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ODESANATIONAL UNIVERSITY

HERALDVolume 19. Issue 1/1. 2014

SERIESECONOMY

Â²ÑÍÈÊÎÄÅÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎÓÍ²ÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒÓÒîì 19. Âèïóñê 1/1. 2014ÑÅÐ²ßÅÊÎÍÎÌ²ÊÀ

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINEOdesa I. I. Mechnikov National University

ISSN 2304-0920

ODESA NATIONALUNIVERSITY

HERALD

Series: Economy

Scientific journal

Published four times a year

Series founded in July, 2006

Volume 19. Issue 1/1. 2014

Odesa

Publishing House

«Helvetica»

2014

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИОäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ І. І. Мå÷íèêîâà

ISSN 2304-0920

Â²ÑÍÈÊÎÄÅÑÜÊÎÃÎÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎÓÍ²ÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒÓ

Ñåð³ÿ: Åêîíîì³êà

Нàóêîâèé æóðíàë

Вèõîäèòü 4 ðàçè íà ð³ê

Сåð³ÿ çàñíîâàíà ó ëèïí³ 2006 ð.

Òîì 19. Âèïóñê 1/1. 2014

Одеса

Видавничий дім

«Гельветика»

2014

Çàñíîâíèê: Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà

Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ æóðíàëó: ². Ì. Êîâàëü (ãîëîâíèé ðåäàêòîð), Î. Â. Çàïîðîæ÷åíêî (çàñòóïíèê ãîëîâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), Â. Î.

²âàíèöÿ (çàñòóïíèê ãîëîâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), ª. Ë. Ñòðåëüöîâ (çàñòóïíèê ãîëîâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), Ñ. Ì. Àíäð³ºâñüêèé, Þ. Ô. Âàêñìàí, Â. Â. Ãëº áîâ, Ë. Ì. Ãîëóáåíêî, Ë. Ì. Äóíàºâà, Â. Â. Çàìîðîâ, Â. ª. Êðóãëîâ, Â. Ã. Êóøí³ð, Â. Â. Ìåí÷óê, Î. Â. Ñìèíòèíà, Â. ². Òðóáà, Î. Â. Òþðèí, ª. À. ×åðêåç, ª. Ì. ×åðíî³âàíåíêî

Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ âèïóñêó: Î. Â. Ãîðíÿê, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê (íàóêîâèé ðåäàêòîð), À. Ã. Àõëàìîâ, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Ë. Ì. Àëåêñåºíêî,

ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Â. Ä. Áàçèëåâè÷, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Á. ². Âàëóºâ, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Ë. Õ. Äîëåíêî, êàíä. åêîí. íàóê, Â. ². Çàõàð÷åíêî, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Ã. Ì. Äàâèäîâ, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, À. Ï. Íàëèâàéêî, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Î. Â. Ñàä÷åíêî, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Ç. Ì. Ñîêîëîâñüêà, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, À. Î. Ñòàðîñò³íà, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Â. Ì. Ñòåïàíîâ, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Ñ. À. Öèãàíîâ, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Â. Ì. Ìåëüíèê, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, ïðîфå-ñîð, Ñ. Î. ßêóáîâñüêèé, ä-ð åêîí. íàóê, Îëåã Êóðáàòîâ, ä-ð ìåíåäæìåíòó (Уí³âåðñèòåò Пàðèæ-П³âí³÷ XIII), ßí ×åìïàñ, ä-ð åêîíîì³êè (Åêîíîì³÷íèé óí³âåðñèòåò â Êàòîâ³öàх), Ë. À. Ðîäèîíîâà, ê.э.í., äî-öåíò êàфåäðы ñòàòè÷åñêèх ìåòîäîâ Íàöèîíàëüíîãî èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà «Âыñшàÿ шêîëà эêîíîìèêè» (Ðîññèÿ, ã. Ìîñêâà), ². À. Ëîìà÷èíñüêà, êàíä. åêîí. íàóê (â³äïîâ³äàëüíèé ðåäàêòîð)

Editorial board of the journal: I. M. Koval (Editor-in-Chief), O. V. Zaporozhchenko (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), V. O. Ivanytsia (Deputy

Editor-in-Chief), E. L. Streltsov (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), S. M. Andrievsky, Yu. F. Vaksman, V. V. Gle-bov, L. M. Golubenko, L. M. Dunaeva, V. V. Zamorov, V. E. Kruglov, V. G. Kushnir, V. V. Menchuk, O. V. Smyntyna, V. I. Truba, O. V. Tyurin, E. A. Cherkez, E. M. Chernoivanenko

Editorial board of the series: O. V. Gornyak, À. G. Ahlamov, L. Ì. Alekseienko, V. D. Bazylevich, B. I. Valuev, L. H. Dolenko, V.

I. Zaharchenko, G. M. Davydov, A. P. Nalyvaiko, O. V. Sadchenko, Z. M. Sokolovska, A. O. Starostina, V. M. Stepanov, S. A. Tsyganov, V. M. Melnyk, S. O. Yakybovskiy, Oleg Curbatov, Jan Czempas, L. A. Rodionova, I. A. Lomachynska

© Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò

³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà, 2014

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Â³ñíèê ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà. 2014. Ò. 19. Âèï. 1/1

ЗМІСТÐÎЗÄ²Ë 1 ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÀ ÒÅÎÐ²Я ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²Я ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÎЇ ÄÓМÊÈGAIDEY D. A.CRITICAL ANALYSES OF ECONOMIC CYCLES THEORIES 8

ПАВЛОВ К. В.ПÀÒÎÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒЫ, ПÀÒÎÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÖÈÎÍÀËÈЗМ È МÎÄÅÐÍÈЗÀÖÈЯ ÐÎÑÑÈЙÑÊÎЙ ЭÊÎÍÎМÈÊÈ 11

САВИЦЬКА Н. Л.ХÎË²ÑÒÈЧÍÈЙ ПÅÐÑÎÍÀË²ЗМ ЯÊ МÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃ²ЧÍÀ ÎÑÍÎÂÀ ÄÎÑË²ÄЖÅÍÍЯ ËЮÄÈÍÈ Â ÃÎÑПÎÄÀÐÑÜÊÎМÓ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ 15

ХМЕЛЬ С. Н., ХМЕЛЬ В. И.ПÐÎПÅÄÅÂÒÈÊÀ ÒÅÎÐÈÈ ФÀÊÒÎÐÍÎПÐÎПÎÐÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÐÀÑПÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈЯ ÑÒÎÈМÎÑÒÈ ПÐÈБÀÂÎЧÍÎÃÎ ПÐÎÄÓÊÒÀ 19

ÐÎЗÄ²Ë 2 ÑÂ²ÒÎÂÅ ÃÎÑПÎÄÀÐÑÒÂÎ ² М²ЖÍÀÐÎÄÍ² ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍ² Â²ÄÍÎÑÈÍÈБАЗЫЛЕВА А. И. ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ЗÀÐÓБÅЖÍЫХ ÐЫÍÊÎÂ ÊÐÅÄÈÒÎÂÀÍÈЯ МÀËЫХ È ÑÐÅÄÍÈХ ПÐÅÄПÐÈЯÒÈЙ 24

БОРИСОВА С. Е.МФÖ ÊÀÊ ÈÍÑÒÐÓМÅÍÒ ÐÅФÎÐМÈÐÎÂÀÍÈЯ МÈÐÎÂÎЙ ФÈÍÀÍÑÎÂÎЙ ÑÈÑÒÅМЫ Â ПÎÑÒÊÐÈЗÈÑÍЫЙ ПÅÐÈÎÄ 27

БУСАРЄВА Т. Г., СТОЛЯРЧУК Я. М.ЧÈÍÍÈÊÈ ФÎÐМÓÂÀÍÍЯ ÑПÐÈЯÒËÈÂÎÃÎ ²ÍÂÅÑÒÈÖ²ЙÍÎÃÎ ÊË²МÀÒÓ 31

ГЕРАСИМЕНКО Б. О.ÑÓЧÀÑÍÈЙ ÑÒÀÍ ÒÀ ПÅÐÑПÅÊÒÈÂÈ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ ХÀÐЧÎÂÎЇ ПÐÎМÈÑËÎÂÎÑÒ² ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ Â ÑÈÑÒÅМ² ÅÂÐÎ²ÍÒÅÃÐÀÖ²ЙÍÈХ ÊÎÎÐÄÈÍÀÒ 36

ГОРБАЧУК В. М.ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÀ ÎБÎÐÎÍÈ 39

ДЕНИСОВА Е. Ю.ÃËÎБÀËÜÍЫÅ ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖÈÈ ÐÀЗÂÈÒÈЯ МÅЖÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÎÃÎ ÒÐÀÍÑÍÀÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ БÈЗÍÅÑÀ 43

ЖУРАВЛЬОВ О. В., СЕРДЮК Г. В. Ê²ËÜÊ²ÑÍÅ ПÎМ’ЯÊШÅÍÍЯ Â МÎÍÅÒÀÐÍ²Й ПÎË²ÒÈÖ² ÑШÀ 47

ЗОЛОТЬКО В. А., ПОПОВА Н. И.ÎÐÃÀÍÈЗÀÖÈÎÍÍÎ-ПÐÀÂÎÂЫÅ ФÎÐМЫ ПÐÅÄПÐÈÍÈМÀÒÅËÜÑÊÎЙ ÄÅЯÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ Â ÊÀÍÀÄÅ È ПÎËÜШÅ È ÈХ ÂËÈЯÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÑÈÑÒÅМÓ ÓЧÅÒÀ È ÎÒЧÅÒÍÎÑÒÈ 49

КАМОЦКАЯ Н. И.ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÒÎПËÈÂÍÎ-ЭÍÅÐÃÅÒÈЧÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÊÎМПËÅÊÑÀ ÐÅÑПÓБËÈÊÈ БÅËÀÐÓÑÜ È ПÅÐÑПÅÊÒÈÂЫ ÅÃÎ ÐÀЗÂÈÒÈЯ 53

ЛИГА А. О., КУЗЬМЕНКО С. С.²ÍÍÎÂÀÖ²ЙÍ² ÎÑÎБËÈÂÎÑÒ² ПÐÈÑÓÒÍÎÑÒ² ÒÍÊ ÍÀ ÑÂ²ÒÎÂÎМÓ ÐÈÍÊÓ 57

СІДОРОВ В. І., МЕДОВА А. В.ФÓÍÊÖ²ÎÍÓÂÀÍÍЯ ÒÀ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÎÊ ÑÂ²ÒÎÂÎÃÎ ÐÈÍÊÓ ПÐÀÖ² Â ÓМÎÂÀХ ÃËÎБÀË²ЗÀÖ²Ї 61

ШТАНЬКО О. Д., МЕТЦГЕР А. А.ÑÒÐÀÒÅÃ²Ї ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ ÒÍÊ ÍÀ ПÐÈÊËÀÄ² ÊÎМПÀÍ²Ї BASF 65

ПЕТУХОВА В. О.ЗÎÍÀ Â²ËÜÍÎЇ ÒÎÐÃ²ÂË² ЯÊ ФÎÐМÀ М²ЖÍÀÐÎÄÍÎЇ ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÎЇ ²ÍÒÅÃÐÀÖ²Ї 68

ЧАЛА Ю. В.ÑПÅÖÈФ²ЧÍ² ПÐÎБËÅМÈ М²ЖÍÀÐÎÄÍÎЇ ÐÅÊËÀМÈ ÒÀ ÐÅÊÎМÅÍÄÀÖ²Ї ЩÎÄÎ ЇХ ÂÈÐ²ШÅÍÍЯ 71

ШЕВЧЕНКО Т. П.ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÀЯ ÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ ÊÀÊ ФÈËÎÑÎФÑÊÀЯ È ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÀЯ ÊÀÒÅÃÎÐÈЯ 75


6

ÐÎЗÄ²Ë 3 ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÀ ÒÀ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÈМ ÃÎÑПÎÄÀÐÑÒÂÎМАНДРІЇВ Н. М.ÀÍÀË²З ÊÎÍÊÓÐÅÍÒÍÎÃÎ ÑÅÐÅÄÎÂÈЩÀ Ó П²ÄПÐÈЄМÍÈÖÜÊ²Й ÑФÅÐ² ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ 79

БОЛДИРЄВА Л. М. ²ÍÒÅÃÐÀÖ²ЙÍ² ЗÀÑÀÄÈ ÂЗÀЄМÎÄ²Ї ÃÀËÓЗÅЙ ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÈ Ó ÑÈÑÒÅМ² ПÐÎÄÎÂÎËÜЧÎÃÎ ЗÀБÅЗПÅЧÅÍÍЯ 83

БОРЕЙКО В. І.ПÅÐÑПÅÊÒÈÂÈ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ БÓÄ²ÂÅËÜÍÎЇ ÃÀËÓЗ² ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ 87

