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Power Quality

Training Courses

Curricula for

MODULE 1

Voltage dips and short interruptions

- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -

LPQIVES is co-financed by:

LPQIVES is a programme of:

LPQI is part of:

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Power Quality Expert Level 2

Module 1

Voltage dips and short interruptions

1 INTRODUCTIONVoltage dips and short and long interruptions have a negative influence on the power consumerseconomical indicators. The practical determination of PQ indexes can offer useful information tothe electricity supplier, concerning the PQ of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will besupplied to the customers for decisions taking in relation with assuring of a well operation into theelectrical network node under discussion.

1.1 General aimsTwo kinds of electromagnetic disturbances are dealt with in this seminar: voltage dips and shortinterruptions. In this sense, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of thesedisturbances, the data acquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and theinformation extraction needed for the decisions processing related to the mitigation of the power

quality of the supplied electricity will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases forwhich will be selected / chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.

1.2 Target groupsThis modules target group are mainly:

end-users of equipment; designers, consultants; building up or installation work contractor; electric networks operators; equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.

2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS

The pathway of module consists of a 2 days seminar, subdivided in sections (with differentduration), with these contents and related aims.

1st

dayContents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage dips and short interruptions, methods and

measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition (measurement principles,references values etc.). Criteria and requirements for measurements performing,techniques of reporting the results etc.Notions about statistical processing of the experimental results. EXCEL programmingnotions, examples of graphic tracing, statistical analyze.Monitoring equipment description and operation.The installation of the software, on computers, in directly relation with the equipmentunder debate. The download of the measured data. The preliminary analizes of the

measured data.Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage dips and short supply interruptions. The

supplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, thedownload on computers and the statistical processing of the measured data.

2nd

dayContents The tagging of the experimental data over CBEMA, ITIC curves. The assesment of

power quality indexes. The aggregation. The vulnerability area. Maps with PQ indexesperformed attached at the electrical networks. The customer prejudices assesment.Solutions for the power quality improvment and economical evaluation. To decide on and

to dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real situation (a customer sensitive tovoltage dips and short supply interruptions).

Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power qualityand prejudices. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. To decide on and todimension a PQ improvement solution for a real case/situation.

Below theres an overview of the module contents.

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2.1 Pathway of learning flow chartof learning flow chart

Lesson

Lesson and discussions

Lesson, practical activi-ties and discussions

Knowledgelevel

SectionTime

progression(hours)

1 1Recapitulation of the notions

related to voltage dips andshort interruptions

215 2Statistical processingnotions of the results.

EXCEL notions.

315 3Monitoring equipmentdescription. Installing.

Setting-up. Recorded values.

645 5Tagging over CBEMA, ITIC curves.

Indexes calculation. Aggregation.Vulnerability area. Indexes maps.

725 6The calculation of theprejudices cauzed byvoltage dips and short

interruptions.

915

7

To decide on and todimension a solution for

the PQ improvement.

940 8Introduction into the

homework.

1000End of

seminar

Final discussions and

conclusions.

445Peculiar software instalation on thecomputers. The data download and

the preliminary analizes of themeasured values.4

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3 MODULE DETAILED PROGRAM

First day:

60 min. Participants registration.

5 min. Opening, information.

60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage dips and shortinterruptions.Definitions. The disturbances description. Voltage dips and short interruptionsmeasurement principles. Power quality indexes concerning voltage dips andshort interruptions. CBEMA and ITIC curves. Duration - amplitude charts forvoltage dips. Needed information. Examples.Modality: Lesson and discussions.

45 min. Section 2: Methods of analysis. Notions about the statistical processing ofexperimental results. Normal distribution. Accomplishment probability (99%, 95%and 50 %). The square mean deviation. Cumulative Probability Function (CPF).Modality: Lesson and discussions.

30 min. EXCEL programming, charts drawing and statistical analizes examples.Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.

30 min. Coffee break

60 min. Section 3: Description of monitoring equipment. Technical characteristics.

Internal memory. Mounting in instalations. Setting-up. The interconnection withthe upper hierarhichal level. Recorded values. Power quality monitoring systems.Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.

90 min. Section 4: The installation (on computers) of the software concerning themonitoring equipment under debate. The acquisised data download.The preliminary analizes of the measured values. Comments. Observations.(It will be used 3 different type of monitoring equipments from those used - in realoperation - to measure voltage dips and and short interruptions.)Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

Second day:

120 min. Section 5: The tagging of the recorded data over CBEMA and ITIC curves. Thedetermination of PQ indexes on recorded data basis. Time and spaceaggregation. The vulnerability area. Maps with the performed PQ indexesattached at the electrical networks.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

40 min. Section 6: The calculation of customers prejudicescaused by voltage dips andshort interruptions.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.


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110 min. Section 7: Solutions for the power quality improvment and economicalevaluation.To decide on and to dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real customer(the respective customer issensitive to voltage dips and short interruptions).Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve thehomework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures teamfor appreciation).The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize theseminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.Modality: Lesson and discussions.

20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.End of the course - user satisfaction survey.

GENERAL NOTES each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program; at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will

verify their fulfilment; the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections; at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module

quality.

4 TEACHING METHODS

Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following: knowledge transfer (Lesson)

topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides;

practical activities of monitoring equipment cognitive, mounting and setting-up, the download ofthe experimental data and the processing of it.

practical activities of computer utilization for the acquisition and experimental data processing; practical activities of prejudices asesment and for the selectioning and dimensioning of power

quality improvement solutions for real cases / situations; deepening / learning verification (Discussion)

general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the module) to verify the knowledgetransfer.

During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordinationduty.

5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS

The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be: Blackboard; Video-projector; Pointer; Notebook;

Power quality monitoring equipments (minimum 3 different type of equipment).

The attendants have to come at seminar with laptops for the practical activities which will beperformed during the seminar.

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The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enablegroup work for the attendants.

Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:

the module program; the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides; LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;

the software programs / drivers (monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and datadownload);

the indications refering to the processing algorithms; the homework.

The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted atthe end of the seminar / module)

6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. Thefollowing (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:

electric circuits theory: AC circuits; electric machines; electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network; electric metrology; knowledge in using software programs.

7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE

The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for: the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating; the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis;

the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specificindexes;

the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the respective disturbance; to decide on and to dimension solutions for the power quality improvement.

8 ANNEXES

List of references from MIDAS:

Press

1. PR-00007, Heydt, G, Power Quality Engineering, JEEE, Sep 2001Encompassing most areas of electric power engineering, from generation to utilization, power qualityengineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, theauthor describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest

2. PR-00012, Gomez, J, Coordinating overcurrent protection and voltage sag indistributed generation systems, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Feb 2002The new scenario implies that the time-voltage characteristic of a protective device changes into a zonethat modifies previous methodologies and increases the dropout susceptibility of sensitive equipment.

3. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,IEEE power & energy magazine, may/june 2003The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and

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is geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.

4. PR-00021, Craven, K L, Lawrence, R, Nicholls, M, Flywheel UPS, IEEE IndustryApplications, May/June 2003An economical energy storage device that bridges the gap caused by voltage sags and temporaryvoltage loss.

Publication5. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application noteThe glossary of main technical terms used in PQ

6. REP-00004, 2003, 2-3 Persuading consumers to invest in voltage sag, Application NoteInvestement analysis of voltage dips mitigation methods

7. REP-00022, 2003, 5-3-4 Considerations for choosing different voltage dip mitigationdevices, Application NoteSensitive loads. Mitigation devices and their performanceThis paper compares various systems protecting industrial processes against voltage sags(Flywheel, Static UPS, Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Statcom, Shunt connected SynchronousMotor and a Transformerless Series Injector). The systems are compared with regard to dipimmunization capability and several other technical and economic parameters.

8. REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,Application NoteSomehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints. Subjects:- The main problems- A comparison of the approaches: former vs. future- New opportunities- New tools for the power quality measurement technology of the future

9. REP-00046, 2002, 5-1 Voltage dips - Introduction, Application noteDips causes. Sensitivity; CBEMA, ITEC, ANSI curves.

10. REP-00048, 2003, 5-2-1 Predictive Maintenance - The key to Power Quality,Application noteThe concept of predictive maintenance. Rhopoint Systems - PQ Index

11. REP-00049, 2002, 5-3-2 Voltage Dip Mitigation, Application noteOverview of different voltage stabilizers.12. REP-00051, 2003, 5-5-1 Voltage Sag in Continuous Processes. Case Study,Application noteHow to mitigate voltage dips in vulnerable areas of textile factory.

13. REP-00057, 2003, TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHODS TO REDUCEDAMAGE DUE TO VOLTAGE DIPS, Application noteThis is the text of a Ph D thesis.To determine whether there are cost effective mitigation methods to avoid or limit damage causedby voltage dips, requires detailed information on several aspects, such as an estimation of the numberof dips to be expected, an overview of possible solutions and a correct economic decision-makingcriterion. The current literature describes these aspects in an isolated way, neglecting the interactionsbetween the coupled aspects. This work describes and completes the aspects involved. Furthermore,it combines them in a coherent framework, resulting in an applicable strategy to find the besttechnoeconomicsolution in a concrete situation. The applicability of the introduced methods is demonstratedby case studies of industrial processes in an existing grid.Chapters:1. Introduction2. Problem analysis3. Dip characterization and propagation4. Estimating dip frequency: area of vulnerability5. Estimating dip frequency: dip measurements6. Mitigation methods7. Cost-benefit analysis of mitigation methods8. Integration of all aspects9. Textile fiber extrusion process10. Summary, conclusions and future research

14. REP-00072, 2003, Voltage dip immunity test set up for induction motor drives,

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Application noteVariable-speed drives are sensitive to voltage dips. A test set-up for assessing the immunity of standardinduction-motor drives to dips in the supply voltage is described.Measurements result in voltage-tolerance curves. Measurements are compared to simulation results.

15. REP-00110, 2003, Voltage sag measurement and characterization. Technical note no.

4., Application noteVoltage sag measurement and characterisation - subjects:1. Introduction2. Load susceptibility3. Event reporting4. Site reporting5. Site indices6. Sag surveys

16. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity andreduce plant operating costs, PaperThere are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemicalplants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and providesrecommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost saving

solutions are provided.17. REP-00126, 1998, Using voltage sag and interruption indices in distribution planning,PaperA traditional approach to distribution planning calls for the most economical system upgrades, timed tomeet projected capacity needs. In a more competitive environment, there is also value in improving thepower quality. Power quality impacts, especially in the areas of RMS voltage variations and sustainedinterruptions, can alter the economic evaluation of investment options for capacity expansion. While itmay appear attractive to feed new load from a particular substation, an increased sag rate may result,favoring a different solution. This paper describes a planning process that includes power qualityimpacts. The process is dependent on service quality indices that measure the performance of thesystem. Methods for estimating the indices from measurements and simulations are discussed. Anexample is presented that illustrates how consideration for the cost of RMS variations and sustainedinterruptions can alter the planning decision.

18. REP-00127, 2002, Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGREWG 36-07, PaperThis paper gives an overview of the ongoing activities in CIGRE WG36-07: "Power quality indices andobjectives". It introduces the considerations supporting the need for power quality indices and objectivesin the present context of deregulation of the electricity industry. Experts generally agree on the need forstandardized quality indices allowing to monitor and to report power quality in a common format.However, concerning quality objectives the need is more likely for different levels of quality that canmatch customers expectations and the price they are wilting to pay for electricity. Some practicallimitations to voltage quality monitoring are also discussed. The status of the work within the workinggroup is described for harmonics, flicker, unbalance and voltage dips.

19. REP-00130, 2001, Variable speed drives and motors - motor shaft voltages andbearing currents, Application note

This user guide provides information to enable the correct selection and installation of low voltageinduction motors and Voltage Source PWM inverters with respect to minimising the effects of shaftvoltages and potentially damaging bearing currents.

20. REP-00141, 2002, Voltage dip immunity test set-up for induction motor drives, PaperPaper presents test set up to determine immunity of a motor to voltage dip.

21. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)1. Scope2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)2.1. Definition of EMC2.2. Basic concepts2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels

2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects3.1. General classification3.2. Harmonics

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3.3. Interharmonics3.4. Voltage fluctuations3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry3.7. Power frequency variations3.8. Transient overvoltages3.9. Mains siganlling3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level4.2. Immunity of equipment4.3. Mitigation techniques4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements4.5. An approach to measurement criteria5. Main standards and othter EMC publications5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination5.2. Relevant EMC standards on EMC5.3. CENELEC and national EMC standards and publications5.4. Relevant publication from other international bodies dealing with EMC6. Glossary of terms and definitions7. Abbreviations8. ReferencesAppendix A. Disturbance compatibility levels in figuresA-1. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for low-, medium- and high-voltage public distribution networksA-2. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for indoor industrial plants

22. REP-00146, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags andinterruptions: 1. Overview of power quality and power quality standards, BookChapter 1 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEEPress, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)Interest in power qualityPower quality, voltage quality

Overview of PQ phenomenaPQ and EMC standards

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Power Quality

Training Courses

Curricula for

MODULE 2

Harmonics and Interharmonics




LPQI is part of:

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Module 2

Harmonics and Interharmonics

1 INTRODUCTIONVoltage and current harmonics and interharmonics are generated by non-linear loads connected toelectrical distribution networks. This kind of disturbances become more and more presently into theelectrical distribution networks, especially because of large using of the power electronic systems.The presence of harmonics and interharmonics lead to the increasing of the power losses and toresonance phenomena into the electrical networks, the appearance of unwanted couples atelectrical machines and to an additional warming of the transformers, at measuring errors and atan incorrect operation of the control systems, at telecommunication networks disturbing etc.So, the knowing of the sources of harmonics and interharmonics, respectively of the solutions forlimitation of these disturbances are very important for electricity suppliers and users.

