politika - gfsis.org · politika marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg jer meoTxedi saukunec ar...

politika

marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg jer meoTxedi

saukunec ar gasula, magram ukve bevrs daaviwyda, ras warmoad-

genda igi. xandaxan vxvdebiT nostalgias im epoqaze, rodesac

`fasebi ar icvleboda aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi~, `yvela

eris warmomadgeneli megobrulad cxovrobda~, `did sta-

lins msoflio pativs scemda!~ da a.S. magram imave adamianebs

aviwydebaT, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iyo qveyana, sa dac mudmivad

arsebobda yvelanairi samomxmareblo saqonlis deficiti,

`xalxTa megobroba~ iyo yalbi lozungi, romelic realurad

emsaxureboda rusifikacias, xolo stalinis dros dawyebuli

qveynis militarizacia mxolod sagareo eqspansiaze iyo ori-

entirebuli.

rasakvirvelia, saukunis TiTqmis sami meoTxedis ganmav-

lobaSi arsebul saxelmwifos hqonda ganviTarebis gansxvave-

buli etapebi, magram hqonda saerTo niSnebic, rasac qvemoT

mokled SevexebiT.

ramdenime sityva sawyisi istoriisa da terminebis Sesaxeb

1914 wels dawyebulma pirvelma msoflio omma gamoiwvia

xelisuflebis umZafresi krizisi antantis, anu safrangeTisa

da didi britaneTis, mxares germaniasTan omSi Cabmul ruse-

Tis imperiaSi. 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Sede-

gad daemxo romanovebis dinastia. ZiriTadad liberalebisa

da socialistebis mier Seqmnilma droebiTma mTavrobam imave

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri?

revaz gaCeCilaZe

liberalebi – ideologiur-poli-tikuri mimdinareobis warmomad-genlebi, romelTa mTavari principia pirovnebis Tavisufleba, ekono-mikaSi – Tavisufali mewarmeoba. liberalizmi Caisaxa dasavleT evropaSi kaTolikuri eklesiis ba-tonobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (XVI-XVIII ss.). ideologias safuZveli Caeyara evropuli ganmanaTleblo-bis periodSi (jon loki, sarl mon-teskie, volteri). vrceli gagebiT Tanamedrove liberalizmis qva-kuTxedi individualuri ufle-bebia. is eswrafvis sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia TiToeuli adamianis azrovnebis Tavisufleba, Zalauflebis Sez-Rudva (gansakuTrebiT mTavrobisa da religiisa), kanonis uzenaesoba, ufaso sazogadoebrivi ganaTleba, ideebis Tavisufali gacvla, sa-bazro ekonomika, mTavrobis gamW-virvale sistema.

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wlis 1 seqtembers ruseTi respublikad gamoacxada. magram droe-

biTi mTavroba susti aRmoCnda. man ruseTis gaunaTlebel, ZiriTa-

dad, soflis mosaxleobas gasagebad ver auxsna pirovnebis Tavis-

uflebis, Tanasworobis, demokratiis miznebi – es faseulobebi

misTvis ucxo iyo. mTavrobis daJinebuli mcdeloba, gaegrZelebina

omi, saSiS protests iwvevda omiT Tavmobezrebul da revoluciuri

areulobisas iaraRiT xelSi Sin dabrunebul jariskacebSi – fara-

jian glexebSi.

droebiTi mTavrobis sisustiT isargebla ruseTis social–

demokratiis radikalurma frTam, e.w. `bolSevikebma~, romelTac

vladimer lenini (namdvili gvari – ulianovi) xelmZRvanelobda.

Tavis umTavres TanamebrZol lev trockisTan (namdvili gvari –

bronSteini) erTad leninma imave wlis 25 oqtombers (Zv. stiliT,

axali stiliT es 7 noemberi iyo) moawyo saxelmwifo gadatrialeba

da daamxo droebiTi mTavroba. leninis TavmjdomareobiT Seiqmna

saxalxo komisarTa sabWo.

formalurad ruseTSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis (anu dRe-

vandeli gagebiT parlamentis funqciebis) ganxorcielebas Seudga

sruliad ruseTis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWo (Sem-

dgomSi mas sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa umaRlesi sabWo

ewoda), adgilebze ki – analogiuri sabWoebi. aqedan warmoiSva ter-

mini `sabWoTa~, rusulad – Совет; ucxo enebSi termini rusulidan

Sevida, rogorc ”Soviet”. es saxelmwifos saxelad iqca (`sabWoTa

ruseTi~, `sabWoTa kavSiri~). realurad bolSevikebis elita daeuf-

la rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.

