德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾 參與實務 · 2017-04-17 · Seminar on regulations...
Transcript of 德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾 參與實務 · 2017-04-17 · Seminar on regulations...
德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾
參與實務
TÜV SÜD TÜV SÜD
Enforcement & Public Participation
Waste Management in Germany
Seminar on regulations and technology of spent fuel interim storage in Germany
April 19th – 20th, 2017 in Taipei
Dr. J. Shang
Slide 1
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1
Contents
Enforcement of Law and Regulations
2 History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 2
5 Conclusion
3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
TÜV SÜD
1
Contents
Enforcement of Law and Regulations
2 History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 3
5 Conclusion
3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
TÜV SÜD
Atomic Energy Act
Slide 4
Includes an important paragraph for decommissioning & dismantling:
7 Licensing of installations:
(3) The decommissioning of an installation as defined in … as well as the safe enclosure of an installation definitively decommissioned, or the dismantling of an installation or of parts thereof shall require a licence. …
TÜV SÜD
LSP acc. to 7 of ATG or StrlSchV
Nuclear Regulation in the Federal System: Who is doing what?
Slide 5
Expert organizations,e.g. TÜV SÜD ET, GRS, MPA…
Applicante.g. KKP
Application for a license with description and supporting documents
Reports withrecommendations
Order for review onselected subjects Order for review on
selected subjects
Report (withrecommendations)
licencePublic
hearing
Nuclear LicensingProcedure OrdinanceEnvironmental Impact
Assessment Act
Advisory organizations, e.g. RSK, SSK ; other federal state authorities
StateRegulatory Body
e.g. Baden-Württemberg
Objections
Federation
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Atomic Energy Act
Slide 6
Includes an important paragraph for Storage of Spent Fuel:
6 Licensing of installations for Storage of Spent Fuel:
- Every storage besides the state storage requires a license
- The license shall be given, if- Reliability and qualification of responsible persons,- Required preventions against damage in line with the state of the art in science
and technology - Required prevention for the fulfillment of legal liability for damages and- Required protection against disruptive action or other third-party influencesare guaranteed
23: Responsibility of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection and the FerderalOffice for Nuclear Waste Management (BfS/BfE)
TÜV SÜD
Nuclear Regulation in the Federal System: Who is doing what?
Slide 7
LSP acc. to 6 of German Atomic Energy Act
Publicity Applicant
TSO
State Building Authority
State Authorities
Supervisory authorityof the state 24 AtG
regulatory authority:BfS/BfE
23 Sec. 1 Nr. 4 AtG
© BfS
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1
Contents
Enforcement of Law and Regulations
2 History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 8
5 Conclusion
3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
TÜV SÜD
Top ten list 2007
Slide 9
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Top ten list 2006
Slide 10
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Top ten list 2001
Slide 11
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Top ten list 1981-2008
Slide 12
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Hard Facts
Slide 13
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Licensing and Supervision Procedures
Slide 14
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Participants in Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany
Slide 15
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Status of Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany
Slide 16
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Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany
Slide 17
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Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany
Slide 18
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Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany
Slide 19
This long-term effect can`t be ignored.
