqsimaluri
sargebeli moutanos, xolo kreditorma, Tavis mxriv, xeli unda Seuwyos movales
valdebulebis SesrulebaSi, amasTan, unda aRmouCinos SeZlebisdagvari daxmareba. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi orive mxare dainteresebulia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis arsebobiT da
monawileoben am urTierTobebSi.
germanul samarTalSi ki keTilsindisierebaze msjelobisas xazi esmeba ndobasa da
mxareTa mzadyofnas loialuri TanamSromlobisaTvis“.3 larencis azriT, `mosamarTlem
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi unda daakonkretos, romeli qmedeba Seesabameba keTilsindisierebis
princips“.70 amdenad, larenci ar iziarebs Teziss, rom keTilsindisiereba aris zedmeti,
`carieli formula“. mosamarTlem keTilsindisierebis principi sakuTari iniciativiT unda
gamoiyenos, Tu mxareTa mier warmodgenili faqtobrivi masala adasturebs
keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevas71 (Tu faqtobrivi masalidan ikveTeba
keTilsindisierebis principis darRveva). keTilsindisierebis principi samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis yvela monawiles avaldebulebs, ise moiqces, rogorc es Seesabameba am
konkretuli urTierTobis Sinaarssa da mizans da aseve zogadad, sxva pirTa mimarT patiosan
damokidebulebas. keTilsindisierad qcevis (moqmedebis) moTxovna, garemoebebisda mixedviT,
ama Tu im konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos movalisadmi an kreditorisadmi.1
rogorc frangul, ise germanul samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis moTxovna
gamoiyeneba ar marto movalis, aramed kreditoris mimarTac. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas,
rogorc movalem, ise kreditormac TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebisas unda daicvan
keTilsindisierebis principi. es niSnavs, rom mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli ara
mxolod sakuTari interesebi, aramed mxarem yuradReba unda gamoiCinos meore mxaris
mimarTac. keTilsindisierebis principi daculi unda iqnes saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis yvela stadiaze. germaniasa da safrangeTSi gansazRvruli Sinaarsia Cadebuli
keTilsindisierebis principSi da am principis safuZvelze gamokveTilia da dadgenilia
gansazRvruli valdebulebebi mxareTaTvis. amasTan, msgavsebis miuxedavad, arsebobs
gansxvavebuli midgomebic keTilsindisierebis principis mniSvnelobis sakiTxSi. frangul
samarTalSi Camoyalibda „minimalisturi” midgoma keTilsindisierebis principis Sinaarsisa
da gamoyenebis sakiTxisadmi.
amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom keTilsindisierebis principis arseboba da misi
gamoyenebis sakiTxisadmi saerTo midgomis Camoyalibeba, arasdros ar iyo ise aucilebeli
safrangeTSi, rogorc germaniaSi. germanul marTlwesrigSi arsebulma ekonomikurma ryevebma
moiTxova samarTalSi arsebuli xarvezebis Tavidan acileba, aRmofxvra, sazogadoebaSi
socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi TanamSromlobis, solidarobis sakiTxisadmi
frangul samarTalSi arsebuli midgoma germanul samarTalSic aisaxa. aueris mixedviT2
germanul TeoriaSi gamoiTqmeba azri, rom xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis liberalur
ideals arasdros ar iTvaliswinebdnen. misi Canacvleba xdeba socialuri principebiT (erT-
erTi aseTi principia keTilsindisiereba). amJamad arsebobs „saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi
3 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987, 128. 70 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987, 127. 71 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987, 143. 1 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987,130 2 Auer M., Materialisierung, Flexibilisierung, Richterfreiheit: Generalklauseln im Spiegel der Antinomien des Privatrechtsdenkens.
Tübingen 2005, Auer M., Good Faith: A Semiotic Approach. European Review of Private Law. 2., 2002,279-301.
227
urTierTobebis mimarT „liberalur” da „socialur” midgomebTan dakavSirebuli ori
sapirisipiro ideali – individualizmi da altruizmi. altruizmis (solidarobis)
Sesabamisad, saxelSekrulebo samarTalma unda aRiaros keTilsindisiereba fundamentur
principebs Soris, rameTu keTilsindisiereba garantirebuls xdis xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinare uflebebisa da movaleobebis dacvas.
individualizmis Sesabamisad ki keTilsindisierebis principisTvis farTo
mniSvnelobis miniWeba saxelSekrulebo samarTlis fundamenturi principebis sawinaaRmdego
iqneboda, radgan mxareebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad imoqmedon TavianTi uflebebisa da
movaleobebis farglebSi, romlebic maT TviTon daadgines.
keTilsindisierebis princips didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawile erTi mxare ufro xelsayrel pozicias ikavebs meore
mxaresTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iyos SromiTi urTierTobebi, momxmareblebTan
arsebuli urTierTobebi, iseTi xelSekrulebebis dadeba, romelTaTvisac
gaTvaliswinebulia standartuli forma da sxva. keTilsindisierebis principidan
gamomdinare TanamSromlobis valdebuleba swored mocemul SemTxvevaSia yvelaze ufro
aucilebeli. am SemTxvevaSi keTilsindisiereba saxelSekrulebo samarTals kidev ufro
efeqtiansa da moqnils xdis, radgan moiTxovs mxareTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebas, iZleva
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis adaptirebis
SesaZleblobas.
keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawile piri
(subieqti) valdebulia Tavisi uflebebis gamoyenebis, kanonieri interesebis
ganxorcielebis, Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dros gamoiCinos saTanado
mzrunveloba, raTa daicvas samoqalaqo brunvis meore monawilis uflebebi da kanonieri
interesebi. `mzrunveloba” gamoixateba piris qmedebaSi. Tavisi qmedebebiT piri (subieqti)
unda cdilobdes ganWvritos da Tavidan aicilos sxva pirTa uflebebisa da kanonieri
interesebis SesaZlo darRveva, rac SeiZleba mohyves Tavis saqmianobas. amdenad,
keTilsindisierebis principis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs piris valdebulebas gamoiCinos
mzrunveloba da gaiTvaliswinos sxva pirTa uflebebi da interesebi. prioritetuli unda
iyos ara valdebulebis erTi romelime mxaris interesebi, aramed gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iqnes orive mxaris interesebi.
sxva pirTa uflebebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswineba ar niSnavs imas, rom pirma Tavisi
interesebi dauqvemdebaros kontrahentis interesebs. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis subieqtma ar unda imoqmedos martooden Tavisi saxelSekrulebo kontrahentis
interesebis Sesabamisad, magram Tavisi interesebi unda Seusabamos meore subieqtis
interesebs (xelSekrulebis kontrahentebis interesebi Tanazomieri unda iyos), unda
cdilobdes ar Selaxos kontrahentis uflebebi, ar unda SeuSalos xeli kontrahents
valdebulebis SesrulebaSi. rodesac subieqti keTilsindisierad axorcielebs Tavis
uflebebs da amgvaradve asrulebs Tavis valdebulebebs, keTilsindisierad moqmed nebismier
subieqts ufleba aqvs Tavisi kontrahentisgan aseTive keTilsindisieri moqmedebis molodini
hqondes.
amrigad, keTilsindisierebis principis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs subieqtis
valdebulebas, uflebebisa da movaleobebis SeZenisa da ganxorcileebis dros, gamoiCinos
saTanado mzrunveloba samoqalaqo brunvis meore monawilis uflebebisa da interesebis
dasacavad. aseT SemTxvevaSi keTilsindisierebis principi, pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyeneba
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi mxareebma
unda gaiTvaliswinon erTmaneTis interesebi. keTilsindisierad moqmedeba niSnavs, rom piri
pativs unda scemdes ara mxolod Tavis interesebs, aramed Tavisi kontrahentis interesebsac.
