Qualitative Research
Transcript of Qualitative Research
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
A. Wahyudi Atmoko
Jakarta, Desember 2011
1. Mengapa Penelitian QUAL
2. Pengertian & Asumsi
3. Pendekatan2 Utama Penelitian QUAL
4. Tujuan dan Pertanyaan Penelitian
5. Review Literatur
6. Koleksi Data & Analisis
7. Keabsahan Penelitian
Topik
3
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MENGAPA PENELITIAN QUAL
Because of QUAN:Context StrippingExclusion of Meaning and PurposeDisjunction of Grand Theories with Local
ContextExclusion of the Discovery Dimension in
Inquiry
PENGERTIAN
Qualitative research is situated activity that locates the observers in the world. It consist of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practice transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including filed notes, interviews, conversations, photograph, recordings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world… studying in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them (Denzim & Lincoln 2005, p. 4).
PENGERTIAN
An umbrella term covering an array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain naturally occurring phenomena in the social world (Maanem 1979, p. 520).
PENGERTIAN
ASUMSI PARADIGMA:QUAN vs QUALAssumption Question QUAN QUAL
Ontological Assumption
What is the nature of reality
Reality is objective & singular, apart fron the reseacher
Reality is subjective & multiple as seen by participants in a study
Epistemological Assumption
What is the relationship of the reseacher to that researched
Researcher is independent from that being researched
Researcher interacts with that being researched
Axiological assumption
What is the role of values
Value-free & unbiased Value-laden & biased
Rhetorical assumption
What is the languange of research
FormalBased on set definitionImpersonal voiceUse of accepted quantitative words
InformalEvolving decisionPersonal voiceAccepted qualitative words
Methodolical Assumption
What is the process of research
Deductive processCause & effectStatic design – categories isolated before studyContext freeGeneralizations leading to prediction, explanation, & understandingAccurate & reliable through validity & reliability
Inductive processMutual simultaneous shaping of factorsEmerging design – categories identified during research processContext boundPattern, theories developed for understandingAccurate & reliable through verification
Kapan Menggunakan QUAL
“Quality” versus “quantity”.For problems that need explorationFor problems that need a complex detailed
understandingTo empower individual and collective voicesTo write in styles that push the limits of
formal academic narrativesTo understand contexts
Perbedaan QUAN-QUAL dalam Tahap Penelitian
PENDEKATAN2 UTAMA PENELITIAN QUAL
PENDEKATAN2 UTAMA PENELITIAN QUAL
TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN
TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN
TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN
Tipe Pertanyaan QUAL
Pengguanaan Kata dalam QUAL
Fokus studi ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi penderitaan & perawatan dalam pertemuan pasien dengan perawat dan memasikan makna-makna yang ditimblkan oleh pertemuan tsb. Studi dilakukan di unit bedah dan obstetri/ginekologi (Drew, 1986, p. 40 dlm Creswell, 1994, p60).
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Fenomenologi
Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi faktor2 afeksi, sosial, dan pendidikan yang mungkin memberi kontribusi pengembangan ketidakmampuan membaca dari empat remaja. Studi ini mencari penjelasan mengapa ketidakmampuan membaca tsb tetap ada meskipun bertahun-tahun diberikan pelajaran (Kos, 1991, p. 876 dlm Creswell, 1994, p. 61).
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Studi Kasus
The purpose of this study was to take a look into education through the eyes of three teachers who are facing their final year as professional educators. The overarching goal was to determine how they have seen children, teachers, administration, policy, and testing change across the thirty year span of their work as teachers in Texas’ public schools. Through their comments they give a considerable amount of insight into the transformation education has experienced in the last three decades. But unexpectedly, they reveal as much about our changing society than they do education itself.
Project submitted in EDCI 690, Summer 2005, Texas A&M University.
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Studi Kasus
Analisis berikut mendeskripsikan beberapa kateristik situasional, nilai-nilai umum yg berlaku, dan identitas sosial dan personal yang memberi karakteristik dan mempengaruhi permainan informan di bagian kepolisian (Creswell, 1994, p. 61).
Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Etnografi
Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menghadirkan grounded theory yang didasarkan pada dua pertanyaan: Apa sumber-sumber utama perubahan akademik? Apa proses utama dalam perubahan akademik tersebut? Grounded theory didefinisikan sebagai teori yang disimpulkan dari data yang diperoleh secara sistematis dan dianalisis melalui metode comparatif konstan (Conrad, 1978, p. 334 dlm Creswell, 1994, p60).
Contoh Pertanyaan: Studi Grounded Theory
In my research, which has involved collecting women’s accounts of becoming mothers, I am seeking to understand how women make sense of events throughout the process of child bearing, constructing these events into episodes, and thereby (apparently) maintaining unity within their lives (Miller, 2000, p. 309).
Contoh Pertanyaan: Studi Naratif
Justifikasi Masalah Penelitian
Explain what is not known about the problem.
Why does the problem matter?
Provide documentation that this is actually a problem. Available statistics? Available literature that shows that this is a needed area
of inquiry?
What are the ways that the study will add to the scholarly research/literature in the field?
How does the study improve practice?
How might the study improve policy?
Justifikasi Masalah Penelitian
REVIEW LITERATUR
Using preliminary sources, construct a bibliography of related literature.
When searching for relevant literature, keep, at least, the following five selection criteria in mind: The recency of the articles The reputation of the source and author Inclusion of both primary and secondary sources Coverage for all areas your proposal has indicated
in Inclusion of topics relevant to, but not directly on,
your topic.