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History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 20
Project SNR 300:
Fast Breeder Reactor in Kalkar (Germany) 70% 15% 15%
09. Nov. 1966: Agreement between Germany, Netherlands and Belgium15. Jan. 1968: Estabilishment of consortium (Siemens, Neratoom, Begonucléaire)23. Oct. 1970: Application for a licence (Safety Report...)18. Dec. 1972: Grant of building licence (Authority: ministry of the environment NRW)24. Mar. 1973: Start of construction22. Oct. 1985: Grant of licence (13 steps since 1972)15. Juni. 1986: Commissioning (17. step)26. April. 1986: Accident in Chernobyl
20. Mar. 1991: Stop the project
Phase out of nuclear energy
TÜV SÜD
1
Contents
Enforcement of Law and Regulations
2 History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 21
5 Conclusion
3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
TÜV SÜD Slide 22
Provisions for public participation in accordance with AtVfV
3 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 & 3 AtVfV: Kind and scope of the documents 4 AtVfV: Announcement of the project5 Abs. 1 AtVfV Contents of the announcement6 Abs. 1 & 2 AtVfV: Disclosure of the application and documents for public
inspection 7 AtVfV: Objections8 Abs. 1&2 AtVfV: Objections & public hearing10 Abs. 1 AtVfV: Cancellation of public hearing12 Abs. 1 AtVfV: Proceedings of public hearing13 Abs. 1 AtVfV: Minutes of public hearing19b Abs. 2 AtVfV: Licences pursuant to 7 para. (3) of the Atomic Energy Act
Regulation for Public Participation
TÜV SÜD
Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
Slide 23
Participation of publicitySubmission and examination of the documents to be interpreted
(Request, short-description, safety report, environmental impact study, additional decision-significantly documents)
Public announcement of the intention(Federal Gazette, regional press)
Display(Federal Office for Radiation Protection, local room)
Objections(Limitation, Knowledge anonymised by the applicant/expert)
Consideration date(Public announcement, local room)
Word-protocol(Consideration at the assessments, transmission to objectors)
Announcement and interpretation of the approval(Federal Office for Radiation Protection, local room)
TÜV SÜD
Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
Slide 24
Licensing procedure for interim storagesStatistics to the public participation
Amount of licensing procedures: 22
Objectors: 900 to 76.000 per procedure, ca. 277.000 in total
Different objections: 12 to 252 per procedure
Hearings
Days of hearing: 1 to 7 per procedure,in total 78
Attendant objectors: 24 to 566 per procedure(ca. 1.650 in total)
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• Notification-request of the austrian ministry of the environment for six interimstorages in south-germany of course of possible effects to the republic Austria
• Regular consultations of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection and theaustrian ministry of the environment inclusively the regional government ofUpper Austria, Salzburg, Tirol and Vorarlberg as well as the city of Salzburg
• Public participation procedure in Austria with 60,000 objectors
• Public hearing for citizens of Austria inclusively applicant, authorities andexperts (1 day, 74 attendants)
• Final statement of the republic Austria to the licensing drafts
• Public display of the licenses in Austria
Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
Slide 25
Cross-border environmental impact assessment
TÜV SÜD
Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
Slide 26
Licensing of interim storages
License for the storage of nuclear fuel ( 6 AtG)
Not approved parts of the application
- Further nuclear fuel mass- Further inventory- Further transportation- and storage vessel-
construction type(s)
Approved parts of the application
- Nuclear fuel mass- Inventory- Transportation- and storage vessel-
construction type(s)
Changing license
e.g. clearance instruction fortransportation and storage vessels
Later obligations/revocation ( 17 AtG)
TÜV SÜD
Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
Slide 27
Interim Storage Brunsbüttel
2001: Application to BfS
2003: License
2004: Lawsuit against the site interim storage
2006: Commissioning of the site interim storage
2007: The Superior Administrative Court in Schleswig dismissed the action.
2008: Federal Administrative Court canceled judgement of the Superior Administrative Court in Schleswig
2013: Judgement of the Superior Administrative Court in Schleswig
2015: Decision of the Federal Administrative Court
2015: New application to BfE
2018: A temporary license
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Public Participation
Slide 28
ParticipationWorking groupround tableenvironmental mediation
Public discussionSurveyOpen councilExpert´s opinion
PostingMailinformation eventPublic reference
Consultation
Information
Source: ÖI
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Public Participation
Slide 29
Basic evaluation
Preliminaryplanning
Preliminarydesign
Approval planning
Execution documentsKeep residents about progress of work to dateSite marketing: Open-door day, site visit, school tours
Object mentoring and documentationConstruction
Award of contract
Communicate coursePlan compacted represent (pictures)Illustrate the process, repeat messageEmployees training for public hearing
Advantages and disadvantages with alternativeRepresent plane and tech. documents simplified.Understandable communication (clarify technical term)
Analysis: Who are the stakeholders, what opportunities and risk issues there are?
Planing: What communication aims to combine? what issues need to be become the focus? what are the key messages?