Tavis mxriv, interesebis urTierTpativiscema gulisxmobs, rom ar unda iqnes Selaxuli
arcerTi mxaris interesebi, e.i. mxareTa interesebs Soris unda damyardes balansi
(wonasworoba).
keTilsindisierebis principi mxareTagan TanamSromlobas moiTxovs imisaTvis, rom
Seiqmnas xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebis winapirobebi, moxdes valdebulebis Sesrulebis
damabrkolebeli garemoebebis prevencia da meore mxares mieces Tavisi valdebulebis
228
Zaldautaneblad Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. TanamSromlobis valdebuleba maSin arsebobs,
roca xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis safrTxe orive mxaris riskis sferoSi eqceva, an Tu
erT-erTi mxare Tavisi valdebulebis Sesrulebisas damokidebulia meore mxareze,
kontrahentze da swored kontrahents evaleba da ZaluZs kidec daxmarebis gaweva ara
sakuTari interesebis xarjze. aseT dros TanamSromlobis valdebulebas ganapirobebs
valdebulebis Semsrulebeli mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswineba, magram TanamSromlobis
valdebuleba mTavrdeba iq, sadac saubari iwyeba meore mxaris eqskluziur interesebsa Tu
riskebze. qarTul sinamdvileSi TanamSromlobis valdebulebas sxva yvelaferTan erTad
praqtikuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes iseTi xelSekrulebebis dadebis SemTxvevaSic,
romlebsac namdvilobisaTvis saxelmwifo organos Tanxmoba (nebarTva) esaWiroeba. Tu
valdebulebiTi garigeba saWiroebs nebarTvas, rogorc namdvilobis winapirobas da
nebarTva ar yofila gacemuli, aseTi xelSekruleba kanoniT baTilia (ssk-is 59-e muxlis
pirveli nawili). aseT dros mxareebs gaaCniaT erTmaneTis mimarT erTgulebis valdebuleba,
romlis safuZvelzec TiToeuli mxare valdebulia mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT
yvelaferi iRonos, rom miiRos nebarTva da amiT namdviloba mianiWos xelSekrulebas.
TiToeuli mxare aseve valdebulia Tavi Seikavos yovelive imis ganxorcielebisagan, ramac
SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos an SeuZlebeli gaxados nebarTvis miReba. ase magaliTad, maT
oficialuri organos winaSe unda daadasturon xelSekrulebis dadeba an gascen nebarTvis
procedurisaTvis aucilebeli axsna-ganmartebebi, raTa uwyebas sakmarisi faqtobrivi
safuZveli gauCndes nebarTvis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. garda amisa, mxareebs ar aqvT
ufleba, xeli SeuSalon nebarTvis gacemis proceduris ganxorcielebas. xelSekrulebis
baTilobis miuxedavad, baTilobis periodSi, nebarTvis miRebamde, mxareebma unda
daadasturon, rom nebarTvis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ZaluZT Sesrulebis ganxorcieleba.
TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi ispoba, Tu saxelmwifo organos pasuxi
sabolooa da administraciul-samarTlebrivad veRar gasaCivrdeba. TanamSromlobis
valdebulebis kreditorisaTvis dakisreba ar unda iyos miuRebeli, rameTu xelSekrulebis
Seusruleblobis riski da uaryofiTi Sedegebi swored masze modis. Sesabamisad, igi
yovelTvis mzad unda iyos daexmaros movales valdebulebis SesrulebaSi.
sasamarTlo ereva saxelSekrulebo urTierToebebSi mxareTa Soris TanamSromlobis
uzrunvelsayofad. ucxouri praqtikis analizi mizanSewonilia imdenad, ramdenadac igi
qarTul sinamdvileSic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeze moijarem
gaaremonta ijariT aRebuli farTi. moijaris mier remontisaTvis daxarjuli Tanxa
arsebiTad aRemateboda im miznisaTvis aucilebel Tanxas, risTvisac gankuTvnili iyo farTi.
Tumca, moijarem, imiT isargebla, rom xelSekrulebiT ar iyo dadgenili konkretuli Tanxa,
romlis farglebSic eqneboda mas remontis Catarebis ufleba. amis gamo, moijarem
meijarisagan moiTxova danaxarjis srulad anazRaureba. sasamarTlom ar gaiziara moijaris
pozicia da miuTiTa: marTalia mxareebma urTierTSoris ar SeaTanxmes, ra moculobiT da
ra Rirebulebis farglebSi hqonda moijares qonebis gaumjobesebis ufleba, magram amasTan,
ijaris xelSekrulebaSi gaiTvaliswines ... qonebis gaumjobesebis mizani – es aris farTis
remonti, gadagegmareba da mowyoba, Tavisufali drois centris mosawyobad. amitom,
gaumjobesebisaTvis asanazRaurebeli Tanxis moculobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad,
sasamarTlos azriT, saWiroa dadgindes, daculi iyo Tu ara keTilsindisierebis moTxovna
farTis mowyobis dros: ramdenad aucilebeli iyo Sesrulebuli saremonto samuSaoebi
(gaumjobeseba) centris mosawyobad. amgvari gaumjobesebisaTvis ra minimaluri xarji iyo
sakmarisi1. mocemul magaliTSi kanoni (rf-s ssk-is 623-e muxlis me-2 punqti; saqarTvelos
ssk-is 598-e da 599-e muxlebi) moijaris mxarezea, magram sasamarTlom ar gaiziara misi
pozicia.
sxva magaliTi: igi exeba defoltTan dakavSirebul saqmes. kompanias gaaCnda vali bankis
mimarT savaluto kreditis saxiT. Tavdapirvelad, kompania daTanxmda kreditis maneTebSi
konvertirebas, Semdeg ki xeli moawera bankTan SeTanxmebas konvertaciiT gamowveuli zianis
1 Постановление федерального арбитражного суда Московского округа от 30.07.2003 по делу #КГ-А40/5041-03 -
Справочно-информационная система `Консультант Плюс”.