1917 wels bolSevikebma wamoisroles martivi da farTo masebi-

saTvis misaRebi lozungebi: `qarxnebi – muSebs~, `miwa – glexebs~,

`mSvidoba – xalxebs~. am lozungebma maT Tavdapirvelad sakmaod

bevri mxardamWeri SesZina.

sinamdvileSi arc muSebma miiRes qarxnebi (rogor unda exelmZR-

vanelaT menejmentsa da marketingSi srulebiT gauTviTcnobiereb-

socialistebi – socia-lizmis mimdevrebi. maTi ide o logia, socializmi, iTvaliswinebs socialuri Tanasworobis principebze damyarebuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobas; socializm-Si warmoebis saSualebebi sazogadoebriv sakuTreba-Sia. socializmi eswrafvis adamianis mier sxva adami-anis eqspluataciis yvela formis aRmofxvras. so-cialistur sazogadoebaSi unda iyos sruli saxalxo mmarTveloba, socialuri Tanasworoba, ar unda iyos ekonomikuri diferencia-cia; socialistebi qadage-ben adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas.

ioseb stalini, vladimer lenini da mixail kalinini

lenini wiTel moedanze, 1920

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el muSebs sawarmosaTvis?) da arc glexebma – miwa (miwa maleve

saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadda, xolo 1930-iani wlebis

koleqtivizaciisas glexebs danarCeni qonebac CamoarTves).

marTalia, msoflio oms ruseTi gamoeTiSa, magram mSvidobis

damyarebis nacvlad bolSevizmma ruseTSi sisxliani samoqa-

laqo omis provocireba moaxdina, romelmac 1918-1920 wlebSi

ramdeni me milioni adamiani Seiwira.

bolSevikebma TavianT partias `komunisturi~ uwodes. 1918

wlis dasawyisSi ruseTis dedaqalaqi petrogradidan (sanqt-pe-

terburgidan) moskovSi gadaitanes, sadac mTavrobis rezi-

dencia gaxda kremli – Sua saukuneebis citadeli. amieridan

`moskovi~, `kremli~ da `ruseTis komunisturi xelisufleba~

xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneba. 1918 wlis Suaxanidan ruseTSi

aikrZala yvela partia, garda komunisturisa.

bolSevikebis mier ruseTSi Zalauflebis aRebisTanave ga-

mocxadda proletariatis diqtatura. sinamdvileSi es iyo ko-

munisturi partiis liderebis diqtatura. saxelmwifos marTva

xelSi aiRo komunisturi partiis liderebis mier Sedgenilma

politikurma biurom (SemoklebiT – politbiuro), sadac Tavi-

dan sul 7 wevri iyo, SemdgomSi wevrebis raodenoba 8-dan 25-mde

meryeobda.

proletariati – proletarTa klasi. proletari – kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi daqiravebul muSaTa klasi, romelsac warmoebis saSualebebi ar gaaCnia. kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi aris ori ZiriTadi klasi: proletariati da burJuazia. proletariati aris burJuaziis mier eqspluatirebuli muSebi.

`meti rom gqondes, meti unda awarmoo, meti rom awarmoo, meti unda icode~

politika

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sabWoTa ruseTi Seiqmna komunisturi ideologiis safuZvelze, romelic eyrd-

noboda XIX saukunis Teoretikosebis – karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis – mier

Seqmnil moZRvrebas. 1848 wels maT mier Sedgenil `komunisturi partiis manifest-

Si~ iyo mowodeba im usamarTlo viTarebis radikalurad Secvlisaken, rodesac

kapitalistebi sakuTari gamdidrebisaTvis iyenebdnen proletariatis Sromas.

sazogadoebis ganviTareba unda momxdariyo `komunizmis~ mimarTulebiT, rodesac

moispoboda adamianis mier adamianis eqspluatacia. es gardaqmna unda dawyebuliyo

`proletariatis diqtaturis~ damyarebis gziT.


uzarmazar qveyanas praqtiku-

lad marTavda es patara jgufi,

romelsac saTaveSi edga uzomo

Zalauflebis mqone generaluri

mdivani: 1922-1952 wlebSi es Tana-

mdeboba eWi ra ioseb stalins (namd-

vili gvari – juRaSvili), romlis

pirovnebis kultis ganmtkicebam is

`beladad~ aqcia. 1953 wels stali-

nis gardacvalebis Semdeg partiul-saxelisuflebo vertikalis saTaveSi myofi

pirebi Tavs `belads~ aRar uwodebdnen, magram qveynis uzenaesi mmarTveli isev ko-

munisturi partiis centraluri komitetis politbiuros generaluri mdivani iyo.

politikuri safuZveli – ideologia da pragmatizmi

`sayvareli stalini – saxalxo bedniereba!~

marqsizmis mixedviT, komunizmis saboloo mizania `yvelam iSromos unaris Se

sabamisad da yvelam moixmaros moTxovnilebis mixedviT~. es utopiuri lozungi

srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis bunebas, romelic ufro xSirad eyrdnoba

egoizms, vidre altruizms. socialuri inJineriis meSveobiT adamianis bunebis

Secvla ki (rasac XX saukuneSi sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi partia Seecada) SeuZ-

lebelia.

