njhlu;ghlYk; Clftpaw; fw;ifAk; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t10tim42.pdf · 2017-01-03 · ii...

ii

njhlu;ghlYk; Clftpaw; fw;ifAk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; 10(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)

Clff; fy;tpr; nraw;wpl;lk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

=yq;fh

,izaj;jsk;: www.nie.lk kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

ii

njhlu;ghlYk; Clftpaw; fw;ifAk;

juk; - 10

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjw; gjpg;G: 2015

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN

Clff; fy;tpr; nraw;wpl;lk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

mr;Rg;gjpg;G :Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iii

fw;wYk; fw;gpj;jYk;

Mrpupau;fs; jj;jkJ ghlrhiyfspy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;

Njitahd mbg;gilfis ,f;ifNaL toq;FfpwJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl ;lj;ij

mKy;gLj;Jifapy; Mrpupau;fs; kdjpypUj;j Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplak; vd;dntdpy;

jkJ gq;fspg;ghdJ khztu;spd; mwpifrhu; milT kw;Wk; elj;ijrhu; mgptpUj;jp

vd;gtw;wpy; ghuJ}ukhdJk; njhiy Nehf;fhdJkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;

vd;gjhFk;.

mwpifrhu; milT vd;Dk; gupkhzj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu Mrpupau;fs;

Vidatw;Wf;F (kw;iwa gad;ghLfSf;F) kj;jpapy; fw;wy; juk; cau;thf ,Uf;ff;$ba

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• fw;gtu; jdJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; jj;jkJ tho;f;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

kw;Wk; gpzpapid mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,yf;if mile;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk;

Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; mike;Js;sJ vd;gijg;

Gupe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• fw;wy;/ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; fw;gtu; jd;idnraY}f;fj;Jld; <LgLj;jpf;

nfhs;Sk; NghJ (khztu; nrad;Kiw) fd;a+rpa]; (Confusius) vd;Dk;

mwpQuJ fUj;J ,q;F epidtpw;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

mtu;fs; Nfl;gtw;iw kwe;J tpLfpd;wdu;.

ghu;g;gtw;iw epidtpw; nfhs;fpd;wdu; Mdhy;

nray; uPjpahfj; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

• tsk; epiwe;jJk; rthy;kpf;fJkhd rhjfkhd fw;wy; #oikT ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ fw;wy; Mtzq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> Ma;T $lq;fs;> tplaq;fs;

kw;Wk; mDgtq;fis gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

tha;g;Gf;fis cWjpg;Lj;j Ntz;Lk;@

• fw;gtUf;F Mf;fg+u;tkhdJk;> mD$ykhdJkhd cldbg; gpd;D}l;ly;

toq;fg;;gLk; NghJ ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; fw;gtu; jkf;F Vw;nfdNt

,Uf;ff;$ba mwpT> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gtw;iw

xUq;fpizg;gJld; cau;kl;l fpufpj;jYld; cs;sPu;j;jYld; $ba fw;wiyg;

gbg;gbahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

fy;tpiag; nghWj;jtiu> ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp gapYk; rfy khztu;fSk;

jkJ ghlQ; rhu;e;j mbg;gilfspy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis

milaf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; mjd; %yk; guPl;irfis vjpu;nfhz;ljd;

gpd;du; jhk; Fwpj;j militg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk; vd;w kfpo;it mDgtpf;ff;

$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJNk murhq;fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;ghFk;.

iv

khztupd; elj;ijrhu; mgptpUj;ij vDk; gupkhzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhapd;

fy;tpapd ; ,yf;fhdJ mwpifrhu ; miltpid njhopy ;rhu ; cyFld;

njhlu;GgLj;jjyhFk;. vdNt> Mrpupau;fsJ> fuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s

,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ> ghlrhiyf;F ntspNaahd cyFld; fw;gtu; njhlu;G

nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfs; /jFjpg;ghL fis Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk;

gug;Gf;fspy; rpy Kf;fpakhdJk; nghJthdJkhd Nju;r;rpfs; /jFjpg;ghLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• Mw;wy; kpF (RWRWg;ghf) njhopy; ju;kk;@ Neu;fzpa csg;ghq;F GjpJ

GidjYf;fhd tpUg;G kw;Wk; tplhKaw;rp@

• egu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs;@ FOr; nraw;ghL xOf;fk; kw;Wk;

tpidj;jpwdhd njhlu;ghly;@

• jhu;kPf tpOkpaq;fs;@ gd;Kfj; jd;ikia kjpj;jy; Nghd;w Fbapay;

tpOkpaq; fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l egu;.

KbTiuahf ghlrhiyfspYs;s mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju

mYtyfu;fs; midtUk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYs;s 4A f;fspy; (csg;ghq;F (Att tute),

gFg;gha;T (Anolysis), nray; nraw;ghL (Action), kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wy; (Account-

ability), ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;w tifapy; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwiag; ghu;f;f

Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;nwd;. jhq;fs; vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa

KbTfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs; njhlu;ghd nghUj;jkhdJk; rhjfkhdJkhd

csg ;ghq ;FfSld ; Muk ;g pAq ;fs ; . (jq ;fsJ ghlq ;fs ; Kjypad) @

xOq;fikg;gjw;Nfw;w tifapy;> jfty;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W gFg;gha;T nra;f.

(ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; Kjypad)@ njupTfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L> tpidj;jpwdhd cldbr;

nraiy Nkw;nfhs;f (toq;Fjy;)@ nghWg;Gf; $wiy (cupikj;Jtk;) vLj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw; Nfw;w tifapy;> Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy; kw;Wk; ngW NgWfis

mstpLjiy Nkw;nfhs;f.

fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; Mu;tKld; <Lgl;Ls;s rfy

Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vdJ tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

,f;ifNaL gw;wpa cq;fsJ mDgtq;fisAk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfj;jpd; (N.I.E) Jizj; jiytUf;F tpUg;gkhapd; vdf;Fk; mDg;gp itf;FkhW

Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

Nguhrpupau; Fzghy ehzaf;fhu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

v

gpujpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

kdpjd; Mjpfhyk; KjNy Kiwikahd fy;tpr; nrad;Kiw kPJ ftdQ;

nrYj;jp te;Js;sd. fy;tpapd; ,yf;Ffs;> fw;wy; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf md;W

Kjy; ,d;W tiuapy; gy;NtW mZFKiwfspd; topNa fz;lwpe;Js;sitAk;

vz;zpylq;fs; vt;thwhapDk; fy;tpapd; nghJ vjpu;ghu;g;G> xt;nthUtiuAk; G+uz

MSik nfhz;ljhf cUthf;FtjhFk;. mwpT> jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk;

r%fj;jpwd;fs; epuk;gg; ngw;w> jkJ cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fis cr;r msTf;F

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;l jdpahs;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fy;tpia

toq;Ftjw;fhf Kd;Ndhbahf vkJ epWtdk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLk; Mrpupa Mrpupiafs;> fy;tpapd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;;fs;> fw;wy; nrad;Kiw> kjpg;gPL Mfpa %d;W mk;rq;fspYk; rk msT

ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. mjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly; ,e;j Mrpupau;

topfhl;bapdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;topfhl;bia Kdkhjpupahff; nfhz;L>

cq;fSf;Fj; jdpj;Jtkhd khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpid

ePq;fs; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

khztupd; tpUj;jp > fy;tp Kiwikapy; Gj;jwpitg; gpwg;gpj;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW

vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis Kjd;ikahff;nfhz;L Muha;r;rpg; gzpapYk; Mrpupau; <LgLtJ

,d;wpikahjhjhFk;. ntw;wpfukhf xt;Nthu; MrpupaUk; xt;nthU Muha;r;rpahsu;

Mthu;. ePq;fs; vw;fdNt elj;jptUk; Muha;r;rpg; gzpfis NkYk; Kiwahdtif

nra;aj; jplrq;fw;gq; G+Zq; fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;. mjw;Fj; Njitahd

topfhl;ly;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf vkJ gq;fspg;ig vg;nghOJk; ehlyhk; vd;gij

,q;F Fwpg;gpltpUk;GfpNwd;.

Mrpupau; Qhdf;fz;ZilNahuhtu; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ khztu;fsJ

fle;;j fhyj;ijAk; epfo;fhyjijAk; kl;Lkd;wp vjpu;fhyj;ijAk; CLUtp Nehf;Fk;

Mw;wy; mtUf;F cz;L. Mrpupau; xU NghJk; topfhl;bahf Kd;dhy; nry;gtuhthu;.

kw;WnkhU NghJ khztu;fs; Kd;dhw; nry;yy; jhk; gpd;dhy; nry;gtuhthu;.

njspthd tpsf;fj;Jld; ed;kdg;ghq;FfSlDk; nraw;gLk;. ghz;bj;jpakpf;f Mrpupau;

vd;w tifapy; kkhztu;fsJ gy;tifikiaf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L mk;khztu;fsJ

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghWg;fis Vw;W mtUf;F tif

$Wk; tifapy; nraw;gLk; ey;yhrpupau;fshf tpUj;jpailtjw;F Nkd;NkYk; Mw;wy;

jpl;lll;Lk; vd tho;j;Jfpd;Nwhk;.

gP. rdj; G+[pj;j

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; gPlk;

vi

fiyj;jpl;lf;FO

MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; Nguhrpupau; Fzghy ehzaf;fhu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tP. rdj; G+[pj

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. rpl;dp [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Nkw;ghu ;it jpU. B.V. [ayhy;

gzpg;ghsu; - njhopDl;gj;Jiw> Nj.f.ep.

Nkw;ghu;itAk; xOq;fikg;Gk; V. ePykzp

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghltpla MNyhrid Nguhrpupau; re;jpurpwp uh[gf;r (PhD)khDlj; njhlu;ghly; fw;iffs; gpupT

fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp rptRg;gpukzpak; uFuhk; (PhD)rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;

Clff; fw;iffs;

aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp cjpj fah \hd; FzNrfu (PhD)fl;Gy Mw;Wiff; fiyfs; fw;iffs; gpupT

fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nrdhdp `upr;re;jpu (MCMS)rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;

rpq;fsf; fw;iffs; gpupT

=[atu;j;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

rptg;gpupah =uhk;> tpupTiuahsu; (BA)nkhopfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; Jiw

jpUNfhzkiy tshfk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

vOj;jhsu; FO V. ePykzp (MPhil)> rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

eadh jPg;jp Fztu;j;jd (MA)> ghlg; gzpg;ghsu;

Nky; khfhzf; fy;tpaikr;R

,e;jpf mkurpq;` (MA, PGDE)> Mrpupa Nrit

khu/ Nfhf;fy kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;`f;kd

vii

re;jpupfh RutPu (MA, PGDE)> Mrpupa Nrit

Nk. kh/ [a rKj;jpu Njtp ngz;fs; tpj;jpahyak;

ENfnfhil

vk;.V. jpypdp cj;gyh Nrdhuj;d (BA, PGDE)>Mrpupa Nrit>

Nk. kh/ [atpj;jpahfug; ngz;fs; tpj;jpahyak;

k`ufk

v];.B. rpupgpNue;ud; (MA)> Mrpupau; Nrit 3

fS/ [Pyhd; kj;jpa fy;Y}up> ghdJiu

nkhop guptu;j;jid mur nkhop fUk jpizf;fsk;> uh[fpupa

jkpohf;fk; rptg;gpupah =uhk;

tpupTiuahsu;

nkhopfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; Jiw

jpUNfhzkiy tshfk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

ml;ilg;glk; rJu kJ]q;f

fzpdp tbtikg;G vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gy;NtW cjtpfs; v];. mofNfhd;

Mupajpyf ngu;zhe;J

viii

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jtjw;Fupa mwpTiufs;

juk; 10 njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

jahupf;fg;gl;l ,f;ifNaL> Mrpupau;fshy; gpd;gw;wf; $ba fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa topfhl;ly;fisAk; fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; gw;wpa

mbg;gil topfhl;ly;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s topfhl;lyhdJ Mrpupau;fshy;

ehw;gJ epkplg; ghl Ntisia kl;Lk; ikag;gLj;jpg; gpd;gw;wf; $banjhd;wy;y

vd;gijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpNy fhzg;gLk; ghlj; Njur;rpfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> Mrpupau;fshy;

jahupf;fg;glf;$ba fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ghl cs;slf;fj;jpNy xU gpuptpd; fPo;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rp kl;lk;> gpuNjrk; gw;wpa tpguk;> ghlriyapd;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpa mtjhdj;Jld;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghl myfpypUe;J ghlj;ijj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau;fs;

jkJ Mf;fj;jpwikfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jpg; ghlj;ijj; jahu; nra;tJ crpjkhdJ. ,q;F khztu;fis

ikag;glj;jpa fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

khztu; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L my;yJ gpuNahfg; gapw;rpfs;>

mtrpakhfpd;w ghlq;fspNy ghlNtisf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jpa fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jhJ cupa mDkjpAld; mjpf gpuNahf nraw;ghLfis

elhj;Jf.

vOj;jhsu; FO

ix

cs;slf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii-iv

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO vi-vii

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTiufs; viii

ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk;

mwpKfk; x

Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs; xi

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; xii

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; xiv

ghlj;jpl;lk; xv

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; 01 - 64

x

mwpKfk;

