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PUBLIC DOMINION V PRIVATE OWNERSHIPLAUREL V GARCIADoctrine: As property of public dominion, the Roppongi lot is outside thecommerce of man. It cannot be alienated. Its ownership is a special collectiveownership for general use and enjoyment, an application to the satisfaction ofcollective needs, and resides in the social group. The purpose is not to servethe tate as a juridical person, but the citi!ens" it is intended for the common

and public welfare and cannot be the object of appropriation.Facts:The subject !"e!t# $% th$s case $s the Ra"%&&$ P!"e!t#' "%e "( the ("u!!"e!t$es $% )aa% ac*u$!e+ b# the Ph$,$$%e G"-e!%.e%t u%+e! the Rea!at$"%sA&!ee.e%t e%te!e+ $%t" /$th )aa% $% 0123 /h$ch a!e a!t "( the $%+e.%$($cat$"% t"the F$,$$%" e",e ("! the$! ,"sses $% ,$(e a%+ !"e!t# a%+ the$! su((e!$%& +u!$%&W"!,+ Wa! II4 The Rea!at$"%s A&!ee.e%t !"-$+es that !ea!at$"%s -a,ue+ at 5226M/"u,+ be a#ab,e $% t/e%t# #ea!s $% acc"!+a%ce /$th a%%ua, sche+u,es "(!"cu!e.e%ts t" be ($7e+ b# the Ph$,$$%e a%+ )aa%ese &"-e!%.e%ts4 The!"cu!e.e%ts a!e t" be +$-$+e+ $%t" &"-e!%.e%t sect"! a%+ th"se ("! !$-ate a!t$es$% !"jects' the ,atte! sha,, be .a+e a-a$,ab,e "%,# t" F$,$$%" c$t$8e%s "! t" 0669F$,$$%""/%e+ e%t$t$es $% %at$"%a, +e-e,".e%t !"jects4 The R""%&$ !"e!t# /asac*u$!e+ u%+e! the hea+$%& ;G"-e!%.e%t Sect"!< ("! the Cha%ce!# "( the Ph$,$$%eE.bass# u%t$, the ,atte! /as t!a%s(e!!e+ t" Na.e$+a$ +ue t" the %ee+ ("! .aj"!

!ea$!s4 A,th"u&h the!e /as a !""sa, t" ,ease the !"e!t# /$th the !"-$s$"% t"ha-e bu$,+$%&s bu$,t at the e7e%se "( the ,essee' the sa.e /as %"t acte+ (a-"!ab,#u"% b# the &"-e!%.e%t4 I%stea+' P!es$+e%t A*u$%" $ssue+ EO N"4 =13 e%t$t,$%& %"%F$,$$%" c$t$8e%s "! e%t$t$es t" a-a$, "( sea!at$"%s> ca$ta, &""+s a%+ se!-$ces $% thee-e%t "( sa,e' ,ease "! +$s"s$t$"%s4 The!ea(te!' a.$+st the ""s$t$"%s b# -a!$"ussect"!s' the E7ecut$-e b!a%ch "( the &"-e!%.e%t ushe+ ("! the sa,e "( !ea!at$"%!"e!t$es' sta!t$%& /$th the R""%&$ ,"t4 The !"e!t# has t/$ce bee% set ("!b$++$%& at a .$%$.u. (,""! !$ce "( 5==2M4 The ($!st /as a (a$,u!e' /h$,e the sec"%+has bee% "st"%e+ a%+ ,ate! !est!a$%e+ b# the SC4Issue:Whethe! "! %"t Ra"%&&$ !"e!# .a# be a,$e%ate+4He,+:N"4 The!e ca% be %" +"ubt that the !"e!t# $s "( ub,$c +".$%$"% a%+ the

!es"%+e%ts ha-e (a$,e+ t" sh"/ that $t has bec".e at!$."%$a,4 The !"e!t# $sc"!!ect,# c,ass$($e+ u%+e! A!t$c,e ?=6 "( the C$-$, C"+e as !"e!t# be,"%&$%& t" theState a%+ $%te%+e+ ("! s".e ub,$c se!-$ce4 The (act that $t has %"t bee% use+ ("!actua, E.bass# se!-$ce +"es %"t aut".at$ca,,# c"%-e!t $t t" at!$."%$a, !"e!t#4Such c"%-e!s$"% hae%s "%,# $( !"e!t# $s /$th+!a/% (!". ub,$c use' th!"u&h a%aba%+"%.e%t "( the $%te%t$"% t" use the R""%&$ !"e!t# ("! ub,$c se!-$ce a%+ t".a@e $t at!$."%$a, !"e!t#4 Aba%+"%.e%t .ust be a ce!ta$% a%+ "s$t$-e act base+"% c"!!ect ,e&a, !e.$ses4 The EO +"es %"t +ec,a!e that the !"e!t$es ,"st the$!ub,$c cha!acte!' .e!e,# $%te%+$%& the !"e!t$es t" be .a+e a-a$,ab,e t" ("!e$&%e!sa%+ %"t t" F$,$$%"s a,"%e' $% case "( sa,e' ,ease "! "the! +$s"s$t$"%4 Fu!the!."!e' $t$s base+ "% the /!"%& !e.$se that the )aa% !"e!t$es ca% be s",+ t" e%+use!s'/he% $% (act $t ca%%"t4 Ne$the! +"es the CARP La/ !ec,ass$(# the !"e!t$es $%t"at!$."%$a, !"e!t$es' .e!e,# stat$%& that s"u!ces "( (u%+s ("! $ts $.,e.e%tat$"% bes"u!ce+ (!". !"cee+s "( the +$s"s$t$"% "( the G"-e!%.e%t $% ("!e$&% c"u%t!$es' but

%"t that the R""%&$ !"e!t# be /$th+!a/% (!". be$%& c,ass$($e+ as a !"e!t# "(ub,$c +".$%$"%