1.1 General aimsVoltage and current harmonics and interharmonics will be studied during this seminar. In thissense, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the dataacquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the information extractionneeded for the decisions processing related to the improvement of the power quality of thesupplied electricity will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will beselected / chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.


end-users of equipment; designers, consultants; electrical installations building up or installation work contractor building up;

electric networks operators; manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.

2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICSThe pathway of module consists of a 2 days seminar, subdivided in sections (with differentduration), with these contents and related aims.

1st

dayContents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics,

methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition. Criteria andrequirements for measurements performing, techniques of reporting the results etc.MATLAB programming and simulation.Monitoring equipment description and operation. The download of the measured data. The

preliminary analyzes of the measured data.Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics.

The supplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, thedownload on computers and the statistical processing of the measured data.

2nd

dayContents The assessment of the harmonic distortion quota for the consumers connected to the Point of

Common Coupling (PCC). The assessment of the prejudices caused by harmonics.The dimensioning of the installations taking into account the presence of distorted voltages andcurrents. The dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases (customers sensitive tovoltage and current harmonics).

Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power quality andprejudices. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. The selection and the

dimensioning of a PQ improvement solution for real cases.


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2.1 Pathway of learning flow chartlearning flow chart

Knowledgelevel

SectionTime

progression(hours)

Lesson


Practical activities anddiscussions

1130

Recapitulation of the notionsrelated to harmonics and

interharmonics

2200

The computing softwarebuilding and using for the

distorted curve composition.

3240

The analisis of the

disturbancescaused by non-linear receivers/loads.

4430

Monitoring equipment(description, mounting,

setting-up, measuring, data

processing).

6

730

The dimensioning of a passivefiltre for an electrical power

network

8

910

Introduction into thehomework.

End ofseminar

7

5530

630

The harmonic distortion quotacalculation for the consumers

connected to a PCC.

The damages calculation.Thedimensioning of the electrical

installations taking into accountthe harmonics presence.

The power factor calculation forthe non-sinusoidal regimes. The

selection of the active filters.

Final discussions andconclusions

8

45

930

9

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First day:



90 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to harmonics andinterharmonics. Sources. Power quality rated indexes for the distortedstate/regime characterization. Admitted values / limits. The necessity of anindexes set. Examples.Power Quality Teaching Toy" and WaveMaker" installing and utilization.Modality: Lesson and discussions.

30 min. Section 2: MATLAB programming notions. The conceiving of small software

programs and their utilisation for a distorted curve composition.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.


40 min. Section 3: The utilization of SIMULINK for the analises of the harmonicdisturbances caused by various non-linear receivers/loads.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

110 min. Section 4: The monitoring equipment description (it will be used: Fluke 41,Fluke 43, Fluke 454, CA 8334 and ION 7600 equipment). The installation (oncomputers) of the software concerning the monitoring equipment under debate.The practical determinations by the above equipments help, on a simple schemawith a non-linear receiver/load (a mono-phase double-wave rectifier whichsuppling a filament lamp in series with a variable inductance winding). Theinfluence of the circuit inductivity. A comparation with the data obtained bysimulation. The calculation of the PQ indexes on recorded data basis.Comparation with the rated / admitted values / limits.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

Second day:

60 min. Section 5: The presentation of the method and harmonic distortion quota

assignment software. The harmonic distortion quota calculation for theconsumers connected to a PCC (the selection of a 20 kV electrical network whichsuppling disturbing consumers; the data input; the analisis of the obtained results- assignment quotas for the consumers connected to PCC).Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

80 min. Section 6: The calculation of damagescaused by the presence of the harmonicsinto the electrical power network. The practical assesment of the losses into theelectrical power network. The calculation of K factor and the transformerdenomination level, for the above mentioned analised cases. The enginesresizing. The neutral conductor dimensioning into the low voltage electricalnetworks, on computing basis for a three phases power circuit, supplying a bank.

Modality: Practical activities and discussions.


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60 min. Section 7: The dimensioning of a passive filtre on consumer power supplyingbus-bar, based on experimental obtained harmonics spectrum. The analysis offilter integration into electrical network when the frequency-response curve is

known.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

75 min. Section 8: The power factor for the non-sinusoidal regime. The power factorcalculation for the analized regimes. The active filters selection from themanufactures offers. The power supply circuits resizing in case of disturbingloads, taking into account the presence of the active filter.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

25 min. Section 9: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve thehomework (the dimensioning of a passive filter, the selection of active filtertype/schema, the assignment quota calculation for a real scheme) up to the next

seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team for appreciation.The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize theseminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.Modality: Lesson and discussions.


GENERAL NOTES each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;

at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he willverify their fulfilment; the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections; at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module

quality.

4 TEACHING METHODS

Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following: knowledge transfer (Lesson)

topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides;

practical activities of monitoring equipment cognitive, mounting and setting-up, the download ofthe experimental data and the processing of it.

practical activities of computer utilization for the acquisition and experimental data processing;

practical activities of damages asesment and for the selectioning and dimensioning of powerquality improvement solutions for real cases / situations;

deepening / learning verification (Discussion)general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the module) to verify the knowledgetransfer.



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The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be:

Blackboard; Video-projector; Pointer; Notebook; Power quality monitoring equipments (minimum 3 different type of equipment).



Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing: the module program; the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;

LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key; the software programs / drivers (monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and data

download); the indications refering to the processing algorithms; the homework.



The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. Thefollowing (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant: electric circuits theory: AC circuits; electric machines; electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network; power electronics; basic knowledge in MATLAB programming; electric metrology.


The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for: the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating; the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis; the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specific

indexes; the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the respective disturbance; to decide on and to dimension solutions for the power quality improvement.