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapNy njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk; ghlk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;L

gj;J tUlq;fs; G+u;j;jpahfpAs;sd. ,g;ghlkhdJ juk; 10 ,ypUe;J Muk;gkhfp>

f.ngh.j. (rh.j) kw;Wk; f.ngh.j. (c.j) ghlg;gug;ig ,yf;fhff; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

,g;ghlkhdJ Jupj fjpapy; khw;wkilaf; $ba xd;whfTk;> cyfj;NjhL kpfTk;

rkPg njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jf; $ba xd;whfTk; gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfis mjpfkhff;

nfhz;l xU ghlkhfTk; mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;fhf ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ

khztu;fis fw;wy; #oYf;F ,irthf;Fjy;> Ra fw;wy; kw;Wk; gpuNahfr;

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jjy; vd;gd mtrpakhdJ. mj;NjhL khztu;fs; jk;

Mf;fj;jpwikfis tpUj;jp nra;aTk;> ,izg;ghl tpjhdj; jpwd; tpUj;jpapidg;

ngwTk; crpjkhd nraw;ghLfis elhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupau; topfhl;lYf;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ 2012 ,y; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l

ghlj;jpl;lkhFk;. mjdbg;gilapy; tpla mwpT> Mf;f uPjpahd kw;Wk; gpuNahf

uPjpahd fw;gpj;jypy; <LgLk; jpwd; vd;gd tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; ghl cs;slf;fq;fis kddQ; nra;jy; xU

NghJk; mDkjpf;f Kbahjnjhd;whFk;. njhlu;ghlypd; tsu;r;rpNahL> FWfpr;

nry;Yk; cyfpw;F ,irthf> mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F Ra kw;Wk; nghJ eyidf;

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; khztiu

cUthf;FtJ MrpupauJ jiyaha flikahFk;. njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilahfj;

jpfOk; Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; gq;Fjhuu;fis cUthf;FtJk; vkJ

vjpu;ghu;Gfspy; xd;whFk;.

nraw;wpl;lf;FO

xi

fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;

jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis

epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;

jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj;

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zfUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>

Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;

%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy;

%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij

Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa

ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

3. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT>

xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT> vd;gtw;iw

Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa

Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.

4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>

Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd

fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

7. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;

jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd

epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr

rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba

kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003)

xii

mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpfs;fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

1 . njhlHghly; NjHr;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;

vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy; xOq;F

Kiwahf msj;jy;.

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;>

tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpa

tw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;

ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>

nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;

gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

2 . MSik tpUj;jp njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>

jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd

jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa

tpOkpaq;fs;

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

3 . #oy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;

jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;

elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>

cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiwAk;.

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;

mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>

capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;

fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xiii

4 . Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahH nra;jy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

- mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ

Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;

- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

5 . rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;

nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;

cs;thq;fYk;

6 . Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa NjHr;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T

Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj

mDgtq;fs;

7 . “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw

Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

xiv

njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;

10 - 11 Me;ju ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

1. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clfr; #oypd; gupzhk tsu;;r;rp gw;wpa Kiwikahd

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;

2. tpku;rdg; ghq;fhd> kjpDl;gq; nfhz;l Clftpayhsu;fs; vd;w tifapy;

Njitahd mwpT> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

3. rPuhd xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; mjidf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;fhf

jdpahl;fspd; njhlu;ghly; Clfj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

4. xUtuplj;jpYs;s Mf;fuPjpahd Clfg; ghtid kw;Wk; nkhopg; ghtidj;

jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

5. Clftpay; fl;likg;Gf;fSf;Fupa njhlu;ghlw; rpwg;gk;rq;fis Muha;jy;

6. Clftpaw; nra;Kiwapd; njhlu;ghly; uPjpahd Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilfs; gw;;wpa

tpsf;fk; ngwy;

7. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clftpay; nra;Kiwapd; Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilfs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fk; ngwy;

8. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifia> Vidaghlq;fNshL ,izj;j tifapy;

fw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; nghUj;jkhd kdg;ghq;Ffis tsu;j;jYk; Cf;fkspj;jYk;

topfhl;lYk;

9. md;whl tho;f;iff;Fk; njhopy;rhu;;e;j tho;f;iff;Fk; gaDila njhlu;ghly;>

Clftpay; njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fKk; ngwy;

10. ru;tNjr kw;Wk; RNjr njhlu;ghly; Clftpay; tiyaikg;gpDs; jdJ

jdpj;Jtj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpathW nghWg;Gs;s xU gpuir vd;w tifapy;>

rdehaf uPjpapy; nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd Clftpay; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp

nra;jy;

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xv

tpla cs;slf;fk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww;NgWfs;

1.0 ntt;NtW tpjkhd

njhlu;ghly; tiffis

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; ,dq;

fz;L mtw;iwj; jkJ

tho;f;ifapy; rkNahrp

jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

1.0 njhlu;ghly; ghFghL (15

ghlNtisfs;)1.1 njhlu;ghly; mwpKfk;(1) njhlu ; g hly ; gw ; w p

yh];nty; tiutpyf;fzKk ; mbg ; gilmk;rq;fSk;

(2) \dd; kw;Wk; tPtu; ,dJnjhlu;ghly; khjpup -(1949)

(3) njhlu ;ghly pd ; mbg ;gilahd gzpfs;

(4) Gyf;fhl;rp> njhlu;ghly;>jilfs; (Gate Keeper)Muk;g epiyr; nra;jpj;Nju;T vz;zf;fU

031.1 njhlu;ghly; Kiwapd;jd ;ikfis vs patiutpyf;fzj;jpD}lhfTk;khjpupapD}lhfTk; tpsf;Fthu;.

1. njhlu;ghly; vd;why;vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. mjd; fUj;jhf;fj;ij tpupthf;Fthu;.

2. njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ Xu;nray;Kiw vd;gijf;Fw pg ; g pLf . mjd ;%yf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghdtpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.njhlu;ghLgtu; jfty;nra;jp Clfk; ngWdu; gpd;D}l;lk; ,ilA +W mDgtk; gpd;dzp re;ju;g;gk; jhf;fk;

3. njhlu ;ghly; vd ;gJ,Utopr; nrad;Kiwvd ;gij cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

4. njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

5. njhlu ;ghly ; nrad;Kiwapid tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; Nkw;

nfhs;tjw;Fupa top

Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpL

thu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xvi


03

6. njhlu ;ghly; nrad;

Kiwapd; NghJ thapw;

fhg ; ghsu ; fUj ;Jr ;

nraw;gLk; tpjj;jpid

,dq;fhZthu;.

1. egnuhUtupDs; MSs;njhlu;ghly; epfOk;tpjk; gw;wpa capupay;tpQ;Qhdf; fUj;Jf;fis Ma;T nra;thu;.

2. MSs; njhlu ;ghly;xOq;fhd Kiwapy;eilngWtjhy; Vw;gLk;ed;ikfis tpsf;Fthu;.

3. kdpj elj;ijfis /gof;f tof;fq;fisf;fl;Lg;gLj;J tjw;fhfMSs; njhlu ;ghly;gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

4. njhlu ;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf tpsq;Fk; MSs;

njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu

ahLthu;.

1.2 xUtuJ vz;zq;fspd;elj;ijahdJ njhlu;ghlw;nra;KiwAld; njhlu;GWk;tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

1.2 mfKfp/ MSs;njhlu;ghly;(1) jdpahspd; kdg;ghd;ik

fSk; vjpu;tpidfSk;(2) J}z;ly ; - Jyq ;fy ;

jd;ik(3) vz;zq;fisf; ifahsy;(4) njhlu;ghlw; nra;Kiwapd;

njhlf;fk;

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xvii


1.3 tha;nkhop> tha;nkhopay;yhj Kiwfisg; gad;gLj ;j p > Ml ;fs pilj ;njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfisntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

1.3 Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly;(1) ,UtUf ;F ,ilNa

my;yJ gyUf;F ,ilNaepfO fpd;wik

(2) r%f ,Ug;gpd; ,d;wpaikahj Xu; mk;rk;

(3) Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd;rpwg;Gf;fs;

(4) Ml ;fs pilj ; njhlu ;ghlYf;fhd njhopEl;gr;rhjdq;fs;

(5) ,UtUf ; f pila py hdnjhlu;ghly;

03

5. rpwg;ghd tho;f;if xd;

wpw;fhf MSs; njhlu;

ghliy vt;thW gpuNah

f p f ; fyhk ; vd ; gij

Muha;thu;.

6. MSs; njhlu ;ghly;

epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;

gq;fis ,dq;fhZthu;.

1. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly;(Inter-personal communica-tion) vd;why; vd;d vd;gij rupahf tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Ml;fspilj; njhlu ;ghlypd ; Kf ;f paj ;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

3. Ml;fspilj; njhlu ;ghlypd ; typikiakjpg;gpLthu;.

4. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly;tpUj;jpf;Fg; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba toptiffisg;guprPyid nra;thu;.

5. r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gpw;FMl;fspilj; njhlu;ghly;cjTk; tpjk ; gw ;w ptpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xviii


1.4 tha;nkhop %yk;> njhop

Dl;gf; fUtpfSlNdh

fUtpfspd ;w pNah xU

njhFjp Ml;fSld; njhlu;

ghLe;jpwid ntspf;fhl;

Lthu;.

1.4 r%fj; njhlu;ghly;

(1) $l;Lj; njhlu ;ghlypd;

jd;ik

(2) $ l ; l j ; j p d U f ; F k ;

NgRgtUf;Fk; ,ilapy;

njhlu;G

(3) njhopEl;g rhjdq;fspd;

gad;ghL

(4) $l ;Lj ;njhlu ; ghly pd ;

rpwg;Gf;fs;

03

6. Ml;fspilj; njhlu ;

ghlYf ;fhfg ; gad ;

gLj ;jf ;$ba njhop

Dl;gr; rhjdq;fisr;

rupahd Kiwapy; gad;

gLj;j p Ml;fspilj ;

njhlu;ghly; rk;gtq;

fis ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

7. r%f xUikg;ghl;il

Vw ;gLj ;Jk ; tpjkhf

Ml;fspilj; njhlu ;

ghly ; gad ;gLtij

kjpg;gpLthu;.

1. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly;

vd ;why ; vd ;d vd

tpsf;Fthu;.


e pfOk ; tpjk ; gw ;w p

tpsf;Fthu;.


epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;

gq;fspNy njhlu;ghlw;

nraw ; g hL e pfOk ;

tpjj;jpidg; guprPyid

nra;thu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xix


4. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfisf;fz;lwpthu;.

5. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly;ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

6. FO / $l;Lj; njhlu ;ghlypd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

7. xt;nthU $l;Lj;njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;njhlu;ghlypd; tfpghfk;>Nehf;fk; vd;gtw;iwf;fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx


1.5 njhopy;El;g tpUj;jpapd;

t pisthf ntFrdj ;

njhlu;ghly; nraw;gLk;

tpjj;ijAk; mJ r%f

tag;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijAk;

gFj;jha;thu;.

1.5 ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly;

(1) ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd;

jd;ik

(2) ntFrdj ; njhlu ;ghl

Yf;Fk; ntFrd Clfq;f

Sf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G

(3) ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlyhd

r%fj; NjitAk; nry;thf;

FfSk;

(4) Ftpif Clfq;fs; (Con-vergent Media)

031. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly;vd ;why ; vd ;d vdtpsf;Fthu;.

2. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd;K f ; f p a j ; J t j ; i jkjpg;gpLthu;.

3. ntFrd Clfq;fspd;t p Nrl gz ;Gfis,dq;fhZthu;.

4. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd;Nehf ;fq;fis ,dq;fhZthu;.

5. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;Clfq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

6. ntFrd Clfq;fspd;gyk;> gytPdk; gw;wpafUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

7. ntFrd Clfg; ghtidapd ; Kf ;f paj ;Jtj;ij fye;JiuahLthu;.

8. Gj pa Clfq ;fs pd ;tUifahy ; Clff ;Ftpif my;yJ Clfikar; nraw;ghL Vw;gl;l tpjk; gw;wp guprPypg;ghu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

i


2.1 tha;nkhop%y tha;

nkhop %yky;yhj njhlu;

ghliy> eilKiwapy;

jkJ tho;tpy; ntt;NtW

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;

jf; $ba tpjj;ij ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.

2.0 njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs;

(12 ghlNtisfs;)

2.1 tha;nkhop %y> tha;nkhop

%yky;yhj njhlu;ghly;

(1) tha;nkhop %y> tha;


ghly; jd;ik

(2) tha;nkhop %y njhlu;

ghly; nkhopj; jpwd;fs;

(3) tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;

ghly; fhuzpfs; (cly;>

#oy;> r%f fhuzpfs;)

(4) tha;nkhop %y> tha;


ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

031. tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk;tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;fspd ; jd;ik>,ay;Gfis xg;gpl ;L,dq;fhZthu;.

2. Mjp fhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu gad;gLj;jptUk; tha;nkhopaw;wnjhlu;ghly; tbtq;fisfhyf;f pukj ;jpw ;Nfw;ggFj;jha;thu;.

