Oligosaccharide.pptx

8/10/2019 Oligosaccharide.pptx

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1. Astika Rahayu2. Chandra Dewi Pusparini3. Himmatusy Syarifah

4. Khairunnisa Amalia5. Nur Fadilah6. Rahmi Hayatunnufus7. Retno Ayu Puspita


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Oligosaccharide

Rafinosa

Fos-Gos

Cylodextrins

Acarbose

Stachyose

Verbascose


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Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates formed of 2-10

monosaccharide units covalently bonded to eachother by glycoside bonds.

Oligosaccharide


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Raffinose is atrisaccharide composed

of galactose, glucose,and fructose


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STRUCTURE

-D-Fructofuranosyl -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)- -D-glucopyranoside


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All members of the bean family have ahigh content of raffinose. It can also be

found in other vegetables such as

cabbage, brussels sprouts and broccoli.


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Low acid or sacarrose

enzym

Maltase enzym


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Procedures concerning cryopreservation

have used raffinose to providehypertonicity for cell desiccation prior to

freezing. And the other function is to be

prebiotic


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Some people don't have enough of the

enzyme in the small intestine that

breaks raffinose down. So, raffinose

passes into the large intestine and

becomes a source of food for bacteria.


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Verbaskose

Verbaskosa is penta saccharide consisting of three

molecules of galactose 1 glucose molecule 1 molecule

of fructose


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How does the structure ofVerbascose

O- a - D -galactopyranosyl-(1 -> 6)-[ O- a - D -galactopyranosyl-(1 ->

6)-] 2 - O- a - D -glucopyranosyl-(1-> 2)- b - D -fructofuranoside


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WHAT FUNCTION OF VERBACOSE?

Controlling cholesterol ,

lowering blood sugar

,reduce depression and in

high purity for use in

research

In nuts and sereal

WHERE SUCROSE CAN BEFOUND?


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What diseases can be caused

from varbaskos? Verbacose consumption with high concentrations

can cause abdominal discomfort , bloating anddiarrhea due to bacterial fermentation which

produces a wide range of methane and carbon

dioxide in the colon .


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Stachyose

Stachyose is a tetrasaccharide, form by two galactose,

one glucose, and one fructose molecules.Stachyose is not a reducing sugar


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Stachyose easily found in soybiean meal, unrefined beetsugar


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Stachyose Biosynthesis


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The function of

StachyoseCooperate with bacillus bifidus bacteria to form agood bacteria for human body

help to increase taste and prevent dryness of food


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StachyoseMolecular Formula : C 24H 42O21

Stachyose isa tetrasaccharide consisting of two -D-

galactose units, one -D-glucose unit,and one -D-fructose unit sequentiallylinked asgal(16) gal(16) glc(12) fru.

Stachyose Manotriosa Fructose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasaccharide


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Acarbose

Acarbose is a complex

oligosaccharide that delays thedigestion of ingested

carbohydrates, there by

resulting in a smaller rise inblood glucose concentration

following meals.


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Acarbose

Acarbose slows the digestion of carbohydrates in the

body, which helps control blood sugar levels.Acarbose is used to treat type 2 diabetes.


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Acarbose is an oligosaccharidewhich is obtained fromfermentation processes of amicroorganism Actinoplanesutahensis.

It is a white to off-whitepowder with a molecularweight of 645.6.

Soluble in water and has a

pKa of 5.1. Its molecularformula is C 25H 43NO 18 .

Fig.O-4,6-dideoxy-4-[[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-

trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]- -D- glucopyranosyl-(1 4)-O--D-

glucopyranosyl-(1 4)-D-glucose


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How does acarbose work?

Inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase is located on the

wall of the small intestine and inhibits the enzyme alpha-amylase of the pancreas, so that the overall inhibiting the

digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.

Acarbose does not stimulate insulin secretion by cells.


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Cyclodextrins

Cyclic oligosaccharides

Composed of D-glucopyranose units

Hollow, torus-shape cavity

Cylinders with a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobicinterior


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Cyclodextrins

Different types:

-cyclodextrin : six sugar ring molecules

-cyclodextrin : seven sugar ring molecules

-cyclodextrin : eight sugar ring molecules


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Structure of -CD


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Structure of -CD

Structure of -CD


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Cyclodextrins

They form inclusion complexes with a

variety of molecules. Insertion of a hydrophobic guest in

aqueous solutions of cyclodextrins leads to

complexation which no covalent bonds arebroken or formed.


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Applications of Cyclodextrins in Drugdelivery technology

To improve the physical and chemicalproperties of drugs

To reduce the side effects of drugs

To enhance the bio-availibility of poorlysoluble drugs


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Applications of Cyclodextrins in Foodindustry

To stabilize flavors and fragrances

To mask undesired tastes in the food andcosmetic industries


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Fructooligosaccharides is a group of

oligosaccharides, or a group of connected simple

sugars. These simple sugars, also termed

carbohydrates, are fructose molecules.These simple sugars are not digested by

the human body, so they can be classified as

fiber carbohydrates.


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FOS is extracted from the blue Agaveplant as well as fruits and vegetablessuch as bananas, onions, chicory root,garlic, asparagus, j cama, and leeks.Some grains and cereals, such aswheat and barley


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FOS can be produced by degradation of inulin,or polyfructose, a polymer of D-fructose residues linked by (21) bonds with aterminal (12) linked D-glucose. The degree ofpolymerization of inulin ranges from 10 to 60.The second class of FOS is prepared by thetransfructosylation action of a -fructosidaseof Aspergillus niger on sucrose .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)


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The Function of FOSFructooligosaccharides are commonly used as asweetener and as a prebiotic dietary supplement.FOS serves as a substrate for microflora in the large

intestine, increasing the overall gastrointestinal tract(GI Tract) health.As a supplement for treating yeast infections.[7]FOS and inulin promote calcium absorption in boththe animal and the human gut.FOS can be considered a small dietary fibre with (likeall types of fibre) low caloric value.

The fermentation of FOS results in the production ofgases and acids.

To provide some energy to the body.


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SIDE-EFFECTSAll inulin-type prebiotics, including FOS, aregenerally thought to stimulate the growth of

Bifidobacteria species. Bifidobacteria areconsidered beneficial bacteria.FOS are also fermented by numerous bacterialspecies in the intestine, including Klebsiella, E. coli

and many Clostridium species, which can bepathogenic in the gut. Intestinal problems or diarrhea.


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What are Galacto -

oligosaccharides ?Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), also

known as oligogal fucosyllactose, oligogalactose, oligo lactose or transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS), belong to thegroup of prebiotics.

Prebiotics are defined as non-digestiblefood ingredients that beneficially affect the hostby stimulating the growth and/or activity ofbeneficial bacteria in the colon.


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Galacto -oligosaccharides (GOS) canbe synthesized from lactose whenthis sugar acts as the acceptor andtransgalactosylation is catalyzed by -galactosidase


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The function of Galacto-oligosaccharides

Stimulating health-promoting

bacteriaSupport of natural defensesImprovement of mineral absorptionRelief of constipationSynbiotic propertiesFODMAP and flatulence

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