8 ANNEXES


Press1. PR-00007, Heydt, G, Power Quality Engineering, JEEE, Sep 2001

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Encompassing most areas of electric power engineering, from generation to utilization, power qualityengineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the authordescribes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest

2. PR-00008, Peng, FZ, Harmonic sources and filtering approaches, JEEE22 basic filter configurations for compensating current-source and voltage-source nonlinear loads

3. PR-00013, Pierce, L, Transformer Design and Application Considerations forNonsinusoidal Load Currents, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 01/06/1996Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents

4. PR-00014, Yin, W, Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors,IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Nov/Dec 1998The failure of magnet wires under repetitive pulses as seen in inverter-fed motors cannot be attributed to asingle factor but is a result of the combined effects of partial discharge, dielectric heating, and space chargeformation. Voltage overshoots produced by PWM drives may be above discharge inception voltage. Partialdischarge may therefore be present in inverter-fed motors. In addition to partial discharge, pulses with a fastrise time and high frequency enable the insulation to generate local dielectric heating, which increases thelocal temperature. The degradation rate of the insulation is therefore increased. Furthermore, the fast riseand fall of pulses make it possible for space charges to accumulate in the winding insulation and on itssurface

5. PR-00015, Key, T, Lai, J, Costs and benefits of harmonic current reduction for switch-mode power supplies in a commercial office building, IEEE Transactions on IndustryApplicationsHarmonic currents generated by modern office equipment cause power system heating and add to userpower bills. By looking at the harmonic-related losses in a specific electrical system-representing acommercial building-energy costs are quantified. The analysis shows that building wiring losses related topowering nonlinear electronic load equipment may be more than double the losses for linear load equipment.Current-related power losses such as I2R, proximity of conductors and transformer winding eddy currents(I2h2 ) are considered. The cost of these losses is compared to the cost of reducing harmonics in theequipment design. Results show that an active-type harmonic elimination circuit, built into the commonelectronic equipment switch-mode power supply, is cost-effective based on energy loss considerations alone

6. PR-00016, Caramia, P, Carpinelli, G, Di Vito, E, Losi, A, Verde, P, Probabilistic evaluation

of the economical damage due to harmonic losses in industrial energy system, IEEETransactions on power delivery, Vol 11 No 2 AprThe problem of harmonic loss evaluation is of growing interest among power system engineers, both for theincrease of operating costs and the decrease of the useful life of the system components. The paperaddresses this problem with a probabilistic approach to take into account the randomness of current andvoltage harmonics; a method for evaluating the expected value of the operating costs and of the prematureaging costs is presented. A numerical application to a test system is also discussed, showing the viability ofthe proposed approach and the significance of the results; in particular, the aging costs turn out to beunaffected by the type of probability density function describing the harmonics

7. PR-00018, Caramia, P, Carpinelli, G, La Vitola, A, Verde, P, On the economic selectionof medium voltage cable sizes in nonsinusoidal conditions, IEEE Transactions on powerdelivery, Jan 2002Selection of cable size in the nonsinusoidal conditions is only based on ampacity considerations without any

attention to the cost of the losses that will be suffered in the cable life. Since the cost of these losses(fundamental plus harmonics) can assume significant values, the selection of a cross section higher thanrequired for ampacity considerations can result in a large reduction of cost. This paper proposes a methodwhich allows the optimal economic selection of medium-voltage cables in nonsinusoidal operatingconditions; it takes into account the initial investment costs and the Joule losses costs, including theadditional costs due to current harmonics. It employs simplified expressions similar to those adopted by theIEC Standard in sinusoidal conditions, being the harmonic presence taken into account by a proper definitionof a harmonic loss factor and by the introduction of harmonic coefficients to be predicted. Numericalapplications to medium-voltage cables are developed and discussed in order to show the sensitivity of thecable optimum size to variations in the coefficients that characterize the harmonic presence.

8. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,IEEE power & energy magazine, May/June 2003The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and isgeared toward power system troubleshooting and management.

9. PR-00025, n /a, Conditionnement facile pour un problme complexe, JEEE, April 2004

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Article inspired from section 3.3.3. of the Power Quality Application Guide on active harmonic conditioners.

Publication

10. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note

The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ11. REP-00005, 2003, 3-2-1 Harmonic measurement Measuring in harmony with harmonicsHarmonic measurement, methodology, metersm principle, errors, analysis.

12. REP-00007, 2003, 3-3-2 Harmonic Mitigation TransformersApplication note about transformer losses and ways of their mitigation

13. REP-00008, 2003, 3-3-4 Active RectifiersActive rectifiers topology, operation, application

14. REP-00010, 2004, 3-5-2 Transformer selection and rating, Application NoteSizing transformers to harmonics, K factor, factor K.

15. REP-00011, 2004, 3-5-3 Harmonics and asynchronous motorsHarmonics effects on motors. Losses. Motor derating www.lpqi.org 716. REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,

Application NoteSomehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints.Subjects:- The main problems- A comparison of the approaches: former vs. future- New opportunities- New tools for the power quality measurement technology of the future

17. REP-00036, 2001, 3-1 Harmonics. Causes and Effects, Application NoteApplication guide about harmonics basics. Causes, effects, mitigation.

18. REP-00037, 2004, 3-1-1 Interharmonics, Application NoteInterharmonics; sources, effects, measurement, standards, mitigation

19. REP-00039, 2002, 3-2-2 True RMS - The only true measurement, Application noteTrue RMS concept. Measurement errors.

20. REP-00040, 2003, 3-3-1 Passive Filters, Application noteBasics of passive filters. Reactive compensation. Measurement first.

21. REP-00041, 2002, 3-3-3 Active Harmonic Conditioners, Application notePrinciple of active filter. Topologies. Applications basics

22. REP-00042, 2003, 3-5-1 Neutral Sizing in Harmonic Rich Installations, Application noteSizing neutrals in the presence of harmonics - what standards say (IEC60364 -5-52)

23. REP-00055, 2003, Practical Method to Determine Additional Load Losses due toHarmonic Currents in Transformers with Wire and Foil Windings, Application noteA method is presented to determine the additional load losses in transformers caused by harmonic currents.Several blackbox short circuit tests at different harmonic frequencies have to be conducted on existingtransformers or have to be simulated in the design stage.

24. REP-00058, 2003, SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY, Application note

Application note about switch mode power supplies. Design concept. Topology of converters.Performance - control modes. Standards. Effects.

25. REP-00059, 2003, Practical approach to non linear parameter estimation of six pulseconverter with voltage source inverters, Application noteDescription of parameters of six-pulse bridge converters in three-phase systems, influence of the topology ofthe system, experimental set-up for determining parameters. The goal of this study is to simplify modelingand predict behaviour and influence of converters.

26. REP-00069, 2003, Analysis of neutral conductor current in a three phase suppliednetwork with non linear single phase loads, Application noteThis paper describes the effect of harmonics and unbalanced power supply and load on the current in theneutral conductor. Results from measurements are discussed.

27. REP-00071, 2003, On line monitoring of the neutral conductor current in a three phase

supplied network with non linear load for different power supply and load conditions,Application note

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This paper describes the effect of harmonics and unbalanced power supply and load on the current in theneutral conductor. Measurement results are discussed. Using a programmable power source, arbitraryvoltage waveforms are generated, independently for each phase. Each phase is loaded by non-linear loads.Phase currents and the current in the neutral conductor are analyzed for different configurations.

