Rice Technology Bulletin Series

Rice Technology Bulletin Series

1 Released Rice Varieties (1968-1994)2 Pagpaparami at Pagpupuro ng Binhi sa Sariling Bukid3 Paggawa ng Maligaya Rice Hull Stove4 PhilRice Micromill5 PhilRice Flourmill6 PhilRice Drumseeder7 PhilRice Rototiller8 Rice Food Products9 PhilRice-UAF Batch Dryer10 Integrated Management of the Malayan Black Bug11 SG800 Rice Stripper-Harvester 12 Dry-Seeded Rice-Based Cropping Technologies13 Maligaya Rice Hull Stove14 10 Steps in Compost Production15 Rice Tungro Virus Disease16 The Philippine Rice Seed Industry and The National Rice Seed Production Network17 10 Hakbang sa Paggawa ng Kompost18 10 nga Addang ti Panagaramid iti Kompost19 Characteristics of Popular Philippine Rice Varieties20 Rice Stem Borers in the Philippines21 Rice Food Products (revised edition)22 Leaf Color Chart (English)23 Leaf Color Chart (Ilocano)24 Leaf Color Chart (Filipino)25 Equipment for Rice Production and Processing26 Useof40kgCertifiedSeedsperHectare27 Rice Wine28 Management of Field Rats29 Controlled Irrigation: Saving water while having good yield30 Minus-one Element Technique: Soil Nutrition DeficiencyTestMadeEasy31 Management of the Rice Black Bug32 ManagementofZinc-deficientSoils33 Management Options for Golden Apple Snail34 Use of Evaporation Suppressant 35 Pagpaparami ng Purong Binhi ng Palay36 ManagementofSulfur-DeficientLowlandRiceSoils34 Use of Evaporation Suppressant 35 Pagpaparami ng Purong Binhi ng Palay36 ManagementofSulfur-DeficientLowlandRiceSoils37 Management of Planthoppers and Leafhoppers38 ManagementOptionsforRicefieldWeeds39 Use of Indigo as Green Manure40 Management of Salt-affected Soils for Rice Production 41 Wet-Seeded Rice Production42 Matatag Lines 43 Hybrid Rice Seed Production44 Metarhizium anisopliae: Microbial Control Agent for Rice Black Bug45 Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice Production46 Management of Armyworms/Cutworms

47 Carbonized Rice Hull48 Rice-based Microbial Inoculant49 Integrated Farm and Household Waste Management50 Rice Postproduction Practices51 Ecological Rice Farming52 ModifiedDryDirectSeedingTechnology53 Palayamanan: Making the Most out of Rice Farms 54 Practical Guidelines in Predicting Soil Fertility Status of Lowland Rice Soils55 Bakanae: The Foolish Disease of Rice56 Management of Rice Blast Disease57 Root-knot Management in Rice-Onion Cropping System58 Management of Yellow and White Stemborers59 The PhilRice Dapog Technology60 Rice Straw-Based Nutrient Management in Irrigated Lowland Rice 61 Biofertilizer Production: Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)62 Trichoderma: Biofungicide for vegetables63 Barayti ng Palay handog ng PhilRice 2007-200964ManagementofZinc-deficient Soils (revised edition)65 Soil Series: Improving Agricultural Productivity in Pampanga66 Soil Series: Improving Productivity in Tarlac67 Laboy tiller: Improving deep muddy and swampy rice lands68 B&S Rice mini-combine harvester69 Rice Disease Diagnostic Kit70 Reducing Methane Emissions from Irrigated Ricefields71RiceHullGasifierEngine-PumpSystem72 Kontroladong Pagpapatubig73 Saclob: Airtight Storage for Rice Seeds74 No Tillage Technology in Irrigated Rice Production75 Mangement of Yellow and White Stemborer (2011)76ManagementOptionsforRicefieldWeeds(2011)77 Management of Salt-Affected Soils78 Pangangasiwa ng Dilaw at Puting Aksip79 Metarhizium: Ang mikrobyo sa pagsugpo ng atangyang itim80 Minus-One Element Technique (MOET): Pagsu- suri ng Sustansiya sa Lupa 81RiceHuskGasifierStove82 Palaycheck Upland Rice Farming83 Sistemang Reduced Tillage para sa Palayang may Patubig84 Mushroom Production

FOREWORDWhile significant achievements have been made in the Philippine rice production sector, developments in postproduction have not been able to keep pace with them. As a result, increase in yield does not always translate into better quality produce.

Results of the 2007-2009 loss assessment study jointly conducted by the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension and PhilRice showed that average palay losses incurred from harvesting, piling, threshing, drying, and milling operations averaged 14.42% from January to December. There were less losses incurred in the first semester (14.0%) than in the second (14.84%) (Francisco 2010). The study showed that, in contrast to 1994-1995 loss assessment results, milling operation had the highest losses (5.47%), followed by drying (3.76%), harvesting (2.81%), threshing (2.21%), and piling (0.18%). The implications of these results, as pointed out by Francisco (2010), include the following: (1) high milling loss emphasizes the need to improve milling facilities through advocacy among processors to upgrade their facilities; (2) high drying loss indicates that drying facilities are still inadequate, or farmers or processors are not using more efficient ones, if there are any. There is a need to design drying systems, which are acceptable and affordable to end-users; and (3) high harvesting loss indicates that the existing varieties used by farmers are shattering.