БОРІСОВ О. Г., ЛУПЕНКО А. М.МÅХÀÍ²ЗМ ÀÍÀË²ЗÓ ПÎÊÀЗÍÈÊ²Â ÂÈÊÎÍÀÍÍЯ БЮÄЖÅÒÓ ЗÀ ÂÈÄÀÒÊÀМÈ 90

ДЗЮБЕНКО Н. О.МÅÒÎÄÈÊÀ ЗÀÑÒÎÑÓÂÀÍÍЯ ÑÂ²ÒÎÂÎÃÎ ÄÎÑÂ²ÄÓ ÎÐÃÀÍ²ЧÍÎÃÎ ЗÅМËÅÐÎБÑÒÂÀ Â ÓÊÐÀЇÍ² 94

ЗАХАРОВА А. С., ХІМЧЕНКО А. М.ПÎÄÀÒÊÎÂÅ ÐÅÃÓËЮÂÀÍÍЯ ЯÊ ÍÀПÐЯМ ÄÅÒ²Í²ЗÀÖ²Ї ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÈ ÄÅÐЖÀÂÈ 98

ЗОРІНА О. І.МÀÐÊÅÒÈÍÃÎÂÀ ÑÅÃМÅÍÒÀÖ²Я ÒÐÀÍÑПÎÐÒÍÎÃÎ ÐÈÍÊÓ 101

КРУГЛЯКОВА В. В.²ÍÍÎÂÀÖ²ЙÍÈЙ ПÎÒÅÍÖ²ÀË ЯÊ ÎÑÍÎÂÀ ÑÒÐÀÒÅÃ²Ї ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ 104

КУЩЕНКО Д. І.МÈÒÍÀ Ä²ЯËÜÍ²ÑÒÜ Ó ÑÈÑÒÅМ² ФÀÊÒÎÐ²Â ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÎЇ БÅЗПÅÊÈ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎЇ ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÈ 106

МАЗУР О. Є., САХАЦЬКИЙ М. П.МÀÒÅÐ²ÀËÜÍÎ-ÒÅХÍ²ЧÍ² ФÀÊÒÎÐÈ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ ÐÎЗÄÐ²БÍÎЇ ÒÎÐÃ²ÂË² 110

МІРОШНИЧЕНКО Г. О.ÑÒÀБ²ËÜÍÈЙ ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÈЙ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÎÊ ÒÀ ÎÑÎБËÈÂÎÑÒ² ЙÎÃÎ ÐÅÀË²ЗÀÖ²Ї Â ÑÓЧÀÑÍÈХ ÓМÎÂÀХ 114

НОСИРЄВ О. О.ÂÈÐ²ÂÍЮÂÀÍÍЯ ÄÈÑПÐÎПÎÐÖ²Й ÐÅÃ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ Â ÄÅÐЖÀÂÍ²Й ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍ²Й ÑÒÐÀÒÅÃ²Ї 118

СЄНІНА А. О.ПÎË²ÒÈÊÀ ÄÅÐÅÃÓËЮÂÀÍÍЯ ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÈ Â ÑФÅÐ² Ë²ÖÅÍЗÓÂÀÍÍЯ ² ÒÅХÍ²ЧÍÎÃÎ ÐÅÃÓËЮÂÀÍÍЯ 122

ТАТОМИР І. Л.ПÐÎБËÅМÈ ÊÎÍÂÅÐÒÎÂÀÍÎÑÒ² ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎЇ ÑÈÑÒÅМÈ ÎÑÂ²ÒÈ Â ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÈЙ ÒÀ ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍÈЙ ÊÀП²ÒÀË 127

ТІТАРЕНКО Г. Б.ФÎÐМÓÂÀÍÍЯ ÍÎÂÎЇ ПÀÐÀÄÈÃМÈ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎЇ ²ÍÍÎÂÀÖ²ЙÍÎЇ ÑÈÑÒÅМÈ ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ 131

ХРАБРОВА О. В.ÀÍÀË²З ÑÒÀÍÓ МÀШÈÍÎБÓÄ²ÂÍÎÃÎ ÊÎМПËÅÊÑÓ ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ ² ÍÀПÐЯМÊÈ ЙÎÃÎ ПÎË²ПШÅÍÍЯ 134

ÐÎЗÄ²Ë 4 ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÀ ÒÀ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂÀМÈВАРЦАБА В. І., СОЧКА К. А.ÂПËÈÂ ФÀÊÒÎÐÓ ÑÅЗÎÍÍÎÑÒ² ÍÀ Ä²ЯËÜÍ²ÑÒÜ МÀËÎÃÎ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÍÈÖÒÂÀ ÒÓÐÈÑÒÈЧÍÎ-ÐÅÊÐÅÀÖ²ЙÍÎЇ ÑФÅÐÈ ЗÀÊÀÐПÀÒÑÜÊÎЇ ÎБËÀÑÒ² 138

ВІТЮК М. О., БУРДЕЙНА Л. І.ПÐÈЙÍЯÒÒЯ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÑÜÊÈХ Ð²ШÅÍÜ ЗÀ ÓМÎÂÈ ÍÅÂÈЗÍÀЧÅÍÎÑÒ² ÒÀ ÐÈЗÈÊÓ Â ÀПÊ 142

ГОРНЯК О. В.ПÎÐ²ÂÍЯËÜÍÈЙ ÀÍÀË²З ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÑÜÊÎЇ ² Б²ХÅÂ²ÎÐÈÑÒÑÜÊÎЇ ÒÅÎÐ²Ї Ф²ÐМÈ Â ÊÎÍÒÅÊÑÒ² ПÎÂÅÄ²ÍÊÎÂÈХ ÑÒÐÀÒÅÃ²Й П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ 145

ГУЦУЛ Я. В.ÑÓЧÀÑÍÈЙ ÑÒÀÍ, ÊËЮЧÎÂ² ПÐÎБËÅМÈ ÒÀ ÎÑÍÎÂÍ² ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖ²Ї ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ ЖÈÒËÎÂÎ-ÊÎМÓÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÃÎÑПÎÄÀÐÑÒÂÀ М²ÑÒÀ 149

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ДЖЕМЕЛІНСЬКА Л. В.ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ ²ÍÒÅËÅÊÒÓÀËÜÍÎЮ ÂËÀÑÍ²ÑÒЮ ÍÀ ПÐÎМÈÑËÎÂÎМÓ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ² 152

ДОВБНЯ С. Б., РУДЕНКО О. В.ÊÎÍÖÅПÒÓÀËÜÍÈЙ П²ÄХ²Ä ÄÎ ÊÎМПËÅÊÑÍÎЇ Ä²ÀÃÍÎÑÒÈÊÈ ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÎЇ БÅЗПÅÊÈ ПÐÎМÈÑËÎÂÈХ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ 156

ДУНСЬКА А. Р., КОРЗУН О. А.ÑÒÐÀÒÅÃ²ЧÍÅ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ ЗБÓÒÎМ ÍÀ ЗÎÂÍ²ШÍÜÎМÓ ÐÈÍÊÓ 160

ДЯЧЕНКО М. В., ЛОЗОВСЬКИЙ О. М.МÎÒÈÂÀÖ²Я ЯÊ ÑÊËÀÄÎÂÀ ÅФÅÊÒÈÂÍÎÃÎ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÎМ ПÅÐÑÎÍÀËÓ ÎÐÃÀÍ²ЗÀÖ²Ї 164

ЗЕЛЕНСЬКА М. О., ШИРЯЄВА Б. О.ЗÎÂÍ²ШÍ²Й ПÎÒÅÍÖ²ÀË ÒÓÐÈÑÒÈЧÍÎÃÎ ÎПÅÐÀÒÎÐÀ 167

КАРНАУШЕНКО А. С., ПЕТРЕНКО В. С.ÐÎЗÂÈÒÎÊ Ф²ÍÀÍÑÓÂÀÍÍЯ ²ÍÍÎÂÀÖ²ЙÍÎЇ Ä²ЯËÜÍÎÑÒ² ÀÃÐÀÐÍÈХ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ ХÅÐÑÎÍÑÜÊÎЇ ÎБËÀÑÒ² 171

КОСМИНА Ю. М.ÐÎËÜ ÎÐÃÀÍ²ЗÀÖ²ЙÍÎЇ ÊÓËÜÒÓÐÈ Â ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍ² ПÎÂÅÄ²ÍÊÎЮ ПÅÐÑÎÍÀËÓ ÍÀ Ð²ЗÍÈХ ÅÒÀПÀХ Ä²ЯËÜÍÎÑÒ² ÎÐÃÀÍ²ЗÀÖ²Ї 175

КРИЖАНОВСЬКИЙ Р. О., ПІШЕНІН І. К.ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍ² ÀÑПÅÊÒÈ ²ÍÍÎÂÀÖ²ЙÍÎÃÎ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ ÒÐÀÍÑПÎÐÒÍÈХ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ 178

КРАВЕЦЬ І. М., КУКЛЮК В. С.ФÎÐМÓÂÀÍÍЯ ÑÈÑÒÅМÈ МÎÒÈÂÀÖ²Ї ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÑÜÊÎÃÎ ПÅÐÑÎÍÀËÓ Â ÓМÎÂÀХ ÐÈÍÊÎÂÎЇ ÒÐÀÍÑФÎÐМÀÖ²Ї ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ÊÈ 181

ЛАДУНКА І. С.ÎÑÎБËÈÂÎÑÒ² ФÎÐМÓÂÀÍÍЯ ÒÀ ÂÈÊÎÐÈÑÒÀÍÍЯ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÑÜÊÎÃÎ ПÎÒÅÍÖ²ÀËÓ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ 184

ЛІСУН Я. В., ПАРХОМЕНКО Т. В.ÎÐÃÀÍ²ЗÀÖ²ЙÍÎ-ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÈЙ МÅХÀÍ²ЗМ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ ²М²ÄЖÅМ ПÅÐÑÎÍÀËÓ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ ÑФÅÐÈ ПÎÑËÓÃ Â ÊÎÍÊÓÐÅÍÒÍÈХ ÓМÎÂÀХ 187

ЛОЗИНСЬКА І. В.ПÎÄÎËÀÍÍЯ ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍÈХ ПÐÎÒÈÐ²Ч Â ÊÎÍÒÅÊÑÒ² ÂÈХÎÄÓ З ÊÐÈЗÈ ÃÀËÓЗ² М’ЯÑÎ-МÎËÎЧÍÎÃÎ ÑÊÎÒÀÐÑÒÂÀ ÓÊÐÀЇÍÈ 190

МАКСИМОВА О. С.ÎПÒÈМ²ЗÀÖ²Я ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÈ ÎÑÍÎÂÍÈХ ФÎÍÄ²Â Ã²ÐÍÈЧÎÐÓÄÍÈХ П²ÄПÐÈЄМÑÒÂ 194

МАЛАШЕНКО Н. В., СЛОБОДЯН Н. Г.ÀÊÒÓÀËÜÍ² ПÈÒÀÍÍЯ ÓПÐÀÂË²ÍÍЯ ÐÎЗÐÀХÓÍÊÀМÈ З ПÎÊÓПÖЯМÈ ÒÀ ЗÀМÎÂÍÈÊÀМÈ Ó МÎËÎÊÎПÅÐÅÐÎБÍ²Й ÃÀËÓЗ² ÍÀ ПÐÈÊËÀÄ² ПÀÒ «БÀШÒÀÍÑÜÊÈЙ ÑÈÐЗÀÂÎÄ» 198

МИХЕЕНКО Е. С.ÑÒÐÀÒÅÃÈЧÅÑÊÈЙ ПÎÒÅÍÖÈÀË ÊÐÓПÍЫХ ПÐÎМЫШËÅÍÍЫХ ПÐÅÄПÐÈЯÒÈЙ È ÅÃÎ ÐÎËÜ Â ÐÀЗÂÈÒÈÈ ЭÊÎÍÎМÈÊÈ ÓÊÐÀÈÍЫ 201

НОСОНОВА Л. В., БОЖКОВА В. В.ÂÈÊÎÐÈÑÒÀÍÍЯ БÀÃÀÒÎФÀÊÒÎÐÍÎЇ МÎÄÅË² ÊÎМПÀÍ²Ї DUPONT ÄËЯ ÎÖ²ÍÊÈ ÐÅÍÒÀБÅËÜÍÎÑÒ² ÂËÀÑÍÎÃÎ ÊÀП²ÒÀËÓ ÀÒ «ÑÓМÑÜÊÈЙ ЗÀÂÎÄ «ÍÀÑÎÑÅÍÅÐÃÎМÀШ» 205


8 © Gaidey D. A., 2014

УДÊ 330.33/330.83(043.3)(100)

Gaidey D. A.Donetsk National University

CRITICAL ANALYSES OF ECONOMIC CYCLES THEORIES

This paper provides analyses of economic cycles theories. It examines into economic cycles according to their periodicity, explores the theoretical background and formulates the basics of the mechanism of the Kitchin inventory cycles of 3-5 years, the Juglar fixed investment cycles of 7-11 years, the Kuznets infrastructural investment cycles of 15-25 years), the Kondratiev long technological cycles of 45-60 years. It studies different classifications of economic cycles and covers main causes, which drive periodical fluctuations in business activity.Key words: the Kitchin inventory cycle, the Juglar fixed investment cycle, the Kuznets infrastructural investment cycle , the Kondratiev wave or long technological cycle, expansion, stagnation, recession, economic growth, economic fluctuation.

Statement of the problem. The increasing fre-quency and severity of financial and economic crises over the past three decades have raised important questions about background of such emergencies. Explanation the externalities of upturns and down-turns in world economy could be provided with un-derstanding the nature of cyclic economic transfor-mations. Representation the mechanism of cyclic fluctuation of economy is important tool for effec-tive economic policy, which enables government to forecast possible scenarios for economic develop-ment and work out efficient managerial strategy.