28. REP-00074, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of IT

equipment, Application noteMeasurements of electrical and PQ parameters of non-linear single-phase loads are discussed. These loadsconsist of information-technology (IT) equipment. The non-linearity results from the bridge rectifier. Theinfluence of the state of the equipment is studied. Currents in the phase conductors and the neutralconductor are analyzed.29. REP-00078, 2003, Harmonic disturbances in networks, and their treatment - ect 152,Application noteProblems of harmonics, including their causes and the most commonly used solutions.

30. REP-00080, 2003, The singularities of the third harmonic - ect 202, Application noteDiscussion of the phenomenon: origin, overload of the neutral conductor, third harmonic in transformers.Possible remedies.

31. REP-00084, 2003, Active harmonic conditioners and unity power factor rectifiers - ect183, Application note

Various standard, classical and new solutions to tackle harmonics, unity PF rectifiers, active harmonicconditioners, hybrid active harmonic conditioners, "shunt type" active harmonic conditioners.

32. REP-00087, 2003, Harmonics upstream of rectifiers in UPS - ect 160, Application noteHarmonics in supply networks, thyristor Graetz-bridge rectifier, minimization of harmonic disturbances,future systems: non-polluting UPS equipment and de-polluting converters.

33. REP-00099, 2003, LV circuit-breakers confronted with harmonic, transient and cycliccurrents - ect 182, Application noteDiscussion on the replacement of thermal-magnetic circuit breakers by electronic devices. Review of LVcircuit breakers, harmonic currents, transient and cyclic currents and electronic circuit-breakers.

34. REP-00101, 2003, Power supply of lighting circuits - ect 205, Application noteAnalysis of the different lamp technologies and the main technological developments in progress. Featuresof lighting circuits and their impact on control and protection devices, they discuss the options concerning

which equipment to use.35. REP-00105, 2003, Harmonic distortion in electric supply system - Application note no.3,Application noteHarmonic distortion - subjects:1. The ideal supply2. The growth in harmonic distortion is inevitable3. How harmonic distortion can affect your equipment4. Capacitor resonance can magnify harmonic problems5. Power factor correction in the presence of harmonics6. The measures of harmonic distortion7. Harmonic standards8. Harmonic analysis9. Reduction of harmonics

36. REP-00117, 2000, Harmonics, Transformers and K-Factors, BrochureTransformers used to supply IT equipment and other non-linear loads need to be de-rated to between 60and 80% of their nominal capacity. This technical note explains why, and how to determine the correct factor.

37. REP-00118, 2000, Harmonics in practice, BrochureOver recent years, harmonics have become a serious problem in many industrial and commercialinstallations. Solving these problems requires careful analysis of the causes and a good understanding of thesources and behaviour of harmonics in the installation. Once understood, there is a range of countermeasures available to improve the system performance. The aim of this technical note is to illustrate howpractice matches theory by reference to examples of real measurements.

38. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity andreduce plant operating costs, PaperThere are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemicalplants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and providesrecommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost savingsolutions are provided.

39. REP-00127, 2002, Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGRE

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WG 36-07, PaperThis paper gives an overview of the ongoing activities in CIGRE WG36-07: "Power quality indices andobjectives". It introduces the considerations supporting the need for power quality indices and objectives inthe present context of deregulation of the electricity industry. Experts generally agree on the need forstandardized quality indices allowing to monitor and to report power quality in a common format. However,concerning quality objectives the need is more likely for different levels of quality that can match customersexpectations and the price they are wilting to pay for electricity. Some practical limitations to voltage qualitymonitoring are also discussed. The status of the work within the working group is described for harmonics,flicker, unbalance and voltage dips.

40. REP-00131, 2002, Managing harmonics - a guide to EA engineering recommendationG5/4, Application noteThis Guide is a simple authoritative introduction to good practice in the application of variable speed drives,soft starters and load regulators in compliance with the requirements of the United Kingdom electricity supplyutilities. It is the result of work undertaken by GAMBICA members, interpreting the appropriate documents.The Guide considers the installation of single or multiple drive systems, and provides information on themanner in which applications for connection should be made with the appropriate utility. The guide should beread in conjunction with the Electricity Association (EA) Engineering Recommendation G5/4, which wasintroduced on the 1st. The Recommendation will be followed by an extensive supporting guide ETR 122.

The intention of the new EA Engineering Recommendation G5/4 is to try to ensure that the levels ofharmonics in the Public Electricity Supply do not constitute a problem for other users of that supply.

41. REP-00132, 2002, Variable speed drives and motors - motor shaft voltages andbearing currents under PWM inverter operation, Application noteThis Technical Report has been produced to meet a demand for an authoritative guide on good practice inthe application of motors on Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverter supplies with respect to shaft voltages.It is the result of a study carried out by GAMBICA and REMA taking note of well-established fundamentaltheory, technical papers, and carrying out specific investigations.The information given, while it can be applied to motors and inverters in general, is specific to currentgeneration products of member companies.This report principally considers the effects of shaft voltages developed by the voltage source PWM inverter.It supplements IEC 60034-17: 1998 [1], which provides additional information on other important aspectsincluding: voltage rating, torque derating, additional losses, noise and maximum safe operating speed.

This report covers motors and inverters installed with a separate cabling system connecting the componentstogether; it is not wholly applicable to inverters integrated into a motor design, generally now available up to7,5 kW.

42. REP-00133, 2001, Variable speed drives and motors - motor insulation and PWMinverter drives, Application noteThe higher stresses are dependent on the motor cable length and are caused by the fast rising voltagepulses of the drive and transmission line effects in the cable.The guide was produced by a working group of GAMBICA (Variable Speed Drives Group) and REMA,which are the associations for variable speed drive and electric motor manufacturers respectively.

43. REP-00143, 2002, Switch mode power supply, PaperThe principle of SMPS and its harmonic performance

44. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.

PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)1. Scope2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)2.1. Definition of EMC2.2. Basic concepts2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects

www.lpqi.org 103.1. General classification3.2. Harmonics3.3. Interharmonics

3.4. Voltage fluctuations3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry3.7. Power frequency variations

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3.8. Transient overvoltages3.9. Mains siganlling3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level4.2. Immunity of equipment4.3. Mitigation techniques4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements4.5. An approach to measurement criteria5. Main standards and othter EMC publications5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination5.2. Relevant EMC standards on EMC5.3. CENELEC and national EMC standards and publications5.4. Relevant publication from other international bodies dealing with EMC6. Glossary of terms and definitions7. Abbreviations8. ReferencesAppendix A. Disturbance compatibility levels in figuresA-1. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for low-, medium- and high-voltage public distribution networksA-2. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for indoor industrial plants

45. REP-00153, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of IT-equipmentThe electrical behaviour of PCs is studied. All tested devices show bad power quality parameters and do notcomply with IEC61000-3-2. Monitor settings have a rather high influence on the current while I/O actions arehardly noticeable. An increasing number of the same PCs gives a noticeable improvement of the powerquality parameters and a nearly proportional increase of the current. Also a nearly proportional increase ofthe neutral conductor current is found.