229
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. xelmoweris Semdeg kompaniam moiTxova am SeTanxmebis baTilad cnoba.
sasamarTloebma daakmayofiles mosarCelis moTxovna. zemdgomma instanciam ki gaauqma am
saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba da miuTiTa: `davis gadawyvetis dros arcerT sasamarTlo
instancias ar daudgenia, Tu ra garemoebebma aiZules mxareebi jer moexdinaT sakredito
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valis restruqturizacia, xolo Semdgom daedoT
restruqturizaciiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba. sasamarTloebma
arc gamoikvlies, risken iyo mimarTuli mxareTa neba aRniSnuli garigebis dadebisas da
keTilsindiserad moqmedebdnen Tu ara isini. saqmis xelaxla ganxilvisas sasamarTlom unda
gamoikvlios mxareTa neba SeTanxmebis sagnis mimarT, aseve is, keTilsindisierad
moqmedebdnen Tu ara isini da am sakiTxebis gamokvlevis Sedegebis Sesabamisad Seafasos
xelSekrulebaTa iuridiuli Zala. imis dasadgenad, keTilsindisierad moqmedebda Tu ara
banki kompaniis mimarT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor aformebda banki savaluto
kreditis Taobaze samarTlebriv urTierTobebs sxva msesxeblebTan: uwevda Tu ara
msesxeblebs SeRavaTs, moiTxovda Tu ara SeRavaTebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebas.1
cxadia, konkretul msesxebelsa da banks Soris arsebuli urTierTobis gamokvlevisaTvis
araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs bankis urTierTobas da damokidebulebas sxva msesxeblebTan,
radgan es sakiTxi mxareTa nebis avtonomiis sferos ganekuTvneba. magram sasamarTlom es ase
ar miiCnia.
2. informirebisa da usafrTxoebis valdebuleba
2.1 informirebis valdebuleba
keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb daTqmis meSveobiT kontrahentebs Soris martooden
TanamSromlobis problemis gadawyveta rodi xdeba. keTilsindisierebis principi gamoiyeneba
agreTve imisaTvis, rom gamoiricxos disproporcia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi
informirebis sakiTxSi. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo brunvaSi xelSekrulebis mxareTa
informirebulobis sakiTxSi disproporcia masiuri movlena gaxda, rasac ganapirobebs
standartuli pirobebis amsaxveli xelSekrulebebis farTod gavrceleba. standarul
pirobebs marto imitom rodi Tanxmdeba kontrahenti, rom ar gaaCnia amgvar pirobaTa Secvlis
SesaZlebloba. xelSekrulebis pirobebSi gasarkvevad kontrahents sWirdeba advokatis
daxmareba, amisaTvis Sesabamisi xarjis gaweva, molaparakebaTa warmoeba pirobaTa Secvlis
Sesaxeb. amis SesaZlebloba ki arc drois da arc materialuri TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ar
aris, ris gamoc mxare moklebulia informacias. amdenad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxaris
sisuste vlindeba ara imaSi, rom mas ar aqvs xelSekrulebis pirobebis Camoyalibebaze
gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba, aramed imaSi, rom mas ar aqvs sakmarisi informacia.
garda amisa, farTod ganviTarda safinanso momsaxurebis bazari. safinanso
momsaxurebis gaweva martooden profesionals SeuZlia. aseTia bankebi, sadazRvevo
kompaniebi, sainvesticio kompaniebi da sxva. am kompaniaTa klientebi drois mcire monakveTSi
iseTive kargad informirebuli ver iqnebian SesaZlo riskebis Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba
ganicadon da romlebsac SeiZleba moelodebodnen xelSekrulebis dadebiT, rogorc Tavad
kompaniebi. samarTlis winaSe dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ra wesiT, ra iuridiuli saSualebebiT
moxdes mxareTa informirebulobis sakiTxSi warmoqmnili asimetriis kompensireba.
informirebis (anu Setyobinebis) valdebuleba damokidebulia xelSekrulebis
saganze, mxareTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobis xasiaTze2. `Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT
informaciis gacemis valdebuleba SeiZleba damatebiTi valdebulebebis kategorias
mivakuTvnoT. radgan informaciis xasiaTi damokidebulia valdebulebis Sinaarsze,
valdebulebis saganze, winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra informacia SeiZleba moiTxovos
kontrahentma, kanoniT SeuZlebelia“.3
1 Постановление Президиума ВАс РФ #848/02 от 09.07.2002 Вестник ВАС РФ 2002, #11. 2 Brox H. Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 21. Auflage, C.H. Beck, München,1993, 72 ff. 3 Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, gamomc, `samarTali’’, Tb., 2001, 52-53.
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SedarebiTi analizis kuTxiT sainteresoa inglisuri samarTlis midgoma
informirebis valdebulebisadmi. inglisSi dazRvevis xelSekrulebaTa mimarT gamoiyeneba
e.w. umaRlesi keTilsindisierebis principi, rac igive keTilsindisierebis principia.
mocemuli principi gamoyenebuli iqna saqmeSi Carter v Boehm (1766). mocemuli saqmis safuZvelze
TandaTan Camoyalibda wesi, rom mxareebs ekisrebaT informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba
xelSekrulebis dadebis dros. zemoTaRniSnul saqmeSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqna damzRvevis
valdebuleba gaamJRavnos misTvis cnobili yvela arsebiTi faqti. saqmeSi Mayne v. Walter (1787)
miTiTebuli iqna, rom faqtebis martooden ganzrax dafarvis (damalvis) SemTxvevaSi miiCneva
baTilad sadazRvevo polisi. saqmeSi Friere v. Woodhouse (1817) aRiniSna, rom im SemTxvevaSi,
roca sadazRvevo kompanias SeuZlia axali informaciis miReba xelSekrulebis moqmedebis
dros, man unda acnobos amis Sesaxeb dazRveuls, radgan unda gamoiCinos saTanado
mzrunveloba. saqmeze Lindenau v. Desborough (1828) dadginda, rom yvela saxis dazRvevis mimarT,
damzRvevma mzRvevels unda miawodos yvela informacia (misTvis cnobili an savarudo
informacia)1.
Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Sedegad umaRlesi keTilsindsierebis
principi aisaxa sazRvao dazRvevis Sesaxeb 1906 wlis kanonSi.2 umaRlesi keTilsindisierebis
principis safuZvelze dadginda mxareTa valdebuleba, daicvan es principi sazRvao
dazRvevis xelSekrulebis dadebisa da Sesrulebis dros. mocemuli kanonis debulebebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom es principi unda daicvas rogorc damzRvevma, ise mzRvevelma (me-17-20-
e muxlebi).