ufro realisturma midgomam komunizmis imave Teoretikosebs ukarnaxa, rom ga-

moeyoT komunizmis pirveli faza – `socializmi~, sadac ZiriTadi principi iqnebo-

da: `yvelasagan – unaris mixedviT, yvelas – Sromis mixedviT~.

marqsizmis klasikosebis Tanamedroves, germaniis kanclers oto fon bismarks

uTqvams: `Tu socializmis aSeneba gsurT, maSin airCieT qveyana, romelic ar genane-

baT!~

aseT qveynad bolSevikebma ruseTi airCies. Tavidan maT egonaT, rom `msoflio

proletaruli revolucia~ male moxdeba dasavleTis industriul qveynebSic,

mag ram ase ar moxda da leninma da misma TanamebrZolebma `socializmis mSeneblo-

ba calke aRebul qveyanaSi~ daiwyes. ruseTi ki ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo da

glexuri qveyana iyo, mcirericxovani muSaTa klasiT, Tanac imperiam memkvidre-

obiT arguna Zalian mravalerovani qveyana. komunizmis ideebis danergva bolSe-

vikebs Zalismieri meTodebiT mouxdaT.

Tanasworobis miRwevis sababiT bolSevikebma mospes kerZo sakuTrebis ufle-

ba, xSir SemTxvevaSi – sakuTrebis mflobelebTan erTad. ZirZveli elita,

rogorc saero, ise sasuliero, faqtobrivad kanongareSe gamocxadda.

leninis davalebiT 1918 welsve daiwyo sastiki `wiTeli terori~

e.w. kontrrevoluciis winaaRmdeg da mosaxleobis dasaSineb-

lad qveyanaSi tardeboda sadamsjelo zomebi. stalinis

dros `SiSis sindromis~ daTesvam kulminacias 1937-

1938 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac yvela respublikasa

da olqs daegzavna dasaxvreti an cimbirSi xangrZ-

livad gadasasaxlebeli `xalxis mtrebis~ raode-

warwera transparantze: `sikvdili burJuazias da mis damqaSebs, gaumarjos wiTel terors!~

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nobrivi kvota. im wlebSi xelovnurad SeTxzuli braldebebis safuZvelze sabWoTa

kavSirSi, sul cota, 1,5 milioni adamiani daapatimres da maTi umetesoba daxvrites.

1937 wels xalxSi daTesilma SiSma naxevar saukunes gaZlo.

leninma arsebiTad moaxdina marqsizmis revizia da dasavleT evropasTan Sedare-

biT ekonomikurad da kulturulad nakleb ganviTarebuli ruseTisaTvis Sesaferi-

si komunisturi moZRvrebis varianti Seqmna. stalinma, romelic 1924 wlidan, le-

ninis gardacvalebis Semdeg, qveynis saTaveSi leninis memkvidre gaxda, marqsisa da

leninis ideebidan Seakowiwa ideologia, romelsac `marqsizm-leninizmi~ewoda.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mdgradobas mxolod ideologia

ver uzrunvelyofda. amitomac mmarTvelma komunisturma

elitam Tavidanve ufro pragmatuli politika gaatara da

sami sayrdeni Seqmna: pirveli iyo mmarTveli komunisturi

partia; meore — uSiSroebis organoebi (romelTac saxeli

mravaljer SeecvalaT, ukanaskneli iyo `kagebe~, magram maT

TanamSromlebs dRemde icnoben `Cekistebad~, rac momdina-

reobs Tavdapirveli abreviaturidan ЧК, anu Всероссийская Чрезвычайная Комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией, саботажем и спекуляцией – kontrevoluciasTan, sabotJTan da spekulaciasTan

brZolis sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia) da mesame sayrdeni iyo wiTeli (sabWo-

Ta) armia.

kompartia mkacrad akontrolebda uSiSroebis organoebsac da armiasac, sakadro

politikis meSveobiT partiis wevrebidan niSnavda da aTavisuflebda uSiSroebisa

da armiis nebismieri donis xelmZRvanelebs. am sami sayrdenidan umTavresi mainc

kompartia iyo: 1991 wels, rodesac kompartia zevidan daiSala, masTan erTad sabWo-

Ta kavSiric gaqra.


patimris naxati, rogor awameben sabWo-Ta uSiSroebis muSakebi patimrebs, im-droindeli wamebis fotoebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, rac bunebrivia, sabWoTa uSiSroebis gasaidumloebuli xasiaTi-dan gamomdinare. SemorCa patimrebis naxatebi, sadac asaxulia is jojoxeTi, romelmac bevri imsxverpla.

patimrebis gadayvana murmanskis rkinigzis sadguridan, 1927

sabWoTa kavSiris administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba

1917-1922 wlebSi arsebobda sabWoTa ruseTi (oficialurad – ruseTis socialis

turi federaciuli sabWoTa respublika, anu rsfsr), romelic brZoliT avrceleb-

da moskovis batonobas yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze, iq axalSeqmnili

saxelmwifoebis aneqsirebis gziT.