Source: ÖI
TÜV SÜD
1
Contents
Enforcement of Law and Regulations
2 History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 30
5 Conclusion
3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
TÜV SÜD
Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
Slide 31
Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing
1. Day
a. Welcome and introduction by chief navigatorb. Presentation of the project to be approved and explanation of the design application by the
applicantc. Preliminary statements by objectorsd. Hearing of the objections with regard to the personal requirements of the applicant (reliability of
the applicant & compulsory cover) e. Hearing of the objections with regard to the licence conditions (damage prevention and radiation
protection, environmental sustainability)- Remaining operating- Ventilation concept- Restraints- Maintenance of exhaust air and waste water plants- Operational regulations- Nuclear regulations (Guidelines, KTA-Rules, DIN standards…)- Completeness of the information
TÜV SÜD
Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
Slide 32
Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing
1. Day
- Completeness of the information- Modification of the plant - Container lock- Container dock- Dismantling of plant components- Time of dismantling- Dismantling of reactor pressure vessel- Disassembling procedures- Sequence plan- Absence from feedback- Radiation protection- Radiological preload- Output value- Direct radiation- Determination of radiological state
TÜV SÜD
Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
Slide 33
Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing
1. Day
- Determination of radiological state- Spreading contamination- Measuring device- Cancer studies- Environmental monitoring
2. Day- Radoaktive waste- Operational waste- Handling radioactive residues and waste- Transport and lifting operations of fixed equipment- Storage of radioactive wastes- Conditioning of radioactive waste- Clearance approval process
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Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
Slide 34
Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing
2. Day- Clearance approval process- Release procedure- Disposal concept- Disposal goals- Disposalcertification system for radioactive waste- Safety assessment- Accident- Assessment scale- Environmental impact assessment- Transparency and assessment- Preloading- Radiation exposure- Dust emissions- Noise- Water protection
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Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
Slide 35
Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing
2. Day- Water protection- Consideration of the impact- Alternative assessment- Discussing any other objections, questions and issues (particularly with regard to the
later decision by the authority on the application and the future licensing procedures)- Fund of the decommissioning- Single issues of granting permits (For example, time-limit, pads, relation to other
permits, dismantling of non-approval mature no extended dismounting- Licensing requirement of post operational phase- Public participation in decommisioning strategy and subsequent approval- Insulation of buildings- Shutdown another reactor- Security concerning disruptive actions and impact- Accountability of nuclear energy- Concern of fundamental rights and legal framework- Notice of the competent authority
TÜV SÜD
Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
Slide 36
Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing
2. Day- Notice of the competent authority- Information from federal and state parliament- Criticism against IAEO- Criticism against officials of the State Institute for Environmental Measurements and
Nature Conservation LUM- Other objections, questions and issues as well as points that have not been adequately
explained- Final statements of the objectors- Further aspects of transport and lifting operations of fixed equipment- Completion of the public hearing
TÜV SÜD
1
Contents
Enforcement of Law and Regulations
2 History in German Nuclear Regulation
Slide 37
5 Conclusion
3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository
4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation
TÜV SÜD
Conclusion
Slide 38
Current interim storage problems
Situation Federal Republic of Germany related to interim storage period
Interim storage time extension?
Old or new interim storage?
Demand on public participation
Aging problems
Aging of the sealing materialAging of the fuel rod cladding
TÜV SÜD
Thank you for your attention
Slide 39
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 117-04-11
Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
Seminar on regulations and technology of spent fuel interimstorage in Germany
April 19th – 20th , 2017 in Taipei
Dr. T. Thumstädter
Handling and Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 217-04-11
1 The Reasons why German decidedto stop reprocessing
2 The Conparision of centralised anddistributed storage
3
4 Lessons Learned
Procedure of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves of caskloading)
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 317-04-11
History of the policy of reprocessing
• Until 1984 obligation to reprocess spent fuel
• Since 1984 two alternatives: reprocessing or direct disposal for spent fuel (reprocessing tookplace aboard)
• Since 2001 obligation for direct disposal. Reprocessing was only allowed to fulfil old contracts.
• Since 2005 prohibition of reprocessing.