3. ntFrd Clfq;fspd;tpNrl gz;Gfis ,dq;fhZthu;.

4. tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;g hly ; tbtq ;fisjfty;fs; %yk; tpgupg;ghu;.

5. tha;nkhopj ; njhlu ;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;fhfg;gad;gLk; cghaq;fisg;gFj;jha;thu;.

6. tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Xu;njhlu;ghsuhfr; nraw;gLtjw;Fj; jhd; tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;bajpwd;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;

Jthu;.

2.0 njhlu;ghlypd; ntt;

NtW tbtq ;fis

cupathW gad;gLj;jp

tpidjpwdhd njhlu;

ghlypy; <LgLk; jpw

id ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

ii


2.2 vOj;J%y njhlu;ghly;

(1) nkhopAk; vOJjYk;

(2) tpidj;jpwdhd njhlu;

ghlypd; ,ay;Gfs;

(3) vOJjy ; Nju ; r ; r p fs ;

(mYtyf> Mf;fpay; - Re-active)

2.2 rupahfTk; tpidj;jpwD

ilajhfTk; nkhopiag;

gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd

gupr;raj;ij tpUj;jp nra;j

thW tpidj ;j pwdhd

vOj;J%y njhlu;ghlypy;

<LgLthu;.

031. kdpjd; vOj;Jf;fis

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ljd;

gpd;dzpiag; gbg;gbahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. nkhopapd; ,U tbtq;

fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;

fhZthu;.

3. Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J

nkhopfSf;fpilapyhd

xw ;Wik> Ntw ;Wik

fisf; $Wthu;.

4. tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Xu;

Mtzj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis

,dq;fhZthu;;.

5. Mf;f uPjpahd gy;NtW

Mtzq;fis cUthf;

fpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

6. md;whl tho;tpy; gad;

gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;

fisr; rupahd Kiw

apy; jahu; nra;Ak; jpw

idg; ngWthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

iii


2.3 fl;Gy> nrtpg ;Gyj;

njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd;

jd;ikfisAk; Ngjq;

fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;

iw tpisjpwDilathW

gad ;gLj ;Jk ; j pwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

2.3 fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy njhlu;ghly;

(1) fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy njhlu;

ghlypd; jd;ik

(2) fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clf

Ngjq;fs;

(3) fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfj;

Nju;r;rpfs;

031. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy njhlu;

ghly; vd;why; ahnjd

,dq;fhZthu;.

2. Mjpfhyk; Kjy; jw;

fhyk; tiu gad;gLj;jg;

gl;L tUk; fl;Gy> nrtpg;

Gyj ; njhlu ; g hly ;

tbtq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;G

fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

3. njhlu ;ghlnyhd ;Wf ;

fhf fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy

Clfq;fisg; gad;

gLj;Jk; tpjk;> njhlu;

ghly; Kiwfs; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

4. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;

fs; njhlu;ghly; tif

fs; rka> gz;ghl;Lj;

j f ty ; fS f ; f h f g ;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

gw;wp Ma;T nra;thu;.

5. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;

fisj; njhlu;ghlYf;

fhf tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f

tifapy; gad;gLj;J

thu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

iv


2.4 mikg;nghd;wpd; ,Ug;

Gf;fhf Kiwrhu;e;j kw;Wk;

Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghliy

tpidj;j pwDilathW

gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;

ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

2.4 Kiwrhu;e;j> Kiwikapy;

njhlu;ghly;

(1) mikg;nghd;wpDs;> Kiw

rhu; kw;Wk; Kiwikapy;

njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;J

tKk; jd;ikAk; njhlu;Gk;

njhopw;ghLk;

(2) Kiwrhu;e;j> Kiwikapy;

njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs;

(3) Kiwrhu;e;j> Kiwikapy;

njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

1. Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuh

njhlu;ghly;fSf;fpilNa

ahd NtWghl ;il

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypd;

mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

3. Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypd;

NghJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;

njhlu;ghlypd; %yf;$W

fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

4. Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly;

gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf;

$Wthu;.

5. Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly;

e pfOk ; t pjk ; gw ; w p

khj p u p fSf ; $lhf

tpsf;Fthu;.

03

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

v


3.1 fzpdp %yk; mwpf;if

nahd;wpidj; jahupj;J

Kbf;Fk; jpwid ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

3.2 ntt;NtW Clf rhjdq;

fisg; gad;gLj;jp mY

tyfj;jpy; njhlu;ghliy

ei lKiw g ; g L j ; J k ;

jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

3 . 0 gz p r h u ; e ; j Clf

njhopy;El;gj; Nju;r;rpfs;

(15 ghlNtisfs;)

3.1 fzpdp rhu;e;j ntspg;ghl;Lr;

rhjdq;fs;

(1) fzpdp rhu;e;j ntspg;ghl;

Lf;Fr; nra;KiwAk; mjd;

mtrpaKk;

(2) fzpdp rhu;e;j ntspg;ghl;

Lr; rhjdq;fis ,dq;

fhzy;

(3) fzpdp rhu;e;j ntspg;

ghl;Lr ; rhjdq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;

3.2 mYtyf Clf rhjdq;fs;

(1) mYtyf Clfr; nra;

KiwAk; mjd; mtrpa

Kk;

(2) mYtyf Clf rhjdq;

fis ,dq;fhzy;

(3) mYtyf Clf rhjdq;

fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

1. fzpdp rhu; ntspaPl;LKiwfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. fzpdp rhu; ntspaPl;Lcgfuzg; gad;ghl;bd;mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

3. fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;Lcgfuzq;fs; ahnjd,dq; fhz;ghu;.

4. fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;Lcgfuzq;fis Kiwahf cgNahfpg;ghu;.

1. mYtyfj;jpy ; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clf rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. mYtyfj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; Clfr ; nraw;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

3. mYtyfj;jpy; Clfr;nraw ;ghl ;bd ; mtrpaj ;ij cjhuzq ;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

4. mYtyfj;jpy; Clfrhjdq;fisr; rupahfg;gad;gLj;Jthu;.

03

03

3.0 fzpdprhu; ntspg;ghl;

Lf;fhfTk; mYtyfj;

jpYk; jfty; njhlu;

ghlypd; NghJk;> tFg;

giwapYk; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk; Clf rhjdq;

fis Kiwahfg ;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

vi


3.3 jfty; gupkhw;wr; nra;Kiwf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;gy;NtW Clhf rhjdq;fisr; rupahfTk;> KiwahfTk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

3.4 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahdvw pif tifay ;yhjClhf rhjdq;fisg;gad ;gLj ;Jk ; j pwidntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

3 .3 jftw ; gu pkhw ;w Clfrhjdq;fs;(1) jftw; gupkhw;w Clfr;

nra ;KiwAk ; mjd ;mtrpaKk;

(2) jftw; gupkhw;w Clfrhjdq;fis ,dq;fhzy;

(3) jftw; gupkhw;w Clfrhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

3.4 tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fs;(vwpif tif my;yhj)(1) vwpif tif my;yhj

Clfq;fspd; mtrpak;(2) tFg ; giw Clf

rhjdq;fs; (vwpif tifmy;yhj)

(3) tFg;giw Clf rhjdg;gad;ghL (vwpif tifmy;yhj)

03

03

1. njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpahy;cyfpy; Jupjfjpapy;jfty ; gu pk hw ; wk ;epfo;tij tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Ju pjfj papy ; jfty ;gupkhw;wk; epfo;tjd;gad;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

3. jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw ;fhfr; rkfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

4. jfty ; gu pk hw ; wj ;jpw;fhfj; njhiyNgrpiar; rupahd Kiwapy;gad;gLj;Jthu;.

1. tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fspd; mtrpaj;ijtpsf;Fthu ;. (vwpiftif my;yhj)

2. tFg;giwapy; njhlu;ghliy vs pjhf ;fg ;gad;gLk; Clf rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.(vwpif tif my;yhj)

3. tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fis tifgpupg;ghu;.(vwpif tif my;yhj)

4. tFg;giw Clfg; gad;ghl;Lj; Nju;r;rp ngWthu;.(vwpif tif my;yhj)

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

vii


4.0 ,yq;ifapy; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd; jd;ikiaj; Njbaha;e;JmJ Clfg; gad;ghl;by; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg ; gLk ; t pjj ;ijajhu ;j ;j g +u ;tkhfntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

3.5 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;nra;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahdvw pif tif Clfrhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

4.1 ,yq;ifapd; ntFrdClf e pWtdq ;fs pd ;Njhw;wk;> cupj;J gw;wpaajhu;j;j epiyikiag;gFj;jha;thu;.

3.5 tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fs;(vwpif tif)(1) vwpif tif Clfq;fspd;

mtrpak;(2) tFg ; giw Clf

rhjdq;fs; (vwpif tif)(3) tFg;giw Clf rhjdg;

gad;ghL (vwpif tif)

4 . 0 gz p r h u ; e ; j Clfnjhopy;El;gj; Nju;r;rpfs; (10 ghlNtisfs;)

4.1 ,yq;ifapd; ntFrd Clfcupj;Jk; njhopw;ghLk;(1) mur> jdpahu ; Clf

epWtdq;fs;(2) nra;jpj;jhs; epWtdnkhd;

wpd; cs;thupj; njhopw;ghL(3) thndhyp epWtdnkhd;wpd;

cs;thupj; njhopw;ghL(4) Clf epWtd cupj;jhdJ>

ngWeu; kPJ nrYj;Jk;nry;thf;F

1. tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fspd; mtrpaj;ijtpsf;Fthu; . (vwpiftif)

2. tFg;giwapy; njhlu;ghliy vspjhf ;fg ;gad;gLk; Clf rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.(vwpif tif)

3. tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fis tifgpupg;ghu;.(vwpif tif)

4. tFg;giw Clfg; gad;ghl;Lj; Nju;r;rp ngWthu;.(vwpif tif)

1. ,yq;ifapd; gpujhdClf epWtdq;fis,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. ,yq;ifapd; Clf epWtdq;fsJ Njhw;wj;ijtpgupg;ghu;.

3. nra;jpj ;jhs; epWtdnkhd;wpd; cs;thupj;njhopw;ghl;il tpku;r;rpg;ghu;.

4. thndhy p e pWtdnkhd;wpd; cs;thupr ;nraw;ghl;ilg; gFj;jha;

thu;.

03

03

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

viii


4.2 ntFrd Clf epWtd

cupj;jhdJ Clftpayh

su;fspd; kPJk; ngWeu;

k PJk ; nry ;thf ;Fr ;

nrYj ;Jk ; t pjj ;ijg ;

gFj;jha;thu;.

4.2 ntFrd Clf epWtd

cu pj ;jhdJ> ngWeu ; k PJ

nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;F

(1) Clf epWtd cupj;Jk;

epWtdf; nfhs;iffSk;


Clftpayhsu;fSk;


Clft pay hsu ; fSk ;

ngWeUk;

(4) Clf epWtd cupj;jhdJ>

ngWeu; kPJ nrYj;Jk;

nry;thf;F

5. njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtd

nkhd;wpd; cs;thupr ;

nraw;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.

1. ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd; ,ay;igmwpthu;.

2. Clf epWtdq;fsJcupj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;Clfq;fsJ nfhs;iffs ; NtWgLtijtpgupg;ghu;.

3. Clf epWtdq;fsJNehf ;if / ,yf ;ifmbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>mjd ; Mszpahy ;e p i w N t w ; w g ; g L k ;gzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.

4. Clf cupj;J> Clft payhsu ; kw ;Wk ;ngWeu;fSf;fpilNaahdnjhlu;G gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

5. Clf cupj;J ngWeu;kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.

03

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

ix


4.3 ntFrd Clf epWtdq;

fspd; tzpf Nehf;fq;fs;

kw;Wk; nfhs;iffisAk;

ntFrd Clf epWtdq;

fSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,il

apy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW

tpjkhd njhlu;GfisAk;

gFj;jha;thu;.

4.3 ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fSk;

muRk;

(1) ntFrd Clf epWtdq;

fspd ; nfhs;iffSk;

tzpff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

(2) ntFrd Clf epWtdq;

fSf;Fk; murpd; Fwpf;

Nfhs ;fSf ;Fk ; ,il

apyhd ,izg;G

(3) ntFrd Clf epwtdq;

fspd; njhopw;ghl;bd;ghy;

mur pd ; flikfSk ;

nghWg;Gf;fSk;

(4) Clfq;fspd ; njho pw ;

ghl;bd; kPJ murpd; Neub

kw;Wk; kiwKfj; jiyaPL

1. ntFrd Clfq;fs;mtw;Wf;Nf cupj;jhdnfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtdvd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. Xu ; ngWeu ; vDk ;mbg;gilapy; gy;NtWClf epWtdq;fsJnfhs;iffis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3. Clf epWtdq;fs; jk;tzpf Nehf;if ntspg;gLj ;Jk ; t pjj ;ijg ;gFj;jha;thu;.