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk) Seqmna ufro mimdinare

politikuri situaciis Sedegi iyo, vidre winaswar dagegmili aqcia.

iqamde, sanam ruseTis komunistur xelmZRvanelobas gulubryvilo imedi hqonda,

rom `msoflio komunisturi revolucia~ male gadaedeboda industriul dasavleT

evropas da Seiqmneboda erTiani komunisturi saxelmwifo, sadac erebad dayofas

mniSvneloba aRar eqneboda, is ar iyo winaaRmdegi, rom ruseTis yofili imperiis

teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxebs droebiT SeeqmnaT Tavisi saxelmwifoebi, buneb-

rivia, komunisturi xelmZRvanelobiT. amitom ukve 1919 wels Seiqmna ukrainisa da

belorusiis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi (ussr da bssr). rodesac 1920

wels komunisturi ruseTis wiTelma armiam daipyro da sabWoTa xelisufleba daam-

yara iqamde xanmokle damoukideblobis mqone azerbaijansa da somxeTSi, man iqac

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi Seqmna, nominalurad – ̀ damoukidebeli~, faq-

tobrivad ki – ruseTze damokidebuli. igive moxda 1921 wels saqarTveloSi. yvela

gasabWoebul respublikas kremlma saTaveSi Cauyena adgilobrivi warmoSobis ko-

munistebi. adre arsebuli yvela sxva partia daSlilad gamocxadda.

rodesac kremlSi sabolood gadaewuraT ̀ msoflio revoluciis~ imedi, saWirod

miiCnies sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba. politbiuros wevrebs Soris

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gaCnda. stalini mxars uWerda yofili ruseTis imperiis ga-

napira, ararusuli, regionebis rsfsrSi Seyvanas avtonomiis uflebebiT. magram

mas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen, romelTagan umTavresi qarTveli komuniste-

bi aRmoCndnen, swored isini, vinc wiTel armias SemouZRvnen da damoukidebeli

saqarT velo gaasabWoes. maTi survili iyo sabWoTa respublikebis metnaklebad

Tanasworuflebiani kavSiris Seqmna. raoden sakvirvelic ar unda iyos, am `nacion-

al-uklonistebs~ (nacionalisturi gadaxris momxreebs), rogorc maT uwodes, mxa-

ri dauWira leninma.

sabolood stalinma mainc miaRwia imas, rom samxreT kavkasiis sami sabWoTa res-

publika – azerbaijani, saqarTvelo da somxeTi – gaaerTianes amierkavkasiis so

cialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikad (amierkavkasiis sfsr), rac TiToeul

maTgans asustebda. oficialuri dokumentaciis ena iq rusuli gaxda.

1922 wlis 30 dekembers xeli moewera sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-

Siris Seqmnas, romelSic Sevidnen ruseTis sfsr, ukrainis ssr, belorusiis ssr da

amierkavkasiis sfsr.

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1936 wels sabWoTa kavSirma miiRo axali (`stalinuri~) konstitucia. im droi-

saTvis Camoyalibda 11 mokavSire respublika. amierkavkasiis sfsr daSlilad ga-

mocxadda da azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi res-

publikebi calcalke Sevidnen kavSirSi. centralur aziis teritoriaze, romelic

iqamde rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi iyo, Seiqmna xuTi mokavSire respublika – yazaxe-

Ti, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi da TurqmeneTi.

1939 wels hitlerul germaniasTan gaformebuli SeTanxmebiT (`molotov-riben-

tropis paqti~) sabWoTa kavSiri dasavleTiT gafarTovda da 1940 wels mis Semad-

genlobaSi iZulebiT Seiyvanes kidev 5 mokavSire respublika. eseni iyvnen litva,

latvia, estoneTi, moldaveTi da karelia-fineTi (es ukanaskneli 1956 wels gauqmda

da kareliis avtonomiuri respublikis saxeliT rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi Sevida).

stalinma TiTqmis aRadgina ruseTis imperiis droindeli sazRvrebi (fineTisa da

poloneTis nawilis gareSe) da zogan gaafarTova kidec is, magaliTad, galiciis

(dasavleT ukrainis) xarjze.

sabWoTa kavSirs sazRvargareT xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc `sabWoeTis impe-

rias~, radgan, miuxedavad garegnulad federaciuli mowyobisa, is mkacrad cent-

ralizebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba

miiReboda kremlSi da is adgilze upirobod unda Sesrulebuliyo. faqtobrivi

saxelmwifo ena iyo rusuli (Tumca konstituciaSi es ar ewera) da TiTqmis yvelgan

Trgunavda adgilobrivi enebis gamoyenebas.