46. REP-00154, 2002, Total harmonic current of a large number of non-linear single phaseloadsThe cumulative harmonic currents of a large number of non-linear single phase loads, particularly PCs andmonitors, are investigated experimentally. An analytical model and simulations show there is a significantattenuation of the current harmonics above the third when a large number of such loads is considered. This

is verified in this paper by means of measurements.47. REP-00155, 2003, Analysis of the neutral conductor current in a three phase suppliednetwork with non-linear single phase loads, Application noteThis paper describes what factors (i.e. load and supply) have an important effect on the neutral conductorcurrent. It is shown that an asymmetry up to 10 or an unbalance of 10% in the power supply has only aminor effect on the rms-value of the neutral conductor current. An unbalance in load conditions increases theneutral current. Harmonics in the power supply voltage highly affect the rms-value of the neutral conductorcurrent.

48. REP-00156, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of ITequipment,Application noteThis paper describes measurements of electrical and power quality parameters of non-linear single phaseloads, specifically information technology (IT) equipment where the non-linearity is caused by the bridgerectifier of the switching power supply. The paper includes the study of the influence of the working mode ofa particular equipment (such as: monitor settings, I/O actions,...) and the analysis of the phase and neutralconductor currents of a three phase supplied network loaded with IT-equipment.

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Power Quality

Training Courses

Curricula for

MODULE 3

Voltage fluctuations (flicker)




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Module 3

Voltage fluctuations (flicker)

1 INTRODUCTIONThe voltage fluctuations (flicker) are caused by the loads which are characterized by large andrandom reactive power variations. The voltage fluctuations have a negative influence on theelectrical lighting, computer, video, audio systems etc. The practical assessment of PQ indexespertaining to voltage fluctuations can offer useful information to the electricity supplier, concerningthe PQ of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will be supplied to the customers fordecisions taking in relation with assuring of an undisturbed operation into the electrical networknode under discussion.

1.1 General aimsThe disturbances as voltage fluctuations will be the subject of this seminar. In this sense, thepeculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition, their

interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the information needed for the decisionsprocessing related to the mitigation of the power quality of the supplied electricity will be brieflypresented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequatesolutions for decreasing of the disturbances.


end-users of equipment; designers, consultants; building up or installation work contractor;

electric networks operators; manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.


1st

dayContents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage fluctuations, methods and measuring

means of the disturbance, the data acquisition (measurement principles, referencesvalues etc.). Criteria and requirements for measurements performing, techniques ofreporting the results etc.Notions about statistical processing of the experimental results. Occurrence probability.The graphic drawing (under EXCEL) on experimental data basis, related to Pstand Plt.

Monitoring equipment description and operation.The installation of the software, on computers, in directly relation with the equipmentunder debate. The download of the measured data. The preliminary analyzes of themeasured data.

Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage fluctuations. The flicker effect. Thesupplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, thedownload on computers and the statistical processing of the measured data.

2n

dayContents The drawing of the Cumulative Probability Function (CPF) curves. The evaluation of the CPF

curves. The information extraction needed for the Pst index determination. The Plt indexdetermination. The comparison with the admitted values / limits. The effects assessment of thedetermined values. Practical recording by means of a voltage fluctuations simulator. Solutions forthe power quality improvement and economical evaluation. The selection and the dimensioning of

a PQ improvement solution for a real customer (a customer as voltage fluctuations source).Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power quality

and effects. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. The selection and thedimensioning of a PQ improvement solution for a real case/situation.

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Lesson



KnowledgelevelSection

Timeprogression(hours)

1 1Recapitulation of the notionsrelated to voltage fluctuations

(flicker effect)

215 2CPF curve. Its drawing onexperimental data basis.

Comparation with theirritability curve values.

315 3Monitoring equipmentdescription. Installing.

Setting-up. Recorded values.

645 5The flicker simulator. The

connecting of the recorders tothe simulator and setting up for

2 hours

725 6

The dimensioningof a static VARcompensator.

915 7The dimensioning of the SVCschema components.Determination of the flickerquotas for a real customer.

940 8Introduction

intothe homework.

1000

End of

seminar

Final discussions andconclusions.

445Software installation on the

computers. The data download andassessment of the probabilitiesneeded for determination ofPst4

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First day:



60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage fluctuations(flicker effect). The flicker sources. The flicker indexes. The irritability curve. Theshape of the voltage fluctuation influence. Examples. Flicker simulation program.The frequencies range. Interharmonics and flicker. Examples.Modality: Lesson and discussions.

45 min. Section 2: The Cumulative Probability Function (CPF). The curve drawing on the

instantaneus flicker recorded values basis. The assesment of the excess valueswith 0.1%; 0.7%; 1%; 1.5%; 2.2%; 3%; 4%; 6%; 8%; 10%; 13%; 17%; 30%; 50%;80% probability and of the 1%; 3%; 10%; 50% smoothed values. Pstcalculation.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

30 min. The irritability curve. The influence of the disturbance characteristics. Thecomparison of the calculated values with the irritability curve values. The effectsassessment on the sensitive loads. The influence of the disturbances occurrencefrequency.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.


60 min. Section 3: Description of monitoring equipment. Technical characteristics.Internal memory. Mounting in instalations. Setting-up. Recorded values.Recording time.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

90 min. Section 4: The installation (on computers) of the software concerning themonitoring equipment under debate. The acquisised data download.The preliminary analizes of the measured values. The the assesment of theprobabilities needed for the Pstcalculation. Comments. Observations.(It will be used 3 different type of monitoring equipments from those used - in realoperation - to measure voltage fluctuations.)Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

Second day:

120 min. Section 5: The flicker simulator. The visual effect of theincandescent lamp luminousflux. The influence of the fluctuation level/value and the influence of the disturbancesvariation frequency. The influence of the rectangular disturbance space factor.The connecting of the recorders to the flicker simulator. The recorders setting up for2 hours. Solutions for the mitigation of the disturbance level.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

40 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of a static VAR compensator. The schemaselection. The power circuits calculation.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

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110 min. Section 7: The download of the data from the equipment supplied by thesimulator. The practical dimensioning of the SVC schema components taking intoaccount the obtained data. The technical and economical assesment of the

solution. Comparation with real data electric-arc furnaces customer. Thedetermination of the flicker quotas for a real customer/case.Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve thehomework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures teamfor appreciation).The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize theseminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.Modality: Lesson and discussions.

20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.

End of the course - user satisfaction survey.

GENERAL NOTES

each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program; at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will

verify their fulfilment; the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections; at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module

quality.