Analyses of latest studies and publications. The foundation of cycles theories was settled by Joseph Kitchin, Simon Kuznets, Nikolai Kondratiev, Joseph Shumpeter , Clément Juglar. Today the attempts to analyze the nature of business cycles represented in works of A. V. Korotaev, S. V. Tsirel, A. F. Burns, W. C. Mitchell, A. Sullivan, S. M. Sheffrin, J. W. Forrester , M. Bormotov, A. Telecote and others. At the same time despite the intense attempts of econo-mist to give proper explanation to mechanisms of cyclic development this question is still in need for scientific consideration.

The objective of the article is to explore the theo-retical background and formulates the basics of the mechanism of economic cycles.

Unsolved aspects of the problem. Due to signifi-cant variability of display areas, scope and duration of economic cycles there is consistent approach to understanding the nature periodical economic fluc-tuations. In addition, there is no single concept of views on the problems of the interaction between dynamic fluctuations in economic activity with the innovative development of the world economic sys-tem, which explains the need for further study of the issue.

Presentation of the basic materials. Severe eco-nomic fluctuations which had recently hit the entire world economy after relatively prosperous decades despite numerous institutional efforts to control them have recalled an interest to the theory of eco-nomic cycles. Historical data on main economic in-dexes and academic evidence show that recurrent fluctuations in the pace of economic growth are consistent over time. Technological revolutions and worldwide implementation of basic inventions are

necessarily accompanied by the processes of creative destruction or – sanitation of the economy, which cause long term economic cycles which appear to be predictable but practically unavoidable.

The term business cycle (or economic cycle) re-fers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years. These fluctuations occur around a long-term growth trend, and typically involve shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid economic growth (expan-sion or boom), and periods of relative stagnation or decline (contraction or recession) [1, 15].

These fluctuations in economic activity are usu-ally measured by the growth rate of real gross do-mestic product and despite being recurrent they do not follow any strict harmonic pattern.

The widely accepted definition of business cycles refers to Arthur F. Burns’ and Wesley C. Mitchell’s definition: «Business cycles are a type of fluctuation found in the aggregate economic activity of nations that organize their work mainly in business enter-prises; a cycle consists of expansions occurring at about the same time in many economic activities, followed by similarly general recessions, contrac-tions, and revivals which merge into the expansion phase of the next cycle; in duration, business cycles vary from more than one year to ten or twelve years; they are not divisible into shorter cycles of similar characteristics with amplitudes approximating their own» [2, 8].

In the mid-20th century, J. Schumpeter proposed a typology of business cycles according to their pe-riodicity, so that a number of particular cycles were named after their discoverers or proposers:

the Kitchin inventory cycle of 3-5 years;the Juglar fixed investment cycle of 7-11 years

(often identified as 'the' business cycle);the Kuznets infrastructural investment cycle of

15-25 years (after Simon Kuznets also called build-ing cycle);

the Kondratiev wave or long technological cycle of 45-60 years (after Nikolai Kondratiev) [3, 106].

Kitchin cycle is a short business cycle of about 40 months discovered in the 1920s by Joseph Kitchin.

This cycle is believed to be accounted for by time lags in information movements affecting the deci-sion making of commercial firms. Firms react to the

РОЗДІЛ 1 ЕКОНОМІЧНА ТЕОРІЯ ТА ІСТОРІЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДУМКИ

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improvement of commercial situation through the increase in output through the full employment of the extent fixed capital assets. As a result, with-in a certain period of time (ranging between a few months and two years) the market gets ‘flooded’ with commodities whose quantity becomes gradu-ally excessive. The demand declines, prices drop, the produced commodities get accumulated in inven-tories, which informs entrepreneurs of the neces-sity to reduce output. However, this process takes some time. It takes some time for the information that supply significantly exceeds demand to get to the businesspeople. As it takes entrepreneurs time to check this information and to make the decision to reduce production, time is also necessary to ma-terialize this decision (these are the time lags that generate the Kitchin cycles). Another relevant time lag is the lag between the materialization of the afore mentioned decision (causing the capital assets to work well below the level of their full employ-ment) and the decrease of the excessive amounts of commodities accumulated in inventories. Yet, after this decrease takes place one can observe the condi-tions for a new phase of growth of demand, prices, output, etc. [4, 10].

Juglar cycle is a fixed investment cycle of 7 to 11 years identified in 1862 by Clement Juglar. Within the Juglar cycle one can observe oscillations of in-vestments into fixed capital and not just changes in the level of employment of the fixed capital (and re-spective changes in inventories), as is observed with respect to Kitchin cycles. 2010 research employing spectral analysis confirmed the presence of Juglar cycles in world GDP dynamics [4, 11].

Kuznets swing is a claimed medium-range eco-nomic wave with a period of 15–25 years found in 1930 by Simon Kuznets [5, 207]. Kuznets con-nected these waves with demographic processes, in particular with immigrant inflows/outflows and the changes in construction intensity that they caused, that is why he denoted them as «demographic» or «building» cycles/swings. Kuznets swings have been also interpreted as infrastructural investment cycles [6, 109].

In economics, Kondratiev waves (also called su-percycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle) are supposedly cycle-like phe-nomena in the modern . Averaging fifty and ranging from approximately forty to sixty years, the cycles consist of alternating periods between high sectoral growth and periods of relatively slow growth [4, 13].

Kondratiev identified three phases in the cycle: expansion, stagnation, recession. More common to-day is the division into four periods with a turning point (collapse) between the first and second phases. Writing in the 1920s, Kondratiev proposed to apply the theory to the 19th century:

1790-1849 with a turning point in 1815.1850-1896 with a turning point in 1873.Kondratiev supposed that, in 1896, a new cycle

had started.The long cycle supposedly affects all sectors of an

economy. Kondratiev focused on prices and interest rates, seeing the ascendant phase as characterized by an increase in prices and low interest rates, while the other phase consists of a decrease in prices and high interest rates. Subsequent analysis concentrat-ed on output.

According to the innovation theory, Kondra-tiev waves arise from the bunching of basic in-novations that launch technological revolutions that in turn create leading industrial or commer-

cial sectors. Kondratiev's ideas were taken up by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s. The theory hy-pothesized the existence of very long-run macro-economic and price cycles, originally estimated to last 50-54 years.

1900ev1800 1850e 1950 1990…

1800 1850 1900 1950 1990

EDRP

P: prosperityR: recessionD: depressionE: improvement

steam engine cottons

railway steel

electrical engineeringchemistry

petrochemicals automobiles

information technology

Picture 1. Simplified Kondratieff Wave Pattern [8]

There are several modern timing versions of the cycle although most are based on either of two causes: one on technology and the other on the cred-it cycle.

Additionally, there are several versions of the technological cycles, and they are best interpreted using diffusion curves of leading industries. For example, railways only started in the 1830s, with steady growth for the next 45 years. It was after Bessemer steel was introduced that railroads had their highest growth rates; however, this period is usually labeled the «age of steel».

The technological cycles can be labeled as follows:• The Industrial Revolution – 1771;• The Age of Steam and Railways – 1829;• The Age of Steel and Heavy Engineering –

1875;• The Age of Oil, Electricity, the Automobile and

Mass Production – 1908;• The Age of Information and Telecommunica-

tions – 1971.According to Schumpeter, one of the reasons why

the economic crisis of 1929-33 was so severe is a co-incidence of troughs of Kitchin, Juglar and Kuznets cycles. The downturn in each cycle reinforced the downturn in the other cycles. However, most of the time, according to Schumpeter, the various cycles cross one another-a peak in one might correspond to a trough in another, thereby creating business conditions that are somewhere between all-out boom on one hand and the extreme crisis conditions on the other [8].

Economic cycles may be categorized according to five attributes of classification: duration, severity, the nature of underlying techno-economic processes, manageability and preventability by institutions [8].

By duration from through to through or from peak to peak there are recognized four typical time frames of economic cycles:

- cycles, with duration 50-60 years;- cycles with duration 25-30 years;- cycles with duration 10-12 years;- cycles with duration 5-7 years.Economic cycles are categorized here by a mag-

nitude of severity which is recognized as a continu-ance of recession (significant decline in economic activity visible in real GDP), in three groups:

- extra severe, over 5 sequential years;- severe, 3-5 sequential years;- moderate, less than 3 sequential years.


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By the nature of underlying techno-economic processes economic cycles are divided in five groups:

- economic cycles caused by technological revo-lutions which affect the fundamentals of economic system;

- economic cycles driven by major basic inven-tions that cause structural changes and create a base for upcoming basic inventions;

- economic cycles driven by basic inventions that cause surge of consequent minor inventions and in-novations;

- economic cycles caused involuntary by inad-equate institutional, entrepreneur and customers behaviour leading to inflation and overshoots or un-dershoots of business inventories.

- economic cycles occurring due to – force major: nature cataclysms, wars, pandemics, etc.

The real rate of manageability and preventability, or at least ability to smooth the severity of economic cycles, is floating somewhere between the classical economics concept of laisser passé and the commu-nist concept of planned economy. Since the economy is considered to be partially manageable, economic cycles are not completely avoidable, but are subject of – smoothing regulations. Therefore in this paper economic cycles are categorized as the following:

- preventable economic cycles; in that category fall all cycles caused by human (institutions, entre-preneur and customers) behaviour;

- unpreventable but partially manageable eco-nomic cycles; cycles of all other nature fall in that category.

Every economic school of thought (Classic, Neo-Classic, Keynesian, Neo-Keynesian, Austrian, En-dogenous, and Techno-Economical) provides its own explication on how economic cycles are driven. Sometimes it appears to be a tautology in argumen-tation. Low demand induces low supply, that leads to unemployment growth, that causes monetary in-jections, that induce inflation and make the invest-ment bubble arise, that causes a financial system crisis, that requires sanitation, that leads to re-allo-cation of resources, that pushes economic activity, that induces a rise in employment, that leads to a rise in demand growth, that leads to a rise in prices, that leads to real demand fall, etc. This is a circle chain. One can start pooling from any link and turns over the entire chain [8].

Joseph Kitchin, Simon Kuznets, Nikolai Kondra-tiev, Clément Juglar provided their own explication on how economic cycles are driven (table 1).

Table 1Techno-Economic mechanism

of economic cycles [9]Type of cycle Underlying Techno Economic mechanism

Kitchin

Overshoots and undershoots of business inventories: recovery from recession left firms short of stocks which they then strove to rebuild. Suddenly they found they have succeeded all too well, and were obliged to cut back orders and output accordingly; which depressed the economy, and by doing so caused a further involuntary pile-up of stocks.

Juglar

Assets reallocation inside sectors of economy. Investment in fixed assets overshoots at the peak, giving excess capacity, and undershoots at the through. The longer period between peaks and through reflects the slower process of adjustment involved.

Kuznets

Assets reallocation between existent sectors of economy and territories, that requires substantial investment in infrastructure, particular in building

Kondratiev

Fundamental assets reallocation due to new sectors creating and structural reconstruction of entire economy on new generation techno-logical base

Findings. There are three groups of causes that drive economic cycles: directly unmanageable causes (natural non-renewable recourses scarcity – oil, coil etc.), slow manageable causes (knowledge) and manageable causes (taxes, money supply, in-terest, government spending, subsides, wages, prices and import regulation, etc.). The – manage-ability of economy is limited; hence either – over-drive or – poor drive causes unwanted economic fluctuations.

Economic cycles are basically driven by com-plex of natural, technological, economical, finan-cial and political causes and it is very difficult to mark out separate, specific reasons which cause periodic economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity. The crucial economical prob-lem is so complicated and complex itself, that it pools out an adequate multifaceted explication. All and every schools possess and deliver a true judg-ment, but not a comprehensive or final one. A per-manent evolution is an attributive characteristic of an economic system, therefore the mentioned economics theories, by influencing each other, are hopefully moving to some kind of positive diffu-sion and convergence.

References:1. Sullivan A. Economics: Principles in action / A. Sullivan, S. M. Sheffrin. – Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson

Prentice Hall, 2003. – Pp. 502.2. Burns A. F. What happens during business cycles: A progress report / A. F. Burns, W. C. Mitchell. – New York : National

Bureau of Economic, 1951. – Pp.34.3. Schumpeter J. A. History of Economic Analysis / J. A. Schumpeter. – London : George Allen & Unwin, 1954. – Pp. 968.4. Korotayev A. V. Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin

Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis / A. V. Korotaev, S. V. Tsirel. – Structure and Dynamics. 2010. Vol.4 (1). – Pp. 57.

5. Kuznets S. Secular Movements in Production and Prices. Their Nature and their Bearing upon Cyclical Fluctuations / S. Kuznets. – Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1930 – Pp. 536.

6. Forrester J. W. New Perspectives on Economic Growth. Alternatives to Growth – A Search for Sustainable Futures / Ed. by D. L. Meadows. – Cambridge : MA: Ballinger, 1977. – Pp. 107-121.

7. Tanning T. Kondratiev wave: overview of world economic cycles / T. Tanning, M. Saat, L. Tanning [Electronic resource] – Access mode : http://globejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Vol-2-2-1-11-Tanning-Saat-and-Tanning.pdf.