sabWoTa socialuri respublikebis kavSiri

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unda iTqvas, rom mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos marTva standartuli administ-

raciul-teritoriuli sistemiT Zneli iyo. amitomac 16 SedarebiT mravalricxo-

van ers (1956 wlidan – 15-s) ufleba mieca Tavisi saxelis mqone sabWoTa socialis-

turi respublika hqonoda, romlebic TiTqos `nebayoflobiT~ gaerTiandnen

`Tavisufal erTa urRvev Zmur kavSirad~! 1945 wels stalins hqonda mcdeloba,

rom yvela mokav Sire respublika Seeyvana gaeroSi: amiT is generalur asambleaze

kenWisyrisas 16 garantirebul xmas iRebda! dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi stalins

ganzraxvas miuxvdnen, mxolod nawilobriv dauTmes da sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad

gaeroSi miiRes arasuverenuli ukrainis ssr da belorusiis ssr.

zogierT mokavSire respublikaSi arsebobda `avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialis

turi respublikebi~, romlebic `saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebad~ iTvlebodnen.

ufro dabal doneze idga `avtonomiuri olqi~, romelsac SezRuduli avtonomia

hqonda. rsfsr-is CrdiloeT nawilSi iSviaTad dasaxlebul vrcel teritoriebze

adgilobrivi mcirericxovani eTnosebis (evenkebi, CukCebi, xantebi, mansebi da sxv.)

SesanarCuneblad Seiqmna `nacionaluri okrugebi~.

sabWoTa konstituciis yvela – 1924,1936 da 1977 wlebis – versiis Tanaxmad, Ti-

Toeul mokavSire respublikas eZleoda kavSiridan `Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba~.

es ar vrceldeboda avtonomiur erTeulebze, romelTac mokavSire respublikidan

daukiTxavad gasvlis uflebac ki ar hqondaT. kavSiridan` Tavisufali gasvlis

ufleba~ sinamdvileSi mxolod Teoriulad arsebobda: ar iyo kavSiris datovebis

araviTari iuridiuli meqanizmi. stalinis dros verc veravin gabedavda moeTxova

aseTi meqanizmis SemuSaveba da, miT umetes, misi amuSaveba. `ssr kavSiridan gasvlis

kanoni~ SemuSavda mxolod 1990 wlis martSi sabWoTa kavSiris pirvel (da ukanask-

nel) prezident mixail gorbaCovis xelmZRvanelobiT, magram iseTi pirobebiT, rom

`wiTeli armia – ssrk-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi mSromelTa interesebis dasacavad~

politika

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sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvla praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. es kanoni

realurad arc arasodes gamouyenebiaT (ix. qvemoT).

sabWoTa ekonomikuri da socialuri politika

komunisturi ideologiis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebu-

li mTeli qoneba (garda piradi nivTebisa, romelTa Soris yvelaze

Zvirad Rirebuli SeiZleboda yofiliyo msubuqi avtomobili, Tuki

moqalaqe, ZiriTadad 1950-iani wlebidan, mas `CawyobiT~ an qrTamiT

`iSovnida~: manqana, rogorc yvelaferi, `deficits~ warmoadgenda!),

`saerTo-saxalxo sakuTreba~ gaxda, faqtobrivad ki, mas saxelmwifo

(e.i. kompartia) gankargavda. kanoniT aikrZala miwis yidva-gayidva.

yvela sawarmo, didi metalurgiuli kombinatidan moyolebuli pa-

tara pursacxob Tonemde, yvelanairi momsaxureba saparikmaxeromde

da fexsacmlis SemkeTebel mejRanemde, sagareo da saSinao vaWroba,

yvela maRazia, agreTve ganaTleba, mecniereba, xelovneba saxelmwi-

fos daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca.

1928 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda gegmuri meurneoba

da mTeli saxelwifosaTvis, respublikebis, raionebis, qalaqebis,

calkeuli sawarmoebisaTvis `ekonomikuri (mogvianebiT – socia

lurekonomikuri) ganviTarebis xuTwliani gegma~ dgeboda. `gegmis

Sesruleba~ yvela donis xelmZRvanelisaTvis Tavsatexs warmoadgen-

da, radgan amaze iyo damokidebuli misi Tanamdebobaze darCena da

kariera. `gegmis gadaWarbebiT Sesruleba~ ki Tavis mowonebis kargi


socialistebi – soci-a lizmis mimdevrebi. ma Ti ideologia, socia lizmi, iTvaliswinebs so ci a lu-ri Tanasworobis princi-pebze damyarebuli sazo-gadoebis mSeneblobas; socializmSi warmoebis saSualebebi sazogado-eb riv sakuTrebaSia. so ci a lizmi eswrafvis adamianis mier sxva ada-mianis eqspluataciis yve la formis aRmofx-vras. socialistur sa-zo gadoebaSi unda iyos sruli saxalxo mmarT-veloba, socialuri Ta-nasworoba, ar unda iyos ekonomikuri diferenci-acia; socialistebi qada-geben adamianis uflebeb-sa da Tavisuflebas.`cxovreba dRiTidRe ufro saamuria!~