1. Reasons why Germany stopped Reprocessing
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 417-04-11
Critics on Reprocessing
• Complex nuclear chemical process with many inhernt dangersHot acidsReactive organic solventsHigh amounts of fissable material
• Security problems:Occurence of greater amounts of Pu → Suitable for nuclear weapons
• Possibility to operate reprocessing plant economically is unclear
1. Reasons why Germany stopped Reprocessing
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 517-04-11
Reasons for the Abondance of Reprocessing
• General critics on the technology+ Cold war+ fear of a neclear war in the public and the peace movement+ environmental movement
→ Results in a general distrust against the responsible entities + no acceptance of thetechnology in the public
→ Resulting in massive protests + economical douts
1. Reasons why Germany stopped Reprocessing
Handling and Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 617-04-11
1 The Reasons why German decidedto stop reprocessing
2 The Conparision of centralised anddistributed storage
3
4 Lessons Learned
Procedure of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves of caskloading)
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 717-04-11
2. The Comparison of Centrilised and Decentralised Storage
Pros Cons
Centalised Storage
• Impact to the environment islimited to a few locations
• Cost reduction for safetyand security measure duringthe storage period
• A lot of spent fueltransportation of spent fuela over the country
• High costs for safety andsecurity of the transports
Decentralised Storage• No transportation until a
final repository is built• Higher costs and affords
due to operate severalfacilities
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 817-04-11
2. The Comparison of Centrilised and Decentralised Storage
Reasons for Choosing Decentralised Interim Storage in Germany
→ Very few acceptance in great parts of the population for nuclear technology andtransports
→ Enormous affords in costs and personal to protect the transports and prevent thetransport routes from sabotage
Handling and Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 917-04-11
1 The Reasons why German decidedto stop reprocessing
2 The Conparision of centralised anddistributed storage
3
4 Lessons Learned
Procedure of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves of caskloading)
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1017-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proof of the caskloading)
Which properties should a cask loading procedure have?:
• It has to ensure that the contraints for a reliable function of the cask are fulfiled.
• It has to ensure that the contraints for a reliable function of the storage facility are fulfiled.
Then a safe storage is ensured and the safety targets are kept.
How can this be ensured?
• By developing a suitable procedure for cask loading and measures to make sure that thenecessary quality for cask loading is kept.
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1117-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Essential information is compiled in following documents:
Technical Requirements(Technische
Annahmebedingungen)
• Contains values for safetyrelevant parameters
• Cask and plant specific• Approved by TSO
Procedures for theTechnical Requirements
(Ausführungsbestimmungen zu den technischen
Annahmebedingungen)
• Contains the methods andform sheets forproving the constrains
• Approved by TSO
Cask Specific Proceeding Plan(Behälterspezifischer Ablaufplan)
• Contains tables with the crucialsteps of loading procedure andemplacement
• Contains stopping points that haveto be approved before continuingthe loading rocedure
• Approved by TSO
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1217-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Proceeding of a cask loading (rough scheme)
Step 1: Submission of the documetation of the planned cask loading to the supervising authority
Step 2: Approval of the documentation (often with help of TSO)
Step 3: Loading the cask with supervision of a TSO with approval of the crucial steps in the procceding plan.
Step 4: Finishing of the documentation
Step 5: Approval of the final documentation
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1317-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Documentation before cask loading
General parts:
• License of the cask type
• Qualitiy assurance proofs of manufacturing and commissioning of the cask
• Proofs that the necessary periodic tests are done
And
Proves for the Technical Requirements
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1417-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Documentation before cask loading
Technical Requirements (example):
• Reactortype• Plant and FA • Max. number of special FA• FA type• FA length• FA cross section area• Heavy metal mass• Enrichment (U-235, Pu-239 + Pu-241)• Max. and min. burnup• Min. decay time in the spent fuel pool• Max. Co content of FA head and foot• Non-standard FA (max. number, e. g. defect rod, dummy rods, …)• Max. tangent strain• Max. tangent stress• Max. decay heat
Proves with form sheetsfrom the procedures forthe technical requirements
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1517-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Proves of the technical requirements (example)
Proof of the max. tangent strain:
• Form sheet contains the relevant data (FA-number, loading configuration, FA-position)
• Proof is done by ensuring that the decay heat of theconsidered FA is lower than reference values at certainpoints of time.
• Form sheet ensures that every FA and point of time isis considered.