4. Clf epWtdq;fs; murNehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj ;Jk ; t pjj ;ijg ;gFj;jha;thu;.

5. ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfspy;muR jiyapLk; tpjj;jpid ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

04

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

x


5.0 ntFrd Clfj;jpd;

ntt;NtW tpjkhd

gpuj pe pj pj ;Jtj ;j pd ;

ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; r%

fj;jpd; nry;thf;ifAk;

tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;J

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

5.1 ntFrd Clfq;fspy;

gy;NtW tpjkhd ntspaPL

fspy; r%fj;jpd; jd;ik

gpuj pe pj pj ;Jtg ;gLj ;Jk ;

tpjj;ij ajhu;j;jg+u;tkhf

tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;thu;.

5 . 0 ntFrd Clfg ;

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijf; fw;wy;

(12 ghlNtisfs;)

5.1 r%fQ; rhu;e;j gpujpepjpj;Jtj;

ijf; fw;wy;

(1) FLk;g mikg;G

(2) Mz; - ngz; r%ftpay;G

(3) kf;fs; ,dj;Jtk;

(4) gpuirj;Jtk;

(5) kd pj cu pikfSk ;

nghWg;Gf;fSk;

1. Clfq ;fspd ; %yk ;r%fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijtpgupg;ghu;.

2. VNjDnkhU Clfepfo;r;rpnahd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J mjd;%yk; FLk;g eyDf;fhfMw;wg;gLk; Nritiag;gFj;jha;thu;.

3. ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mz; - ngz;r%fj; jd;ik gw;wpafUj;Jf;fis ntspaplnjhiyf;fhl;rp Mw;Wk;Nritia Muha;thu;.

4. ,d xw;Wikiag; Ngzpg;ghJfhf;f Clfk; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.

5. Clfq;fs; kdpj cupikNgzg ;gLk ; > kd pjf ;flikfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Xu; r%fj;ijf;fl;bnaOg;g Mw;Wk;ntspaPLfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

03

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xi


5.2 ntFrd Clfq;fspy;


fspy; nghUshjhuj;jd;ik

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;

tpjj;ij ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf


5.2 nghUshjhu gpujpepjpj;Jtj;

ijf; fw;wy;

(1) NtiyAyF

(2) ntt;NtW njhopy;fs;

(3) re;ij

(4) mgptpUj;jp rhu;e;j rpe;jid

031. ntFrd Clfq;fspd;gy;NtW ntspaPLfs;jfty;/ nra;jpfSlhfnjhopy; cyfk; kw;Wk;gy ;NtW njhopy;fs;,dq;fhl;lg;gLk; tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

2. ntFrd Clfj ;jfty;fs;/ nra;jpfs;>re;ij gw;wpa mwpKfj;jpid toq;Fk; tpjj;ijtpku;rpg;ghu;.

3. ntFrd Clfj; jfty;fs;/ nra;jpfspd; ClhfmgptpUj;jpr; rpe;jidfs;f l ; b n a O g ; g L k ;Kiwia kjpg;gpLthu;;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xii


5.3 ntFrd Clfq;fspd;


fs py ; rka> xOf ;f

tpOkpaj; jd;ik gpujpepjpj;

Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij

ajhu;j;jg+u;tkhf tpahf;

fpahdQ; nra;thu;.

5.3 rka> xOf;f tpOkpag;

gpujpepj;Jtk;

(1) rkak;

(2) xOf;fKk; tpOkpaq;fSk;

(3) r%fg; gbkq;fs;

(4) Kuz;ghLk; rkhjhdKk;

(5) khDlg; gz;Gfs;

1. ehl;bd; rka eyDf;fhf

Clf ntspg;gLj;jy;fs;

%yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;

mDruizia kjpg;ghu;.

2. xOf;f> tpOkpa kw;Wk;

khDlg ; gz;Gfspd ;

mgptpUj;jpf;F Clfk;

Mw;Wk; Nrit ahnjd

jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

3. ehl;bd; eydpy; mf;fiw

nrYj;Jk; r%fg; gbkq;

fis fl ; bnaOg ; g

Clfq;fs; Mw;Wk; gzp

ia tpgupg;ghu;.

4. Kuz;ghl;ilj; jfu;f;f

Tk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJ

fhf ;fTk ; ntFrd

Clfq;fs; jk; ntspg;

gLj;jy;fis epfo;j;Jk;

tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.

03

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xiii


5.4 ntFrd Clfq;fspd;


fspy; mofpay; jd;ik

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;

tpjj;ij ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf


5.4 mofpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijf;

fw;wy;

(1) fspg;g+l;lw; gzp

(2) ,urid

(3) Mf;fr; rpe;jid

(4) mofpaYk;

r%fg; gpuf;iQAk;

031. ntFrd Clfq;fspy;

nts p g ; gLj ; j g ; gLk ;

fspg;G+l;ly; epfo;r;rpfis

tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

2. ntFrd Clfq;fs;

fspg ;G +l ;lw ; gzpia

epfo;j ;Jk ; Kiwapd;

mofpay;rhu; juj;ij

tpku;rpg;ghu;.

3. cau; ,uridAila

VNjDnkhU Clf

epfo;r;rpnahd;iw cjhu

zkhf vLj;J mjd;

gz;ig kjpg;gpLthu;.

4. cau; ,uridAila

epfo;r;rpfisf; fz;L

fspg;ghu;.

5. ntFrd Clfq;fs;

kj;jpapy; Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l

epfo;r;rpia cjhuzkhf

vLj;J mjd; Mf;fr;

rpe;jidia Muha;thu;.

6. VNjDnkhU Clfj;ij

njupT nra;J mjd;

epfo;r;rpfspy; rpj;jupf;

fg;gLk; r%fg; gpuf;iQ

ia tpgupg;ghu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xiv


6.1 ntt;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;

fis miltjw ;fhfj;

njhlu;ghly; Clfj; Jiw

a pYk ; r%fj ;j pYk ;

epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiy

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;

ijAk; me;je;j xspg;

glq;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;

xg ;g Pl ;L u Pjpapy ; gFj;

jha;thu;.

6.0 epiyj;j xspg;glg; gpbg;G

El;gj; Nju;r;rpfs;

(17 ghlNtisfs;)

6.1 epiyj;j xspg;glq;fSk;

mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk;

(1) epidTr; rpd;dq;fshfg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;

(2) mr;R> Clfj;jpy; gad;

gLj;Jjy;

(3) rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp>

Clfq;fspy; gad;gLj;

Jjy;

(4) epiyj;j xspg;glq;fspd;

,ay;GfSk; rpwg;Gf;fSk;

031. epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiy

xspg;glf; fiy ahnjd

vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

2. tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;

g hly ; Clfkhf

epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiy

gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;b

ajd; mtrpaj;ij kjpg;

gpLthu;.

3. epidTr; rpd;dkhfg;

Gifg ; glg ; ghtid

fhzg;gLtjd; mtrp

aj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

4. mr ; R Clfq ;fs py ;

e piyj;j Gifg ;glg ;

ghtid ,lk ;ngWk ;

tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

5. rpdkh kw;Wk; njhiyf;

fhl ; r p Clfj ;j py ;

epiyj;j Gifg; glg;

ghtid gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.

6. epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fspd;

rpwg;gk;rq;fis ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

6.0 epiyj;j Gifg;glf;

fUtpj; njhopy;El;gj;

ijr; rupahfg; gad;

gLj;jp Mf;fuPjpahd/ntw;wpfukhd epiyj;j

Gifg ; glnkhd ;iw

Mf;Fk; Nju;r ;r pia

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xv


6.2 epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiyapd; vspa njhopy;El;gmwpit ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

6.2 epiyj;j fkuhtpd; vspanjhopy;El;gk;(1) e piyj ; j fkuht pd ;

nra;Kiw(2) xspg ; glr ; RUs ;fSk ;

,yf ;fj ; (Digital)njhopy;El;gKk;

(3) xspg;glq;fSk; gltpy;iyfSk;

(4) ,yf;f xspg;glj;Jiwj;njhopy;El;gk;

041. e piyj;j Gifg;glf ;

fUtpapd; njhopDl;gr;

nraw;ghLfis tpgupg;

ghu;.

2. glr ; RUs ; xd ;iwg ;

guPl;rpj;J mjd; jd;ik

iaf; $Wthu;.

3. glf;fsQ;rpa Clfq;fs;>

epidtf ml;ilfis

guPl;rpj;J mjd; jd;ik

apid ,dq;fhZthu;.

4. ,yf ;fg ; Gifg ;glj ;

n j h o p D l ; g j ; j p d ;

tpNrlj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

5. Gifg;glk; kw;Wk; vjpu;g;

glyj;Jf;F ,ilNaahd

NtWghl;ilf; $Wthu;.

6. Gifg ; glf ;fUt pa pd ;

%yk; rupahf epiyj;j

Gifg ; glq ;fisg ;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xvi


6 .3 njhopy ;El ;gj ;ijr ;rupahfg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhfTk; ntw;wpfukhfTk; epiyj;j Gifg;glk;gpbf;Fk; jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

6.3 njhopEl;gKk; Mf;fpay;jd;ikAk;(1) fkuhtpd; njhopy;El;g

mk;rq;fisf; ifahsy;(2) xspf; fl;Lg;ghL(3) glr; rl;lfq;fs;> fkuhf;

Nfhzk;> Gy Mok;> epiyNehf;Ff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

(4) njhopy;El;gKk; Mf;fpay;jd;ikAk;

1. Gifg ; glf ;fUt pa pd ;

mq;fq;fs; mtw;wpd;

nraw;ghLfis NtW

Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.

2. Gifg;glnkhd;iw vLg;g

jw ;fhfg ; Gifg ;glf ;

fUtpiag ; gy ;NtW

Nfhzq;fspYk ; gu p

khzq;fspYk; itg;ghu;.

3. Gifg;glnkhd;wpw ;Fj;

Njitg;gLk; xspia

ntw;wpfukhf toq;F

thu;.

4. ru pahd njho pDl ;g

cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L

xspg;glk; gpbg;ghu;.

5. mjp cau; ntspg;ghL

ila Xu; Gifg;;glj;ij

cUthf;Fthu;.

04

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xvii


6.4 epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiyapd ; Mf ;fG +u ;t tpj pKiwfs; - cj;jpfisf;ifahz;L ghu;j;J tptuzkw ;Wk ; Mf ;fu P j pahdGifg;glq;fis Mf;Fk;jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

6 . 4 Mf ;f pay ; KiwfSk ;cj;jpfSk;(1) tptuz xspg;glq;fs;(2) Mf;fG+u;t xspg;glq;fs;(3) xspg;glf; fz;fhl;rpfs;

031. t ptuzg ; Gifg ; gl

nkhd;wpd; mk;rq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;

glnkhd;Wf;Fk; tptuzg;

Gifg;glk; xd;Wf;Fk;

,ilahd NtWghl;il

xg;gpLthu;.

3. Mf;fuPjpahd> tptuzg;

G i f g ; g l q ; f s p d ;

gpuNahfg; ngWkhdj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

4. gy;NtW Mf;fG+u;tkhd

x s p g ; g l q ; f i s j ;

jpul;Lthu;.

5. tptuz> Mf;fuPjpahd

Gifg ; g l g ; g p b g ; g p y ;

<LgLthu;.

6. tptuz> Mf;fuPjpahd

G i f g ; g l q ; f i s f ;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

7. tptuz> Mf;fG+u;tkhd

xspg;glq;fisj; jpul;bf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r ;r pghl

Ntisfs;

xx

xviii


6.5 epiyj;j xspg;glg; gpbg;Gj; Jiwapd; njhopy;rhu;NtiyAyfpdJ jd;ikiaj; jhk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ijAk; mjw;Fupa xOf;ftpay; kw;Wk;rl;lg+u;t tplaq;fisAk;vspikahf tptupg;ghu;.

6.5 epiyj;j xspg;gpbg;Gj; njhopy;(1) gapw;rp tha;g;Gf;fs;(2) Rahj Pd xs p g ; glg ;

gpbg;ghsu;(3) xspg;glg;gpbg;Gj; njhopy;(4) xspg ;glg; gpbg;Gj;Jiw

xOf;fq;fSk; rl;lG+u;tkhd tplaq;fSk;

03

1

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : - ntt;NtW tpjkhd njhlu;ghly; tiffis xg;gPl;L uPjpapy;

,dq;fz;L mtw;iwj; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; rkNahrpjkhfg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 1.1 njhlu;ghly; Kiwfspd; jd;ikfis vspa tiutpyf;

fzj;jpD}lhfTk; khjpupapD}lhfTk; tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd vspikahd Kiwapy;

tpsf;Fthu;.2. njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ Xu; nray;Kiw vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mjd; %yf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.njhlu;ghLgtu; jfty; nra;jp Clfk; ngWeu; gpd;D}l;lk; ,ilA+W mDgtk; gpd;dzp re;ju;g;gk; jhf;fk;

3. njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; $Wthu;.4. njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa yh];nty;ypd; tiutpyf;fzj;ij

,dq;fhZthu;.5. njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa \ndhd; kw;Wk; tPtupd; #j;jpuj;ij

,dq; fhZthu;.6. gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; rk;gtq;fis yh];nty;ypd;

tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; guPl;rpg;ghu;.7. njhlu;ghy; gw;wpa \ndhd; kw;Wk; tPtupd; #j;jpuj;ij

njhlu;ghly; rk;gtq;fSf;$lhfg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.8. njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ ,Utopr; nrad;Kiw vd;gij

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.9. njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.10. njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapid tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f

tifapy ; Nkw ;nfhs;tjw ;Fupa topKiwfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

11. njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ thapw; fhg;ghsu;

nraw;gLk; tpjj;jpid ,dq;fhZthu;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; :-

njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d? vDk; fUj;J cs;slq;Fk; tifapNy khztu;fis

ebj;jw; nraw;ghLfis (Role play) nra;tpj;jy;. ,q;F khztu;fs; eifr;Rit

czu;T ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpNy jkJ ebj;jw; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

mjD}lhf kw;w khztu;fs; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ebj;jw; nraw;ghl;il cjhuzk; fhl;b njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa

khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpf. mf; fUj;Jf;fis fUk;gyifapy;

vOjpf; fhl;Lf.

khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fSf;$lhf njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa xu; vspa tpsf;fj;ij

cUthf;Ff.