To address these inefficiencies, a sound integrated crop management (ICM) system should incorporate not only the production, but also the postharvest process, covering palay harvesting, threshing, cleaning, drying, milling, and storage operations.

The ICM for irrigated lowland rice, known as the PalayCheck® System, was enhanced with key checks and best practices in the postproduction process. These will help farmers produce a better quality product that will command a better price.

An integrated rice postharvest management protocol anchored on the PalayCheck® System was developed and packaged covering harvesting, threshing, hauling, cleaning, drying, storing, and milling operations. This bulletin serves as reference for farmers, traders, millers, and operators on how to achieve better quality palay and milled rice that meet market standards.

1

CHECK 1: HARVESTING AND THRESHING

Recommendations to achieve Check 1:

Reap and thresh within the day or the following day.

Use a thresher or combine harvester with the correct machine settings.

Pile the harvest for not more than a day as this results in heat buildup. This heat buildup leads to grain discoloration and lowers the quality of milled rice.

Use underlay (canvass, laminated sack, or net) to catch shattered grains and to protect the pile from ground moisture.

Adjust blower air inlet to provide good initial cleaning of the harvest. High air flow rate results in higher grain loss while a low air flow rate increases the amount of impurities in the grain.

2

CHECK 2: PRE-DRYING STORAGE

Classify and sort the palay according to variety type, moisture content, discoloration, and damage.

Stack bags of palay with sufficient space for natural aeration. Wet grains should be prioritized in drying.

Recommendations to achieve Check 2:

3

CHECK 3: DRYING

Dry the palay immediately after threshing. If it is not possible, aerate fresh palay by spreading thinly under shade on concrete pavement, tarpaulin, plastic net, or canvas.

Make sure that the drying area is free from impurities, such as pebbles, sand, and other debris.

Spread the grain 2 to 4 cm thick and stir every 30 minutes. In using mechanical dryer, dry the palay according to the recommended drying temperature (43°C for flatbed dryer and 60°C for recirculating dryer).

Avoid drying palay on roads to reduce loss, grain breakage, and contamination.

Recommendations to achieve Check 3:

4

CHECK 4: CLEANING

Clean palay using a blower, fan, or seed cleaner. Use appropriate air flow adjustment and grain feeding rate.

Recommendations to achieve Check 4:

CHECK 5: STORAGE

Storage area should be clean, orderly, free from leaks and holes, and not prone to flooding.

Use pallets and sacks that are free from residual infestation.

To prevent pests, spray insecticides on the walls, floors, and beams of storage area before storing palay.

Provide adequate space from walls and in-between piles for ventilation, cleaning, and pest control purposes.

Windows and exhaust fans should be screened to prevent entry of birds and rodents.

Conduct regular monitoring for pest infestation.

Tag and label piles correctly (i.e., date of piling, weight, variety, grain classification, pest control measures applied).

Recommendations to achieve Check 5:

5

CHECK 6: MILLING

Milling machines should be operated by a trained and skilled operator. Use machines that can produce at least 65% milling recovery and 80% head rice on milled rice basis.

Recommendations to achieve Check 6:

6

7

CHECK 7: PACKAGING

Use a durable packaging material. Follow the recommended color-coded packaging to indicate quality: blue (special or fancy rice), yellow (premium), white (grade 1-5 with 1 having 90% head rice and 5 having 55%).

Recommendations to achieve Check 7:

REFERENCES

Francisco, S.R. 2010. Measurement and assessment of rice postproduction losses project. Philippine Rice R&D Highlights 2009, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.

Regalado, M.J.C. and P.S. Ramos. 2016. Development of postharvest management key checks and best practices for improving the rice post-production system. Philippine Rice R&D Highlights 2015, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.

Regalado, M.J.C. and P.S. Ramos. 2016. Postharvest management key checks and best practices for improving the rice postproduction system. Paper presented during the 13th International Agricultural Engineering Conference and 66th National Convention of the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers, Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU), Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, April 24–30, 2016.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge the technical assistance of Dr. Rolando T. Cruz who led the development of the PalayCheck System for Irrigated Lowland Rice (production aspect), Dr. Silvestre Andales, Dr. Bienvenido Juliano, Dr. Cezar Mamaril, Dr. Tomas Masajo, and the late Dr. Dante B. de Padua who is known as the father of the Philippine grains postharvest industry. We also thank the Postharvest Management Key Checks workshop participants from the Philippine Grains Post-production Consortium member-agencies: Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization, National Food Authority, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fishery, PhilRice, and University of the Philippines Los Baños; Engr. Ed Alfonso of the San Jose City Rice Millers Association, and several members of farmers’ organizations, without whose technical and related inputs, these rice postharvest management key checks and best practices would not have been identified, selected, and validated.

SUBJECT MATTER SPECIALISTSManuel Jose C. Regalado, PhDEngr. Paulino S. Ramos

MANAGING EDITORMary Grace M. Nidoy

LAYOUT ARTISTJohn Glen S. Sarol

EDITORIAL ADVISERSRonan G. ZagadoSailila E. Abdula

Readers are encouraged to reproduce the content of this bulletin with acknowledgement.