rac Seexeba qarTul doqtrinas, ssk-is 808-e muxlis ganmartebisas miTiTebulia, rom
qarTveli kanonmdeblis mier gaziarebul iqna ucxoeTis qveynebis praqtika da damzRvevs
daakisra informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom mzRvevels ar
akisria damzRvevisagan miRebuli informaciis Semowmebis valdebuleba. am SemTxvevaSi
moqmedebs e.w. mxareTa udidesi ndobis pirobis principi - uberimmae fidei. mocemuli principis
darRvevis, e.i. damzRvevis mier mzRvevelisaTvis araswori informaciis miwodebis
SemTxvevaSi mzRveveli uflebamosili xdeba uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.3 literaturaSi
xazgasmulia aseve, rom dazRveva efuZneba mxareTa urTierTndobasa da keTilsindisierebas
da rom damzRvevis mier miwodebuli informacia gansazRvravs dazRvevis xelSekrulebis
ZiriTad pirobebs da aseTi xelSekrulebis dadebis bedsac.4 `yvela saxis saqmiani
urTierToba unda eyrdnobodes umaRlesi keTilsindiserebis princips, anu mxareTa Soris
ar unda arsebobdes tyuili an tyuilis ganzraxva. sadazRvevo urTierTobebi efuZneba
mxareTa urTierTndobas da konfidencialobis moTxovnebs. umaRlesi keTilsindisierebis
principi niSnavs mxareTa valdebulebas, Seatyobinos meore mxares yvela mniSvnelovani
monacemi, romelic moaxdenda gavlenas meore mxaris gadawyvetilebaze, daedo Tu ara
xelSekruleba.5
dazRvevaSi keTilsindisierebis principi niSnavs: 1) damzRvevis valdebulebas,
Seatyobinos sadazRvevo organizacias yvela mniSvnelovani faqti, anu yvela saxis
informacia, romelic imoqmedebda frTxili mzRvevelis gadawyvetilebaze, mieRo Tu ara
dasazRvevad mocemuli riski da Tu miiRebda – ra pirobebiT, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara
es informacia moTxovnili; 2) sadazRvevo organizaciis valdebulebas, gaamJRavnos mis
xelT arsebuli nebismieri mniSvnelovani informacia, romelic ucnobia damzRvevisaTvis da
romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos sadazRvevo urTierTobebze. keTilsindisierebis
principis dacva umniSvnelovanesia srulfasovani sadazRvevo urTierTobebisaTvis.
damzRvevi sadazRvevo organizacias warudgens monacemebs, romlis detalurad gadamowmebis
1 Achampong F., Uberrima Fides in English and American Insurance Law. A Comparative Analysis. The International and
Comparative Law Quarterly. Vol. 36., №2, 1987,329-347. 2 http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/england.marine.insurance.act.1906/doc.html. 3 l. gvaramia. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis xelSekruleba, iuridiuli mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis avtoreferati. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 28. 4 m. ciskaZe. nebayoflobiTi dazRvevis samarTlebrivi regulireba. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 28. 5 g. gigolaSvili. sadazRvevo saqme. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 51.
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saSualeba sadazRvevo organizacias ar aqvs da igi sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis dadebaze
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas endoba damzRvevs, romelic pasuxismgebelia riskis Sesaxeb
sruli da namdvili informaciis wardgenaze. keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo organizacias SesaZloa mouwios usafuZvlo zianis ganacxadis
dakmayofileba. Tumca, zianis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo organizacia awarmoebs
SemTxvevis yvela garemoebis gamokvlevas, amowmebs damzRvevis mier wardgenili monacemebis
sisrules da sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobas da damzRvevis mier mniSvnelovani faqtebis
dafarva (Tu aman gavlena moaxdina zianis dadgomaze, zianis sidideze), SesaZlebelia gaxdes
sadazRvevo anazRaurebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli. keTilsindisierebis principi vrceldeba
zianis dadgomis SemTxvevazec – damzRvevma aucileblad unda Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb
sadazRvevo organizacias da miawodos zianis dadgomasTan da zianis sididesTan
dakavSirebuli yvela arsebiTi faqti. aseve sadazRvevo organizaciam ar unda daumalos
damzRvevs am ukanasknelisaTvis ucnobi monacemebi, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos
sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gacemaze, vadebze, sidideze.1 amrigad, rogorc qarTul ise
inglisis samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinareobs mxareTa
valdebuleba, gaamJRavnon informacia (informirebis valdebuleba), magram amgvari
valdebuleba inglisSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna mxolod dazRvevis xelSekrulebis mimarT.
sxva saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mimarT arsebobs midgoma, romlis
Tanaxmadac, xelSekrulebis TiToeuli mxare xelSekrulebis dadebis Taobaze
molaparakebebs awarmoebs sakuTari riskiT, radgan valdebulebiTi urTierToba arsebulad
miiCneva, rogorc ki igi miiRebs gansazRvrul formas. mxareebs ar ekisrebaT erTmaneTis
mimarT yuradRebis gamoCenis valdebuleba. mecnierTa azriT, amgvari midgoma asaxavs Ria
vaWrobis moTxovnilebebsa da realobas2.
magaliTad, saqmeSi Walford v. Miles (1992) uaryofili iqna idea, rom xelSekrulebis
dadebis Taobaze molaparakebis warmoebis dros mxareebi unda moiqcnen keTilsindisierebis
moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. lordma ankerma aRniSna, rom keTilsindisierebis dacvis
valdebuleba Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba molaparakebebSi monawile mxareTa erTmaneTTan
metoqeobas da praqtikaSi igi ganuxorcielebelia3.
amrigad, inglisur samarTalSi moqmedebs zogadi wesi, romlis Sesabamisad mxares
ar ekisreba meore mxarisaTvis informaciis gamJRavnebis zogadi valdebuleba, rac principis
caveat emptor (dae, myidveli iyos windaxeduli) gavlenis Sedegia, e.i. TiToeuli mxaris
valdebulebaa sakuTar interesebze zrunva da gadawyvetilebis miReba, dados Tu ara
gansazRvruli SeTanxmeba4. magram amgvari midgoma, romelic xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
principis gamoxatulebaa da romelic, rogorc aRiniSneba, mniSvnelovania saqmian
urTierTobebSi, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes magaliTad momxmareblebTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis mimarT.
iSviaT SemTxvevaSia mxare valdebuli, gaumJRavnos meore mxares arsebiTi informacia.
kontrahents SeuZlia dafaros gansazRvruli faqtebi imis miuxedavad, rom es faqtebi
SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos meore mxarisaTvis.5
informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba arsebobs im SemTxvevaSi, roca
xelSekrulebis mxarem meore mxares acnoba gansazRvruli monacemebi, xolo Semdgom „dums”,
amiT ki saSualebas aZlevs meore mxares Seiqmnas araswori, mcdari warmodgena
(STabeWdileba). garda amisa, dadginda, rom „calkeulma frazam an Tavis daqnevam an TvaliT
niSnebam, Tvalis Cakvram an Rimilma” SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos meore mxare (saubaria
mcdar informaciaze, informaciis damaxinjebaze) da SecdomaSi piris Seyvana daedos
safuZvlad sasamarTloSi aRZrul mis moTxovnas meore mxaris mimarT. magaliTad, saqmeSi
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co Ltd (1951) qimwmendis mosamsaxurem mosarCeles gadasca
1 g. gigolaSvili. sadazRvevo saqme. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 52. 2 Ben-Dror Y., The Perennial Ambiguity of Culpa in Contrahendo. The American Journal of Legal History. Vol. 27. №2. 1983, 193. 3 Waddams S. M., Cases and Materials on Contracts. Toronto. 2005, 233-234. 4 Micklitz Hans-W., The Politics of Judicial Co-operation in the EU: Sunday Trading, Equal Treatment and Good Faith. Cambridge.,
2005,299-300. 5 Oughton D., Davis M. Sourcebook on Contract Law. London., 2000, 163.