8. Bormotov M. Economic cycles: historical evidence, classification and explication / M. Bormotov [Electronic resource] – Access mode : http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19660/2/MPRA_paper_19660.pdf.

9. Tylecote A. The long wave in the world economy / A. Telecote. – New York : Routledge, 1993. – Pp. 352.

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Ãàéäåé Ä. Î.Дîíåöüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò

ÊÐÈÒÈЧÍÈЙ ÀÍÀË²З ÒÅÎÐ²Й ÅÊÎÍÎМ²ЧÍÈХ ÖÈÊË²Â

ÐåçþìåУ ñòàòò³ зàïðîïîíîâàíî àíàë³з òåîð³é åêîíîì³÷íèх öèêë³â. У ðîбîò³ ðîзãëÿíóòî åêîíîì³÷í³ öèêëè ð³зíîї òðèâàëîñò³, äîñë³äæåíî òåîðåòè÷í³ зàñàäè òà бàзîâ³ ìåхàí³зìè öèêë³â Êèò÷èíà òðèâàë³ñòю 3-5 ðîê³â, öèêë³â Жюãëÿðà òðèâàë³ñòю 7-11 ðîê³â, öèêë³â Êóзíåöÿ òðèâàë³ñòю 15-25 ðîê³â, äîâãèх хâèëü Êîíäðàòüєâà òðèâàë³ñòю â 45-60 ðîê³â. У äîñë³äæåíí³ зàïðîïîíîâàíî ð³зí³ êëàñèф³êàö³ї åêîíîì³÷íèх öèêë³â ³ âèâ÷åíî îñíîâí³ ïðè÷èíè, ÿê³ їх ïðèзâîäÿòü äî ïåð³îäè÷íèх êîëèâàíü ä³ëîâîї àêòèâíîñò³.Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: êîðîòêîñòðîêîâèé öèêë Êèò÷èíà, ñåðåäíüîñòðîêîâèé öèêë Жюãëÿðà, ðèòì Êóзíåöÿ, хâèëÿ àбî äîâãèé òåхíîëîã³÷íèé öèêë Êîíäðàòüєâà, ïîшèðåííÿ, ñòàãíàö³ÿ, ñïàä, åêîíîì³÷íå зðîñòàííÿ, êîëèâàííÿ â åêîíîì³ö³.

Ãàéäåé Ä. À.Дîíåöêèé íàöèîíàëüíыé óíèâåðñèòåò

ÊÐÈÒÈЧÅÑÊÈЙ ÀÍÀËÈЗ ÒÅÎÐÈЙ ЭÊÎÍÎМÈЧÅÑÊÈХ ÖÈÊËÎÂ

ÐåçþìåÂ ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåí àíàëèз òåîðèé эêîíîìè÷åñêèх öèêëîâ. Â ðàбîòå ðàññìîòðåíы эêîíîìè÷åñêèå öèêëы ðàзíîé äëèòåëüíîñòè, èññëåäîâàíы òåîðåòè÷åñêèå îñíîâы è бàзîâыå ìåхàíèзìы öèêëîâ Êèò÷èíà äëè-òåëüíîñòüю 3-5 ëåò, öèêëîâ Жюãëÿðà äëèòåëüíîñòüю 7-11 ëåò, öèêëîâ Êóзíåöà äëèòåëüíîñòüю 15-25 ëåò, äëèííых âîëí Êîíäðàòüåâà ïåðèîäè÷íîñòüю â 45-60 ëåò. Â èññëåäîâàíèè ïðåäëîæåíы ðàзëè÷íыå êëàñ-ñèфèêàöèè эêîíîìè÷åñêèх öèêëîâ è èзó÷åíы îñíîâíыå ïðè÷èíы, êîòîðыå ïðèâîäÿò ê ïåðèîäè÷åñêèì êîëåбàíèÿì äåëîâîé àêòèâíîñòè. Êëþ÷åâыå ñëîâà: êðàòêîñðî÷íыé öèêë Êèò÷èíà, ñðåäíåñðî÷íыé öèêë Жюãëÿðà, ðèòì Êóзíåöà, âîëíà èëè äëèííыé òåхíîëîãè÷åñêèé öèêë Êîíäðàòüåâà, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñòàãíàöèÿ, ñïàä, эêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò, êîëåбàíèÿ â эêîíîìèêå.

УДÊ 330.352

Ïàâëîâ Ê. Â.Иæåâñêèé èíñòèòóò óïðàâëåíèÿ,Êàìñêèé èíñòèòóò ãóìàíèòàðíых è èíæåíåðíых òåхíîëîãèé

ПÀÒÎÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒЫ, ПÀÒÎÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÖÈÎÍÀËÈЗМ È МÎÄÅÐÍÈЗÀÖÈЯ ÐÎÑÑÈЙÑÊÎЙ ЭÊÎÍÎМÈÊÈ

Â ñòàòüå äàåòñÿ хàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïàòîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзìà êàê ïåðñïåêòèâíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ èíñòèòóöè-îíàëüíîé òåîðèè, îïðåäåëÿюòñÿ ñóщíîñòü è êðèòåðèè âыäåëåíèÿ ïàòîèíñòèòóòîâ ñêâîзü ïðèзìó âîз-ìîæíîñòè èñïîëüзîâàíèÿ эòèх ïîíÿòèé ïðè àíàëèзå фàêòîðîâ è îñîбåííîñòåé ìîäåðíèзàöèè ðîññèéñêîé эêîíîìèêè.Êëþ÷åâыå ñëîâà: ïàòîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзì, ïàòîèíñòèòóòы, ðîññèéñêàÿ эêîíîìèêà, ìîäåðíèзàöèÿ, ïàòî-ëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ.

© Пàâëîâ Ê. Â., 2014

Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìы. Иíñòèòóöèîíàëèзì êàê íîâîå íàïðàâëåíèå эêîíîìè÷åñêîé ìыñëè âîзíèê â СШÀ â íà÷àëå XX ñòîëåòèÿ êàê îäíà èз фîðì îòîбðàæåíèÿ óñèëèâшèхñÿ ìîíîïîëèòè÷åñêèх òåíäåíöèé â эêîíîìèêå, ñîäåéñòâóÿ ðàзðàбîòêå è ðàзâèòèю «àíòèòðåñòîâñêîé» ïîëèòèêè ñîбñòâåí-íîé ñòðàíы. Â îïðåäåëåííîé ìåðå èíñòèòóöèîíà-ëèзì ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿåòñÿ íåîêëàññè÷åñêîìó íà-ïðàâëåíèю эêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè, èñхîäÿщåé èз âåëèêîãî òåзèñà, ñфîðìóëèðîâàííîãî åщå âåëèêèì À. Сìèòîì î «íåâèäèìîé ðóêå» ðыíêà, ò. å. î ñî-âåðшåíñòâå ðыíî÷íîãî хîзÿéñòâåííîãî ìåхàíèзìà è ñàìîðåãóëèðóåìîñòè ðыíî÷íîé эêîíîìèêè. Пðè íàëè÷èè ìåæäèñöèïëèíàðíîãî хàðàêòåðà èíñòè-òóöèîíàëèзì íàðÿäó ñ ìàòåðèàëüíыìè фàêòîðàìè â êà÷åñòâå îïðåäåëÿющåé ñèëы ðàзâèòèÿ эêîíîìè-êè âыäåëÿåò òàêæå ïðàâîâыå, ìîðàëüíыå, эòíè÷å-ñêèå, äóхîâíыå è äðóãèå фàêòîðы, ðàññìàòðèâàå-ìыå â èñòîðè÷åñêîì àñïåêòå.

Àíàëèç ïîñëåäíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ïóáëèêà-öèé. Âîïðîñы î ïàòîèíñòèòóòàх, ïàòîèíñòóöèîíà-

ëèзìå è ìîäåðíèзàöèè ðîññèéñêîé эêîíîìèêè ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàëè â ñâîèх ðàбîòàх À.À. Àóзàí [1], Â.Â. Дåìåíòüåâ, Ð.Ì, Íóðèåâ [2], Я.С. Яäãàðîâ [3], Î.Â. Íîñîâà [4], Â.Ê. Íóñðàòóëëèí [5]. Сëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âышåóïîìÿíóòыå ó÷åíыå óäåëÿëè âíèìàíèå ðàзâèòèю èíñòèòóöèîíàëèзìà è ðàзëè÷-íыì ñîâðåìåííыì ïðîбëåìàì.

Öåëü äàííîé ñòàòüè – èзó÷åíèå è àíàëèз ïàòî-ëîãèé, êîòîðыå ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê фîðìèðîâàíèю è ðàзâèòèю íîâîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ â ðàìêàх èíñòè-òóöèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè. У÷èòыâàÿ, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ó÷àñòèëèñü êðèзèñы ãëîбàëüíîãî è ëîêàëü-íîãî хàðàêòåðà, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî ðàзâèòèå ïà-òîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзìà ìîæåò ñòàòü âåñüìà àêòó-àëüíыì.

Ðåçóëüòàòы èññëåäîâàíèé. Â îñíîâå êàòåãîðè-àëüíîãî àïïàðàòà èíñòèòóöèîíàëèñòñêîé êîíöåï-öèè ëåæèò ïîíÿòèå «èíñòèòóò», ïðè÷åì ê èíñòèòó-òàì îòíîñÿò ñàìыå ðàзíîîбðàзíыå ïîíÿòèÿ, òàêèå, êàê ñîбñòâåííîñòü, ãîñóäàðñòâî, ñåìüÿ, ïðîфñîюзы, ðåëèãèÿ, íðàâы è ò. ï. [2]. Òàêèì îбðàзîì, èíñòè-


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òóò â äàííîé êîíöåïöèè ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ïåðâè÷íîãî эëåìåíòà äâèæóщåé ñèëы îбщåñòâà â эêîíîìèêå è âíå åå. Ðàзâèòèå èíñòèòóòîâ ïðîèñхî-äèëî â òå÷åíèå äëèòåëüíîãî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè, ò.å. эòî быë äëèòåëüíыé ïðîöåññ, êîòîðыé âêëю÷àë èх ñîзäàíèå, îòбîð è фîðìèðîâàíèå эффåêòèâíîé ñè-ñòåìы èíñòèòóòîâ. Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ âñå ÷àщå ãî-âîðÿò î âыðàщèâàíèè èíñòèòóòîâ. Â зíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå эòî îïðåäåëèëî òî îбñòîÿòåëüñòâî, ÷òî â ðàì-êàх èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè зà âåêîâîé ïåðèîä åå ðàзâèòèÿ ñфîðìèðîâàëîñü íåñêîëüêî ðàзëè÷íых è âïîëíå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíых, öåëîñòíых êîíöåïöèé.

Сðåäè òàêîãî ðîäà êîíöåïöèé ìîæíî âыäåëèòü ñëåäóющèå: íîâàÿ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ эêîíîìèêà, íåîèíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ эêîíîìèêà, эâîëюöèîííàÿ эêîíîìèêà è ðÿä äðóãèх. Òàê, â ðàìêàх ïåðâîãî èз ïåðå÷èñëåííых íàó÷íых íàïðàâëåíèé èзó÷à-åòñÿ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ãîñóäàðñòâà, ðåàëüíыå èíñòèòóòы – îðãàíèзàöèè è хîзÿéñòâåí-íыå ñèñòåìы. Íåîèíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ эêîíîìèêà èзó÷àåò âëèÿíèå îòíîшåíèé è ïðàâ ñîбñòâåííîñòè íà ðàзâèòèå ñîöèàëüíî-эêîíîìè÷åñêèх ñèñòåì, îñóщåñòâëÿåò àíàëèз òðàíñàêöèîííых èзäåðæåê, èññëåäóåò эêîíîìè÷åñêèå àñïåêòы зàêëю÷åíèÿ ðàзíîîбðàзíых êîíòðàêòîâ [4]. Эâîëюöèîííàÿ эêî-íîìèêà èзó÷àåò âзàèìîñâÿзü ìåæäó òåхíîëîãè÷å-ñêèìè è ñîöèàëüíî- эêîíîìè÷åñêèìè ïðîöåññàìè, ðàññìàòðèâàåò âîïðîñы ðàзðàбîòêè îïòèìàëüíîé ñòðàòåãèè ïîâåäåíèÿ фèðìы.

Íà íàш âзãëÿä, â íàñòîÿщåå âðåìÿ íåîбхîäè-ìî ðàññìîòðåòü âîïðîñ î öåëåñîîбðàзíîñòè фîð-ìèðîâàíèÿ åщå îäíîãî íàó÷íîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ â ðàìêàх èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè – íàïðàâëå-íèÿ, íàзâàííîãî íàìè «ïàòîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзì». Â ðàìêàх эòîé íàó÷íîé êîíöåïöèè ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàòü âíèìàíèå íà èзó÷åíèè ïàòîëî-ãè÷åñêèх ïðîöåññîâ â èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìå è â ñàìèх èíñòèòóòàх (êîòîðыå ïî àíàëîãèè ìîæ-íî íàзâàòü ïàòîèíñòèòóòàìè). Иñïîëüзîâàíèå äàí-íîãî íàзâàíèÿ îбъÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî òåðìèí «ïà-òîëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ» îбðàзîâàí îò ãðå÷åñêîãî «ïàòîñ», ÷òî îзíà÷àåò бîëåзíü [6]. У÷èòыâàÿ, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ íà ðàзíых óðîâíÿх îбщåñòâåí-íîé èåðàðхèè ó÷àñòèëèñü âñåâîзìîæíыå êðèзèñы, êîòîðыå âåñüìà бîëåзíåííî ïåðåæèâàюòñÿ íàñåëå-íèåì, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî ðàзâèòèå ïàòîèíñòèòó-öèîíàëèзìà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåñüìà àêòóàëüíыì.