`gegma naTelia, saqmes SevudgeT! samSoblom gvibrZana Seneba!~

37

38

xerxi iyo. gavrcelebuli praqtika, gansakuTrebiT 1950-iani wlebidan, iyo `miwer-

ebi~ – ekonomikuri Sedegebis gayalbeba. xSirad amisken maRali Tanamdebobis pire-

bi ubiZgebdnen kidec, radgan `gegmis Sesruleba~ maTac moeTxovebodaT. qveyanaSi

centralizebulad dgindeboda fasebi 25 milion(!) produqtsa da momsaxurebaze,

rac gardauvalad iwvevda uamrav `subieqtur gadaxrasa~ da gaugebrobas. sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi ki fasebs aregulirebs moTxovna da miwodeba.

centralizebuli gegmuri meurneoba araefeqtian ekonomikas niSnavda.

konkurencia ar arsebobda da xarisxze zrunvaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo dagegmi-

li raodenobrivi maCveneblebis miRweva. es tendencia TiTqmis ar exeboda samxed-

ro mrewvelobas, sadac kontroli Zalian mkacri iyo. msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelo-

bis ganviTarebas naklebi yuradReba eqceoda.

1920-iani wlebis bolos da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daCqarebuli industri-

alizaciisas sabWoTa kavSiri yidulobda germaniisa da aSS-is CarxmSeneblobis

nawarmis did nawils, riTac, sxvaTa Soris, xels uwyobda im dros mZime ekonomikur

krizisSi myofi meurneobis kapitalisturi sistemis gadarCenas, romelsac komu-

nisturi ideologia `dasaRupad ganwirulad~ saxavda!

industrializaciis realur mizans warmoadgenda wiTeli armiis aRWurva da

momzadeba sagareo eqspansiisaTvis. ukve 1939 wlidan kargad SeiaraRebuli wiTe-

li armia ibrZoda poloneTSi, fineTSi, ierTebda baltiispireTs, besarabias. meore

msoflio omSi germaniasTan droebiTi warumateblobis Semdeg wiTeli armia cent-

ralur evropaSi SeiWra da ramdenime qveyana, maT Soris germaniis naxevari daipyro,

romelTa samarTavadac Zaladobrivad dasva adgilobrivi kompartiebi. sabWoTa

kavSirma moaxdina germaniis nawilis – aRmosavleT prusiis – aneqsireba (es Tavisi

politika

38


mokavSireebis – aSS-sa da didi britaneTis – TanxmobiT ganaxor-

ciela), Soreul aRmosavleTSi ki iaponias CamoarTva kurilis

kunZulebi. stalins surda kidev ufro meti teritoriis dapyro-

ba da iq komunisturi mmarTvelobis damyareba, magram sabWoeTis

eqspansionizms win aRudga amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1949 wels, sabWoTa kavSirma Seqm-

na birTvuli iaraRi, romelic iqamde, 1945 wlidan, mxolod aSS-s

hqonda. birTvuli iaraRi `urTierTSekavebis faqtorad~ iqca,

radgan orive mxarem Seigno, rom axali msoflio omis dawyeba Ta-

vad misTvisac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. gamalebuli SeiaraReba,

sul ufro maRali donis SeteviTi da TavdacviTi samxedro

sistemebis Seqmna XX saukunis meore naxevris msoflios yvelaze

damaxasiaTebel movlenad iqca. `SeiaraRebaTa Sejibri~, romlis

Semadgeneli nawili iyo kosmosSi gasvlac, sabWoTa kavSiris biu-

jetis lamis naxevars nTqavda. 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi

aseTi xarjebis gaweva kremlisaTvis gausaZlis tvirTad iqca.

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Catarda koleqtivizacia – glexo-

bis iZulebiT gaerTianeba koleqtiur meurneobebSi (kolmeur-

neobebSi), rasac Tan mohyva sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis mkveT-

ri vardna, SimSili da ramdenime milioni adamianis daRupva,

ZiriTadad ukrainaSi, samxreT ruseTSi, yazaxeTSi. kolmeurneoba

(anu koleqtiuri meurneoba) formalurad `kolmeurne glexebis~

saerTo sakuTreba iyo, romlisganac produqcias mtkice fasad

yidulobda saxelmwifo, xolo `sabWoTa meurneoba~ saxelmwifo

sawarmo iyo. TiTqmis yvela sabWoTa meurneobas biujetidan miRe-

buli dotaciiT uxdeboda arseboba: maTi warmoebuli produqcia

TviTRirebulebaze iafad iyideboda. es saxelmwifos socialuri

politikis forma iyo – maRaziaSi fasi ar unda gazrdiliyo.

samomxmareblo saqoneli, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo, ise

samrewvelo, sabWoTa kavSirSi yovelTvis deficits warmoadgen-

da. maRaziis daxlebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisiT, carieli iyo, xolo

Tu rame gamoCndeboda, yvelgan uzarmazari rigi Cndeboda. 1963

wels qveyanas puric ki Semoaklda da iqidan moyolebuli sabWoTa

kavSirs marcvleulis importi uxdeboda. sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis

imperia xorblis msoflioSi udidesi eqsportiori iyo!

eqspansionizmi – gafar-Toeba. erTi qveynis mier sxva qveynisa Tu qveynebis xar-jze teritoriis gazrda, ax-ali teritoriebis mierTeba. eqspansionizmi damaxasiaTebe-lia imperiuli qveynebisaTvis. demokratia, wesiT, ar unda mimarTavdes eqspansionizms.