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beWdiani qviTari. mosarCelem hkiTxa, ras niSnavda es. mosamsaxurem informacia mxolod
nawilobriv gaumJRavna da acnoba, rom saubaria im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gulisxmoben
qimwmendis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas tansacmlis mZivis marcvlebis da kilitebis,
bzianebis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca swor informacias warmoadgenda is, rom qimwmendas
ar ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba tansacmlis nebismieri saxiT dazianebisaTvis. sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaSi mieTiTa is, rom radgan swori informaciis mxolod nawilis gamJRavneba
moxda, mosarCeles hqonda miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxvnis ufleba.1
TandaTan sasamarTlo praqtikam SeimuSava xelSekrulebis susti mxaris dacvis
wesebi:
pirveli wesi dakavSirebulia xelSekrulebis dadebasTan. xelSekrulebis pirobebi
unda ikisros orive mxarem, amitom es pirobebi cnobili unda iyos orive mxarisaTvis, e.i.
Tu mxares xelSekrulebaSi Seaqvs uCveulo piroba, amis Sesaxeb cnobili unda iyos
kontrahentisaTvis. magaliTad, saqmeSi Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking (1971) dadginda, rom parkingis
momsaxurebiT sargeblobis msurvel adamians, SeuZlia ivaraudos parkingis momsaxurebis
xelSekrulebaSi im pirobebis arseboba, romlebic gamoricxaven am momsaxurebis gamwevi
organzaciis pasuxismgeblobas satransporto saSualebis dakargvis an dazianebisaTvis.
xolo xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebze, maT Soris im pirobebze, romlebic gamoricxaven
aseTi organizaciis pasuxismgeblobas klientis janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebisaTvis,
specialurad unda gamaxvildes yuradReba2.
momsaxurebis gamwevi mxare valdebulia momxmareblis yuradReba gaamaxvilos
(miaqcios) kontraqtis im pirobebze, romlebic amZimeben momxmareblis mdgomareobas. amgvari
pirobebi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnen pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb daTqmad da
moiTxoven (saWiroeben) calke yuradRebis miqcevas. sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, rac
ufro metad uCveulo da specifikur pirobas warmoadgens kontraqtis esa Tu is debuleba,
miT ufro metad aris aucilebeli masze momxmareblis yuradRebis gamaxvileba3.
frangul samarTalSi ganviTarda keTilsindisierebasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli
valdebuleba. kerZod, es aris obligations d’information (informirebis anu informaciis
gamJRavnebis valdebuleba). informirebis valdebulebis dacva metwilad aucilebelia
saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis winasaxelSekrulebo stadiaze. jer kidev
1962 wels literaturaSi aRiniSneboda, rom informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba ar
SeiZleba arsebobdes frangul samarTalSi, radgan cxadia, es valdebuleba ar Seesabameba
Tanamedrove zne-Cveulebebs.4 garda amisa, erT-erT naSromSi, romelSic informaciis
gamJRavnebis valdebuleba SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT iqna gamokvleuli, aRiniSna, rom
frangul samarTalSi informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba, romelic gamomdinareobs
keTilsindisierebis principidan, ar gamoiyeneba farTo gagebiT.5 magram informirebis
valdebuleba TandaTan viTardeba da misi gaTvaliswineba xdeba ara marto nasyidobisa da
dazRvevis xelSekrulebebSi, aramed sxva saxis samarTlebriv urTierTobebSic. aRiniSneba,
rom informirebis valdebulebis mxarisaTvis dakisrebas ganapirobebs saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebSi mxareTa uTanasworoba.72 frangul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi informirebis
valdebuleba ganviTarda safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis im normaTa safuZvelze,
romlebic nebis nakls Seexeba (vices du con sentement). amrigad, rodesac informirebis
valdebuleba ar aris dadgenili kanoniT, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, imis gansazRvra, dairRva
1 Beale H., Tallon D., Contract Law: IUS Commune Casebooks for the Common Law of Europe. Oxford, 2002, 502. 2 Waddams S. M., Trebilcock M. J., Waldron M.A., Cases and Materials on Contracts. Toronto. 2005,482-485. 3 Beale H. G., Bishop W. D, Furmston M. P. Contract: Cases and Materials. Oxford, New York, 2007, 338. 4 Ghestin J. La notion d’erreur dans le droit positif actuel. Paris. 1962. Cit : Legrand P., Pre-Contractual Disclosure and Information.
Englisch and French law compared. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Vol. 6, №3. 1986, 324. 5 Kessler F. Fine E, Culpa in contrahendo, Bargaining in Good Faith and Freedom of contract: A Comparative Study. Harvard Law
Review. Vol. 77(3). 1964, 418. 72 Ghestin J. The Pre-contractual Obligation to Disclose Information. French Report. In: Harris D. and Tallon D. (eds), Contract
Law Today: Anglo-French Comparisons. 1989, 151, 157.
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Tu ara informirebis valdebuleba, xdeba Secdomis (err eur) an motyuebis (dol) Sesaxeb
normaTa safuZvleze.1
sakasacio sasamarTlos 1954 wlis 1-li aprilis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad,
motyueba warmoadgens erT-erTi mxaris mier im faqtis damalvas, romelic misTvis aris
cnobili da mocemuli faqti meore mxarisaTvis rom yofiliyo cnobili, igi ar dadebda
xelSekrulebas.2
motyueba xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZvelia. xolo zianis anazRaureba SeiZleba
efuZnebodes deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb arsebul 1382-e muxls franguli
samoqalaqo kodeqsisa. meore mxarisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis gaumJRavneblobis
(informirebis valdebulebis darRvevis) SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi samarTlebrivi saSualebaa
zianis anazRaureba.
amdenad, keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevas warmoadgens erTi mxaris mier meore mxaris
motyueba (Secdomis ganzrax gamowveva). qarTul samarTalSic, motyueba unda CaiTvalos
informirebis valdebulebis da maSasadame, keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevis erT-
erT SemTxvevad. aseT dros xelSekruleba iTvleba nebis naklis safuZvelze dadebulad.