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtjw;F mwpQu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

tiutpyf;fzq;fis mwpKfk; nra;f.

Nguhrpupau; `Nuhy;l; B. yh];nty;ypd; tiutpyf;fzj;ij mwpKfk; nra;f.

2

yh];nty;ypd; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd;gb>

“xU egu; VjhtnjhU jftiy VjhtJ xU topapy;/ miy tupirapy; ahNuDk;

egUf;F VNjDnkhU jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;J tjw;fhf Kd;itg;gJ” njhlu;ghly;vd mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

1. Who xUtu; njhlu;ghLgtu;

2. Says What xU tplak; jfty;/ nra;jp

3. In which channel VjhtJ Clfk; Clfk;

4. To whom kw;nwhUtUf;F ngWeu;

5. With what effect vd;d jhf;fk; jhf;fk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U khjpupfSk; xNu jpirf;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> ,q;F

njhlu;gLgtUf;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

khjpupia mwpKfk; nra;f.

khztu;fs; jhkwpe;j/ jk; tho;tpy; epfo;e;j njhlu;ghlw; rk;gtq;fis>

yh];nty;ypd; khjpupf;Nfw;whw;Nghy; tpsf;Fk;gb nra;f.

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa \ndhd; kw;Wk; tPtupd; tiutpyf;fzj;ij mwpKfk; nra;f.

tiutpyf;fzk; - njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ VjhtnjhU ,lj;jpy; cUthFk; njupT

nra;ag;gl;l Xu; jftyhdJ mt;thNw my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkdhd tpjj;jpy;

kw;nwhU ,lj;jpNy kPs;epu;khzk; nra;ag;gLtjhFk;.

\ndhd; tPtupd; njhlu;ghly; khjpup

fzpjk; kw;Wk; kpd;nghwpapay; epGzu;fshd Fnshl; \ndhd; kw;Wk; nthud;

tPtu; vDk; ,U epGzu;fshy; ,k;khjpupahdJ 1949 Mk; Mz;by; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf. ,k; khjpupahdJ njhiyNgrpA+lhf epfOk; njhlu;ghliy

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl cUthf;fg;gl;lnjd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L khztu;fs;

,Jgw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fisj; jpul;Lk;gb nra;f.

,k;khjpupf;fpzq;f> njhlu;ghlyhdJ Neu;topapy; epfOk; vd;gijAk; ,q;F

njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; Muk;gk; jfty; %yhjhuk; vd;gijAk; njhlu;ghlw;

nraw;ghl;;bd; NghJ jilfs;/ ,ilA+Wfs; (Noise) Vw;glyhk; vd;gijAk;

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lf.

njhlu;ghlw; jilfs;

fUj;Jj; jil - nkhop njhlu;ghd jilfs;

Clfj; jil - njhopDl;gj; jilfs;

njhlu;ghLgtu;

Communicatorjfty;/ nra;jpMessage

Clfk;

Mediajhf;fk;

EffectngWeu;

Receiver

jfty;

%yhjhuk;flj;jy;

cr;r

];jhdk;ngWif

nra;jpnra;jp rkpf;iQngw;Wf; nfhz;l

rkpf;iQ

jilfs;

3

khztu;fs; jk; tho;tpy; epfo;e;j njhlu;ghlw; rk;gtq;fis \ndhd;/ tPtupd;khjpupiaf; nfhz;L tpsf;Fk;gb nra;f. glq;fs;> cUtq;fis cgNahfpf;Fk;gb

nra;f.

njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ ,Utopj; njhlu;G vd;gij ,dk; fhl;Lf.

njhlu;ghlw; nraw;ghnlhd;wpNy jfty; toq;Feu; kw;Wk; ngWeupd; ,lq;fs;

khWgLk; njhlu;ghly; epfo;nthd;iwj; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfis

khztu;fs; kjpg;gpLtjw;F topfhl;Lf.

ehk; njhlu;ghlypNy <LgLk; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis khztu;fSld;

fye;Jiuahb mr; re;ju;g;gq;fspNy epiwNtWk; njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fq;fis

khztu;fSf;F vOjpf; fhl;Lf.

c-k;: tFg;giwnahd;wpy; fw;gpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;

Nkil ehlfk; xd;iw urpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;

njhlu;ghly; epfo;nthd;iw tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;Ff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba fhuzpfs; gw;wp khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

njhlu;ghlw; nraw;ghl;ilj; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;>

cUtq;fs;> tiuglq;fs; Kjyhdtw;iw tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

thapw; fhg;ghsu; vz;zf;fU gw;wpa vspa tpsf;fj;ij khztu;fs; ngWk;gb

nra;f.

thapw; fhg;ghsu; vz;zf;fU nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij cjhuzq;fSld;

fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;: Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;nthd;wpd; midj;Jr; rk;gtq;fisAk; Clfk; mt;thNw

ntspaplhJ.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : njhlu;ghly; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

,Utopj; njhlu;ghly;

gpd;D}l;ly;

njhlu;ghly; gzpfs;

thapw;fhg;ghsu; vz;zf;fU

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa tPbNah fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; Gifg;glq;fs; cs;slf;fpa

Nfhg;G

khztu;fsJ Mf;fg+u;tkhd nraw;ghLfspNy gad;gLj;jf; $ba fw;gpj;jy;

fUtpfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;,q;F fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

njhlu;ghliy ,dq;fhZjy;

yh];nty;> \ndhd; kw;Wk; tPtupd; khjpupfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhzy;

njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

njhlu;ghly; epfo;tpd; ntw;wp/ Njhy;tpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

tpgupj;jy;

4



gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 1.2 xUtuJ vz;zq;fspd; elj;ijfs; vt;thW njhlu;ghlw;

nraw;ghl;NlhL njhlu;GgLfpwJ vd;gij Ma;T

nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. egnuhUtupDs; MSs; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk; gw;wpa

capupay; tpQ;Qhdf; fUj;Jf;fis Ma;T nra;thu;.

2. MSs; njhlu;ghly; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; eilngWtjhy;

Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis tpsf;Fthu;.

3. kdpj elj;ijfis/ gof;f tof;fq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;J

tjw;fhf MSs; njhlu;ghly; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

4. njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf tpsq;Fk;

MSs; njhlu ;ghly pd ; Kf ;f paj ;Jtk ; gw ;w pf ;

fye;JiuahLthu;.

5. rpwg;ghd tho;f;if xd;wpw;fhf MSs; njhlu;ghliy

vt;thW gpuNahfpf;fyhk; vd;gij Muha;thu;.

6. MSs; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis

,dq;fhZthu;.


kdpjd; jd; nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F kw;Wk; nrtpapD}lhf cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;w

rkpf;iQfis kdjhy; tpsq;fp> mtw;wpw;fhd Jyq;fy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;jpid tiuglq;fSf;$lhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

1. Nuhrh kyu; fz; xspr;rkpf;iQ kfpo;r;rp> Mir Kfu;jy;

2. ghk;G fz; xspr;rkpf;iQ gak;> gjw;wk; XLjy;

3. ,dpa ghly; fhJ xypr;rkpf;iQ kfpo;r;rp Mly;> ghly;

J}z;ly; rkpf;iQ kdjpy; cUthFk;

czu;TJyq;fy;

Gyd; cWg;Gf;fs;

%yk; jftiyg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

rpe;jidiaf;

ifahsy;ntspg;gLj;jy;

njhLif Kfu;jy; Ritj;jy;

#oy;

fz;fhzpg;G

Fuy;

fl;Lg;ghL

Kd; mDgtq;fis

epidT $uy;

jhd; ahu;?

kw;wtu;fs;

ahu;? vd;gij

czu;jy;

cr;rupg;igf;

ifahsy;

Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiyf;

fz;fhzpj;jy;

ghu;j;jy; Nfl;ly;

5

Nkw; fhzg;gLk; tiuglj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> Gyd; cWg;Gf;fs; %yk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; jftiyj; njhlu;ghlyhf khw;Wk; tpjk; gw;wp J}z;ly; - Jyq;fy;

nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Ff.

egu; kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fspw;Nfw;g xU nghUs;/ xU rkpf;iQ ntt;NtW

mu;j;jq;fisg; ngWk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

c-k;:

- ehk; fLikahd epj;jpiu kaf;fj;jhy; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nry;yj; jahuhFk;

Ntis ez;gnuhUtu; vk;kplj;jpw;F tUjy; - ez;giuj; njhe;juthf

epidj;jy;

- ehk; jdpaikapy; thLk; NghJ ez;gnuhUtu; vk;kplj;jpw;F tUjy; -

ez;giuf; fz;lJk; kfpor;rp Vw;gly;

MSs; njhlu;ghlypd; mD$yq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;

c-k;:

- vy;yhtpjkhd njhlu;ghlypd; Muk;g fl;lkhf MSs; njhlu;ghly;

fhzg;gLjy;

MSs; njhlu;ghlw; nraw;ghl;ilr; ruptur; nra;tjw;Fj; jhk; filg;gpbf;f

Ntz;ba topKiwfis khztu;fs; jhkhfNt fz;lwpAk;gb nra;f.

c-k;:

- rpe;jidiaf; ifahSk; gapw;rp

vz;zq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

epidT $Uk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;

xUtu; jd;Dila MSs; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

MSs; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L>

mtw;Ws; khztu;fs; jk; tho;tpy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba topKiwfs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf.

kdjhy; xU tplaj;ijr; rupahf ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; tplaq;fis ed;F Muha;e;J epjhdkhf KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

rpe;jidia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F> Gj;jfq;fs; thrpj;jy;> mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

(kw;iwa topfspy;)> mDgt mwpT> kd mikjp Kjyhd gapw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

MSs; njhlu;ghly; vkJ Mf;fj;jpwidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

MSs; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis khztu;fs; fz;lwpar;

nra;f.

c-k;: jdpikapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

$l;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

VjhtnjhU Ntiyf;F Maj;jkhFk;NghJ

KbTfs; vLf;Fk;NghJ

6

MSs; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;fhf ehk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfis khztu;fs;

kjpg;gpLk;gb nra;f. ,q;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L

tUf.

rupahd KbTfs; vLj;jy;

Maj;jk; nra;jy;

Ra fl;Lg;ghL

Ngr;rhw;wy; ngwy;

MSik tpUj;jp

jtwhd vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;

vkJ tho;tpy; epfo;e;j jtWfs;> Njhy;tpfisAk; mtw;Wf;fhd

fhuzq;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : MSs; njhlu;ghly; Intrapersonal communication Ra fl;Lg;ghL Self control Qhgfk; Memory

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : tiuglq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w ebj;jw; nraw;ghLfs; (Role play)

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; MSs; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd tpsf;Fjy;

MSs; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk; gw;wpf; $wy;

rkfhyj;jpNy MSs; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp mtw;why; Vw;gLk;

jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpthjq;fis xOq;fikj;jy;

7



gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 1.3 tha;nkhop> tha;nkhopaw;w Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; (Inter-personal communication)

vd;why; ahnjd rupahf tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis

,dq;fhZthu;.

3. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

4. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; typikia kjpg;gpLthu;.

5. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba

toptiffisg; guprPyid nra;thu;.

6. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhZthu;.

7. r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gpw;F Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; cjTk;

tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

8. Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; rk;gtq;fis ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

9. r%f xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf Ml;fspilj;

njhlu;ghly; gad;gLtij kjpg;gpLthu;.


,UtupilNa Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjj;jpid ntspf;fhl;Lk; ebj;jw;

nraw;ghLfis khztu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;.

tPbNah fhl;rpfs;> xspg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vDk; fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fsplk;

Nfl;lwpf. ,q;F fPo;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fs; mwpAk;gb nra;f.

- Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ ,UtUf;fpilNa NeUf;F Neuhf epfo;tJ

- Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ jfty; toq;Feu; kw;Wk; ngWdupd;

tfpghfq;fs; mbf;fb khWgLjy;

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; gpd;D}l;ly;fs;

fpilf;fhnjd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nghJthf Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; xUtu; Kfj;ij kw;wtu; ghu;j;J epfo;tjhFk;.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

- njhiyNgrpA+lhf - Skype Clhf

- kpd;dQ;ry; Clhf (E-mail) - njhiyefy; Clhf (Fax)

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;

cs;s tiuaiwfs; gw;wp khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fthu;.