`vin-vis? davewioT da gavaswroT~

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40

maragdeboda mxolod dedaqalaqi moskovi da lamis mTeli sabWoTa kavSiri iq Ca-

dioda tansacmlisa Tu zogi saxeobis sursaTis (magaliTad, Sebolili Zexvis, im-

portuli bananis) sayidlad. aseT pirobebSi ayvavda spekulacia. 1950-iani wlebidan

Cndeba `Crdilovani ekonomikac~.

socialuri politikis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba pozitiur Sedegad ar vaxsenoT,

rom sabWoeTma aRmofxvra ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli uwignuroba: es, erTi mxriv,

socializmis kargi propaganda iyo, meore mxriv, wiTel armias wera-kiTxvis mcodne

jariskacebi sWirdeboda. radgan danarCen msofliosTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo

SejibrebaSi myof socialistur saxelmwifos dasWirda bevri inJineri, teqniko-

si, gamomgonebeli (upirvelesad – samxedro sferoSi), fizikosi, maTematikosi,

geologi, mSenebeli da a.S. yuradReba mieqca umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

ganviTarebas.

literatura da xelovneba mkacr ideologiur CarCoebSi moeqca. `sabWoTa

Semoq medebiTi inteligencia~ unda gaerTianebuliyo qveyanaSi erTaderT Sesabamis

SemoqmedebiT – mweralTa, kompozitorTa, mxatvarTa, Teatralur moRvaweTa, ar-

qiteqtorTa, JurnalistTa da a.S. – kavSirSi, romelsac saxelmwifo akontroleb-

da. stalini, romelic bevrs kiTxulobda mxatvrul da istoriul literaturas,

mwerlebs `adamianis sulis inJinrebs~ uwodebda. rasakvirvelia, mas `komunistu-

ri sulis inJineria~ esaWiroeboda. man daamkvidra termini `socialisturi rea

lizmi~, rogorc stili da meTodi xelovnebasa da literaturaSi, romelsac unda

aesaxa partiisaTvis sasurveli, Tundac ararsebuli, `sinamdvile~.

`niWis gza kapitalizmis qveynebSi~ `gza niWsa socializmis qveyanaSi~ skola ssrk-Si da skola aSS-Si

politika

40 41

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinis diqtaturis pirobebSic ki

iqmneboda sabWoTa respublikebSi kargi poeziac da kargi musi kac.

1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan ki sabWoeTSi erTgvari kul-

turuli liberalizacia daiwyo. bevr respublikaSi, maT Soris

saqarTveloSi, im periodSi kulturis ayvavebis xana dadga.

sabWoeTis dakninebis mizezebi da misi daSla

istoriam daamtkica, rom socializmis rusuli (sabWoTa) modeli

ekonomikurad raRac doniT efeqtiania (magaliTad, xels uwyobs

mZime mrewvelobis produqciis swraf zrdas) mxolod totalita-

rizmis pirobebSi — demokratiaze, adamianis uflebebze absolu-

turi uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, roca reJimi erTpartiulia da yve-

las da yvelafers akontrolebs erTaderT politikur partias

daqvemdebarebuli uSiSroebis organoebi. magram 1980-iani wlebi-

saTvis kremls imdeni problema Seeqmna, rom maTi gadawyveta Zveli

meTodebiT SeuZlebeli gaxda.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, sabWoTa gegmuri ekonomika uSedego iyo,

dasavleT evropis, CrdiloeT amerikis, iaponiis ekonomikuri da

teqnologiuri upiratesoba ki Zalian TvalsaCino gaxda. sabWoTa

kavSiri usaSvelod bevrs xarjavda samxedro SeiaraRebaze. for-

malurad – ideologiuri, realurad ki – geopolitikuri Tvalsaz-

risidan gamomdinare, kremlma Tavis Tavze aiRo afrikaSi, aziasa

da laTinur amerikaSi axalgamoCekili `socialisturi orientaci-

is~ diqtatorebis rCena, rac qveyanas Zviri ujdeboda. 1979 wels

avRaneTSi `droebiT~ Seyvanili sabWoTa samxedro kontigenti iq 10

sityva spekulacia sxva-dasxva konteqstiT ixmareba: 1) mogebis mizniT saqonlis ukanono Sesyidva da ufro Zvirad gayidva. 2) kapital-istur qveynebSi: safinanso operacia – faseulobaTa yidva-gayidvis mogebis mis-aRebad; birJaze TamaSi fa-siani qaRaldebis kursis aw-eva-dawevaze. 3) gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT raime gare-moebis gamoyenebaze agebu-li angariSianoba, ganzraxva.