motyueba Secdomis ganzrax gamowvevaa, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom meore mxare xdeba
xelSekrulebis monawile ise, rom motyuebis faqtoris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi igi ar
gaxdeboda am samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile. motyueba aris moqmedeba, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis princips da garda amisa, gavlenas axdens kontrahentis
nebaze. keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom mxareebi valdebuli arian
erTmaneTs miawodon yovelgvari informacia, romelic SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos nebis
Sinaarsis CamoyalibebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, keTilsindisierebis principis meSveobiT
mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eZleva daadginos, Tu romeli moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos
sasamarTlos wesiT Secilebis safuZveli. magaliTad, ssk-is 874-e muxlis Tanaxmad, anabris
mimRebi da sakredito dawesebulebis direqtorebi (menejerebi) valdebulni arian meanabres
miawodon informacia bankis likvidurobisa da bonitetis Sesaxeb. informirebis
valdebulebis braleulad (ufro swori iqneba normaSi mieTiTos informirebis
valdebulebis arakeTilsindisier darRvevaze) darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dadgeba amave muxlis
me-5 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi (zianis anazRaureba). erT-erT saqmeze
saqarTvelos sakasacio sasamarTlom ganmarta: rogorc SecdomiT, ise motyuebiT dadebuli
garigebisas nebis nakls mxaris araswori warmodgena ganapirobebs dasadebi garigebis arsTan
Tu SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, im garemoebebis araswori aRqma, rac garigebis dadebas
safuZvlad daedo, magram maT Soris arsebobs arsebiTi gansxvaveba, kerZod, marTalia,
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebebisas, mxare Secdomis safuZvelze Sedis
samarTalurTierTobaSi, magram es Secdoma gamowveulia meore mxaris qmedebiT, anu,
SecdomiT dadebuli garigebisas, xelSekrulebis kontrahenti keTilsindisieria nebis
naklTan mimarTebiT da modave mxaris mcdari warmodgena mis mier garkveuli monacemebis
damalviT an araswori informaciis miwodebiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. swored am mizeziT,
SecdomiT dadebuli garigeba, sacilo garigebaTa Soris, xandazmulobis yvelaze mokle
vadas iTvaliswinebs. samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis saziano iqneboda keTilsindisieri mxaris
kanonieri interesebis xangrZlivad eWvqveS dayeneba garigebis Secilebis uflebis
realizaciis SesaZleblobiT. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, imisaTvis, rom gaimijnos
SecdomiT da motyuebiT dadebuli garigebebi, srulyofilad unda iqnes gamokvleuli
garigebis dadebis winapirobebi da unda dadgindes, ra garemoebebi daedo safuZvlad mxareTa
mier nebis gamovlenas.3
sxva saqmeze ki saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta: motyueba cdomilebaSi
ganzrax Seyvanaa. motyuebis dros saxezea nebis gamovlenis nakli. motyuebisas yovelTvis
saxezea piris samarTlebrivad gasakicxi moqmedeba. Aar SeiZleba motyuebad CaiTvalos
zogierTi faqtis Selamazeba-gazviadeba, rac samoqalqo brunvis TvalsazrisiT daSvebulia.
1 Fabre-Magnan M. Duties of Disclosure and French Contract Law. In: Beatson J. Friedmann D., Good faith and fault in contract
law. Oxford, 1997, 101. 2 Nicholas B. The French Law of Contract. Oxford. 1992, 98. 3 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 25 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze №ას-1350-1275-2012.
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Aasea xSirad savaWro garigebebSi, roca vaWari aqebs Tavis saqonels da cdilobs amiT fasi
gazardos. zomieri reklama, romelsac safuZvlad ar udevs boroti ganzraxva, ver
CaiTvleba arakeTilsindisier moqmedebad. saaqcio sazogadoebis SeTavazeba sxva pirisaTvis,
rom misi aqciebi iqneba momgebiani da SemdgomSi momgebis momtani, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
motyuebad. aqcioneri aris samewarmeo riskis matarebeli, vinaidan aqciebis mixedviT
miRebuli dividendis odenoba SeiZleba iyos mcire, vidre kapitalis ganTavsebis
alternatiuli formebidan miRebuli mogeba an SeiZleba mogeba saerTod ver iqnes miRebuli.
SeuZlebelia garigebis dadebis mizniT motyuebad CaiTvalos is garemoeba, romelic
xelSekrulebis dadebis dros arc erTi mxarisaTvis ar iyo cnobili da misi dadgoma xdeba
SemdegSi. SeuZlebelia aqciis gamyidvels hqondes garantia imisa, rom mis mier gayiduli
aqcia iqneba momgebiani.1
mxare valdebulia gaamJRavnos mniSvnelovani informacia, magaliTad, gamyidveli
valdebulia myidvels acnobos manqaniT sargeblobis, manqanis gamoyenebis pirobebi. magram
amgvari valdebuleba ar ekisreba imas, vinc manqanas aremontebs.
informirebis valdebuleba arsebobs nardobis urTierTobaSic. erT-erT saqmeze
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta: menarde valdebuli iyo, miaxloebiTi
xarjTaRricxvis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv ecnobebina SemkveTisaTvis.
mosarCeles arc sarCelSi miuTiTebia da arc SemdegSi warmoudgenia raime mtkicebuleba,
romelic zemoaRniSnul garemoebas daadasturebda. SemkveTs unda codnoda xarjTaRricxvis
gazrdis Sesaxeb. menardes, upirvelesad, is unda daedasturebina, rom swored proeqtis
koreqtirebam gaaZvira aSenebis Rirebuleba da SemkveTi Tanaxma iyo samuSaoebis
gagrZelebaze gaZvirebuli xarjTaRricxvis mixedviT. aseTi mtkicebuleba menardes ar
warmoudgenia. marTalia, igi uTiTebs faruli samuSaoebis aqtebze, magram am aqtebiT
mxolod is dasturdeba, rom SemkveTi periodulad iRebda Sesrulebul samuSaoebs
saproeqto dokumentaciis (maT Soris, koreqtirebuli proeqtis) mixedviT, xolo,
koreqtirebuli proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaoebi 1m2-is aSenebis Rirebulebis
gazrdaze axdenda Tu ara gavlenas, xsenebuli aqtebiT ar dasturdeba. amiT arc is
dasturdeba, rom SemkveTma icoda xarjTaRricxvis gazrdis Sesaxeb. amasTan, SemkveTs romc
evarauda xarjTaRricxvis gazrdis Taobaze, mniSvnelovania aseve isic, Tanaxma iyo Tu ara
igi samuSaoebis gagrZelebaze gaZvirebuli xarjTaRricxvis mixedviT. gadaxarjvis
anazRaureba Sedis menardis da ara SemkveTis interesebSi, amitom kanoni swored menardes
avaldebulebs, dauyovnebliv acnobos SemkveTs miaxloebiTi xarjTaRricxvis gazrdis
Sesaxeb. am moqmedebiT menarde SemkveTs atyobinebs, rom mas surs, miiRos gadaxarjvis
anazRaureba, Tu gadaxarjvis miuxedavad, SemkveTi mainc moisurvebs samuSaoebis
dasrulebas. menarde mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs gadaxarjvis anazRaurebas, Tu
aRniSnulis Taobaze Setyobinebis miRebis Semdeg SemkveTi moiTxovs nardobis
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaos Sesrulebas gazrdili xarjTaRricxviT, anu
igi Tanaxma iqneba gadaxarjvis anazRaurebaze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SemkveTs SeuZlia,
Sewyvitos xelSekruleba, ra drosac igi valdebuli iqneba, aanazRauros Sesrulebuli
samuSao mxolod miaxloebiTi xarjTaRricxvis mixedviT.2
detaluri informaciis miwodebis aucileblobas da, Sesabamisad, arasaTanado
informaciis miwodebis akrZalvas da am valdebulebis darRvevis samarTlebriv Sedegebs
adgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi turistuli momsaxurebis xelSekrulebis
momwesrigebeli normebi (657-e - 667-e muxlebi).