Çäåñü è âñåâîзìîæíыå êðèзèñы íà àзèàòñêèх ðыíêàх, àâãóñòîâñêèé äåфîëò 1998 ã., ìèðîâîé êðèзèñ 2008-2009ãîäîâ. Ê òîìó æå óñèëèëèñü âñå-âîзìîæíыå äèñïðîïîðöèè êàê â ìèðîâîé эêîíî-ìèêå, òàê è â íàöèîíàëüíîé эêîíîìèêå ðàзëè÷-íых ñòðàí [9]. Çíà÷èòåëüíî óñèëèëîñü ïðîÿâëåíèå äèñïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè è â ðàзíых ñîñòàâëÿю-щèх íàöèîíàëüíîé эêîíîìèêè: íà îòðàñëåâîì è ðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíÿх, à òàêæå íà óðîâíå îò-äåëüíых ïðåäïðèÿòèé è фèðì. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî óñè-ëåíèå êðèзèñîâ è äèñïðîïîðöèé ñâÿзàíî òàêæå è ñ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíыì фàêòîðîì, ïðè÷åì êàê íà óðîâíå îòäåëüíых èíñòèòóòîâ, òàê è ñ фóíêöèî-íèðîâàíèåì èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìы â öåëîì. Пîэòîìó îäíèì èз âàæíåéшèх àñïåêòîâ ðàзâèòèÿ ïàòîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзìà êàê íîâîãî íàó÷íîãî íà-ïðàâëåíèÿ äîëæíî ñòàòü èзó÷åíèå âзàèìîñâÿзè ìåæäó óñèëåíèåì êðèзèñíых ïðîÿâëåíèé è äèñ-ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè, âîзíèêàющèх â ñîöèàëü-íî-эêîíîìè÷åñêèх ñèñòåìàх íà ðàзíых óðîâíÿх óïðàâëåí÷åñêîé èåðàðхèè, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíы, è èí-ñòèòóöèîíàëüíыì фàêòîðîì, èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíыì íàïðàâëåíèåì, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíы.

Åщå îäíèì î÷åíü âàæíыì àñïåêòîì ïàòîèí-ñòèòóöèîíàëèзìà ìîæåò ñòàòü èзó÷åíèå ðàзëè÷-

íых âèäîâ è òèïîâ ïàòîëîãèé â ñàìîé èíñòèòóöè-îíàëüíîé ñèñòåìå, â òîì ÷èñëå âî âñåâîзìîæíых èíñòèòóòàх. Â эòîé ñâÿзè êðàéíå âàæíîé ïðîбëå-ìîé ìîæåò ñòàòü îïðåäåëåíèå êðèòåðèåâ è êîëè-÷åñòâåííых ïîêàзàòåëåé, íà îñíîâå êîòîðых íîð-ìàëüíыé èíñòèòóò îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ïàòîèíñòèòóòà. Òàêîãî ðîäà ïðîбëåìà àêòóàëüíà è äëÿ èíñòèòóöè-îíàëüíîé ñèñòåìы â öåëîì (ò.å. äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ íîðìàëüíîé è ïàòîëîãè÷åñêîé èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìы â öåëîì). Î÷åâèäíî òàêæå, ÷òî ïàòîèí-ñòèòóöèîíàëèзì бóäåò ñâÿзàí ñ äðóãèìè, óæå ñëî-æèâшèìèñÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿìè è êîíöåïöèÿìè èí-ñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè.

Òàê, îäèí èз îñíîâîïîëîæíèêîâ èíñòèòóöè-îíàëüíîé òåîðèè Ò. Âåбëåí, êîòîðîãî íåðåäêî зà îбðàз ñâîèх ìыñëåé òàêæå íàзыâàëè àìåðèêàí-ñêèì Ìàðêñîì, â âышåäшåé åщå â 1899 ã. êíèãå «Òåîðèÿ ïðàзäíîãî êëàññà» êðèòèêîâàë ïàðàзèòè-÷åñêèé îбðàз æèзíè зàíÿòых òîëüêî фèíàíñîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüю ðàíòüå-âëàäåëüöåâ îñîбîé, àбñåíòå-èñòñêîé фîðìы ÷àñòíîé ñîбñòâåííîñòè [3]. Эòèì ñàìыì îí ïî ñóщåñòâó ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿë эòó, åñëè òàê ìîæíî âыðàзèòüñÿ, ïðàзäíóю ÷àñòü бèзíåñìå-íîâ îñòàëüíыì (íîðìàëüíыì) ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëÿì, ðåàëüíî зàðàбàòыâàющèì ñâîé ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëü-ñêèé äîхîä (ãëóбîêèé àíàëèз íåãàòèâíых àñïåê-òîâ àбñåíòåèñòñêîé фîðìы ñîбñòâåííîñòè ìîæíî âñòðåòèòü â íàó÷íых òðóäàх ïðîфåññîðà èз Уфы Â.Ê. Íóñðàòóëëèíà [5]). Иíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, ïî ñóщå-ñòâó ó Ò. Âåбëåíà àбñåíòåèñòñêàÿ фîðìà ñîбñòâåí-íîñòè è åå âëàäåëüöы ðàññìàòðèâàюòñÿ êàê íåêàÿ ïàòîëîãèÿ, êîòîðàÿ, â îòëè÷èè îò îбы÷íых ïðåä-ïðèíèìàòåëåé, ìåшàåò эффåêòèâíîìó ðàзâèòèю эêîíîìèêè, â òîì ÷èñëå эффåêòèâíîìó ðàзâèòèю íàó÷íî-òåхíè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåññà.

Сïðàâåäëèâîñòü ñêàзàííîãî ìîæíî âèäåòü íà ïðèìåðå ñîâðåìåííîé ðîññèéñêîé äåéñòâèòåëü-íîñòè, êîãäà ìíîãèå îëèãàðхè, ñêîëîòèâшèå îãðîìíыå ñîñòîÿíèÿ зà êîðîòêèх ñðîê зà ñ÷åò èñ-ïîëüзîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíых ðåñóðñîâ, ïî ñóщåñòâó ÿâëÿющèìèñÿ íàðîäíыì äîñòîÿíèåì Ðîññèè è ïîэòîìó èì ñàìèì íå ïðèíàäëåæàщèìè, èñïîëü-зóюò зíà÷èòåëüíóю ÷àñòü ïîëó÷åííых äîхîäîâ íå íà ðàзâèòèå ïðîèзâîäñòâà, à íà óäîâëåòâîðåíèå ñîбñòâåííых ïðèхîòåé. Âñå эòî òàêæå ñâèäåòåëü-ñòâóåò î íåíîðìàëüíîñòè, ïàòîëîãè÷íîñòè ñîâðå-ìåííîé ðîññèéñêîé èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìы, â òîì ÷èñëå, íåêîòîðых ãîñóäàðñòâåííых ñòðóê-òóð, ÿâëÿющèхñÿ åå âàæíåéшèìè àòðèбóòàìè. Эòî îбñòîÿòåëüñòâî òàêæå ñàìыì ñåðüåзíыì è ñà-ìыì íåãàòèâíыì îбðàзîì ñêàзыâàåòñÿ íà ñîöèàëü-íî-эêîíîìè÷åñêîé эффåêòèâíîñòè ìîäåðíèзàöèè è âîîбщå эффåêòèâíîñòè ÍÒП â Ðîññèè. Иíà÷å ãîâî-ðÿ, àбñåíòåèñòñêàÿ фîðìà ñîбñòâåííîñòè – îäèí èз âàæíåéшèх òîðìîзîâ ìîäåðíèзàöèè è òåхíè÷åñêî-ãî ïåðåâîîðóæåíèÿ ðîññèéñêîé эêîíîìèêè.

Â эòîé ñâÿзè öåëåñîîбðàзíî ïðèâåñòè ïðîòèâî-ïîëîæíыé ïðèìåð – Íîðâåãèю. Â íà÷àëå XX âåêà Íîðâåãèÿ быëà îäíîé èз ñàìых бåäíых ñòðàí Åâ-ðîïы, à ñåé÷àñ, ñïóñòÿ ñòî ëåò, íàîбîðîò, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èз ñàìых бîãàòых ñòðàí ñ î÷åíü âыñîêèì óðîâíåì æèзíè. Â зíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ñâÿзà-íî эòî ñ эффåêòèâíыì èñïîëüзîâàíèåì äîхîäîâ îò äîбы÷è íåфòè íà шåëüфå îêåàíà, ÷åì äàííàÿ ñòðàíà äàâíî óæå зàíèìàåòñÿ. Эòè äîхîäы èäóò â ãîñóäàðñòâåííыé фîíä, ïðè÷åì зíà÷èòåëüíàÿ èх ÷àñòü â íàñòîÿщåå âðåìÿ íå òðàòèòñÿ, à îñòàåòñÿ äëÿ èñïîëüзîâàíèÿ бóäóщèìè ïîêîëåíèÿìè. Íà íàш âзãëÿä, âîîбщå, öåëåñîîбðàзíî зíà÷èòåëüíî èзìåíèòü ñòðàòåãèю, ïàðàäèãìó ðàзâèòèÿ Ðîññèè â ñòîðîíó ñóщåñòâåííîãî óñèëåíèÿ êîíòðîëÿ è óïðàâëåíèÿ ñыðüåâыì ñåêòîðîì è îòðàñëÿìè òÿ-

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æåëîé ïðîìышëåííîñòè ñî ñòîðîíы ãîñóäàðñòâåí-íых ñòðóêòóð, îñòàâèâ òðàäèöèîííыå, ðыíî÷íыå ïðèíöèïы хîзÿéñòâîâàíèÿ ëèшü â ñèñòåìå ìàëî-ãî è ñðåäíåãî бèзíåñà. Âñå эòî, êñòàòè, ïîзâîëèò ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàòü äîхîäы îò ñыðüåâîãî ñåêòîðà è íàïðàâèòü èх ÷àñòü íà ïðîöåññы ìîäåðíèзàöèè ðîññèéñêîé эêîíîìèêè.

Òàêàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ ðàзâèòèÿ, êîòîðóю óñëîâíî ìîæíî íàзâàòü «Сòðàòåãèÿ îãðàíè÷åííîãî êàïè-òàëèзìà» èëè «Сòðàòåãèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êà-ïèòàëèзìà», бîëüшå îòâå÷àåò èíòåðåñàì Ðîññèè è îñîбåííî зàщèòå åå ïðèðîäíых ðåñóðñîâ, ÷åì ëèбåðàëüíî-ìîíåòàðíàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ. Êñòàòè, ðåòðî-ñïåêòèâíыé àíàëèз îòå÷åñòâåííîãî îïыòà îñóщåñò-âëåíèÿ êðóïíых ìîäåðíèзàöèé эêîíîìèêè ñâèäå-òåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî íà÷èíàëèñü è ïðîâîäèëèñü îíè, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîä æåñòêèì êîíòðîëåì ñî ñòî-ðîíы ãîñóäàðñòâåííых ñòðóêòóð, ò. å. îñóщåñòâëÿ-ëèñü «ñâåðхó», à íå «ñíèзó» (ò.å. èíèöèàòèâà èñхî-äèëà ïðåèìóщåñòâåííî íå ñî ñòîðîíы ïðåäïðèÿòèé è фèðì, à ãîñóäàðñòâåííых ñòðóêòóð). Дîñòàòî÷íî â эòîé ñâÿзè âñïîìíèòü ðåфîðìы Пåòðà I, Àëåêñàíäðà II, ðåфîðìы П.À. Сòîëыïèíà, êîëëåêòèâèзàöèю è èíäóñòðèàëèзàöèю ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé эêîíîìèêè è ïð. Цåëåñîîбðàзíî òàêæå, íà íàш âзãëÿä, âåðíóòü â хîзÿéñòâåííыé ìåхàíèзì Ðîññèè è ïëàíîâыé èí-ñòèòóò â фîðìå èíäèêàòèâíîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ.