8

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp khztu;fs; Njbf; fz;lwpar;

nra;f.

c-k;: cldb gpd;D}l;lk; fpilj;jy;

xUkpj;j fUj;Jf;fs;> KbTfs; ngwf; $bajha; ,Uj;jy;

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; rk;gtq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tiuglq;fs;>

rk;gh\izfs;

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa jfty;fs; cs;slq;fpa nrayilTf;

Nfhitapid (Portfolio) khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; cUthf;Fk;gb nra;f.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; Njhy;tpAWtjw;fhd fhuzpfis khztu;fs;

fz;lwpAk;gb nra;f.

c-k;: - xUtu; $Wtij kw;wtu; nrtpkLf;fhik

- kw;wtu; fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gspf;fhik

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghliy tpidj;jpwd; kpf;ftifapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;

gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba toptiffis mwpKfk; nra;f.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; vkJ Mf;fj;jpwidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis khztu;fs; fz;lwpar;

nra;f.

el;G uPjpahd xOf;f newpfs;

kw;wtu; fUj;Jf;fisr; nrtpkLj;jy;

kw;wtiu cgrupj;jy;

kw;wtiu tuNtw;wy;

xj;Jzu;Tld; fye;Jiuahly;

xUtiunahUtu; kjpg;gply;

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

tpjk; gw;wpa nra;Kiwfis khztu;fs; mbf;fb Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb nra;f.

njhiyNgrpiar; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jy;

Facebook (Kfg; Gj;jfg;) ghtid

kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;Gjy; (E-mail)

,q;F ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdg; ghtid kw;Wk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba xOf;f newpfs;

gw;wp tpgupf;Ff.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; r%f epiyg;ghl;bd; mj;jpahtrpa mq;fkhfj; jpfOk;

tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

,q;F gpugykhd tpupTiuahsu;fis/ Ngr;rhsu;fis tutioj;J khztu;fSf;fhd

tpsf;fq;fis toq;fyhk;.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; Interpersonal communication

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w glq;fs;

tiuglq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

9

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa mtjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jf.

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; guprPyid nra;jy;

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghliiy tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;s

cjTk; toptiffis ,dq;fhzy;

jug;gLk; rk;gtq;fspNy Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghliyr; nrk;ikahf epfo;j;Jk;

jpwd;/ jpwik

Ml;fspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpT

kw;Wk; jpwd;

10



gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 1.4 tha;nkhop %yk;> njhopDl;gf; fUtpfSlNdh> fUtpfs;

,d;wpNah xU njhFjp Ml;fSld; njhlu;ghLe; jpwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd tpsf;Fthu;.

2. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

3. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspNy

njhlu;ghlw; nraw;ghL epfOk; tpjj;jpid guprPyid

nra;thu;.

4. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Fg;

gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpthu;.

5. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;

cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

6. FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

$Wthu;.

7. xt;nthU $l;Lj;njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; njhlu;

ghlypd; tfpghfk;> Nehf;fk; khWgLtijf; fz;lwpthu;.


FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; epfo;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs; my;yJ tPbNah fhl;rpfis

khztu;fSf;F fhl;rpg;gLj;JtjD}lhfg; ghlg;gpuNtrj;jpid Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

my;yJ

Kd;ida fhyq;fspNy Nghjfu;fSk; mwpQu;fSk; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis nghJ

kf;fSf;Fj; njuptpj;j tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjD}lhfg; ghlg;gpuNtrj;jpidr;

nra;ayhk;.

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpf.

mjD}lhf $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa vspa tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gf.

,q;F>

- FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ Xu; ,yf;if miltjw;fhf midtUk;

xd;W $b> xUtu; Kfk; kw;wtu; ghu;f;Fk;gb epfo;tJ vd tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jf.

- gytpjg; glq;fspD}lhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tiutpyf;fzj;ij nkU$l;Lf.

- jpUkz itgtk;/ kuzr; rlq;fpd; NghJ r%fj;NjhLk; rpW rpW

FOf;fshfTk; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLtu;.

- r%fj; njhlu;ghly; - rpW rpW FOf;fs;/ gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs;

- jpUkz itgtk;/ kuzr; rlq;fpd;NghJ xUtu; ciuahw;WifapNy mij

midtUk; nrtpkLg;gtu;.

- r%fj; njhlu;ghly; FOf;fs;

c-k;: tFg;giwnahd;wpNy Mrpupau; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ FO/ $l;Lj;

njhlu;ghly; epfOk;

11

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ FOf;fis rpW FOf;fshfTk; (Fiwe;jmq;fj;jtu;fs;) ngupa FOf;fshfTk; (mjpf mq;fj;jtu;fs;) gpupf;fyhk; vd;gijkhztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjj;jpid nghUj;jkhd khjpupfs;tiuglq;fspD}lhf tpgupf;Ff.

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwrhu; tpjq;fspYk; Kiwrhuh tpjq;fspYk;,lk;ngWk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

- Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; c-k;: f.ngh.j. (rh.j) fUj;juq;F

- Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly; c-k;: g]; epiyaj;jpYs;s $l;lk;

khztu;fs; $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk; gpujp$yq;fisf;fz;lwpAk;gb topg;gLj;Jf.

c-k;:

- FO mq;fj;jpdu; midtUk; Xu; ,yf;if milAk; nghUl;L nraw;gLk;jpwd; ngWtu;.

- FOf;fshf nraw;gLk; NghJ MSik tpUj;jp Vw;gLk;.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfis Ma;T nra;Ak;gbkhztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.

- njhopDl;gk; rhu; fhuzpfs; - xyp> xsp rhjdg; ghtid

- njhopDl;gk; rhuhf; fhuzpfs; - jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;jy;

,ij Xu; FOr; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpg;gJ rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk;.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; epfo;Tfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L khztu;fs; mij ebj;Jf; fhl;Lk;gb nra;f.

- nlq;F xopg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; gw;wp ghlrhiy r%fj;jpdUf;F tpopg;Gzu;TVw;gLj;jy;

- ghlrhiyapy; epfotpUf;Fk; khztu; re;ij gw;wp ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpdUf;Ftpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;jy;

- khztu; xd;W $lypd;NghJ rpwg;Giuahw;wy;

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; Group communication rpW FOj; njhlu;ghly; Small group communication

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : rpW FOj; njhlu;ghly;> ngupa FOj; njhlu;ghly;fis cs;slf;Fk; glq;fs;>

tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs; Gj;jfq;fs;> crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fis

cs;slf;Fk; glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd tpsf;Fk; jpwd; FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjj;ijg; nghWj;J mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf;

fhl;Lk; jpwd;

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis kjpg;gpLk; jpwd;

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; cghaq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;

FO/ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlnyhd;iw tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; ebj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;

12



gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 1.5 njhopDl;g tpUj;jpapd ; tpisthf ntFrdj;

njhlu;ghly; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; mJ r%f

tag;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijAk; gFj;jha;tu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd tpsf;Fthu;.

2. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghliy tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

3. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gpLthu;.

4. ntFrd Clfq;fspd; tpNrl gz;Gfis ,dq;fhZthu;.

5. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fq;fis ,dq;fhZthu;.

6. ntFrdj; njhlu ;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

Clfq;fis ,dq;fhZthu;.

7. ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gyk;> gytPdk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

8. ntFrd Clfg; ghtidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

kjpg;gpLthu;.

9. Gjpa Clfq;fspd; tUifahy; Clff; Ftif my;yJ

Clf ikar; nraw;ghL Vw;gl;l tpjk; gw;wp guprPypg;ghu;.


njhlu;ghly; tiffis khztu;fSf;F kPs epidTgLj;Jf.

xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfis ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.

- Mjpfhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpNy r%f gupzhk

tsu;r;rpapD}lhf Vw;gl;l njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpahy; njhlu;ghly; tiffs;

tpUj;jpaile;jd vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ehfuPf kakhjy; kw;Wk; kf;fsJ Njitfs; mjpfupj;jy; Kjyhdtw;why;

njhlu;ghlypYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;j Neu;e;jJ vd;gij njhlu;ghly;

tiffis tpsf;FtjD}lhf tpgupf;Ff.

kf;fsJ Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; Njhd;wpaJ

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vDk; khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpf.

kw;iwa njhlu;ghly; tiffspypUe;J ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; NtWgLk; tpjj;jpid

tpsf;Ff.

ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLk; ntFrd Clfq;fs; ahnjd

khztu;fisg; ngaupl;Lf;fhl;Lk;gb nra;f.

ntFrd Clfq;fis>

- ,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;

- mr;R Clfk; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;

13

gpd;tUk; Clfq;fis ntFrd Clfq;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ rhyr; rpwe;jJ.

- gj;jpupif - rQ;rpif

- thndhyp - Gjpa Clfk; (,izak;)

- njhiyf;fhl;rp - ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp/ nry;Ngrp

,t; Clfq;fis gy;NtW tpjq;fspNy NkYk; tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij

khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

ntFrd Clfk;

,yj;jpudpay; Clfk; mr;R Clfk;

thndhyp njhiyf;fhl;rp rQ;rpif gj;jpupif E}y;fs; Jz;Lg;

gpuRuq;fs;

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gyk;

kw;Wk; gytPdk; gw;wpf; fz;lwpAk;gb nra;f.

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

c-k;: ntFrd njhlu;ghly; Xu; Kiwrhu; eilKiwahFk;.

njhopy; rhu; epGzu;fs; fhzg;gLtu;

ngWdu; kw;Wk; toq;FeUf;fpilNaahd ,ilntsp mjpfk;

ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahnjdf; $Wf.

ahNjDk; Xu; ntFrd Clfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjD}lhf ,e;Nehf;fq;fs;

epiwNtWk; tpjk; gw;wp khztu;fs; Ma;T nra;Ak;gb nra;f.

rkfhyj;jpNy Vw;gl;l njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpahy; ntFrd Clfq;fspd; FiwghLfs;

eptu;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

- ,izaj;jpy; gj;jpupif thrpj;jy;

- njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; xspgug;ghfpa epfo;r;rpnahd;iw kPsTk; fz;Lfspj;jy;

- gj;jpupifnahd;W Xu; ehSf;F gyjlit mr;rplg;gly;

ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; mtrpakh vDk; jiyg;gpy; khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLf.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; Mass communication ntFrd Clfk; Mass media ntFrd Clf Nehf;fq;fs; Objectives of mass media

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : njhlu;ghly; tiffisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; ngau;fs;> ,yl;rpidfs; cs;slq;fpa

xspg;glq;fs;

ntFrd Clfq;fs; gw;wpa Gj;jfq;fs;

14

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vDk; tpsf;fk; ngw;wpUj;jy;

ntFrd Clfq;fis tifg;gLj;jy;

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdk; gw;wp tpku;r;rpj;jy;

ntFrd Clfg; gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gply;

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;why; r%fj;jpw;F Mw;wg;gLk;

gzp gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngw;wpUj;jy;

etPd Afj;jpNy ,izaj;jpd; tUifahy; Clfq;fs; Ftpif ngw;wpUf;Fk;

tpjj;jpid kjpg;gpLjy;

15

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : - njhlu;ghlypd; ntt;NtW tbtq;fis cupathW gad;gLj;jp

t pidj ;j pwdhd njhlu ;ghlypy ; <LgLk ; j pwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 2.1 tha;nkhop %y> tha;nkhop %yky;yhj njhlu;ghliy>

eilKiwapy; jkJ tho;tpy; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. kdpjd; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLtij

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk; tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;fspd;

jd;ik> ,ay;Gfis xg;gpl;L ,dq;fhZthu;.

3. Mjp fhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu gad;gLj;jp tUk;

tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fis fhyf;fpukj;jpw;

Nfw;g gFj;jha;thu;.

4. ntFrd Clfq;fspd; tpNrl gz;Gfis ,dq;fhZthu;.

5. tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fis jfty;fs; %yk;

tpgupg;ghu;.

6. tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;fhfg; gad;gLk;

cghaq;fisg; gFj;jha;thu;.

7. tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Xu; njhlu;ghsuhfr; nraw;gLtjw;Fj;

jhd; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba jpwd;fis ,dq;

fhZthu;.