RABUCO V VILLEGASDoctrine: #hen a property is owned by a political subdivision in its public andgovernmental capacity, the $ongress has absolute control as distinguishedfrom patrimonial property owned by it in its private or proprietary capacity of

which it could not be deprived without due process and without justcompensation.Facts: I% the ea!,# ."!%$%& "( A!$, 01' 016' a ,a!&e ($!e "( u%+ete!.$%e+ "!$&$%&utte+ the Ma,ate a!ea $%c,u+$%& the ,"t "% /h$ch et$t$"%e!s ha+ bu$,t the$! h".esa%+ +/e,,$%&s4 Res"%+e%ts c$t# "(($c$a,s the% t""@ "-e! the ,"t a%+ @et et$t$"%e!s(!". !ec"%st!uct$%& "! !ea$!$%& the$! bu!%e+ +/e,,$%&s4 At et$t$"%e!s> $%sta%ce' theC"u!t $ssue+ "% )u%e 0' 016 a te."!a!# !est!a$%$%& "!+e! e%j"$%$%& !es"%+e%tsc$t# "(($c$a,s ;(!". e!("!.$%& a%# act c"%st$tut$%& a% $%te!(e!e%ce $% "! +$stu!ba%ce "(he!e$% et$t$"%e!s> "ssess$"% "( L"t N"4 =0B' B,"c@ N"4 306' "( the Ca+ast!a,Su!-e# "( the C$t# "( Ma%$,a< as sa(e&ua!+e+ the. u%+e! the C"u!t>s subs$st$%&!e,$.$%a!# $%ju%ct$"% "( Au&ust 0' 0132 u!sua%t t" RA 0=64Issue: Whethe! RA 0=6 $s u%c"%st$tut$"%a, as $t $%(!$%&es the !$&ht t" +ue !"cess4

He,+: N"4 The C"u!t he!e$% uh",+s the c"%st$tut$"%a,$t# "( Reub,$c Act 0=6 "% thest!e%&th "( the estab,$she+ +"ct!$%e that the sub+$-$s$"% "( c"..u%a, ,a%+ "( theState a,th"u&h t$t,e+ $% the %a.e "( the .u%$c$a, c"!"!at$"% a%+ c"%-e#a%ce "(the !esu,t$%& sub+$-$s$"% ,"ts b# sa,e "% $%sta,,.e%t bas$s t" b"%a ($+e "ccua%ts b#C"%&!ess$"%a, auth"!$8at$"% a%+ +$s"s$t$"% +"es %"t c"%st$tute $%(!$%&e.e%ts "( the+ue !"cess c,ause "! the e.$%e%t +".a$% !"-$s$"%s "( the C"%st$tut$"% but"e!ates s$.,# as a .a%$(estat$"% "( the ,e&$s,atu!e>s !$&ht "( c"%t!", a%+ "/e! t"+ea, /$th State !"e!t#4

MACASIANO V DIONODoctrine: The closure should be for the sole purpose of withdrawing the roador other public property from public use when circumstances show that such

property is no longer intended%necessary for public use%service. &ncewithdrawn, the property then becomes patrimonial property of the '()concerned and only then can said '() use the property as an object of anordinary contract. Roads and streets available to the public and ordinarilyused for vehicular traffic are still considered public property devoted to publicuse. The '() has no power to use it for another purpose or to dispose of orlease it to private persons.Facts: Res"%+e%t Mu%$c$a,$t# asse+ O!+$%a%ce N"4 3 /h$ch auth"!$8e+ thec,"su!e "( )4Gab!$e,' G4G4 C!u8' Ba#a%$ha%' Lt4 Ga!c$a E7te%s$"% a%+ Oe%a St!eetsa%+ the estab,$sh.e%t "( a (,ea .a!@et the!e"%4 Th$s /as asse+ u!sua%t t" MMCO!+$%a%ce N"4 = a%+ /as a!"-e+ b# the Met!"",$ta% Ma%$,a Auth"!$t# "% )u,# =6'01164 O% Au&ust ' 0116' !es"%+e%t .u%$c$a,$t# a%+ Pa,a%#a& e%te!e+ $%t" ac"%t!act a&!ee.e%t /he!eb# the ,atte! sha,, "e!ate' .a$%ta$% .a%a&e the (,ea


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.a!@ets a%+"! -e%+$%& a!eas $% the a("!e.e%t$"%e+ st!eets /$th the "b,$&at$"% t"!e.$t +ues t" the t!easu!# "( the .u%$c$a, &"-e!%.e%t "( Pa!aa*ue4 O% Sete.be!0' 0116 B!$&4 Ge%4 Macas$a%" "!+e!e+ the +est!uct$"% a%+ c"%($scat$"% "( sta,,sa,"%& G4G4 C!u8 Gab!$e, St!eet $% Bac,a!a%4 He a,s" /!"te a ,ette! t" Pa,a%#a&"!+e!$%& the +est!uct$"% "( the (,ea .a!@et4He%ce' !es"%+e%t ($,e+ a j"$%t et$t$"% !a#$%& ("! !e,$.$%a!# $%ju%ct$"%4 The t!$a,c"u!t uhe,+ the assa$,e+ O!+$%a%ce a%+ e%j"$%e+ et$t$"%e! (!". e%("!c$%& h$s ,ette!

"!+e! a&a$%st Pa,a%#a&4

Issues: WON a% "!+$%a%ce!es",ut$"% $ssue+ b# the .u%$c$a, c"u%c$, "( Pa!aa*ueauth"!$8$%& the ,ease use "( ub,$c st!eetsth"!"u&h(a!es as s$tes ("! the (,ea.a!@et $s -a,$+4He,+: The C"u!t he,+ $% the %e&at$-e4 )4 Gab!$e,' G4G4 C!u8' Ba#a%$ha%' Lt4 Ga!c$aE7te%s$"% a%+ Oe%a St!eets a!e ,"ca, !"a+s use+ ("! ub,$c se!-$ce a%+ a!ethe!e("!e c"%s$+e!e+ ub,$c !"e!t$es "( !es"%+e%t .u%$c$a,$t#4 P!"e!t$es "( the,"ca, &"-e!%.e%t +e-"te+ t" ub,$c se!-$ce a!e +ee.e+ ub,$c a%+ a!e u%+e! theabs",ute c"%t!", "( C"%&!ess4 He%ce' ,"ca, &"-e!%.e%ts ha-e %" auth"!$t# t"c"%t!",!e&u,ate the use "( ub,$c !"e!t$es u%,ess sec$($c auth"!$t# $s -este+ u"%the. b# C"%&!ess4 The "/e!s "( a% LGU a!e %"t abs",ute' but subject t" the,$.$tat$"%s ,a$+ +"/% b# the C"%st$tut$"% a%+ ,a/s such as the C$-$, C"+e4 E-e!# LGU

has the s/"!% "b,$&at$"% t" e%act .easu!es that /$,, e%ha%ce the ub,$c hea,th'sa(et# c"%-e%$e%ce' .a$%ta$% eace "!+e! a%+ !"."te the &e%e!a, !"se!$t# "(the $%hab$ta%ts "( the ,"ca, u%$ts4