Ðàзóìååòñÿ, ðå÷ü зäåñü íå èäåò î âîзâðàщåíèè ê äèðåêòèâíî-ïðèêàзíîé фîðìå ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ, хà-ðàêòåðíîé äëÿ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé эêîíîìèêè. Эòî íå âîзìîæíî хîòÿ бы èз-зà òîãî, ÷òî â ñòðàíàх ñ ðàзâèòîé ðыíî÷íîé эêîíîìèêîé íà ãîñóäàðñòâåí-íыé ñåêòîð, фóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå êîòîðîãî îñíîâà-íî ïðåèìóщåñòâåííî íà èñïîëüзîâàíèè îбъåêòîâ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ñîбñòâåííîñòè, â ñòðóêòóðå ÂÂП, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðèхîäèòñÿ îò 15% äî 25%. Сîîò-âåòñòâåííî, íà ìàëыé è ñðåäíèé бèзíåñ â ñòðóêòó-ðå ÂÂП ðàзâèòых ãîñóäàðñòâ îбы÷íî ïðèхîäèòñÿ îò 35% äî 55%, à íà êðóïíыé бèзíåñ – îò 30% äî 50%. Иìåííî òàêèå ïðîïîðöèè ìåæäó эòèìè òðåìÿ óêëàäàìè, ñåêòîðàìè ðàзâèòîé ðыíî÷íîé эêîíîìèêè – ãîñóäàðñòâåííыì ñåêòîðîì, ñåêòîðîì êðóïíîãî è ñåêòîðîì ìàëîãî è ñðåäíåãî бèзíåñà ñîзäàюò íåîбхîäèìыå (íî ïîêà åщå âñå æå íåäî-ñòàòî÷íыå) óñëîâèÿ äëÿ åå âыñîêîэффåêòèâíîãî фóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ è ðàзâèòèÿ. Âñå эòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåзóëüòàòîì äëèòåëüíîãî эâîëюöèîííîãî ðàзâèòèÿ ðыíî÷íîé эêîíîìèêè.

Åñëè ñðàâíèòü эòè ïðîïîðöèè ñî ñòðóêòóðîé, ñëîæèâшåéñÿ ìåæäó àíàëîãè÷íыìè óêëàäàìè â ðîññèéñêîé эêîíîìèêå, òî ñðàзó ñëåäóåò óêàзàòü íà ïîêàзàòåëè ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåбîëüшîãî óäåëüíîãî âåñà, ïðèхîäÿщåãîñÿ íà ìàëыé è ñðåäíèé бèзíåñ – îêîëî 15%. Сîîòâåòñòâåííî, ñóщåñòâåííî âышå â Ðîññèè äîëÿ â ñòðóêòóðå ÂÂП, ïðèхîäÿщàÿñÿ íà êðóïíыé бèзíåñ. Îбъÿñíèòü эòó ñâîåãî ðîäà ðîñ-ñèéñêóю ïàòîëîãèю (åñëè ìîæíî òàê âыðàзèòüñÿ) ìîæíî ñëåäóющèì îбðàзîì.

Îäíîé èз âàæíåéшèх ïðè÷èí ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî Ðîññèÿ – ñåâåðíàÿ ñòðàíà. Пî îöåíêàì, îêîëî 65-70% òåððèòîðèè ñòðàíы îòíîñèòñÿ ê зîíå Сåâåðà – à эòî îзíà÷àåò ïîâышåííыå зàòðàòы íà ñòðîè-òåëüñòâî æèëüÿ (â 2-3 ðàзà âышå ïî ñðàâíåíèю ñ зàòðàòàìè, ïðèхîäÿщèìèñÿ íà ñòðîèòåëüñòâî æè-ëüÿ â ñðåäíåé ïîëîñå Ðîññèè), бîëüшèå èзäåðæêè íà äîбы÷ó ñыðüÿ (òîé æå íåфòè) è ò.ä. [8]. Иìåííî â эòîì, íà íàш âзãëÿä, зàêëю÷àåòñÿ îäíà èз íàèбî-ëåå âàæíых ïðè÷èí òîãî, ÷òî â Ðîññèè óæå äîñòà-òî÷íî äàâíî äîëÿ â ñòðóêòóðå ÂÂП, ïðèхîäÿщàÿñÿ íà ìàëыé бèзíåñ, íå ïðåâышàåò 15%.

Сëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî è â Êàíàäå – ñòðàíå, òåð-ðèòîðèàëüíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà êîòîðîé ñðåäè ðàзâèòых

ãîñóäàðñòâ â íàèбîëüшåé ñòåïåíè ñхîæà ñ ðîññèé-ñêîé (â Êàíàäå òàêæå îêîëî 70% òåððèòîðèè îò-íîñèòñÿ ê зîíå Сåâåðà), ñхîæèå ïðîбëåìы. Çäåñü òàêæå äîбы÷à òîííы íåфòè â ñåâåðíых ïðîâèíöè-ÿх Êàíàäы (íàïðèìåð, â шòàòå Àëüбåðòà) îбхîäèò-ñÿ â 3-4 ðàзà äîðîæå, ÷åì â бîëåå êîìфîðòíых ïî êëèìàòè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì ðåãèîíàх ñòðàíы (êñòà-òè, â Êàíàäå, òàê æå, êàê è â Ðîññèè, èìåííî â ñåâåðíых ðåãèîíàх íàхîäÿòñÿ бîëüшèå зàïàñы íå-îñâîåííых ïðèðîäíых ðåñóðñîâ) [10].

Êðîìå фàêòîðà «ñåâåðíîñòè» íà ñòðóêòóðó фîðì ñîбñòâåííîñòè è фîðì хîзÿéñòâîâàíèÿ â Ðîñ-ñèè зíà÷èòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå ïî èíåðöèè îêàзыâàåò íàñëåäèå ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé эïîхè, êîãäà ñïëîшü è ðÿäîì ñîзäàâàëèñü êðóïíыå è êðóïíåéшèå ïðåä-ïðèÿòèÿ. Êðîìå эòîé ïðè÷èíы íå ïîñëåäíюю ðîëü зäåñü èãðàåò òàêæå ñыðüåâàÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü ðîñ-ñèéñêîé эêîíîìèêè. Âñå эòî, à òàêæå âыñîêèé óðî-âåíü èзíîñà îñíîâíых фîíäîâ ñóщåñòâåííî ñíèæà-åò êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîбíîñòü ðîññèéñêîé эêîíîìèêè. Òàêèì îбðàзîì, ó÷èòыâàÿ ñïåöèфè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ îñóщåñòâëåíèÿ âîñïðîèзâîäñòâåííîãî ïðîöåññà â Ðîññèè, ñòðóêòóðà фîðì ñîбñòâåííîñòè è фîðì хî-зÿéñòâîâàíèÿ â îòå÷åñòâåííîé эêîíîìèêå íå äîëæ-íà ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü ñðåäíèì ñòàíäàðòàì, хàðàêòåð-íыì äëÿ ñòðàí ñ ðàзâèòîé ðыíî÷íîé эêîíîìèêîé.

Ìîæíî âыäåëèòü íåìàëî ïàòîëîãèé â èíñòèòó-öèîíàëüíîé ñðåäå, îòêðыòых åщå îñíîâîïîëîæíè-êàìè èíñòèòóöèîíàëèзìà. Òàê, òîò æå Ò. Âåбëåí îòêðыë эффåêò, íàзâàííыé â ÷åñòü íåãî «эффåêòîì Âåбëåíà». Сóщíîñòü åãî зàêëю÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî äëÿ èìóщåãî íåïðîèзâîäèòåëüíîãî êëàññà ìîãóò ñóщåñòâîâàòü îñîбыå öåíы íà òîâàðы, ñèìâîëèзè-ðóющèå èх «ïðåñòèæíîñòü», à íå èñòèííîå ïðî-ÿâëåíèå зàêîíà ñïðîñà è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îñîбåííî ÷àñòî «эффåêò Âåбëåíà» ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ñïåöèфè-÷åñêèх îñîбåííîñòÿх ñèñòåìы öåíîîбðàзîâàíèÿ íà òîâàðы ðîñêîшè, êîãäà ðîñò öåíы íà íèх îзíà÷àåò ðîñò ïðåñòèæíîñòè. Иòàê, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìåñòî íàðóшåíèå äåéñòâèÿ фóíäàìåíòàëüíîãî эêî-íîìè÷åñêîãî зàêîíà (ñâîåãî ðîäà òîæå ïàòîëîãèÿ) – зàêîíà ñïðîñà è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ äëÿ îïðåäåëåííîé ãðóïïы ëюäåé (èíñòèòóòà), ò.å. â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ãðóïïы íóâîðèшåé. Бîëåå òîãî, íàðóшåíèå эòîãî зàêîíà (ò.å. ñèòóàöèю, êîòîðóю òàêæå ìîæíî íà-зâàòü ïàòîëîãè÷åñêîé) èìååò ìåñòî è â ïðîòèâî-ïîëîæíîì ñëó÷àå – íà òàê íàзыâàåìыå òîâàðы бåäíÿêîâ, êîòîðыå òàêæå åщå íàзыâàюò òîâàðàìè Гèффåíà â ÷åñòü èñòîðèêà XIX âåêà, èзó÷àющåãî èзìåíåíèÿ â ñèñòåìå ïîòðåбëåíèÿ бåäíåéшèх ñëî-åâ íàñåëåíèÿ Âåëèêîбðèòàíèè XVII è XVIII âåêîâ – êðåñòüÿí, êîãäà ñëó÷àëèñü íåóðîæàè êàðòîфåëÿ. Эòîò âèä ñåëüñêîхîзÿéñòâåííîé ïðîäóêöèè ÿâëÿë-ñÿ â òîò ïåðèîä âàæíåéшèì ïðîäóêòîì ïèòàíèÿ ó бåäíåéшèх êðåñòüÿí è, êîãäà быëè íåóðîæàè êàðòîфåëÿ è öåíы íà íåãî èз-зà эòîãî ñóщåñòâåí-íî âîзðàñòàëè, ñïðîñ íà êàðòîфåëü ó эòèх ñëîåâ íàñåëåíèÿ бðèòàíñêîãî îбщåñòâà òîãî âðåìåíè íå ïàäàë, êàê äîëæíî быëî быòü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äåéñòâèåì âышåóïîìÿíóòîãî фóíäàìåíòàëüíîãî зàêîíà ñïðîñà è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à, íàîбîðîò, âîз-ðàñòàë. Îбъÿñíÿëîñü эòî òåì, ÷òî â óñëîâèÿх íå-óðîæàÿ êàðòîфåëÿ äîхîäы бðèòàíñêèх êðåñòüÿí, åãî âыðàщèâàющèх, ñóщåñòâåííî ñîêðàщàëèñü, à, зíà÷èò, ñîêðàщàëîñü è ïîòðåбëåíèå ñðàâíèòåëüíî äîðîãèх è бîëåå êàëîðèéíых ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (ìîëîêà, ÿèö, ìÿñà è ïð.) è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, óâå-ëè÷èâàëîñü ïîòðåбëåíèå âñå òîãî æå êàðòîфåëÿ êàê ñàìîãî äåшåâîãî ïðîäóêòà ïèòàíèÿ.

Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Òàêèì îбðàзîì, ìîæíî âèäåòü, ÷òî â ðàìêàх èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè óæå äîñòàòî÷-íî äàâíî èññëåäóюòñÿ ðàзëè÷íîãî ðîäà эêîíîìè-


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÷åñêèå àíîìàëèè, ïàòîëîãèè (хîòÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, íàзыâàåìыå èíыì îбðàзîì), ñâÿзàííыå ñ íàðóшå-íèÿìè, îòêëîíåíèÿìè îò îбы÷íîãî, ñòàíäàðòíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ ðàзëè÷íых èíñòèòóòîâ èëè èíñòèòóöèî-íàëüíîé ñèñòåìы â öåëîì. Îäíàêî ïðîèñхîäèëî эòî íå ÷àñòî, âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè, ñïîðàäè÷åñêè. Çäåñü æå íàìè ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàòü âíèìàíèå íà èзó÷åíèè òàêîãî ðîäà èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíых ïàòî-ëîãèÿх, ÷òî ïîзâîëèò âыÿâèòü îбщåå è îñîбåííîå â íèх, ðàñêðыòü зàêîíîìåðíîñòè è òåíäåíöèè èх фóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè è, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, ïîìîæåò îñóщåñòâèòü ðàзðàбîòêó íàïðàâëåíèé, фîðì è ìå-òîäîâ óñòðàíåíèÿ эòèх ïàòîëîãèé.

Изó÷åíèå è àíàëèз ïîäîбíых ïàòîëîãèé â èòî-ãå ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê фîðìèðîâàíèю è ðàзâèòèю íîâîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ â ðàìêàх èíñòèòóöèîíàëü-íîé òåîðèè – íàïðàâëåíèю, íàзâàííîãî íàìè ïàòîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзìîì. Åãî ðàзâèòèå бóäåò ïðîèñхîäèòü âî âзàèìîñâÿзè íå òîëüêî ñ äðóãè-ìè íàïðàâëåíèÿìè èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé òåîðèè, íî è ñ èíыìè эêîíîìè÷åñêèìè êîíöåïöèÿìè. Òàê, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî òåñíîå âзàèìîäåéñòâèå ìîæåò ïðîèзîéòè ìåæäó ðàзâèòèåì ïàòîèíñòè-òóöèîíàëèзìà è эêîíîìè÷åñêîé ðåæèìîëîãèåé, êîòîðóю èíòåíñèâíî ðàзâèâàåò â ñâîèх íàó÷íых òðóäàх ïðîфåññîð èз Дîíåöêà Â.И. Лÿшåíêî [7] (íàïðèìåð, ïåðñïåêòèâíî, íà íàш âзãëÿä, ââåäå-íèå â íàó÷íыé îбîðîò è â òåîðåòè÷åñêèé àíàëèз ïîíÿòèÿ «ïàòîðåæèì»).