8. rupahd Kiwapy; tha;nkhop %yk; kw;Wk; tha;nkhopaw;w

njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.


kdpju;fs; gy;NtW tbtq;fspNy njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; tpjj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;

glq;fs;/ tPbNahf;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtjD}lhfg; ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpid Muk;gpf;Ff.

my;yJ khztu;fis ebj;Jf;fhl;lr; nra;J/ mgpeak; nra;J fhl;lr; nra;J

ghlg; gpuNtrj;ij Muk;gpf;fyhk;. ,q;F thu;j;ijg; gpuNahfq;fSld; $ba

thu;j;ijg; gpuNahfkw;w njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kdpju;fs; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lglyhk; vd;gijf;

fye;JiuahLf.

njhlu;ghly; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

- tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly;

- tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;L njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; gw;wpa Nghjpa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.

tha; nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly; nkhopg; ghtidia ikag;gLj;jpanjd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

mJ Ngr;R> vOj;J vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; trd/ nkhopg; ghtidapd;wp nraw;gLk; vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

16

Mjpfhyq;fspy; kdpju;fs; gad;gLj;jpa FwpaPLfs;> rkpf;iQfs; kw;Wk; jw;fhyj;jpy;

gad;gLj;Jk; FwpaPLfs;> rkpf;iQfs; vd;gtw;iw khztu;fs; Njbf; fz;lwpAk;gb

nra;f.

njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLgtu;fsJ gz;ghL kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gk;> #oy; vd;gtw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; nra;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fshd FwpaPLfs;> rkpf;iQfs;

vd;gd khWgLk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlYf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.

tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; gad;gLk;

tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;:

1. tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ khWgLk; njhdp> cr;rupg;G> Vw;w

,wf;fk; - Fuy;

2. vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ epWj;jw; FwpaPLfspd; ghtid

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk; tha; nkhopaw;w

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fisj; jpul;Lk;gb nra;f.

,q;F fPo; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

- kdpj nkhop vd;w xd;iw cUthf;f Kd; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlypy;

<Lgl;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;.

c-k;: Xtpaq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; jfty;fisj; njuptpj;jy;

mgpeak; nra;J fhl;Ljy;

ghuk;gupa r%fj;jpy; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlypd; gpuNahfk;

rkfhyj;jpNy tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; ghtid

c-k;: tPjp rkpf;iQ

xyp rkpf;iQ

rka> gz;ghl;L itgtq;fSld; njhlu;GgLk; tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;

tbtq;fs;

c-k;: jpUkz itgtk;

kuzr; rlq;F

NkYk; fPo;f; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

- nkhopapd; mwpKfj;NjhL tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jp ngw;wik

- nkhopapd; mwpKfj;jpd; gpd; vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl;lik

tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk; tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlw; fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp

njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis khztu;fs; mtjhdpj;J mtw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;jiuahLf.

c-k;: tpUe;Njhk;gy;> r%f xw;Wik

tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fspd; gad;fis

NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhl;Lf.

c-k;: xw;Wik> cgrupj;jy;

tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspf;Fk; nkhopj;Nju;r;rp gw;wpa

jfty;fis khztu;fs; fz;lwpAk;gb nra;f.

tha;nkhop %y kw;Wk; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;

nraw;ghLfspNy khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;f.

,q;F gpujhdkhf>

17

tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r ;rpfis toq;Fk; ,izg;ghltpjhd

nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

(tpupTiu> fsr; nraw;ghLfs;)

c-k;: cly;nkhop> mq;f mirTfs; ghtid

tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; ciu xd;W Mw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfisj; Njbf; fz;lwptjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; ciuahw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfshf

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. Ngr;rhsupd; Njhw;wk; (Attire)

ftUk; jd;ik

Kfj; Njhw;wk;

mq;f mirT

2. Ngr;rhsupd; Fzhjprak; (ek;gfj; jd;ik)

3. Ngr;rhsupd; Fuy;> cr;rupg;G

4. Ngr;rhsupd; Kd; Maj;jk;

5. Ngr;rhw;w Ntz;ba Kiwgw;wpa jpl;lkply;

Nehf;fk;

jfty; ngWdu;fs; gw;wpa Nghjpa mwpT

tpla cs;slf;fk;

Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis (Main points) xOq;fikj;jy;;

6. ftu;r;rpfukhd Kiwapy; ciuahw;Wjy;

ciuahw;Wk; re;ju;g;gj;jpNy fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisj; NjLtjpy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.

1. Fuy; fl;Lg;ghL

2. fz; mirT - Eye contact

3. njhdp - Tone

4. mehtrpa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtijj; jtpu;j;jy;

5. ngWdu;fsJ Jyq;fy;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

6. Neuk; gw;wpa ftdk;

ePz;l Xu; ciuahw;Wk;NghJ> jk; Kd;dDgtq;fisAk; jkJ Ngr;rhw;Wk;

ghzpiaAk; ed;F czu;e;J ngWdu;fSf;Nfw;g Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld; $ba

Gjpa Kiwfis khztu;fs; gapw;rp nra;Ak;gb nra;f.

gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;b> khztu;fs; jk; Ngr;Rj; jpwid

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sSk;gbahd nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

Neu;Kfg; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;Wjy;

rpwg;G tpUe;jpdu; xUtUldhd ciuahly;

tha;nkhop%yj; njhlu;ghly; Njur;rp mspf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

18

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly; - Verbal communication tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; Non verbal communication njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; Varities of communication nghJkf;fs; ciuahl;rp Public Addressing

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;> glq;fs;

Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w Gj;jfq;fs;> juTfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fisg; ngauply;

njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; tpupthf tpsf;Fjy;

tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghlypy; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; gad;gLk;

tpjk;

kdpjd; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;j Kd; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghliyg;

gad;gLj;jpa tpjk;

rk fhyj;jpNy gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs;

gy;NtW kf;fs; FOtpdu; gad;gLj;Jk; ntt;NtW tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;

Kiwfs;

tha;nkhop> tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; nkhopj;

Nju;r;rpfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;

tha;nkhop kw;Wk; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;fis md;whl tho;tpy;

gad;gLj;jj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisf; fye;Jiuahly;

tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfs; - tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; Ngr;rhw;wy;

tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly;> tha; nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis

kjpg;gply;

19



ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 2.2 rupahfTk; tpidj;jpwDilajhfTk; nkhopiag;

gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd guPl;raj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;jthW tpidj;jpwdhd vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghlypy;

<LgLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. kdpjd; vOj;Jf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ljd; gpd;dzpia

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. nkhopapd; ,U tbtq;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhZthu;.

3. Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J nkhopfSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik>

Ntw;Wikfisf; $Wthu;.

4. tpidj;jpwd;kpf ;f Xu ; Mtzj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis

,dq;fhZthu;;.

5. Mf;f uPjpahd gy;NtW Mtzq;fis cUthf;fpf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

6. md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fisr; rupahd

Kiwapy; jahu; nra;Ak; jpwidg; ngWthu;.


Mjpfhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; gy;NtW Mtzq;fspd;

xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtjD}lhfg; ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpid

Muk;gpf;Ff. fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> Xiyr; RtLfs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

rkfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

Mjpfhyj;jpNy vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghly; FWfpa mstpy; ,lk; ngw;wik

gw;wpAk; kw;Wk; rkfhyj;jpNy etPd njhopDl;g rhjdq;fisg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

c-k;: fzpdp

Muk;gj;jpy; Ngr;R nkhop cUthdnjd;Wk; gpd;G vOj;J nkhop cUthdnjd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpLf.

nkhopapd; ,U tbtq;fs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.

Ngr;R nkhopapypUe;J vOj;J nkhop NtWgLk; tpjj;ij ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Xu; Mtzj;jpd; ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL Mf;fuPjpahd

ntspg;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

md;whlk; gad;gLk; Mtzq;fis khztf; FOf;fsplk; toq;fp> mtw;wpd;

FiwghLfisAk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;GfisAk; khztu;fs;

,dq;fz;L nfhs;Sk;gb nra;f.

c-k; : gj;jpupif Mf;fnkhd;W

tFg;giwapy; cs;s Rtnuhl;b

Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfj;jpd; xu; gf;fk;

20

tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Mtzq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

- mYtyff; fbjq;fs;

- mwpf;if vOJjy;

khztu;fis njhlu;e;J ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf. ,jw;fhf

tpNrl gapw;rpg; gl;liwfis xOq;fikf;Ff.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : vOj;JUf;fs; - Models of Alphabets fy;ntl;Lf;fs; - Stone inscriptions Xiyr; Rtb - Manuscript etPd mr;Rj; njhopDl;gk; (b[pl;ly;) - Digital Printing Technology mYtyff; fbjq;fs; - Official Letters mwpf;if vOJjy; - Report writing Ratpguf;Nfhit - Curriculum Vitae (C.V.)

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs; fw;wYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;

$ba Mtzq;fs;> gjhijfs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;


,q;F fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfs; gw;wpf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf Mjpfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cghaq;fisf;

fz;lwpjy;.

nkhopapy; ,U tbtq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

vOj;J nkhopg; ghtidapd; NghJ fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

md;whlk; gad;gLk; Mtzq;fisr; rupahfj; jahupf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWjy;

Mf;fuPjpahd Mtzj; jahupg;G - kjpg;gply;

21



ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 2.3 fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu ;ghly; Clfq;fspd;

jd;ikfisAk; Ngjq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw

tpidj ;j pwDilathW gad ;gLj ;Jk ; j pwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy njhlu;ghly; vd;why; ahnjd ,dq;

fhZthu;.

2. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

3. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghliy NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

4. Mjpfhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk;

fl ;Gy> nrtpg ;Gyj ; njhlu ;ghly ; tbtq;fspd ;

rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

5. njhlu;ghlnyhd;Wf;fhf fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

6. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fs; rka> gz;ghl;Lj;

jfty;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk; gw;wp Ma;T

nra;thu;.

7. fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fisj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf

tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


khztu;fspd; nrtpfSf;F vl;lf;$ba xypfis xypgug;Gr; nra;J> mjd; gpd;

mt;nthypfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.

c-k;

xyp: giwr; rj;jk;> thfd xyp> Gifapuj xyp> kzp Xir> kq;fs ehjk;>

mk;Gyd;]; xyp (xyp)

xsp: tPjpr; rkpf;iQ> mikjpahf ,Uf;Fk;gb tpuiy thapy; itj;J rkpf;iQ

nra;jy;> kyry$l FwpaPLfs;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xypfis khztu;fs; ,dk;fhZg;gb nra;f.

$f;Fuyply; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis khztu;fSld; gfpu;f. $f;FuYf;fhd gy;NtW

mu;j;jq;fis ,dq;fhZf.

gy;NtW fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

xypia ikag;gLj;jp nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghlYk; xspr; rkpf;iQfis ikag;gLj;jpf;

fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghlYk; epfOk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis khztu;fs; Njbf; fz;lwpAk;gb

nra;f.

22

kdpjj; njhlu;ghlypd; Muk;gkhff; fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;gl;l tpjk; gw;wpa

fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fs; Ma;T nra;Ak;gb nra;f.

mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; gad;gLj;jpa nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fisf; fz;lwpAk;gb nra;f.

rk fhyj;jpy; fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Clfg; ghtid gw;wpa jfty;fisj;

jpul;Lk; gzpapy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

fl;Gy Clfk; (c-k;) - tPjp rkpf;iQfs;

kUj;Jt Nrit

nrtpg;Gy Clfk; (c-k;) - thfd xyp> mk;Gyd;];

fl;Gy njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis khztu;fs; tifgpupj;J mwpAk;gb nra;f.

- ghuk;gupa fl;Gy Clfk;

- etPd fl;Gy Clfk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Clf tifg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis khztu;fsplk;

Nfl;lwpf. ,jw;fhf khztu;fis Gifg;glq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs; gad;gLj;Jk;

gb typAWj;Jf.

gy;NtW rka> gz;ghl;L itgtq;fspd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy

Clf tbtq;fis khztu;fs; ,dq;fhZk;gb nra;f.

c-k;: - kuzr; rlq;F (mkq;fy epfo;T)

- kq;fs epfo;T

- jPghtspg;gz;bif

- GJ tUlg; gpwg;G

khztu;fs; fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfisg; ngWk; tFg;giwr;

nraw;ghLfis elhj;Jf. ,jd;NghJ>

- fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fSf;Fupa tuNtw;igAk;

- mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

c-k;: tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;

khztu;fs; mtrpak; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba rkpf;iQfs;> FwpaPLfis ,dq;fhl;Lf.

tPjp rkpf;iQfs;> Rfhjhu Nrit njhlu;ghd FwpaPLfs;> mtru NjitfSf;fhd

xypr; rkpf;iQfs;

nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLf.

nrtpkLj;jy; nraw;ghl;il vspjpy; tpsf;Ff. ,q;F>

1. Nfl;ly; nrtpkLj;jy;

2. tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;

3. fpufpj;jy;

4. epidTgLj;jy;

5. gpd;D}l;lk; toq;fy;

nrtpkLj;jy; epfOk; tpjj;ijg; nghWj;J mJ gytifg;gLk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. nraw;gLjpwDs;s fpufpj;jy; nraw;ghL

2. njupT nra;ag;gl;l fpufpj;jy; nraw;ghL

3. nraw;gL jpwdw;w fpufpj;jy; nraw;ghL

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xt;nthU re;jug;gq;fSf;Fkhd cjhuzq;fis khztu;fs; Njb

mwpAk;gb nra;f.

23

nrtpkLj;jypd;NghJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; jilfisf; fPo;f; fz;lthW tpsf;Ff.

- ngsjPfj; jil

c-k;: Fiwthd xyp - Ngr;Rj; njsptpd;ik

- kdpjj; jil

c-k;: cly;rhu; jil> csepiy rhu; jil

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; nrtpkLf;fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tplaq;fis khztu;fs;

fz;lwptu;.