REP V CADoctrine: #hen the sea moved towards the estate and the tide invaded it, theinvaded property became foreshore land and passed the realm of the publicdomain and accordingly cannot be a subject of a free patent.FACTS: )"se($%a M"!at"' !$-ate !es"%+e%t' a,$e+ s".et$.e $% 01= a (!eeate%t "% a a!ce, "( ,a%+ s$tuate+ at P$%a&ta,,e!a%' Ca,aua&' Jue8"%4 O% )a%ua!#03' 01?' the ate%t /as a!"-e+ a%+ the Re&$ste! "( Dee+s $ssue+ a% O!$&$%a,Ce!t$($cate "( T$t,e $% (a-"! "( M"!at" "% Feb!ua!# ?' 01?4 B"th the (!ee ate%t a%+

the t$t,e sec$($ca,,# !e*u$!e+ that the ,a%+ sha,, %"t be a,$e%ate+ "! e%cu.be!e+/$th$% ($-e #ea!s (!". the +ate "( the $ssua%ce "( the ate%t4 U"% !e"!ts thatM"!at" e%cu.be!e+ the sa$+ ,a%+' -$",at$%& the 2#ea! !"h$b$t$"% "( the ate%t' theD$st!$ct La%+ O(($ce! $% Luce%a C$t# c"%+ucte+ a% $%-est$&at$"%4 The "(($ce! ("u%+ "utthat M"!at" ."!t&a&e+ the sa$+ !"e!t# t" Ne%$ta C" a%+ A%t"%$" Ju$,ata% "%Oct"be! =?' 01?' /h" subse*ue%t,# bu$,t a h"use "% $t4 T/" #ea!s ,ate!' "! "%Feb!ua!# =' 013' a!t "( the !"e!t# /as a,s" ,ease+ b# M"!at" t" Pe!(ect"A+-$%cu,a /he!e a /a!eh"use /as the!ea(te! c"%st!ucte+4 M"!e"-e! $t /as ("u%+ "utthat the sa$+ !"e!t# /as a "!t$"% "( the Ca,aua& Ba#' ($-e t" s$7 (eet +ee u%+e!/ate! +u!$%& h$&h t$+e a%+ t/" (eet +ee at ,"/ t$+e' a%+ %"t su$tab,e t" -e&etat$"%4Pet$t$"%e! the% ($,e+ a c".,a$%t ("! the ca%ce,,at$"% "( the t$t,e a%+ !e-e!s$"% "( thea!ce, "( ,a%+ t" the ub,$c +".a$% "% the &!"u%+s that the ,a%+ $s a ("!esh"!e ,a%+a%+ /as ."!t&a&e+ a%+ ,ease+ /$th$% the ($-e#ea! !"h$b$t"!# e!$"+4 The ,"/e!c"u!t +$s.$sse+ the c".,a$%t !u,$%& that the!e /as %" -$",at$"% "( the ($-e#ea! ba%

s$%ce M"!at" +$+ %"t e%cu.be! %"! a,$e%ate the ,a%+ as $t /as .e!e,# ,ease+' a%+the ."!t&a&e the ,atte! e%te!e+ $%t" /$th Ne%$ta C" a%+ A%t"%$" Ju$,ata% c"-e!e+"%,# the $.!"-e.e%t a%+ %"t the ,a%+ $tse,(4 U"% aea,' CA a(($!.e+ $% t"t" thec"u!t>s +ec$s$"%4 He%ce' th$s et$t$"%4ISSUE: Whethe! the *uest$"%e+ ,a%+ $s a ("!esh"!e ,a%+ a%+ thus .ust be !e-e!te+t" the ub,$c +".a$%4

HELD: Kes4 The SC +e($%e+ a ("!esh"!e ,a%+ as ;that a!ce, "( ,a%+ /h$ch $sbet/ee% h$&h a%+ ,"/ /ate! a%+ ,e(t +!# b# the (,u7 a%+ !e(,u7 "( the t$+es


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He,+: The c"%t!"-e!s# he!e $s ."!e a,"%& the +".a$%s "( the La/ "( Mu%$c$a,C"!"!at$"%s State -s4 P!"-$%ce tha% a,"%& that "( C$-$, La/4 He%ce' thec,ass$($cat$"% "( .u%$c$a, !"e!t# +e-"te+ ("! +$st$%ct,# &"-e!%.e%ta, u!"ses asub,$c sh"u,+ !e-a$, "-e! the C$-$, C"+e c,ass$($cat$"% $% th$s a!t$cu,a! case4The -a,$+$t# "( RA N"4 61 u,t$.ate,# +ee%+s "% the %atu!e "( the 26 ,"ts a%+bu$,+$%&s the!e"% $% *uest$"%4 F"!' the .atte! $%-",-e+ he!e $s the e7te%t "( ,e&$s,at$-e

c"%t!", "-e! the !"e!t$es "( a .u%$c$a, c"!"!at$"%' "( /h$ch a !"-$%ce $s "%e4The !$%c$,e $tse,( $s s$.,e: I( the !"e!t# $s "/%e+ b# the .u%$c$a,$t# .ea%$%&Mu%$c$a, C"!"!at$"% $% $ts ub,$c a%+ &"-e!%.e%ta, caac$t#' the !"e!t# $s ub,$ca%+ C"%&!ess has abs",ute c"%t!", "-e! $t4 But $( the !"e!t# $s "/%e+ $% $ts !$-ate"! !"!$eta!# caac$t#' the% $t $s at!$."%$a, a%+ C"%&!ess has %" abs",ute c"%t!",4The .u%$c$a,$t# ca%%"t be +e!$-e+ "( $t /$th"ut +ue !"cess a%+ a#.e%t "( justc".e%sat$"%4The caac$t# $% /h$ch the !"e!t# $s he,+ $s' h"/e-e!' +ee%+e%t "% the use t"/h$ch $t $s $%te%+e+ a%+ +e-"te+4 A,#$%& the %"!. u%+e! A!t$c,e ?= a%+ ?=? "( theC$-$, C"+e' a,, the !"e!t$es $% *uest$"%' e7cet the t/" = ,"ts use+ as H$&h Sch"",,a#&!"u%+s' c"u,+ be c"%s$+e!e+ as at!$."%$a, !"e!t$es "( the ("!.e!a.b"a%&a !"-$%ce4 E-e% the ca$ta, s$te' the h"s$ta, a%+ ,e!"sa!$u. s$tes' a%+the sch"", s$tes /$,, be c"%s$+e!e+ at!$."%$a, ("! the# a!e %"t ("! ub,$c use4 The#