©GNS
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1617-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Secondary Lid
Primary Lid
Cask Body
Protection Plate
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1717-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
General proceeding when loading casks (technical view)
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1817-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Inspections during cask loading
• Cask specified proceeding plan (Behälterspezifischer Ablaufplan)
• Approved document
• All essential steps of the loading procedure are listed in thecorect order
• The safety relevant steps have to be approved by an independant expert by signing the steps in the document
©EnBW
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 1917-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Main phases of the cask loading procedure
a. Arriving of the caskb. Bringing the unloaded cask into the reactor buildingc. Preparing the cask at handling point (outside the pool)d. Bringing the into the poole. Loading the caskf. Bringing the cask back from the poolg. Dispatching the cask according to the technical requirements of interim storageh. Sluicing the cask out
Phase A: Prepation forunderwaterloading
Phase C:Dispatching andDelivering
Phase B: Underwaterloading
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2017-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Crucial steps of phase A
• Proof whether the formal requirements are fulfiled for the cask (paperwork okay, tests of the caskare valid)
• Checking the handling equipment (free of contamination)• Checking the cask for damages• Bringing the cask into the reactor building and put it to handling point• Removing of the primary and secondary lid• Inspection of the sealing surfaces and FA-basket• Closing of the screwholes of the secondary lid• Preparation and mouting of the plastic contamination protection (PKS = Plastik
Kontaminationsschutz)
©VEB
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2117-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Crucial steps of phase B
• Putting the cask into the fuel pool (PKS is filled with deionat with a slight overpressure)• Cask is loaded (FA and their correct position in the cask is checked)• The primary lid and its seal are checked and will be assembled• Putting the primary lid on the cask (under water)• Removeing the cask from the pool and putting it on the handling point
©VEB
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2217-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Crucial steps of phase C
• Removeing the rest of the poolwater from the primary lid and the PKS• Inspecting if the lid is correctly placed• Bolting the primary lid and related checks• Removeing of the PKS• Drying of the sealing spaces of the primary lid• Removing of the water from the cask and drying and related checks• Final closing of the primary lid and He-leak test of the seal• Filling the cask with He• Further checks of the correct placement and tighness of the primary lid, contamination tests• Preparation of the secondary lid (mouting and checks of the seal and sealing surfaces)• Bolting of the secondary lid (position checks and He-leak tests, drying)• Test of the pressure switch• Mounting of the protection plate (checks of contamination, doserate, temperature)• Sluicing out the cask with the foreseen equipment (several steps and checks)
©VEB
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2317-04-11
3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)
Structure of a proceeding plan
Nr. Location
Object Task KIND
Specificinstructions/porcedures
Quality checks
Report Remarks
CSP
NPP
TOS
xx Handlingpoint
Loadedcask
Contaminationmeasuringat theprimary lid
CP
Procedureabc
y
CP=Contamination Protection, CSP=Cask Service Provider, NPP=Nuclear Power Plant, TSO=Technical Support Organisation
Handling and Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2417-04-11
1 The Reasons why German decidedto stop reprocessing
2 The Conparision of centralised anddistributed storage
3
4 Lessons Learned
Procedure of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves of caskloading)
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The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2517-04-11
4. Lessons Learned
Main Problem: Strong resistance and less acceptance in the pulic of this kind oftechnology
Possible Reasons:Global Political Situation: - Cold war
- Fear of a nuclear war → peace movement- Environmental movement
German Politics: - When enforcing nuclear projects few sensebility for the needs andattitudes of the public
- Poor communication strategy of the operators- Wrong estimates about the risk perception of the public
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2617-04-11
4. Lessons Learned
Possible Solutions
• Early and trancparant communication with all stake holders
• Participation of all stake holders
• Make clear what risk means and what the risks are compared wih other risks
Thank you for your attention
Slide 27
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2817-04-11
1957 - Atomic Egg (experimental reactor) in Garching near Munich (FRG)- Research reactor of Russian type in Rossendorf near Dresden (GDR)
1960 – Atomic Energy Act → Promotion of nuclear energy (FRG)
1961 – First nuclear power plant in Kahl (VAK) (FRG)
1966 – First nuclear power plant in Rheinsberg (GDR)
1968 – Nuclear powered ship „Otto Hahn“ (FRG)
A brief history of nuclear energy in Germany
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 2917-04-11
1970s – Oil crises led to the construction several NPPs in FRG
1973 – 89 – Construction of several WWER in Greifswald (GDR)
1975 – Major anti-nuclear protests forced the cancelling of the NPP project in Wyl (FRG)
1979 – Accident in Three Miles Island (Harrisburg)
1980 – Reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf was abondaned after massive protests (FRG)
1981 – Massive protest against the Brokedorf NPP project, but NPP was built (FRG)
1986 – Chernobyl accident → Led to more critisism in the public
A brief history of nuclear energy in Germany (II)
The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel
TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 3017-04-11
2001 – „Act on structured phase-out of the nuclear energy for commercial purposes“ (after lengthynegotiation with the operators) → Ending of commercial nuclear usage 2021
2006 – Ongoing protests against CASTOR-transports
2010 – Life time extension of NPPs (about 12 years per plant)
2011 – Fukushima accident→ safety shut down of several reactor→ stress test- Permanent shut down of seven older reactors- New Phase-out law: Total phase out until 2022
A brief history of nuclear energy in Germany (III)