Crdilovani ekonomika (araformaluri ekonomi-ka) erovnuli meurneobis is nawilia, romelic moq-medebs kanonis darRveviT, ver aRiricxeba saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis mier da ar ixdis saxelmwifo ga-dasaxadebs.


`yvelani biblioTekaSi – yoveli mSromeli, Rataki Tu kolmeurne unda gax-des biblioTekis mkiTxveli~

42

wliT CarCa da aman sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso imijze uaryo-

fiTad imoqmeda, rom araferi vTqvaT did adamianur da finansur

danakargze.

dasavleTis qveynebis bazrebze sabWoeTs mxolod nedleulis,

upirvelesad navTobisa da xe-tyis, eqsporti SeeZlo. 1973 wlidan

navTobze msoflio fasebis mkveTrma zrdam mas didi Semosavali

moutana. erTdroulad sanavTobo Semosavalma stimuli daukar-

ga ekonomikis gajansaRebas, rasac ideologiuri CarCoc zRudav-

da: kerZo iniciativis waxaliseba, anu erTaderTi meTodi, rac

aamaRlebda produqciis xarisxs, safrTxes Seuqmnida partiis erT-

pirovnul mmarTvelobas.

1985 wels axalma generalurma mdivanma mixail gorbaCovma ga-

nizraxa qveyanaSi reformebis Catareba (rasac `perestrioka~ ewo-

da), ekonomikis ganviTarebis daCqareba da demokratizacia. magram,

misTvis samwuxarod, gamarTlda XIX saukunis frangi politolo-

gis aleqsis de tokvilis Segoneba – `cudi mTavrobisaTvis yvelaze

saxifaTo dro dgeba, rodesac is sakuTari Tavis reformirebas iw-

yebs~.

1985 wlidan navTobis msoflio fasis mkveTrma dacemam sabWoe-

Tis xazina daacariela. amas daemTxva amerikasTan SeiraRebaTa Se-

jibris gaZliereba, rasac sabWoTa ekonomika veRar uZlebda. kerZo

mewarmeobis, e.w. kooperativebis daSvebam ekonomikaze partiuli

kontroli Seasusta. demokratizaciis mcdelobam, rac sajaroo-

bis gafarToebasa da masmediis met TavisuflebaSi gamoixata, zeda-

pirze gamoitana iqamde miCqmaluli winaaRmdegobani, maT Soris

erTaSorisi dapirispirebebi. kompartiis avtoriteti mkveTrad

ssrk-is avRaneTSiSesvla – 1979 wlis de-kemberSi sabWoTa kav-Siris jarebi avRaneTSi SeiWrnen, mokles qveynis prezidenti hafizula amini da mis magivrad daayenes TavianTi momx-re babraq karmali. sabWo-Ta okupaciam da omma 1989 wlis Tebervlamde gastana. daiRupa mili-onobiT avRaneli, qveya-na gaveranda. sabWoTa jarebma ver moaxerxes avRanelebis damorCile-ba da sabolood iZule-buli gaxdnen daetove-binaT qveyana. maTma da to vebulma reJimma mxolod ori weli gaZlo. avRaneTSi marcxma didi ziani miayena sabWoTa kav Sirs da xeliSuwyo mis saboloo dacemas.

politika

42 43

daeca. amas daerTo brZola ZalauflebisaTvis TviT moskovSi mixail gor-

baCovsa da rsfsr-is pirvel prezident boris elcins Soris.

baltiis respublikebSi, saqarTveloSi, moldovaSi, ukrainaSi

erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba daiwyo. 1988 wlidan sabWoTa som-

xeT ma da sabWoTa azerbaijanma mTiani yarabaRis gamo daiwyes omi, rac

kremlma ver aRkveTa. 1989 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis sferoSi –

centraluri evropis qveynebSi – iq zedized emxoboda sabWoTa kavSiris

mier Tavsmoxveuli komunisturi xelisufleba.

1991 wlis bolos mokavSire respublikebis sabWoTa kavSiridan `Tavis-

ufali gasvlis ufleba~ praqtikulad ganxorcielda, oRond ar gamouye-

nebiaT zemoxsenebuli gorbaCoviseuli meqanizmi.

paradoqsia, rom sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis uflebiT pirvelad isar-

geb les ruseTis federaciam, ukrainam da belorusiam, romelTac 1991 wlis

dekemberSi usisxlod daSales kidec sabWoeTis imperia.

sabWoTa kavSiris adgilze gaCnda 15 damoukidebeli respublika, rom-

lebic saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam aRiara. am axal saxelmwifoebs ki umZi-

mesi sabWoTa memkvidreoba darCaT rogorc ekonomikaSi, ise socialur

fsiqologiaSi.


ssrk-is pirveli daukanaskneli prezi-denti mixail gor-baCovi da ruseTis pirveli preziden-ti boris elcini

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