/"u,+ (a,, u%+e! the h!ase Qub,$c /"!@s ("! ub,$c se!-$ceQ ("! $t has bee% he,+ thatu%+e! the ejus+e. &e%e!$s !u,e' such ub,$c /"!@s .ust be ("! (!ee a%+$%+$sc!$.$%ate use b# a%#"%e' just ,$@e the !ece+$%& e%u.e!ate+ !"e!t$es $% the($!st a!a&!ah "( A!t ?=?4 The ,a#&!"u%+s' h"/e-e!' /"u,+ ($t $%t" th$s cate&"!#4Assu.$%& the% the C$-$, C"+e c,ass$($cat$"% t" be the ch"se% %"!.' the ,"/e! c"u!t.ust be a(($!.e+ e7cet /$th !e&a!+ t" the t/" = ,"ts use+ as ,a#&!"u%+s4O% the "the! ha%+' a,#$%& the %"!. "bta$%$%& u%+e! the !$%c$,es c"%st$tut$%& the,a/ "( Mu%$c$a, C"!"!at$"%s' a,, th"se "( the 26 !"e!t$es $% *uest$"% /h$ch a!e+e-"te+ t" ub,$c se!-$ce a!e +ee.e+ ub,$c the !est !e.a$% at!$."%$a,4 U%+e! th$s%"!.' t" be c"%s$+e!e+ ub,$c' $t $s e%"u&h that the !"e!t# be he,+ a%+' +e-"te+ ("!&"-e!%.e%ta, u!"ses ,$@e ,"ca, a+.$%$st!at$"%' ub,$c e+ucat$"%' ub,$c hea,th' etc4F",,"/$%& th$s c,ass$($cat$"%' Reub,$c Act 61 $s -a,$+ $%s"(a! as $t a((ects the ,"ts

use+ as ca$t", s$te' sch"", s$tes a%+ $ts &!"u%+s' h"s$ta, a%+ ,e!"sa!$u. s$tes a%+the h$&h sch"", ,a#&!"u%+ s$tes a t"ta, "( =? ,"ts s$%ce these /e!e he,+ b# the("!.e! a.b"a%&a !"-$%ce $% $ts &"-e!%.e%ta, caac$t# a%+ the!e("!e a!e subjectt" the abs",ute c"%t!", "( C"%&!ess4 But Reub,$c Act 61 ca%%"t be a,$e+ t"+e!$-e a.b"a%&a +e, N"!te "( $ts sha!e $% the -a,ue "( the !est "( the =3 !e.a$%$%&,"ts /h$ch a!e at!$."%$a, !"e!t$es s$%ce the# a!e %"t be$%& ut$,$8e+ ("! +$st$%ct,#'&"-e!%.e%ta, u!"ses4 He%ce' De(e%+a%ts a!e he!eb# "!+e!e+ t" e((ect a#.e%ts$% (a-"! "( P,a$%t$(( "( /hate-e! ba,a%ce !e.a$%s "( P,a$%t$((s 2?419 sha!e $% the =3at!$."%$a, !"e!t$es4CHAVE V PUBLIC ESTATEDoctrine: The Regalian doctrine is deeply implanted in our legal system.oreshore and submerged areas form part of the public domain and areinalienable. 'ands reclaimed from foreshore and submerged areas also form

part of the public domain and are also inalienable, unless converted pursuantto law into alienable or disposable lands of the public domain. To insure suche0uitable distribution, the 1234 and 1253 $onstitutions have barred privatecorporations from ac0uiring any 6ind of alienable land of the public domain.Those who attempt to dispose of inalienable natural resources of the tate, orsee6 to circumvent the constitutional ban on alienation of lands of the publicdomain to private corporations, do so at their own ris6.

Facts: O% 01' the% P!es$+e%t Fe!+$%a%+ E4 Ma!c"s $ssue+ PD N"4 06? c!eat$%&Pub,$c Estates Auth"!$t#4 PD N"4 06? tas@e+ PEA Qt" !ec,a$. ,a%+' $%c,u+$%&("!esh"!e a%+ sub.e!&e+ a!eas'Q a%+ Qt" +e-e,"' $.!"-e' ac*u$!e' 7 7 7 ,ease a%+se,, a%# a%+ a,, @$%+s "( ,a%+s4Q O% the sa.e +ate' the% P!es$+e%t Ma!c"s $ssue+ PDN"4 062 t!a%s(e!!$%& t" PEA the Q,a%+s !ec,a$.e+ $% the ("!esh"!e a%+ "((sh"!e "(the Ma%$,a Ba#Q u%+e! the Ma%$,aCa-$te C"asta, R"a+ a%+ Rec,a.at$"% P!"jectMCCRRP4 E,e-e% #ea!s a(te!' the Re&$ste! "( Dee+s "( the Mu%$c$a,$t# "(Pa!aa*ue $ssue+ TCT N"s4 61' 00' a%+ 0=' $% the %a.e "( PEA' c"-e!$%&the th!ee !ec,a$.e+ $s,a%+s @%"/% as the QF!ee+". Is,a%+sQ ,"cate+ at the s"uthe!%"!t$"% "( the Ma%$,aCa-$te C"asta, R"a+' Pa!aa*ue C$t#4O% 0112' PEA e%te!e+ $%t" a )"$%t Ve%tu!e A&!ee.e%t /$th AMARI' a !$-atec"!"!at$"%' t" +e-e," the F!ee+". Is,a%+s4 C"%se*ue%t,#' the )VA /as a.e%+e+

t" $%c,u+e a !ec,a.at$"% a!ea "( 26 hecta!es4 O%,# 024? hecta!es "( the 26hecta!e !ec,a.at$"% !"ject ha-e bee% !ec,a$.e+' a%+ the !est "( the 21=402hecta!es a!e st$,, sub.e!&e+ a!eas ("!.$%& a!t "( Ma%$,a Ba#4 U%+e! the sa$+a.e%+.e%t' AMARI /$,, (u!the! sh"u,+e! a,, the !ec,a.at$"% c"sts "( the 21=402hecta!es st$,, t" be !ec,a$.e+' $% !etu!%' t$t,e t" AMARIs sha!e $% the %et usab,e a!ea't"ta,$%& 342 hecta!es' /$,, be $ssue+ $% $ts %a.e4O% 011' et$t$"%e! F!a%@ I4 Cha-e8 as a ta7a#e!' assa$,s the t!a%s(e! t" AMARI>s%a.e "( ,a%+s "( the ub,$c +".a$% as a b,ata%t -$",at$"% "( Sect$"% ' A!t$c,e II "(the 01 C"%st$tut$"% !"h$b$t$%& the sa,e "( a,$e%ab,e ,a%+s "( the ub,$c +".a$% t"!$-ate c"!"!at$"%s4Issue: Whethe! the st$u,at$"%s $% the a.e%+e+ )VA ("! the t!a%s(e! t" AMARI "(