4 TEACHING METHODS

Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following:

knowledge transfer (Lesson)topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides;

knowing, mounting and setting-up of the monitoring equipment; download and processing of the experimental data; computer utilization for the acquisition and experimental data processing; damages asesment, selection and dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases /

situations;





Blackboard; Video-projector; Pointer; Notebook;

Power quality monitoring equipments (minimum 3 different type of equipment).The attendants have to come at seminar with laptops for the practical activities which will beperformed during the seminar.

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Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing: the module program;

the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides; LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key; the software programs / drivers (monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and data

download);

the indications refering to the processing algorithms; the homework.



The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. Thefollowing (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant: electric circuits theory: AC circuits; electric machines; electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network; knowledge of electrical power utilisation by customers; electric metrology; knowledge in using software programs.


The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:

the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating; the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis; the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specific

indexes; the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the voltage fluctuations; selection and dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases / situations.

8 ANNEXES


Press

1. PR-00011, McGranaghan, M, Economic evaluation of power quality, IEEE PowerEngineering Review, 01/02/2002Facility managers and utility engineers must evaluate the economic impacts of the power qualityvariations against the costs of improving performance for the different alternatives.

2. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,IEEE power & energy magazine, may/june 2003The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances andis geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.

Publication3. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application noteThe glossary of main technical terms used in PQ

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4. REP-00017, 2003, 5-1-4 Voltage fluctuation - flicker, Application NoteExtended application guide on flicker. Causes, effects, measurement, mitigation.

5. REP-00018, 2003, 5-2-2 Annex - Monitoring Instruments, Application NotePQ monitoring instruments available on the market - comparison

6. REP-00019, 2003, 5-2-2 Voltage disturbance monitoring, Application Note

Application guide about basics of monitoring equipment. Standards7. REP-00020, 2003, 5-2-3 Flicker measurement, Application NoteExtended application note about flicker measurement - principle, calibration.

8. REP-00021, 2002, 5-3-3 Dip resilient variable speed drives, Application NoteApplication note about different methods of voltage dip mitigation. Subjects:- Effects of voltage dips and short supply interruptions- Methods of voltage dips effects mitigation

9. REP-00023, 2003, 5-3-5 Flicker case study, Application NoteArc furnace produces flicker. How to mitigate? www.lpqi.org 610. REP-00024, 2003, 5-3-6 Mitigation of voltage unbalance, Application NoteUnbalance standards, limits, symmetrization - examples (calculations). Subjects:- Standardization- Principles of compensation and symmetrization

- Static compensators11. REP-00109, 2003, Voltage fluctuation in electric supply system. Application note no. 7,Application note Voltage fluctuations in the electric supply system - subjects:1. What are voltage fluctuations?2. Effects of voltage fluctuations3. Causes of voltage fluctuations4. Calculation of the flicker indices5. Voltage fluctuation standards and planning levels6. Reducing the effects of voltage fluctuations

12. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity andreduce plant operating costs, PaperThere are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemical

plants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and providesrecommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost savingsolutions are provided.

13. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)1. Scope2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)2.1. Definition of EMC2.2. Basic concepts2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects

3.1. General classification3.2. Harmonics3.3. Interharmonics3.4. Voltage fluctuations3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry3.7. Power frequency variations3.8. Transient overvoltages3.9. Mains siganlling3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level4.2. Immunity of equipment

4.3. Mitigation techniques4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements4.5. An approach to measurement criteria5. Main standards and othter EMC publications

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5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination5.2. Relevant EMC standards on EMC5.3. CENELEC and national EMC standards and publications5.4. Relevant publication from other international bodies dealing with EMC6. Glossary of terms and definitions7. Abbreviations8. ReferencesAppendix A. Disturbance compatibility levels in figuresA-1. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for low-, medium- and high-voltage public distribution networksA-2. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for indoor industrial plants

14. REP-00146, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags andinterruptions: 1. Overview of power quality and power quality standards, BookChapter 1 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEE Press,ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)Interest in power qualityPower quality, voltage qualityOverview of PQ phenomenaPQ and EMC standards

15. REP-00149, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags andinterruptions: 4, Voltage sags - Characterization, BookChapter 4 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEEPress, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)Voltage sag magnitudeVoltage sag durationThree-phase unbalancePhase-angle jumpsMagnitude and phase-angle jumps for three-phase unbalanced sagsOther characteristics of voltage sagsLoad influence on voltage sagsSags due to starting of induction motors

16. REP-00150, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and

interruptions: 5. Voltage sags - Equipment behavior, BookChapter 5 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEEPress, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)Computers and consumer electronicsAdjustable-speed AC drivesAdjustable-speed DC drivesOther sensitive loads

17. REP-00151, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags andinterruptions: 6. Voltage sags - Stochastic assessment, BookChapter 6 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEEPress, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)Compatibility between equipment and supplyPresentation of results: voltage sag coordination chartPower quality monitoringThe method of fault positionsThe method of critical distances

18. REP-00152, 2000, Mitigation of interruptions and voltage sags, BookChapter 7 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEEPress, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)Overview of mitigation methodsPower system design - redundancy through switchingPower system design - redundancy through parallel operationThe system-equipment interface.

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Power Quality

Training Courses

Curricula for

MODULE 4

Overvoltages and Transients




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Module 4

Overvoltages and Transients

1 INTRODUCTIONThe occurrence of the electrical stress of the equipment and apparatus isolation is determined bytransients phenomena when the lightning strikes the structures/buildings and also by transitoryregimes due to wanted or imposed electrical network changes (switch-on, switch-off, short-circuit),all of it causing the overvoltages. The intensive stress of the equipment, devices and installationisolation can determine the breakover or worst, the disruption of insulation. The breakoverdetermines dips and long and short voltage interruptions at consumers, during this process,affecting the power quality of the supplied electricity to them.One of the important concernments for the assuring of an adequate PQ is to handle theovervoltages into the electrical network and the precautions for overvoltages limiting.

1.1 General aims

The main objective of this seminar is to supply to the participants the basic notions related toovervoltages and transients and the necessary notions for chosen and designing of the protectingmeasures for devices and structures.In this sense, the notions referable to overvoltages and transients and their effects on the PQ andalso to the notions referable to insulation choice and insulation coordination will be brieflypresented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequatesolutions for the protection of the electrical devices and equipments, installations and structuresagainst overvoltages and lightning strikes.


end-users of equipment;

designers, consultants;

electrical installations building up or installation work contractor;

electric networks operators;

manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.


1st

dayContents Recapitulation of the notions related to overvoltages and transients and their effects on

PQ. Recapitulation of the notions related to insulation choice and insulation coordination.

The selection of the type, number and place where the protective devices againstovervoltages will be mounted.