Цåëåñîîбðàзíî ðàзëè÷àòü, íà íàш âзãëÿä, ïàòî-ëîãèè â èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìå, â èíñòèòóöè-îíàëüíîé ñðåäå è â ñàìèх èíñòèòóòàх (â эòîì ñëó-÷àå ïîñëåäíèå ìîæíî íàзыâàòü ïàòîèíñòèòóòàìè). Òàê, ê ïàòîèíñòèòóòàì ìîæíî îòíåñòè óñòàðåâшèå èíñòèòóòы, íóæäàющèåñÿ â зàìåíå èëè îбíîâëå-íèè; îòæèâшèå èíñòèòóòы, ïðèíîñÿщèå âðåä è ìå-шàющèå ðåàëèзàöèè ïðîãðåññèâíых ìåðîïðèÿòèé, à òàêæå íåïðàâèëüíыå èíñòèòóòы, òîðìîзÿщèå ðàзâèòèå ñîöèàëüíî-эêîíîìè÷åñêèх ïðîöåññîâ, íà-ïðèìåð, ïðîöåññ ìîäåðíèзàöèè ðîññèéñêîãî îбщå-ñòâà. У÷èòыâàÿ, ÷òî èíñòèòóò – эòî ñîâîêóïíîñòü, ñîñòîÿщàÿ èз ïðàâèëà èëè íåñêîëüêèх ïðàâèë è âíåшíåãî ìåхàíèзìà ïðèíóæäåíèÿ èíäèâèäîâ ê èñïîëíåíèю эòèх ïðàâèë , ò.å. эòî ñëîæíîå ïîíÿ-òèå è â ñëó÷àå îбíàðóæåíèÿ â íåì êàêîé-òî ïàòî-ëîãèè â ñâÿзè ñ эòèì íóæíî èñêàòü, â êàêîì êîí-êðåòíîì эëåìåíòå èëè эëåìåíòàх эòîãî èíñòèòóòà äàííàÿ ïàòîëîãèÿ âîзíèêëà. Цåëåñîîбðàзíî òàêæå îñóщåñòâèòü êëàññèфèêàöèю ïàòîèíñòèòóòîâ, íà-ïðèìåð, ïî ñфåðàì äåéñòâèÿ – ïàòîèíñòèòóòы â ñîöèàëüíîé, â ïðàâîâîé, â эêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñфåðàх è ò.ï. Пàòîèíñòèòóöèîíàëèзì, òàêèì îбðàзîì, ïî-ìîæåò äèàãíîñòèðîâàòü ðàзâèòèå ïàòîëîãèé, ò. å. бîëåзíåé â èíñòèòóòàх è èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñðå-äå, à òàêæå ðàзðàбîòàòü ìåòîäы бîðüбы ñ íèìè (ò. å. ìåòîäы èх ëå÷åíèÿ). Êðîìå эòîãî, åãî ðàзâèòèå ìîæåò â бóäóщåì ñïîñîбñòâîâàòü ïðîфèëàêòèêå âîзíèêíîâåíèÿ ïàòîèíñòèòóòîâ.

Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðы:1. Иíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ эêîíîìèêà: íîâàÿ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ эêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ / Пîä ðåä. ïðîфåññîðà À.À. Àóзàíà.

– Ì. : ИÍФÐÀ-Ì, 2005. – 416 ñ.2. Иíñòèòóöèîíàëüíыå ïðîбëåìы эффåêòèâíîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà / Пîä ðåä. Â.Â. Дåìåíòüåâà, Ð.Ì. Íóðèåâà. – Дîíåöê : Дî-

íåöêèé íàöèîíàëüíыé òåхíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, 2011. – 292 ñ.3. Яäãàðîâ Я.С. Иñòîðèÿ эêîíîìè÷åñêèх ó÷åíèé : ó÷åбíèê. – 4-å èзä., ïåðåðàб. è äîï. – Ì. : ИÍФÐÀ-Ì, 2004. – 480 ñ.4. Íîñîâà Î.Â. Иíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ òåîðèÿ è åå ïðèìåíåíèå íà ïîñòñîâåòñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå / Â êîëëåêòèâíîé ìîíî-

ãðàфèè: Сîöèàëüíî-эêîíîìè÷åñêîå ðàзâèòèå ñëàâÿíñêèх ñòðàí СÍГ: ñðàâíèòåëüíыé àíàëèз (Сåðèÿ: Эêîíîìè÷åñêîå ñëàâÿíîâåäåíèå) / Пîä íàó÷íîé ðåä. Ê.Â. Пàâëîâà è И.Ç. Юñóïîâà (ïàðàãðàф 9 ãëàâы 12). – Иæåâñê : Изä-âî «Ìèòðà», 2012. – 837 ñ.

5. Íóñðàòóëëèí Â.Ê. Íåðàâíîâåñíàÿ эêîíîìèêà. 2-å èзä., äîï. – Ì. : Êîìïàíèÿ Сïóòíèê+, 2006. – 482 ñ. 6. Пàâëîâ Ê.Â. Пàòîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññы â эêîíîìèêå. – Ì. : Ìàãèñòð, 2009. – 461 ñ. 7. Лÿшåíêî Â.И. Фèíàíñîâî-ðåãóëÿòîðíыå ðåæèìы ñòèìóëèðîâàíèÿ эêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàзâèòèÿ: ââåäåíèå â эêîíîìè÷å-

ñêóю ðåæèìîëîãèю. – Дîíåöê : Иíñòèòóò эêîíîìèêè ïðîìышëåííîñòè ÍÀÍ Уêðàèíы, 2012. – 370 ñ. 8. Эêîíîìè÷åñêèé ìåхàíèзì è îñîбåííîñòè èííîâàöèîííîé ïîëèòèêè íà Сåâåðå / Пîä íàó÷íîé ðåä. Â.С. Сåëèíà, Â.À.

Цóêåðìàíà. – Àïàòèòы : Изä-âî Êîëüñêîãî íàó÷íîãî öåíòðà ÐÀÍ, 2012. – 255 ñ.9. Пàâëîâ Ê.Â. Пàòîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññы â эêîëîãî-эêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñфåðå. – Гåðìàíèÿ : Изä-âî LAP LAMBERT, 2011. –

438 ñ.10. Пàâëîâ Ê.Â. Ðåãèîíàëüíыå эêîëîãî-эêîíîìè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìы. – Ì. : Ìàãèñòð, 2009. – 351 ñ.

Pavlov K. V.Izhevsk Institute of Management,Kamsky Institute of Humanitarian and Engineering Technologies

PATOINSTITUTY, PATOINSTITUTSIONALIZM AND MODERNIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

SummaryIn article the patoinstitutsionalizm characteristic as perspective direction of the institutional theory is given, the essence and criteria of allocation patoinstituty through a prism of possibility of use of these concepts are defined in the analysis of factors and features of modernization of the Russian economy.Key words: patoinstitutsionalizm, patoinstituty, Russian economy, modernization, pathological process.

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© Сàâèöüêà Í. Л., 2014

УДÊ 330.101.541:001

Ñàâèöüêà Í. Ë.Хàðê³âñüêèé äåðæàâíèé óí³âåðñèòåò хàð÷óâàííÿ òà òîðã³âë³

ХÎË²ÑÒÈЧÍÈЙ ПÅÐÑÎÍÀË²ЗМ ЯÊ МÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃ²ЧÍÀ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÄÎÑË²ÄЖÅÍÍЯ ËЮÄÈÍÈ Â ÃÎÑПÎÄÀÐÑÜÊÎМÓ ÐÎЗÂÈÒÊÓ

Çàïðîïîíîâàíî ïðèíöèï хîë³ñòè÷íîãî ïåðñîíàë³зìó, ÿêèé âèñòóïàє ìåòîäîëîã³÷íîю îñíîâîю äîñë³äæåííÿ ëюäèíè â ãîñïîäàðñüêîìó ðîзâèòêó. Âèä³ëåíî ñèñòåìó äåòåðì³íàíò, щî âèзíà÷àюòü ìîæëèâîñò³ ñòâîðåí-íÿ òà ðåàë³зàö³ї ñóб’єêòíîãî ïîòåíö³àëó. Îêðåñëåíî êðèòåð³ї ìíîæèííîї ðàö³îíàëüíîñò³ ñóб’єêòà ãîñïî-äàðñüêîãî ðîзâèòêó.Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ëюäèíà ÿê ñóб’єêò, хîë³ñòè÷íèé ïåðñîíàë³зì, ãîñïîäàðñüêèé ðîзâèòîê, ñóб’єêòíèé ïîòåíö³àë.

Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìè. Сó÷àñíà ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ åêîíîì³÷íîї òåîð³ї ââ³бðàëà ó ñåбå ð³зíîбàðâíó ïà-ë³òðó ф³ëîñîфñüêîãî îñìèñëåííÿ òà ïðèðîäíè÷î-³íñòðóìåíòàëüíîãî ï³äхîäó щîäî бà÷åííÿ ñóб’єêòà ãîñïîäàðñüêîãî ðîзâèòêó. Êëóбîê íåâèð³шåíèх ìåòîäîëîã³÷íèх ñóïåðå÷íîñòåé òà ïðàêòè÷íèх ïðîбëåì âèìàãàюòü íîâîї ìåòîäîëîã³ї, ÿêà б â³ä-ïîâ³äàëà ìåòîäîëîã³÷í³é êîíñòðóêö³ї «åêîíîì³êà äëÿ ëюäèíè», à íå «ëюäèíà â åêîíîì³ö³». Сó÷àñíà ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ «åêîíîì³êè â ëюäèí³» (À. Гàëü÷èí-ñüêîãî, Л. Гðєбíєâà) [1; 2], «åêîíîì³êè ëюäèíè» (Â. Ìàðöèíêåâè÷à, ². Сîбîëєâîї) [3], «åêîíîì³êà äëÿ ëюäèíè» (Î. Бóзãàë³íà) [4] «åêîíîì³êè з ëюä-ñüêèì îбëè÷÷ÿì» (Ê. Фëåêñíåð) [5], ãóìàí³ñòè÷íîї åêîíîì³êè (À. Пå÷÷åї) [6] ëèшå фîðìóєòüñÿ, àëå âæå зàðàз є зðîзóì³ëèì òå, щî ðåâîëюö³éíå бà-ãàòñòâî ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà êðèєòüñÿ ó бàãàòñòâ³ ëюäñüêîї îñîбèñòîñò³, îòæå ðîзâèòîê åêîíîì³êè ï³äïîðÿäêîâàíèé ðîзâèòêó ëюäèíè.

Àíàë³ç îñòàíí³õ äîñë³äæåíü ³ ïóáë³êàö³é. Â³äî-ì³ ìåòîäîëîã³÷í³ ïðèíöèïè âêëю÷åííÿ ëюäèíè â àíàë³з åêîíîì³÷íèх ïðîöåñ³â: ìåòîäîëîã³÷íèé ³í-äèâ³äóàë³зì (À. Сì³ò, Дæ. С. Ì³ëëü, Ê. Ìåíãåð, À. Ìàðшàëë, Î. У³ëüÿìñîí, Й. Шóìïåòåð, Л. фîí Ì³зåñ, Г. Бåêêåð, Â. Ìåêë³íã, Ê. Бðóííåð òà ³íш³), хîë³зì (Г. Сàéìîí, Ê. Ìàðêñ, Ì. Âåбåð, Ф. Л³ñò, С. Л³íäåíбåðã, Î. ²íшàêîâ, Б. Єðзíêÿí òà ³íш³), ïåð-ñîíàë³зì (Î. Бóзãàë³í, С. Бóëãàêîâ, À. Гàëü÷èí-ñüêèé, À. Гðèìàëюê, À. Êîëãàíîâ, Б. Êîðí³é÷óê, Ю. Îñèïîâ òà ³íш³) äîïîâíююòüñÿ òà êîðèãóюòüñÿ ì³æäèñöèïë³íàðíèìè äîñë³äæåííÿìè åêîíîì³êè ³ ïñèхîëîã³ї, щî ðîзâèâàюòüñÿ ó êåéíñ³àíñòâ³ òà ïîñòêåéíñ³àíñòâ³, ïîâåä³íêîâ³é åêîíîì³÷í³é òåîð³ї Дæ. Àêåðëîфà, Д. Êàíåìàíà, Â. Сì³òà, Ð. Òàëåðà, À. Òâåðñüê³ òà ³í.; åêîíîì³êè ³ ñîö³îëîã³ї Ê. Åêëà-óíäà, Ò. Çàñëàâñüêîї, Â. Ðàäàєâà òà ³í.