REVIEW LITERATUR
Sensemaking
Organizing Process Meliputi 6N:
Nggumuni, Nitèni, Ngirani, Ngomongi, Ngembangké, danNgemongi.
: Organizing Process
RetentionEnactment SelectionEcological
Change+ + +
+ (+, - ) (+, - )
Sumber: Weick (1979: 132)
REVIEW LITERATUR
Weik’s Seven PrinciplesWeick, K. E.(1995). Sensemaking in organizations.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P. 61-61
• Identities• Retrospective• Enactment• Social• Ongoing• Extracted Cues• Plausability
KOLEKSI DATA & ANALISIS
Kinds of interviews: Informal. Not a major source of data but not without
purpose. Can have some questions ready. Informants must know that these too are “data”
Formal/semistructured: Planned ahead. Researcher in charge. Combination of structure and flexibility. Expect the unexpected.
Standardized interviews: limited use in qualitative studies. Answers transcribed by researchers.
Getting prepared: Thinking through what interviews can be done and with
whom.
Steps in Data Collection and Analysis
Collect the Data
Prepare the Data
Read through the Data
Code the Data
For description For themes
SimultaneousIterative
Diadaptasi dari Cresswell, J. W. 2002, h. 264
ResearchReport
Connect Themes
Seleksi Partisipan
Extreme or deviant case samples (Teacher of the Year) Maximum variation samples (different perspectives on
same phenomena) Homogenous samples (individuals with similar
characteristics) Typical samples (considered typical) Stratified purposeful samples (representing samples of
interest) Snowball samples (one person identifies another) Criterion samples (individuals who fit certain criteria) Theory based samples Confirming and disconfirming samples Convenience samples In all cases, participants should know/negotiate the
ground rules for the interviews.
Kualitas Interview Yg Baik
Begin with small talkListening:
Follow up on of course statements Listen for key words Probing questions Use of why questions (Don’t ask for meaning, ask for
use) Self disclosure
Qualitative data may be analyzed by a 3-part strategy:
reducing the data coding the data synthesizing the data
Analisis Data
Coding
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling Parents
Smoking
“Cheeking Teacher”
“Messing about”
Absenteeism
Bagaimana Melakukan Pengkodean?
Pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk untuk ditanyakan:
Apa yang terjadi?
Apa yang dilakukan orang?
Apa yang dikatakan?
Apakah tindakan-tindakan dan pernyataan-pernyataan ini taken for granted?
Bagaimana struktur & konteks yang mendukung, mempertahankan, menghalangi atau merubah tindakan dan pernyataan-pernyataan ini?
Pengkodean terhadap apa saja?
1. Tindakan – biasanya kejadian-kejadian singkat
2. Aktivitas – cukup lama dalam suatu setting, orang-orang terlibat
3. Makna – yang menyebabkan tindakan informan• Apa konsep yg mereka gunakan untuk memahami
dunia mereka?• Apa makna atau signifikansi yg dimiliki bagi
mereka?
4. Partisipasi – keterlibatan atau adaptasi orang-orang terhadap suatu setting
5. Hubungan – antara orang-orang, secara simultan dipertimbangkan
6. Setting – seluruh konteks dari kejadian-kejadian yang sedang dikaji.
Pengkodean terhadap apa saja?
Mason menyarankan:
• Harafiah (Literal) – kata-kata, dialog yang digunakan, tindakan, setting, systems, dll
• Interpretasi – norma-norma implicit, nilai-nilai, aturan-aturan, adat istiadat, bagaimana orang melakukan pembenaran (make sense) terhadap kejadian
• Refleksif – peran peneliti dalam proses, yaitu bagaimana intervensi terhadap pengumpulan data
Categorizing
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling ParentsSmoking
“Cheeking Teacher”
“Messing about”
Absenteeism
CRIMES PUNISHMENTS
Cara-cara untuk mengidentifikasi tema
Ryan & Bernard (2003) :
• Repetitions
• Indigenously typologies (in vivo)
• Metaphors and analogies
• Transitions (pauses, sections)
• Similarities and differences
• Constant comparison
• Liquistic connectors
• Because, before, after, next, closeness, examples
• Missing data (what is omitted)
Clustering
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling Parents
Mr Lloyd
Mr Pennington
Mr “Wilkinson”
Mr Goddard
TEACHERS
Lancaster
Southwark
Clifton
HOUSES
Smoking
“Cheeking Teacher”
“Messing about”
Absenteeism
Smoking
“Cheeking Teacher”
“Messing about”
Absenteeism
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS
Caning
Essay
Suspension
Telling Parents
Theorising
Is there a hierarchy of punishment?
Is there a hierarchy of crimes?
Is there a relationship between these hierarchies?
KEABSAHAN
Truth value = adequate representation of multiple constructions of reality (recognizing that these are reconstructions based on researcher)
Applicability = fittingness or transferability Consistency = dependability; ability of
other researchers to follow the method usedNeutrality = auditability
Lincoln & Guba (1985)
Strategi Mendapatkan Keabsahan (Trustworthiness/Credibility)
Prolonged engagement with and observation of informants
Triangulation (multiple sources of data)Peer debriefing (colleagues)Negative case analysis (to include commonalities as
well as variabilities)Referential adequacy (theoretical sampling)Member checks (research participants/informants)Employing an auditorThick description (to reflect complexities in the
data)Prevention of premature foreclosure on the dataMaintaining a journal to enhance self-reflection