ce!ta$% ,a%+s' !ec,a$.e+ a%+ st$,, t" be !ec,a$.e+' -$",ate the 01 C"%st$tut$"%4He,+: Kes4 The 21=402 hecta!es "( sub.e!&e+ a!eas "( Ma%$,a Ba# !e.a$%$%a,$e%ab,e %atu!a, !es"u!ces "( the ub,$c +".a$% u%t$, c,ass$($e+ as a,$e%ab,e "!+$s"sab,e ,a%+s "e% t" +$s"s$t$"% a%+ +ec,a!e+ %" ,"%&e! %ee+e+ ("! ub,$cse!-$ce4 PEA .a# !ec,a$. these sub.e!&e+ a!eas' the &"-e!%.e%t the!ea(te! ca%c,ass$(# the !ec,a$.e+ ,a%+s as a,$e%ab,e "! +$s"sab,e' a%+ (u!the! +ec,a!e the. %","%&e! %ee+e+ ("! ub,$c se!-$ce' but st$,,' the t!a%s(e! "( such !ec,a$.e+ a,$e%ab,e,a%+s "( the ub,$c +".a$% t" AMARI /$,, be -"$+ $% -$e/ "( Sect$"% ' A!t$c,e II "(the 01 C"%st$tut$"% /h$ch !"h$b$ts !$-ate c"!"!at$"%s (!". ac*u$!$%& a%# @$%+ "(a,$e%ab,e ,a%+ "( the ub,$c +".a$%4 The C"u!t .ust e!("!. $ts +ut# t" +e(e%+ a%+uh",+ the C"%st$tut$"%' a%+ the!e("!e +ec,a!es the A.e%+e+ )VA %u,, a%+ -"$+ ab$%$t$"4VILLARICO V SARMINENTO


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Doctrine: 7roperty of public dominion is outside the commerce of man andhence it: 819 cannot be alienated or leased or otherwise be the subject matterof contracts" 8+9 cannot be ac0uired by prescription against the tate" 849 isnot subject to attachment and eecution" and 8*9 cannot be burdened by anyvoluntary easementFacts: Te"($," C4 V$,,a!$c"' et$t$"%e!' $s the "/%e! "( a ,"t $% La Hue!ta' Pa!aa*ue

C$t#' Met!" Ma%$,a /$th a% a!ea "( s$7t#s$7 33 s*.4 Pet$t$"%e!>s ,"t $s sea!ate+(!". the N$%"# A*u$%" A-e%ue h$&h/a# b# a st!$ "( ,a%+ be,"%&$%& t" the&"-e!%.e%t V$-e%c$" Sa!.$e%t"' h$s +au&hte! Bess$e Sa!.$e%t" a%+ he! husba%+Beth De, Mu%+"' !es"%+e%ts he!e$%' ha+ a bu$,+$%& c"%st!ucte+ "% a "!t$"% "( sa$+&"-e!%.e%t ,a%+4 I% 011' b# .ea%s "( a Dee+ "( E7cha%&e "( Rea, P!"e!t#'et$t$"%e! ac*u$!e+ a ?46 s*ua!e .ete! "!t$"% "( the sa.e a!ea "/%e+ b# the&"-e!%.e%t4 I% 0112' et$t$"%e! ($,e+ /$th the RTC' a c".,a$%t ("! acc$"%ub,$c$a%a a&a$%st !es"%+e%ts4 He a,,e&e+ $%te! a,$a that !es"%+e%ts> st!uctu!es "%the &"-e!%.e%t ,a%+ c,"se+ h$s ;!$&ht "( /a#< t" the N$%"# A*u$%" A-e%ue a%+e%c!"ache+ "% a "!t$"% "( h$s ,"t c"-e!e+ b# T4C4T4 N"4 ??64 Res"%+e%ts'c,a$.e+ that the# ha-e bee% $ssue+ ,$ce%ses a%+ e!.$ts b# Pa!aa*ue C$t# t"c"%st!uct the$! bu$,+$%&s "% the a!ea a%+ that et$t$"%e! has %" !$&ht "-e! the subject!"e!t# as $t be,"%&s t" the &"-e!%.e%t4

Issue: WON THE PLAINTIFFHAS ACJUIRED A RIGHT OF WAK OVER THE LANDOF THE GOVERNMENTHe,+: N"4 It $s %"t +$sute+ that the ,"t "% /h$ch et$t$"%e!>s a,,e&e+ ;!$&ht "( /a#s W!$t "( P"ssess$"%4 H$s"ssess$"% $s ce!ta$%,# %"t $% the c"%cet "( a% "/%e!4 Th$s $s s" because as ea!,#as 010' t$t,e the!et" /as !e&$ste!e+ $% the %a.e "( the Ma&a#" S"uses /h$ch t$t,e/as subse*ue%t,# ca%ce,,e+ /he% the !"e!t# /as u!chase+ b# PBC". $% a

ub,$c auct$"% sa,e !esu,t$%& $% the $ssua%ce "( t$t,e $% (a-"! "( the ,atte! $% 0124The C"u!t st!esse+ that "ssess$"% a%+ "/%e!sh$ a!e +$st$%ct ,e&a, c"%cets4O/%e!sh$ e7$sts /he% a th$%& e!ta$%$%& t" "%e e!s"% $s c".,ete,# subjecte+ t"h$s /$,, $% a .a%%e! %"t !"h$b$te+ b# ,a/ a%+ c"%s$ste%t /$th the !$&hts "( "the!s4O/%e!sh$ c"%(e!s ce!ta$% !$&hts t" the "/%e!' "%e "( /h$ch $s the !$&ht t" +$s"se "(the th$%& b# /a# "( sa,e4 Att#4 Pe+!" Ga!c$a a%+ h$s /$(e Re.e+$"s e7e!c$se+ the$!!$&ht t" +$s"se "( /hat the# "/%e+ /he% the# s",+ the subject !"e!t# t" theMa&a#" s"uses4 O% the "the! ha%+' "ssess$"% $s +e($%e+ as the h",+$%& "( ath$%& "! the e%j"#.e%t "( a !$&ht4 L$te!a,,#' t" "ssess .ea%s t" actua,,# a%+h#s$ca,,# "ccu# a th$%& /$th "! /$th"ut !$&ht4 P"ssess$"% .a# be ha+ $% "%e "( t/"/a#s: "ssess$"% $% the c"%cet "( a% "/%e! a%+ "ssess$"% "( a h",+e!4 A"ssess"! $% the c"%cet "( a% "/%e! .a# be the "/%e! h$.se,( "! "%e /h" c,a$.st" be s"4 O% the "the! ha%+' "%e /h" "ssesses as a .e!e h",+e! ac@%"/,e+&es $%