Âèä³ëåííÿ íåâèð³øåíèõ ðàí³øå ÷àñòèí çàãàëü-íîї ïðîáëåìè. Àñèíхðîíí³ñòü òåìï³â зì³í â åêîíî-ì³ö³ òà òåìï³â óäîñêîíàëåííÿ ìåòîäîëîã³ї åêîíîì³÷-íîї íàóêè ïîÿñíюєòüñÿ, ñåðåä ³íшîãî, â³äñóòí³ñòю â òåîð³ї ö³ë³ñíîãî óÿâëåííÿ ïðî ëюäèíó ÿê ñóб’єêòà ³ åêîíîì³êè, ³ ñóñï³ëüñòâà, щî óíåìîæëèâëює ïðåäñòàâëåííÿ ö³ë³ñíîї êàðòèíè ãîñïîäàðñüêîї ðå-àëüíîñò³. Сàìå öèì зóìîâëюєòüñÿ íåìîæëèâ³ñòü ðîзâ’ÿзàííÿ ñóïåðå÷íîñòåé ñó÷àñíîãî ãîñïîäàðñüêî-ãî ðîзâèòêó, щî ëåæàòü ó ïëîщèí³ ñîö³àëüíî-åêî-íîì³÷íèх, äåìî-åêîëîã³÷íèх, ìåíòàëüíî-³íñòèòóö³-îíàëüíèх òà êîãí³òèâíî-³íфîðìàö³éíèх ðîзðèâ³â. Îñìèñëåííÿ ïîòåíö³àëó ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ö³ë³ñíîї ëюäèíè ó ñó÷àñíîìó ãîñïîäàðñòâ³ ñòàíîâèòü àêòóàëüíå зà-âäàííÿ ì³æäèñöèïë³íàðíèх äîñë³äæåíü, ÿê³ àêòèâ-íî ïðîâîäÿòüñÿ â åêîíîì³÷í³é íàóö³. Íåîбх³äí³ñòü óäîñêîíàëåííÿ ³ñíóю÷èх ìåòîäîëîã³÷íèх ï³äхîä³â äî àíàë³зó ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ëюäèíè ÿê ñóб’єêòà ñó÷àñíîãî ãîñïîäàðñüêîãî ðîзâèòêó зóìîâèëî ïðåäìåòíó ñïðÿ-ìîâàí³ñòü äàíîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ.

Ìåòà ñòàòò³ ïîëÿãàє â îбґðóíòóâàíí³ ìåòîäîëîã³÷-íîãî ïðèíöèïó äîñë³äæåííÿ ãîñïîäàðñüêîї ä³ÿëüíîñ-ò³ ëюäèíè â óìîâàх ñòàíîâëåííÿ åêîíîì³êè зíàíü.

Âèêëàä îñíîâíîãî ìàòåð³àëó. Çà óìîâ ñòàíîâ-ëåííÿ ãëîбàëüíîї åêîíîì³êè зíàíü зðîñòàє âзàєìî-îбóìîâëåí³ñòü ðîзâèòêó ëюäèíè, ñóñï³ëüñòâà òà åêîíîì³êè, ÿêà ïîëÿãàє ó хîë³ñòè÷íèх (ö³ë³ñíèх) зâ’ÿзêàх ³íäèâ³äóàëüíîãî ³ ñîö³àëüíîãî, ñîö³àëü-íîãî ³ äóхîâíîãî, îб’єêòà ³ ñóб’єêòà. Òâîð÷³ñòü ³з åë³òàðíîї ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ó ñфåð³ êóëüòóðè ïåðåòâîðю-єòüñÿ ó íåîбх³äíó óìîâó ãîñïîäàðñüêîї ä³ÿëüíîñò³ з³ ñòâîðåííÿ ìîæëèâîñòåé ðîзâèòêó îñîбèñòîñò³ òà ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Òâîð÷à àêòèâí³ñòü îбóìîâëюєòüñÿ íå åêîíîì³÷íîю íåîбх³äí³ñòю ÷è ðàö³îíàëüí³ñòю, à êîíñòðóêòèâíîю íàïðóæåí³ñòю, ³ìàíåíòíîю êðå-àòèâíîю âëàñòèâ³ñòю ïðèðîäè ëюäèíè.

Люäèíà, з îäíîãî бîêó, – ñóб’єêò åêîíîì³êè, à з ³íшîãî бîêó – ñóб’єêò ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Ц³ äâ³ ³ïîñòàñ³ ëюäèíè ò³ñíî âзàєìîïîâ’ÿзàí³. Çâ’ÿзîê ì³æ íèìè âèñòóïàє ³ ÷èííèêîì, щî êîíñòèòóює ñóñï³ëüñòâî, ³ äæåðåëîì ñóïåðå÷íîñòåé â íüîìó, ³ ñòèìóëÿòî-ðîì, ³ îбìåæóâà÷åì ñóñï³ëüíîї àêòèâíîñò³ ëюäè-íè. Люäèíà ÿê ñóб’єêò åêîíîì³êè ³ ñóñï³ëüñòâà є âèх³äíîю êë³òèíêîю (ÿäðîì) ñèñòåìè ñîö³àëüíî-åêîíîì³÷íèх â³äíîñèí. Âîíà âèñòóïàє ñóб’єêòîì, ìåòîю ³ зàñîбîì ðîзâèòêó öèâ³ë³зàö³ї.

Яê ñóб’єêò åêîíîì³êè ëюäèíà фîðìóєòüñÿ ³ ðîзâèâàєòüñÿ â ñèñòåì³ ðèíêîâèх ñòîñóíê³â, äå äî-ì³íóє åãîїñòè÷íèé ³íòåðåñ ëюäèíè (ÿêèé ïîêëà-äåíî â îñíîâó ìåòîäîëîã³÷íîãî ³íäèâ³äóàë³зìó), ïîä³ë ïðàö³, òîâàðíèé îбì³í, ïðèбóòîê, êîíêóðåí-ö³ÿ. Люäèíà ÿê ñóб’єêò ñóñï³ëüñòâà є ó÷àñíèêîì êîìóí³êàòèâíèх ñòîñóíê³â: ñ³ì’ї, ïåâíîї äåìîãðà-ф³÷íîї, ïðîфåñ³éíîї, ñîö³àëüíîї ãðóïè, åòí³÷íîї ³ ðåë³ã³éíîї ïðèíàëåæíîñò³, ïîë³òè÷íîї ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ãðîìàäñüêîї îðãàí³зàö³ї òîщî. Яê ó÷àñíèê êîìó-í³êàòèâíèх ñòîñóíê³â âîíà ä³є â ñèñòåì³ ñóñï³ëü-íèх ³íñòèòóò³â фîðìàëüíèх ³ íåфîðìàëüíèх íîðì ³ ïðàâèë ïîâåä³íêè, щî âêëю÷àюòü ïðàâîâ³, ñâ³-òîãëÿäí³ ³ ìîðàëüí³ óñòàíîâêè. Â ³íñòèòóòàх âò³-ëåí³ îб’єêòèâí³ ñòðóêòóðè зîâí³шíüîãî ñâ³òó òà ñóб’єêòèâí³ ñòîðîíè ëюäñüêîї ä³ÿëüíîñò³.

Сóб’єêòí³ñòü îзíà÷àє âèðàæåííÿ òà âò³ëåííÿ ñóб’єêòà â ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ïðîÿâ ÿêîñòåé ñóб’єêòà, éîãî ö³ííîñòåé, ÿê³ фîðìóюòüñÿ ïðåäìåòíî â ëîí³ ïåâíîãî ñåðåäîâèщà. Êîæåí ñóб’єêò êåðóєòüñÿ ó ñâîїé ä³ÿëüíîñò³ âëàñíèìè ö³ííîñòÿìè, ïðîòå бà-зèñí³ ³з íèх âêîð³íåí³ ó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³, òîбòî ìàюòü âñåзàãàëüíèé хàðàêòåð ³ âïëèâ íà ³íäèâ³äóàëüíèé ð³âåíü. Люäèíà ÿê ñóб’єêò òâîð÷îñò³ ³ êóëüòóðè âèñòóïàє òâîðöåì ñîö³àëüíîї ðåàëüíîñò³, êóëüòó-ðè, â ÿêèх íàéÿñêðàâ³шå ïðîÿâëÿєòüñÿ ñòóï³íü ö³ë³ñíîñò³ ëюäèíè ãîñïîäàðюю÷îї, ÿêà òâîðèòü ñóб’єêò-ñóб’єêòí³ â³äíîñèíè.

Гîñïîäàðñüêà ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ëюäèíè зä³éñíюєòüñÿ ï³ä âïëèâîì äåòåðì³íàíò êóëüòóðè, ñîö³óìó, âëà-


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äè òà ðèíêó, ÿê³ óòâîðююòü ñïåöèф³÷íèé (íàö³î-íàëüíèé) ãîñïîäàðñüêèé ïîðÿäîê, щî êîíñòèòóює ìîæëèâîñò³ ñòâîðåííÿ òà ðåàë³зàö³ї ñóб’єêòíîãî ïî-òåíö³àëó. Люäèíà ðîзãëÿäàєòüñÿ íàìè â ñîö³àëüíî-³ñòîðè÷íîìó êîíòåêñò³ ÿê îñîбèñò³ñòü – íàéìåíшà íåïîä³ëüí³ñòü ñâ³òó ãîñïîäàðñòâà, її ïîâåä³íêà âè-зíà÷àєòüñÿ ïðèíöèïîì хîë³ñòè÷íîãî ïåðñîíàë³зìó, ÿêèé ñхåìàòè÷íî зîбðàæåíî íà ðèñ. 1.

Бóäó÷è ó÷àñíèêîì åêîíîì³÷íèх ³ êîìóí³êàòèâ-íèх ñòîñóíê³â, ëюäèíà зàëèшàєòüñÿ îñîбèñò³ñòю. Люäèíà шóêàє шëÿхè зðîñòàííÿ ïðèбóòêó àбî äî-хîä³â, âèêîíóє ³ ïåðåòâîðює íîðìè ³ ïðàâèëà âзà-єìîâ³äíîñèí з ³íшèìè ëюäüìè â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³, ñïè-ðàю÷èñü íà âëàñíó ñèñòåìó ö³ííîñòåé.

У ãîñïîäàðñüê³é ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ëюäèíà ïîєäíóє зíàííÿ, îäåðæàí³ â фîðìàëüíèх ³íñòèòóòàх îñâ³òè òà êóëüòóðè, ³з ñâîãî æèòòєâîãî äîñâ³äó, ³з ñïî-ñòåðåæåíü зà â÷èíêàìè ³íшèх ëюäåé, à òàêîæ òâîð÷î ïåðåîñìèñëює їх òà â ðåзóëüòàò³ îäåðæóє íîâ³ зíàííÿ. Пîðÿä з öèì íàìè âðàхîâóєòüñÿ íå-ìîæëèâ³ñòü ëюäèíîю îñÿãíóòè, ï³зíàòè âñю ãîñ-ïîäàðñüêó ðåàëüí³ñòü, îñê³ëüêè їé ïðèòàìàííà фóíäàìåíòàëüíà íåâèзíà÷åí³ñòü, òîбòî íå ëèшå â³äñóòí³ñòü зíàíü ïðî ìàéбóòíє, àëå é ïðèíöèïîâà íåï³зíàí³ñòü.

Íà ðèñ. 1. зîбðàæåíî хîëàðх³÷í³ âзàєìîзâ’ÿзêè ó фîðìóâàíí³ òà ðåàë³зàö³ї ñóб’єêòíîãî ïîòåíö³àëó ëюäèíè â ãîñïîäàðñòâ³. Сóб’єêòíèé ïîòåíö³àë зà-äàєòüñÿ êîîðäèíàòàìè êóëüòóðè, ñîö³óìó, âëàäè òà ðèíêó, ÿê³ âèзíà÷àюòü ìîæëèâîñò³ éîãî ñòâîðåííÿ òà ðåàë³зàö³ї. Îñîбëèâó ðîëü ó éîãî фîðìóâàíí³ ìàє íàö³îíàëüíà ìåíòàëüí³ñòü, щî ñêëàäàєòüñÿ â ïðî-öåñ³ ³ñòîðè÷íîãî ðîзâèòêó ñóñï³ëüñòâà ï³ä âïëèâîì

óìîâ æèòòєä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà «ñóб’єêò-ñóб’єêòíîї» âзà-єìîä³ї. Åêîíîì³÷íà ìåíòàëüí³ñòü íàбóâàє фîðìè ãîñïîäàðñüêîї êóëüòóðè, âêëю÷àю÷è ñâ³òîãëÿäí³ ñèñòåìè, бàзîâ³ ö³ííîñò³, åòèêó ä³ëîâèх, òðóäîâèх â³äíîñèí, ñïîæèâ÷³ ïàòòåðíè, åâðèñòèêè, ðóòèíè, ÿê³ ìàюòü ñèñòåìîóòâîðюâàëüíèé хàðàêòåð òà ñòà-íîâëÿòü ÿäðî íåфîðìàëüíèх ³íñòèòóò³â.

У ñóêóïíîñò³ фîðìàëüí³ ³íñòèòóòè òà ³íш³ åêî-íîì³÷í³ íåфîðìàëüí³ ïðàâèëà òà íîðìè, ³íфîðñ-ìåíò (ìåхàí³зì ïðèìóñó äî âèêîíàííÿ зîбîâ’ÿзàíü ³ ðåñóðñè äëÿ éîãî ðåàë³зàö³ї), ³äåîëîã³ÿ òà åêîíî-ì³÷íà ìåíòàëüí³ñòü ñòâîðююòü ³íñòèòóö³éíå ñåðåä-îâèщå фîðìóâàííÿ òà ðåàë³зàö³ї ñóб’єêòíîãî ïî-òåíö³àëó. Âëàäí³ ðåñóðñè, ñóñï³ëüíèé ð³âåíü зíàíü âèñòóïàюòü àбî îбìåæåííÿì, àбî ñòèìóëîì éîãî ðîзêðèòòÿ.

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