Aims The aim of the first seminar day is the recapitulation of the basic notions related toovervoltages and transients phenomena and also, the concept of the isolationcoordination with the protective devices against overvoltages. It will be presented realcases, as example, and the necessary knowledge for the designing of protection schemasof the electrical installations, equipments and electrical devices, against overvoltages.

2nd

dayContents The designing of the protection systems for a substation and a building, against lightning strikes.

The assessment of the operation safety of the protected substations and overhead lines againstlightning strikes, on probabilistically statistic basis.

Aims The aim of the second seminar day is to transfer to the participants, by examples based

on real cases, the information and practical tools for the assessment of the risk and forthe selection and dimensioning of the protection measures against lightning.


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Lesson



Knowledgelevel

SectionTime

progression(hours)

030 1Recapitulation of the notionsrelated to overvoltages and

transients and PQ

2 2Recapitulation of the notionsrelated to insulation choiceand coordination. Technical

requirements.

315 3The designing of the high andmedium voltage installations

protection, by arresters.

600 5

The LPS designing for an

electrical substation.

700 6

The assessment of theoperation safety of the

electrical substations andoverhead lines.

850

7

The LPS designing fora builing.

915 8Introduction

intothe homework.

935End of

seminar

Final discussions andconclusions.

430The designing of the low

voltage installations protection,by arresters.4

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The LPS maintenance and inspection (the inspections purpose and sequencing ,maintenance)Modality: Practical activities and discussions.

25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the

homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures teamfor appreciation).The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize theseminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.Modality: Lesson and discussions.


GENERAL NOTES

each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;

at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will

verify their fulfilment; the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;

at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the modulequality.

4 TEACHING METHODS

Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following:

knowledge transfer (Lesson);

the chosen and dimensioning of the protection solutions against overvoltages for the electricalinstallations, devices and equipments (for real cases), as practical activities;

the chosen and dimensioning of the LPSs for the electrical installations and buildings (for realcases), as practical activities;





Blackboard; Video-projector;

Pointer;

Notebook;



Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:

the module program; the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;

LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;

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the homework.



The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. Thefollowing (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:

TopicLevel

Basic Medium HighMathematical analysis

Statistic

Electrical circuits

Power systems

Power quality


At the and of present module, the participants have to know the basic aspects related toovervoltages and transients phenomena (definitions, source, standards/norms, related problems)and the key concept of insulation coordination and protection along with some practical informationand tools on the risk assessment and the choice of protecting measures.The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:

the assessment of the overvoltages which occurs into the electrical networks and into theelectrical installations of the consumers;

the insulation choice and insulation coordination of the electrical installations, equipment andelectrical devices/apparatus;

the selection of the type, number and place where the protective devices against overvoltageswill be mounted;

the designing of the LPSs for the electrical installations and structures/buildings.

8 ANNEXES


Press

PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter, IEEEpower & energy magazine, may/june 2003The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances andis geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.

PublicationREP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations. PART 1:Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)1. Scope2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)2.1. Definition of EMC2.2. Basic concepts

2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects

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3.1. General classification3.2. Harmonics3.3. Interharmonics3.4. Voltage fluctuations3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry3.7. Power frequency variations3.8. Transient overvoltages3.9. Mains siganlling3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level4.2. Immunity of equipment4.3. Mitigation techniques4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements4.5. An approach to measurement criteria5. Main standards and othter EMC publications

5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination www.lpqi.org 7

5.2. Relevant EMC standards on EMC5.3. CENELEC and national EMC standards and publications5.4. Relevant publication from other international bodies dealing with EMC6. Glossary of terms and definitions7. Abbreviations8. ReferencesAppendix A. Disturbance compatibility levels in figuresA-1. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for low-, medium- and high-voltage public distribution networksA-2. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for indoor industrial plants

REP-00145, 2001, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations. PART 6:Transient and temporary overvoltages and currents, Brochure(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)1. Scope

2. Introduction3. Definitions4. Description, origin and propagation of transient and temporary overvoltage phenomena5. Lightning surges6. Switching surges7. Temporary overvoltages (TOVs) and swells8. System-interaction overvoltages9. Effects on load equipment10. Detection and measurement of transients11. From recorded occurrences to standard waveforms12. Mitigation and protection techniquesAnnex A. GlossaryAnnex B. Power system configurations

Annex C. General considerations, practical examples and case historiesAnnex D. Ferroresonance effectsAnnex E. Annotated bibliography

REP-00070, 2003, Influencing parameters on overvoltages at the terminals of invertersupplied induction motors, Application noteMeasurement of overvoltages with steep slopes at the terminals of an inverter-supplied induction motor isdiscussed. These overvoltages arise when using a long cable between the inverter and the motor and canlead to a insulation failure of the motor windings. Measurement and simulation results are discussed.Solutions to the problem are reviewed. A predictive software package was developed, in order to assistdesigners. This package can be used to predict overvoltages.

REP-00075, 2003, Ferroresonance - ect 190, Application noteMethods for prediction and evaluation of the risk of ferroresonance in existing and future installations.Practical solutions.

REP-00081, 2003, Lightning and HV electrical installations - ect 168, Application noteOverview of lightning phenomena and their effects on electrical installations, means ofprotection, problems concerning continuity of supply, main steps in lightning studies.

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Focus on transmission and distribution over medium- and high-voltage networks.

REP-00082, 2003, Overvoltages and insulation coordination in MV and HV - ect 151,Application noteVoltage disturbances, mitigation, protective devices, standards concerning insulation coordination.

REP-00098, 2003, LV surges and surge arresters - ect 179, Application note

Surges, surge-protection devices (surge arresters), standards and applications.REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,Application NoteSomehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints.Subjects:- The main problems- A comparison of the approaches: former vs. future- New opportunities- New tools for the power quality measurement technology of the future

REP-00031, 2003, 6-5-9 APN - Risk assessment for the choice of protecting measuresagainst the effects of lightning - Full paper, Application NoteLightning application note.Subjects:

- The risk of damage due to lightning- Frequency of lightning- Damage probability- Frequency of damage- Average possible losses- Procedure for risk assessment- Terms and definitions

REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application noteThe glossary of main technical terms used in PQ

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Power Quality

Training Courses

Curricula for

MODULE 5

Reliability of electricity supply




LPQI is part of:

www.lpqi.org

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Module 5

Reliability of electricity supply

1 INTRODUCTIONThe reliability of consumers electrical power supply is primordially, being the main criteria for thePQ assessment of the supplied electricity.The aim of this module is to review, on short, the basic concepts related to the reliability ofelectricity supply. Also, will be analysed, real cases - as examples, the needed notions for thecalculation of the reliability indexes, the utilization mathematical methods for the operation safetyassesment, the choice of the electricity supply schemes for con

PQ_level2

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