6/10

a%"the! a sue!$"! !$&ht /h$ch he be,$e-es t" be "/%e!sh$' /hethe! h$s be,$e( be!$&ht "! /!"%&4The !ec"!+s sh"/ that et$t$"%e! "ccu$e+ the !"e!t# %"t $% the c"%cet "( a%"/%e! ("! h$s sta# /as .e!e,# t",e!ate+ b# h$s a!e%ts4RODIL ENTERPRISES V CAD&$TRI;s s"%s' A","%$" a%+R"+",(" +e La!a4 Whe% Fe,$c$tas e%c"u%te!e+ ($%a%c$a, +$(($cu,t$es' she a!"ache+et$t$"%e! C"!%e,$" M4 Isa&u$!!e4 O% Feb!ua!# 06' 0136' a +"cu.e%t +e%".$%ate+ as;Dee+ "( Sa,e a%+ Sec$a, Cess$"% "( R$&hts a%+ I%te!ests< /as e7ecute+ b#Fe,$c$tas a%+ Isa&u$!!e' /he!eb# the ("!.e! s",+ a =26 s*ua!e .ete! "!t$"% "( thesubject ,"t' t"&ethe! /$th the t/"st"!# c"..e!c$a, a%+ !es$+e%t$a, st!uctu!e sta%+$%&the!e"%4 S".et$.e $% Ma# 0131' A","%$" a%+ R"+",(" +e La!a ($,e+ a c".,a$%ta&a$%st et$t$"%e! ("! !ec"-e!# "( "/%e!sh$ a%+ "ssess$"% "( the t/"st"!# bu$,+$%&4

H"/e-e!' et$t$"%e! ($,e+ a sa,es a,$cat$"% "-e! the subject !"e!t# a%+ /as$ssue+ a% OCT4 Due t" "-e!,a$%& "( t$t,e' et$t$"%e! ($,e+ a% act$"% ("! *u$et$%& "(t$t,e4 )u+&.e%t /as !e%+e!e+ $% (a-"! "( the !es"%+e%ts4 Whe% !es"%+e%t ($,e+ a."t$"% ("! e7ecut$"%' et$t$"%e! ""se+' a%+ a,,e&e+ that he ha+ a !$&ht "( !ete%t$"%"-e! the !"e!t# u%t$, a#.e%t "( the -a,ue "( the $.!"-e.e%ts he ha+ $%t!"+uce+"% the !"e!t#4ISSUE: Whethe! "! %"t the ."!t&a&ee $% a% e*u$tab,e ."!t&a&e has the !$&ht t"!eta$% "ssess$"% "( the !"e!t# e%+$%& actua, a#.e%t t" h$. "( the a."u%t "($%+ebte+%ess b# the ."!t&a&"!4HELD: The &e%e!a, !u,e $s that the ."!t&a&"! !eta$%s "ssess$"% "( the ."!t&a&e+!"e!t# s$%ce a ."!t&a&e $s .e!e,# a ,$e% a%+ t$t,e t" the !"e!t# +"es %"t ass t"

the ."!t&a&ee4 H"/e-e!' e-e% th"u&h a ."!t&a&ee +"es %"t ha-e "ssess$"% "( the!"e!t#' the!e $s %" $.a$!.e%t "( h$s secu!$t# s$%ce the ."!t&a&e +$!ect,# a%+$..e+$ate,# subjects the !"e!t# u"% /h$ch $t $s $."se+' /h"e-e! the "ssess"!.a# be' t" the (u,($,,.e%t "( the "b,$&at$"% ("! /h"se secu!$t# $t /as c"%st$tute+4 I( the+ebt"! $s u%ab,e t" a# h$s +ebt' the ."!t&a&e c!e+$t"! .a# $%st$tute a% act$"% t"("!ec,"se the ."!t&a&e' /hethe! ju+$c$a,,# "! e7t!aju+$c$a,,#' /he!eb# the ."!t&a&e+!"e!t# /$,, the% be s",+ at a ub,$c auct$"% a%+ the !"cee+s the!e (!". &$-e% t"the c!e+$t"! t" the e7te%t %ecessa!# t" +$scha!&e the ."!t&a&e ,"a%4A s$.,e ."!t&a&e +"es %"t &$-e the ."!t&a&ee a !$&ht t" the "ssess$"% "( the!"e!t# u%,ess the ."!t&a&e sh"u,+ c"%ta$% s".e sec$a, !"-$s$"% t" that e((ect4Re&!ettab,# ("! et$t$"%e!' he has %"t !ese%te+ a%# e-$+e%ce' "the! tha% h$s "/%&!atu$t"us state.e%ts' t" !"-e that the !ea, $%te%t$"% "( the a!t$es /as t" a,,"/ h$.t" e%j"# "ssess$"% "( the ."!t&a&e+ !"e!t# u%t$, (u,, a#.e%t "( the ,"a%4 The t!$a,c"u!t c"!!ect,# $ssue+ the /!$t "( "ssess$"% $% (a-"! "( !es"%+e%t4 Such /!$t /as