informacia, romelsac ara aqvs mniSvneloba meore mxarisaTvis xelSekrulebis
dadebis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, an romelmac SeiZleba zianic ki miayenos mxares, ar
unda iqnes gamJRavnebuli. magaliTad, rodesac pacienti avad aris, eqimi ar aris
darwmunebuli, rom igi gamojanmrTeldeba, eqims SeuZlia airCios, unda gaumJRavnos Tu ara
man amgvari informacia pacients. magram eqims ekisreba informaciis gamJRavnebis
valdebuleba, raTa gaafrTxilos pacienti daavadebidan gamomdinare mosalodneli
1 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 8 noembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze № 3კ-938-02. 2 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 30 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-888-834-2012.
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garTulebebis (magaliTad, pacientisaTvis daniSnuli medikamentebis Tanmdevi Sedegebis
movlenebis) Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom pacientma SeZlos garTulebebis Tavidan acileba. mxares
ar ekisreba informirebis (gamJRavnebis) valdebuleba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxarem,
romelsac informacia sWirdeba, ukve icis mis Sesaxeb.
ara marto nasyidobaSi monawile gamyidvels, aramed eqimsac, arqiteqtorsac,
distributorsac, bankirsac da iuristsac ekisrebaT informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba
manam, sanam xelSekrulebas dadeben meore mxaresTan. magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi deda
Tavdebad daudga Svils, radgan Svili sxvagvarad ver aiRebda bankis kredits. holandiis
umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom keTilsindiserebis principidan gamomdinare, banki
rogorc profesionali gamsesxebeli, valdebuli iyo, araprofesionali kontrahenti
gaefrTxilebina im riskisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, rac movalis Tavdebad dadgomas
SeiZleboda mohyoloda.1 informirebis valdebuleba efuZneba an kanons (kanoniT SeiZleba
dadgenili iyos informirebis valdebuleba), an konkretuli sadavo sakiTxis gadawyvetisas
sasamarTlo praqtika gansazRvravs (sasamarTlo ganmartavs), ekisreboda Tu ara mxares
informirebis valdebuleba.
2.2 usafrTxoebis valdebuleba
arsebobs kidev erTi damatebiTi valdebuleba, romelic SeimuSava doqtrinam,
xorcieldeba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi da damaxasiaTebelia safrangeTis samarTlis
sistemisaTvis. es aris usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba (obligation de securite).
amgvari valdebulebis mxarisaTvis dakisrebas ganapirobebs teqnikuri progresi da
industrializacia. me-19 saukunis bolos frangul literaturaSi aRiniSneboda, rom
uwinares yovlisa, arsebobs muSakebisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba im
SemTxvevaSi, roca ziani miyenebuli iqna sawarmoSi SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
dros; meore, arsebobs gadayvanis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis dros ubeduri SemTxvevis
Sedegad dazaralebuli mgzavrebisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba. TandaTan
sasamarTlo praqtikam SeimuSava usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. kerZod, uwinares yovlisa, mocemuli valdebuleba warmoadgens
damatebiT valdebulebas xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi valdebulebis
mimarT. romelime xelSekrulebisagan damoukideblad, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
valdebuleba ar arsebobs. garda amisa, sakmarisi ar aris mxolod is faqti, rom ziani
miadga xelSekrulebis kontrahents. aucilebelia, rom usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
valdebuleba dakavSirebuli iyos saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis SesrulebasTan; meore,
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebis Sinaarss Seadgens is, rom ar Seiqmnas sxva
piris janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebis safrTxe. Sesabamisad, imdenad, ramdenadac
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba ukavSirdeba janmrTelobisaTvis zianis
miuyeneblobas, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod
fizikuri pirebis mimarT. mesame, aseTi valdebuleba ekisreba movales, romelic eweva
(axorcielebs) profesiul saqmianobas. is faqtori, rom amgvari valdebuleba samoqalaqo
brunvis profesional monawiles ekisreba, ganapirobebs ufro mkacri wesebis dadgenas am
kategoriis pirTa mimarT. saubaria ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Zlier mxareze da aseve iseT
mxareze riskis gadatanis Taobaze, romelsac meti SesaZleblobebi aqvs zianis Tavidan
asacileblad.1 aRsaniSnavia, rom usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba
keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb normis (1134-e muxlis me-3 nawili) safuZvelze rodi ganviTarda,
aramed ganviTarda 1135-e muxlis safuZvelze, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinareobs ara mxolod is, rac pirdapir aris gamoxatuli mxareTa mier, aramed
samarTlianobis (equite) moTxovnidan gamomdinare valdebulebebic. amasTan, rogorc
frangul doqtrinaSia aRniSnuli, safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Semqmnelebma am normaSi
1 magaliTi moyvanilia naSromidan: a. ioseliani. keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi gamokvleva)._ Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva“, specialuri gamocema, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 60. 1 Синявская М. С. Обязанность обеспечить безопасность как специфическая категория французского обязательственного
права, `Российский судья” №6, 2006, 42.
236
sxvagvari Sinaarsi (azri) Cades, kerZod ki keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad
xelSekrulebaTa Sesrulebis aucilebloba.2
magram imis miuxedavad, rom Tanamedrove periodSi frangul samarTalSi
keTilsindisierebis princips eniWeba msgavsi mniSvneloba, frang mecnierebs Soris erTiani
midgoma ar aris SemuSavebuli Tavad keTilsindisierebis principis da keTilsindisierebis
principis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis ganmartebis sakiTxisadmi. ufro metic, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, romlebic aSkarad moiTxovda bonne foi-s principis gamoyenebas, is ar yofila
gamoyenebuli.3
usafrTxoebis valdebulebas qarTuli samarTalic aqcevs yuradRebas. kerZod, ssk-
is 318-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli informaciis gacemis valdebuleba, sxva yvelaferTan
erTad, gulisxmobs aseve eqsploataciisas an moxmarebisas usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi
informaciis gadacemasac kreditorisaTvis.4 usafrTxoebis valdebuleba qarTul
samarTalSi arsebobs mibarebis urTierTobebSic (ssk-is 769-e muxli), dazRvevis
urTierTobebSic (ssk-is 808-e muxli, 813-e muxli), gadazidva-gadayvanis urTierTobaSi da
sxva. mibarebis xelSekrulebaSi keTilsindisierebis moTxovna imperatiulad aris
gamoxatuli ssk-is 765-e muxlSi. maT Soris sasaqonlo sawyobSi mibarebis drosac
moiTxoveba am principis dacva (ix. ssk-is 781-e da 785-e muxlebi).
nino khunashvili
Additional obligations in contractual relationship based on good faith principle
Summary
The work analyzes obligations arising from the principle of good faith: obligation of cooperation and the
obligation to inform.