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8/10

Facts: Pet$t$"%e! Abeja!"% a-e!s that he $s the actua, a%+ ,a/(u, "ssess"! a%+c,a$.a%t "( a 00s*ua!e .ete! "!t$"% "( a 02s*ua!e .ete! !es$+e%t$a, ,"t $%S$,/a#' Ge%e!a, Sa%t"s C$t#4 I% 01?2' et$t$"%e! Abeja!"% a%+ h$s (a.$,# sta!te+"ccu#$%& the 00s*ua!e .ete! ,a%+4 He bu$,t a %$a h"use' a s.a,, st"!e' a%+ a(e%ce .a+e "( /""+ t" +e,$%eate h$s a!ea4 I% 01?1' the %$a h"use /as $.!"-e+$%t" a t/"st"!e# h"use a%+ the s.a,, st"!e /as a,s" .a+e b$&&e!4 The /""+e%(e%ce /as a,s" cha%&e+ t" a (e%ce .a+e "( h",,"/ b,"c@s4 The t/"st"!e# h"use'b$&&e! st"!e' a%+ h",,"/b,"c@ (e%ce a,, sta%+ t" th$s +a#4 Abeja!"% a,s" $%t!"+uce+se-e!a, $.!"-e.e%ts "% the ,a%+ $%c,u+$%& 2 c"c"%ut t!ees' a%+ a-"ca+" a%+ba%a%a t!ees4 %"/$%& that the +$sute+ ,a%+ /as ub,$c $% cha!acte!' et$t$"%e!+ec,a!e+ "%,# h$s h"use' a%+ %"t the +$sute+ ,a%+' ("! ta7at$"% u!"ses4

Pet$t$"%e! state+ that be&$%%$%& 0122' !es"%+e%t Nabasa !es$+e+ "% the !e.a$%$%&2s*ua!e .ete! "!t$"% "( L"t 0' B,"c@ 2' Psu02?124 Nabasa bu$,t h$s h"use ab"ut("u! ? .ete!s a/a# (!". et$t$"%e! Abeja!"%>s h"use4 Be("!e 01?' e.,"#ees "(the Bu!eau "( La%+s su!-e#e+ the a!ea $% c"%t!"-e!s#4 Abeja!"% .e!e,# /atche+the. +" the su!-e# a%+ +$+ %"t the!ea(te! a,# ("! t$t,e "( the ,a%+ "% the be,$e( thathe c"u,+ %"t secu!e t$t,e "-e! $t as $t /as &"-e!%.e%t !"e!t#4 W$th"ut Abeja!"%>s@%"/,e+&e a%+ c"%se%t' h"/e-e!' Nabasa ;c,a%+est$%e,#' /$,,(u,,#' (!au+u,e%t,#' a%+u%,a/(u,,# a,$e+ ("! a%+ cause+ the t$t,$%& $% h$s %a.e< "( the e%t$!e L"t 0' B,"c@ 2'Psu02?12' $%c,u+$%& et$t$"%e! Abeja!"%>s 00s*ua!e .ete! "!t$"%4 Pet$t$"%e!

$.utes ba+ (a$th a%+ (!au+ "% the a!t "( Nabasa4

O!$&$%a, Ce!t$($cate "( T$t,e N"4 P?0?6' c"-e!$%& L"t 0' B,"c@ 2' Psu02?12 /as$ssue+ t" !es"%+e%t Nabasa' he%ce' a% act$"% ("! !ec"%-e#a%ce /$th +a.a&es /as($,e+ b# et$t$"%e! Abeja!"% see@$%& !ec"%-e#a%ce "( h$s 00s*ua!e .ete! "!t$"% "(L"t 0' B,"c@ 2' Psu02?124 The t!$a, c"u!t !u,e+ $% (a-"! "( Abeja!"% /h$ch /as!e-e!se+ b# the C"u!t "( Aea,s4 He%ce' th$s et$t$"% ("! !e-$e/ "% ce!t$"!a!$4

Issue: Whethe! "! %"t t$t,e "( "/%e!sh$ a%+ (act "( (!au+ $s esse%t$a, ("! a% act$"% ("!!ec"%-e#a%ce t" !"se!

He,+: A% act$"% ("! !ec"%-e#a%ce "( a !"e!t# $s the s",e !e.e+# "( a ,a%+"/%e!/h"se !"e!t# has bee% /!"%&(u,,# "! e!!"%e"us,# !e&$ste!e+ $% a%"the!>s %a.e

a(te! "%e #ea! (!". the +ate "( the +ec!ee s" ,"%& as the !"e!t# has %"t asse+ t"a% $%%"ce%t u!chase! ("! -a,ue4 The act$"% +"es %"t see@ t" !e"e% the !e&$st!at$"%!"cee+$%& a%+ set as$+e the +ec!ee "( !e&$st!at$"% but "%,# u!"!ts t" sh"/ thatthe e!s"% /h" secu!e+ the !e&$st!at$"% "( the !"e!t# $% c"%t!"-e!s# $s %"t the !ea,"/%e! the!e"(4 F!au+ $s a &!"u%+ ("! !ec"%-e#a%ce4 F"! a% act$"% ("! !ec"%-e#a%cebase+ "% (!au+ t" !"se!' $t $s esse%t$a, ("! the a!t# see@$%& !ec"%-e#a%ce t" !"-eb# c,ea! a%+ c"%-$%c$%& e-$+e%ce h$s t$t,e t" the !"e!t# a%+ the (act "( (!au+4 Such/as %"t e!("!.e+ b# the et$t$"%e!4

Abeja!"%>s 6#ea! e!$"+ "( "ssess$"% a%+ "ccuat$"% !e*u$!e+ b# the Pub,$c La%+Act' as a.e%+e+ b# R4A4 01?= !a% (!". 01?2 t" 012' !$"! t" the e((ect$-$t# "( P4D4N"4 06 $% 01' the !e*u$!e.e%t "( sa$+ P4D4 that "ccuat$"% a%+ "ssess$"%sh"u,+ ha-e sta!te+ "% )u%e 0=' 01?2 "! ea!,$e!' +"es %"t a,# t" h$.4 Wh$,e theet$t$"%e! has sh"/% c"%t$%ue+ e7$ste%ce "( these $.!"-e.e%ts "% the +$sute+

,a%+' the# /e!e $%t!"+uce+ ,ate! tha% )a%ua!# =?' 01?4 He has (a$,e+ t" estab,$shthe "!t$"% "( the +$sute+ ,a%+ that h$s "!$&$%a, %$a h"use' s.a,, st"!e a%+ /""+e%(e%ce actua,,# "ccu$e+ as "( )a%ua!# =?' 01?4 I% the abse%ce "( th$s !""(' /eca%%"t +ete!.$%e the ,a%+ he actua,,# "ssesse+ a%+ "ccu$e+ ("! th$!t# #ea!s /h$chhe .a# ac*u$!e u%+e! Sec4 ?b "( the Pub,$c La%+ Act4 A,s"' as a+.$tte+ b# theet$t$"%e!' he has %e-e! +ec,a!e+ the +$sute+ ,a%+ ("! ta7at$"% u!"ses4 Wh$,e ta7!ece$ts a%+ ta7 +ec,a!at$"%s a!e %"t $%c"%t!"-e!t$b,e e-$+e%ce "( "/%e!sh$' the#bec".e st!"%& e-$+e%ce "( "/%e!sh$ ac*u$!e+ b# !esc!$t$"% /he% acc".a%$e+b# !""( "( actua, "ssess$"% "( the !"e!t# "! su"!te+ b# "the! e((ect$-e !""(4