Imposition of fullfillment of mentioned obligations to the contracting parties depends on the subject of
contract,the legal nature of contract.
This issue is investigated through the use of comparative legal analysis.
The study suggests that not only the protection of the principle of good faith has great importance in Georgian
law but also defence of additional(obligations)responsibilities arised from good faith principle have great importance in
georgian law.Breakingof additional obligations and rejection of additional obligations cause breaking of main obligation.
2 Синявская М. С. Обязанность обеспечить безопасность как специфическая категория французского обязательственного
права, `Российский судья” №6, 2006, 44. 3 Nicholas B. The French Law of Contract. Oxford 1992, 156. 4 l. Wanturia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni III. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 54.
237
sarCevi
istoria vaxtang guruli, profesor sergo vardosaniZis Rvawli..................................................................6-25 rozeta gujejiani, xarebis Wedoba tradiciul qarTul yofaSi...........................................26-36
jemal karaliZe, baTumis olqis administraciuli mowyoba 1878-1903 wlebSi............37-41
levan jiqia, dokumentebi da masalebi 1924 wlis antisabWoTa erovnuli
ajanyebis istoriisaTvis....................................................................................................................................................42-57
gvanca burduli, brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRdgenisaTvis (ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris 1906 wlis 13
dekembris sxdoma).......................................................................................................................................................................58-66
miqael (maxare) bukia, episkopos kirion II-is mecnieruli memkvidreobidan..................67-74
vaxtang guruli, ruseTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi (1783-1787)...................................75-114
mamuka cuxiSvili, Cixis jvari............................................................................................................................. ....115-124
cira janaSia, ramdenime SeniSvna araqel Tavrizelis cnobebTan
dakavSirebiT............................................................................................................................. ..................................................125-130
mariam gabunia, iberiis mefis winadadebebis ganxilva madridis samefo
karze (saxelmwifo sabWos dokumentebis mixedviT)..............................................................................131-137
Teimuraz petriaSvili, mefe erekles gardacvaleba da dakrZalva...................................138-142
magda WiqaberiZe, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba dimitri yifianis memuarebis
mixedviT...........................................................................................................................................................................................143-146
laSa deisaZe-SarvaSiZe, erovnuli idea uwmidesisa da unetaresis kirionis
SemoqmedebaSi............................................................................................................................. .................................................147-151
irakli lorTqifaniZe, aRsaydrebaUuwmindesisa da unetaresis
kirion meorisa..........................................................................................................................................................................152-155
filologia giorgi alibegaSvili, qristianuli egzegetikis Teoriul-saxismetyvelebiTi
principebis istoriidan..................................................................................................................................................157-164
tariel futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi
(manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis)..............................................................................................................165-174
manana tabiZe, bela SavxeliSvili, koleqtiuri TviTkuTvnilebis
enobrivi gamoxatvis qarTul-naxuri magaliTi........................................................................................175-180
lia kariWaSvili, akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qeba~ (simbolo da interteqsti)............181-184
Tamar lomaZe, metaforebi politikur diskursSi (saprezidento arCevnebis
diskursis magaliTze).......................................................................................................................................................185-190
Targmanmcodneoba eka duRaSvili, himnografiuli kanonis II odis (moixilesas) erTi
aspeqtisaTvis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT.......................................................................192-195
manana maTiaSvili, elizabet biSopi: poeti-asketi...............................................................................196-200
samarTali mindia ugrexeliZe, „liderSipis“ krisizi: zogierTi veqtorisa da
ganzomilebis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................... ...............................202-206
karlo bziSvili, erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis
ganmarteba.....................................................................................................................................................................................207-212
aleqsandre baramiZe, precedenti saerTo samarTlis qveynebisa da adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis samarTlebriv sistemebSi.......................................................213-221
nino xunaSvili, keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare damatebiTi valdebulebani saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi.............................................................................222-236
238
Table of Content
History
Vakhtang Guruli, Merit of professor Sergo Vardosanidze.................................................................................6-25
Rozeta Gujejiani, Bull fight ritual in traditional Georgian life.......................................................................................26-36
Jemal Karalidze, Batumi Region Administration Arrangement during 1878-1903 Abstract..........................37-41
Levan Jikia, Documents and materials for the history of 1924 Anti-Soviet National Revolt..........................42-57
Gvantsa Burduli, Fight for restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church The
conference preceding of Russian Church Council (December 13th, 1906).................................................................58-66
Michael (Makhare) Bukia, From the Scientific Heredity of Bishop Kirion II......................................................67-74
Wakhtang Guruli, Russische Armee im Konigreich Kartlien-Kachetien (17831787).....................................75-114
Mamuka Tsuchishvili, Cross of Chikha.............................................................................................................................115-124
Tsira Janashia, Several observations in connection with data of Arakel of Tabriz.........................................125-130
Mariam Gabunia, King of Iberia’s proposals discussion at Madrid royal court
(According to the documents of the State Council)...........................................................................................................131-137
Teimuraz Petriashvili, Death and burring of King Erekle..........................................................................................138-142
Magda Chikaeridze, Conspiracy of 1832 according to Dimitri Kipiani Memoirs...........................................143-146
Lasha Deisadze-Sharvashidze, National idea of creation of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion...............147-151
Irakli Lortkipanidze, Enthronements of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion the second...............................152-155 Philology
Giorgi Alibegashvili, From the History of Theoretical-Imagery Principles of Christian Exegetics.........157-164
Tariel Putkaradze, Case as one the aspects of noun formation................................................................................165-174
Manana Tabidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili, Georgian-Nakh Case of Linguistic Expression of
Collective Identity............................................................................................................................. ..............................................175-180
Lia Karichashvili, Canticle of Canticles by Akaki Tsereteli (Symbolism and Inter-text).............................181-184
Tamar Lomadze, Metaphors in Political Discourse
(based on thepre-election discourse of 2013 presidential elections in Georgia)..................................................185-190
Translation Studies
Eka Dugashvili, On one aspect of the second ode (moikhile) of the Hymnographic Canon
According to the ancient Georgian translations...................................................................................................................192-195
Manana Matiashvili, Elizabeth Bishop – the Ascetic Poet..........................................................................................196-200
Jurisprudence
Mindia Ugrekhelidze, Crisis of Leadership: on Some Vectors and Dimensions.................................202-206
Karlo Bzishvili, The contract definition of joint activity (partnership).................................................................207-212
Alexander Baramidze, Precedent in Legal Systems of Common Law and European
Convention on Human Rights............................................................................................................................. .......................213-221
nino khunashvili, Additional obligations in contractual relationship based on good
faith principle....................................................................................................................................... .............................................222-236