Pet$t$"%e!>s e-$+e%ce +"es %"t c"%st$tute the ;/e,,%$&h $%c"%t!"-e!t$b,e< e-$+e%ce%ecessa!# t" ac*u$!e t$t,e th!"u&h "ssess$"% a%+ "ccuat$"% "( the +$sute+ ,a%+ at,east s$%ce )a%ua!# =?' 01? as !e*u$!e+ b# Sec4 ?b "( the Pub,$c La%+ Act' asa.e%+e+ b# R4A4 01?=4 The bas$c !esu.t$"% $s that ,a%+s "( /hate-e!c,ass$($cat$"% be,"%& t" the State a%+ e-$+e%ce "( a ,a%+ &!a%t .ust be ;/e,,%$&h$%c"%t!"-e!t$b,e4< As et$t$"%e! Abeja!"% has %"t a++uce+ a%# e-$+e%ce "( t$t,e t" the,a%+ $% c"%t!"-e!s#' /hethe! b# ju+$c$a, c"%($!.at$"% "( t$t,e' "! h".estea+' sa,e' "!(!ee ate%t' he ca%%"t .a$%ta$% a% act$"% ("! !ec"%-e#a%ce4

SELFHELP PRINCIPLEGERMAN MGMT SERVICES V CA

Doctrine: The doctrine of selfBhelp enunciated in Article *+2 of the ;ew $ivil$ode is unavailing because the doctrine of selfBhelp can only be eercised atthe time of actual or threatened dispossession which is absent in the case atbar. #hen possession has already been lost, the owner must resort to judicialprocess for the recovery of property.Facts: S"uses C#%th$a Cu#e&@e%& )"se a%+ Ma%ue, Re%e )"se' the "/%e!s "( aa!ce, "( ,a%+ s$tuate+ $% S$t$" I%a!a/a%' Sa% Is$+!"' A%t$","' R$8a,4 The s"uses)"se e7ecute+ a SPA auth"!$8$%& et$t$"%e! Ge!.a% Ma%a&e.e%t Se!-$ces t"+e-e," the$! !"e!t# c"-e!e+ $%t" a !es$+e%t$a, sub+$-$s$"%4 F$%+$%& that a!t "( the!"e!t# /as "ccu$e+ b# !$-ate !es"%+e%ts a%+ =6 "the! e!s"%s' et$t$"%e!a+-$se+ the "ccua%ts t" -acate the !e.$ses but the ,atte! !e(use+4 Ne-e!the,ess'et$t$"%e! !"cee+e+ /$th the +e-e,".e%t "( the subject !"e!t# /h$ch $%c,u+e+ the

"!t$"%s "ccu$e+ a%+ cu,t$-ate+ b# !$-ate !es"%+e%ts4 P!$-ate !es"%+e%ts ($,e+a% act$"% ("! ("!c$b,e e%t!# a&a$%st et$t$"%e! be("!e the MTC4 Pet$t$"%e!s $%-"@e+ theD"ct!$%e "( Se,( He,4 MTC +$s.$sse+ the c".,a$%t ("! ("!c$b,e e%t!#4 O% aea,'RTC susta$%e+ the +$s.$ssa,4 P!$-ate !es"%+e%ts the% ($,e+ a et$t$"% ("! !e-$e/ /$ththe CA4 CA &a-e +ue c"u!se t" the$! et$t$"% a%+ !e-e!se+ the +ec$s$"%s4 TheAe,,ate C"u!t he,+ that s$%ce !$-ate !es"%+e%ts /e!e $% actua, "ssess$"% "( the!"e!t# at the t$.e the# /e!e ("!c$b,# ejecte+ b# et$t$"%e!' !$-ate !es"%+e%tsha-e a !$&ht t" c"..e%ce a% act$"% ("! ("!c$b,e e%t!# !e&a!+,ess "( the ,e&a,$t# "!$,,e&a,$t# "( "ssess$"%4 Pet$t$"%e! ."-e+ t" !ec"%s$+e! but the sa.e /as +e%$e+ b#the Ae,,ate C"u!t4 He%ce' th$s !ec"u!se4Issue: Whethe! "! %"t the et$t$"%e!s ca% !"e!,# $%-"@e the D"ct!$%e "( Se,( He,4He,+: N"4 Such just$($cat$"% $s u%a-a$,$%& because the +"ct!$%e "( se,(he, ca% "%,#


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e,e.e%ts "( a *uas$+e,$ct a!e !ese%t' t" /$t: a +a.a&es su((e!e+ b# the ,a$%t$(('b (au,t "! %e&,$&e%ce "( the +e(e%+a%t' "! s".e "the! e!s"% ("! /h"se acts he.ust !es"%+ a%+ c the c"%%ect$"% "( cause a%+ e((ect bet/ee% the (au,t "!%e&,$&e%ce "( the +e(e%+a%t a%+ the +a.a&es $%cu!!e+ b# the ,a$%t$((4C,ea!,#' (!". et$t$"%e!>s c".,a$%t' the /ate!aths a%+ c"%t!$-a%ces bu$,t b#!es"%+e%t c"!"!at$"% a!e a,,e&e+ t" ha-e $%u%+ate+ the ,a%+ "( et$t$"%e!s4 The!e$s the!e("!e' a% asse!t$"% "( a causa, c"%%ect$"% bet/ee% the act "( bu$,+$%& these/ate!aths a%+ the +a.a&e susta$%e+ b# et$t$"%e!s4 Such act$"% $( !"-e%c"%st$tutes (au,t "! %e&,$&e%ce /h$ch .a# be the bas$s ("! the !ec"-e!# "( +a.a&es4It .ust be st!esse+ that the use "( "%e>s !"e!t# $s %"t /$th"ut ,$.$tat$"%s4 A!t$c,e?0 "( the C$-$, C"+e !"-$+es that ;the "/%e! "( a th$%& ca%%"t .a@e use the!e"( $%such a .a%%e! as t" $%ju!e the !$&hts "( a th$!+ e!s"%4< SIC UTERE TUO UTALIENUM NON LAEDAS4

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