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis khztu;fs; jpul;Lk;gb nra;f.

nrtpkLj;jypd;NghJ>

1. ehk; Kjypy; fijj;jy;

2. Ngr;rhsiu Xa;thf itj;jpUj;jy;

3. kd xUikg;ghL

4. nghWik

5. tpku;rdk;> tpthjq;fis Gwk; js;Sjy;

6. cupa re;ju;g;gj;jpNy tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;ly;> mbf;fb tpdhf;fisf;

Nfl;fhjpUj;jy;

khztu;fis nrtpkLj;jw; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.

c-k;: tpupTiu/ gl;bkd;wk;/ tpthjq;fisr; nrtpkLj;jy;

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : nrtpg;Gy Clfk; - Audio media fl;Gy Clfk; - Visual media ghuk;gupa fl;Gy Clfk; - Traditional visual media etPd fl;Gy Clfk; - Modern visual media vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghly; - Written communication nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly;; - Audio communication fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; - Visual communication

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;> Gj;jfq;fs;>

Mtzq;fs;


,q;F fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfis mtjhdpf;Ff.

fl;Gy Clfj; njhlu;ghly;> nrtpg;Gy Clfj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gdit

,dq;fhZjy;

nrtpg;Gy Clfj; njhlu;ghliy tifg;gLj;jy;

Mjpfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fs;

nrtpg;Gy> fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs;

nrtpg;Gy> fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rp/ jpwd;

24



ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 2.4 mikg;nghd;wpd; ,Ug;Gf;fhf Kiwrhu;e;j kw;Wk;

Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghliy tpidj;jpwDilathW

gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghliy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly;fSf;fpilNaahd

NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.

3. Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

4. Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;

njhlu;ghlypd; %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

5. Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

6. Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk;gw;wp khjpupfSf;

$lhf tpsf;Fthu;.

7. Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly; epfOk; re;ju ;g ;gq;fis

cjhuzq;fSlhf tpsf;Fthu;.


Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly;> Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa vspa tpsf;fq;fis

khztf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk; cUthf;Ff. ,uz;Lf;FkpilNaahd

NtWghl;il xg;G Nehf;Ff.

- Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly;

- Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly;

Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghliy tpl Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; gpugykhdJ/ gpugykw;wJ.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;w cupa njhdpg;nghUis ikag;gLj;jp tpthj epfo;Tfis

(15-20 epkplk;) xOq;fikf;Ff. ,jd; %yk; khztu;fsJ rpe;jdh rf;jpia

Nkk;gLj;Jf. ,Wjpahf ,t;tpU njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fspd; gad;fis tp];jupf;Ff.

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk; gw;wp khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff.

1. NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fpa njhlu;ghly;

2. fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa njhlu;ghly;

3. fpilj; njhlu;ghly;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l re;jug;gq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; khjpupfis

tiuglq;fSf;$lhf tpsf;Ff.

c-k;:

(1) ,k; khjpupfis tpsf;Ftjw;fhf> khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> FOr;

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf. ebj;Jf; fhl;ly; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.

25

(2) khztu;fis Neu;NfhL tbtpNy epw;fr; nra;J xUtuplkpUe;J kw;wtUf;Fj;

jfty; gupkhWk; tpjj;ijf; fw;gpf;Ff.

(3) khztu;fis tl;l tbtpy; epw;fr; nra;J> jfty; gupkhWk; tpjj;ijf;

fw;gpf;Ff. jfty; kPsTk;> jfty; toq;Fdiur; nrd;wilAk; vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; rk;gtq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis khztu;fsplk;

Nfl;lwpf.

Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

c-k;:

1. jk;iktpl cau; gPlj;jpypUe;J tUk; jfty; Mizf;FO ,irthf cupathW>

cupa fhy Neuq;fspy; nraw;gly; Mrpupau; mjpgupd; cgNjrj;jpw;fpzq;f

,irjy;

2. cau; gPlj;jpw;F toq;Ftjw;F VJk; jfty; ,Ug;gpd; mij cupathW

ntspg;gLj;jy;

khjh/ gpjhTf;F njuptpf;f Ntz;ba jfty;fs;

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; - Formal Communication Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; - Informal Communication njhlu;ghly; khjpup - Communication model

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : ghlrhiyapd; epu;thff; fl;likg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jk; ml;ltiz

njhlu;ghly; khjpup njhlu;ghd Mrpupau; Mf;fq;fs;


,q;F fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghliy ,dq;fhzy;

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjk;

Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ gad;gLk; njhlu;ghly; %yf; $Wfs;

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; khjpup

Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghlypd; ntw;wpf;Fj; JizahFk; fhuzpfs;

26

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : - fzpdprhu; ntspg;ghl;Lf;fhfTk; mYtyfj;jpYk; jfty;

njhlu;ghlypd; NghJk; tFg;giwapYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

Clf rhjdq;fis Kiwahfg;gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 3.1 fzpdp %yk; mwpf;ifnahd;wpidj; jahupj;J Kbf;Fk;


ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. rkfhyj;jpNy fzpdprhu; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;

tpUj;jp ngw;wik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

2. fzpdp rhu; ntspaPl;L Kiwfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3. fzpdp rhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzg; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

4. fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fs; ahnjd ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

5. fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fis Kiwahf

cgNahfpg;ghu;.


Clfj; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; gpd;dzpiar; RUf;fkhf epidTgLj;Jf.

Clfj; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; gbKiwia tpsf;Ff.

- mr;rpae;jpu cUthf;fk;

- rydg;gl cUthf;fk;

- thndhyp fz;Lgpbj;jy;

- njhiyNgrp cUthf;fk;

- njhiyf;fhl;rp cUthf;fk;

- fzpdp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gly;

njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; ngw;w Gul;rpfu ntw;wpahf jfty; njhopDl;gk;>

b[pl;ly; njhopDl;gk; miktijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

jfty; njhopDl;gj;jpwd; tsu;r;rpahy; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

Jupj tsu;r;rpia khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

,izaj;jpd; %yk; cyfk; G+uhfTk; Jupj fjpapy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; epfo;jy;>

nry;yplj;njhiyNgrp (ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp) %yk; Jupjfjpay; jfty;

gupkhw;wk; epfo;tijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

b[pl;ly; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; gad;fisf; fye;JiuahLf. (,jw;fhf tPbNah>

tiuglq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf.)

fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fhz khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.

- Desk Top Publishing (DTP) mwpKfQ; nra;f. ,q;F>

- Mjpfhyj;jpNy mr;Rg; gpujp ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;

kw;Wk;

- mjpf fhy Neuk; nrythfpaik gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

rkfhyj;jpNy fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fshy; Vw;gl;l mD$yq;fisf;

fye;JiuahLf.

27

fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fs; nraw;gLk; tpjk; gw;wpa gpuNahfr;


- mNlhg; Ng[; Nkf;fu; (Adobe Page Maker)

- mNlhg; ,d; - bird; (Adobe Indesign)

- Ftpf; vf;];gpu]; (Quick Express)

- mNlhg; Nghl;Nlh n\hg; (Adobe Photoshop)

- jpwe;j tsq;fs; - Xg;gd; Nrhu;]; (Open source)

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fzpdpapy; ifNaLfs; jahupj;jy;> gf;fj; jahupg;G> gpujpnaLj;jy; Kjyhdit

epfOk; tpjk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,jw;fhf tFg;giwg; gapw;rpfis xOq;fikf;f.

fzpdp mr;rpae;jpuq;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfj;ij toq;Ff. ,q;F>

- nlhl; mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)

- Nyru; mr;Rg; nghwp (Laser Printer)

ntspaPLfis xd;wpizg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

CLfhl;bj; jhs; xg;gpLk; ,ae;jpuk;

fl;b ,izf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; (Binding Machine)

jhs; ntl;Lk; ,ae;jpuk; (Cutting Machine)

khztu;fs; cUthf;Fk; ifNal;by; vOj;jikg;G> gf;f tbtikg;G gw;wpf;

fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

,q;F> Gj;jf tbtikg;gpd; tiuKiwfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

c-k;:

- fljhrpapd; ePs mfyk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vOj;Jj; njhFjp cs;slf;fk;

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : gf;f tbtikg;G - Page Layout Nyru; mr;Rg;gjpT - Laser Printing

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Njur;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w cgfuzq;fs;

xt;Nthu; cgfuzj;jpdJk; gad;ghl;il ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mtzq;fs;

c-k;: ykpNdl; nra;ag;gl;l fljhrp

fl;b ,izf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfk;



fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwia ,dq;fhzy;

fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;bd; gad;fis mwpjy;

fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fisg; ngauply;

fzpdprhu; ntspaPl;L cgfuzg; gad;ghL

28


njhlu;ghlypd; NghJk;> tFg;giwapYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 3.2 ntt;NtW Clf rhjdq ;fisg ; gad ;gLj ;j p

mYtyfj;jpy; njhlu;ghliiy eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;


ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. mYtyfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clf rhjdq;fis ,dq;

fhz;ghu;.

2. mYtyfj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; Clfr; nraw;ghl;il

tpgupg;ghu;.

3. mYtyfj;jpy; Clfr; nraw;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

4. mYtyfj;jpy; Clf rhjdq;fisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;

Jthu;.


ghlrhiyapd; mYtyfj;ij khztu;fs; ghu;itapLk;gb nra;f. Kiwrhu;e;j

tifapy; ,aq;Fk; Xu; mYtyfj;ij khztu;fs; ghu;itapLtjw;Fupa

toptiffisr; nra;f. ,q;F> Kiwrhu; nraw;ghl;bd; gad;fis vLj;Jiuf;f.

mLj;jjhf> Clf rhjdq;fs; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; VNjDNkhu;

mYtyfj;jpw;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;f.

mYtyfr; nraw;ghLfspy; Clf rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,q;F>

1. mYtyfnkhd;wpy; Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy; jfty; jpul;ly;

2. Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

3. Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; xOq;fikj;jy;> tupirg;gLj;jy;

4. Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jy;

vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

mYtyfj;jpy; Clfq;fs; gad;gLk; tpjj;ijf; fPo;f;fz;l ml;ltizA+lhf

tpsf;Ff.

mYtyfj;jpy; Clfg; gad;ghL

c-k;: mYtyfj;jpw;F tUk; fbjq;fSf;F gjpy; mDg;Gjy;

Mrpupau;> khztu;fsJ tUifia ,lhg;gpy; gjpT nra;J mij

khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;> fzpdpA+lhf ntspg;gLj;jy;

Clfr;

rhjdk;

1. gjtp Kj;jpiu

2. jpfjp Kj;jpiu

3. fzpdp

NtW

rhjdq;fs;

njhlu;ghly;

nraw;ghL

jfty; toq;Fjy;

jfty; xOq;fikj;jy;

jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy;

jfty; Nrkpj;jy;

mYtyf

Clfr; rhjdk;

29

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspNy gad;gLk; mYtyf Clf rhjdq;fis khztu;fs;

,dq;fz;L mtw;iwf; Fwpg;Gf;fshfj; jkJ fw;ww; nraw;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;jj;

J}z;Lf.

Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpNy mYtyfj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fs; ahitnadf;

fz;lwpar; nra;f.

c-k;:

- fbjq;fs;

- Mrpupau;> khztu;fsJ tUif

- njhiyNgrp miog;Gf;fs;

- tha;nkhop%y mwptpj;jy;fs;

jfty;fis Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; xOq;fikf;Fk; Kiwfis khztu;fs;

guPlrpg;gijf; fz;fhzpf;f.

fbjq;fisj; jpfjp Kj;jpiuapl;L NtWgLj;jp cupa egu;fsplk; Nru;g;gpj;jy;

tuT ,lhg;gpd; cjtpAld; khztu;fsJ tUifia md;whlk; fzpj;jy;

mYtyfj;jpy; Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; Clf rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

ed;ikfis khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;:

- fbjq;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

- fbjq;fis Kiwahd tpjj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; mtw;Wf;Fg;

gjpy; mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

- njhiyNgrp miog;Gf;fSf;Fk; rupahd Kiwapy; gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; Xu; nraw;ghl;il nra;ahjjhy; Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffisf;

fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;:

- fPopUe;J Nky; Nehf;fpa njhlu;ghlw; re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpd; NghJ gjpy; mDg;ghky;

,Uf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G

mYtyfj;jpy; gad;gLk; Clf rhjdq;fis khztu;fs; ,dq;fhZk;gb nra;f.

- jpfjp Kj;jpiuapLk; fUtp

- gjtp Kj;jpiuapLk; fUtp

- fzpg;ghd;

- fzpdp

- njhiyNgrp

,t;ntht;nthd;wpd; njhopw;ghl;ilAk; vLj;Jiuf;f. ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghLfspy;

Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpy; jfty; Nrfupj;jy;> xOq;fikj;jy;> ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gd

epfohjtplj;J Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis tpgupf;Ff.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : mYtyf Clfr; rhjdq;fs; - Office Accessories gjtp Kj;jpiu - Official Stamp jpfjp Kj;jpiu - Date Stamp

30

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : mYtyf Clfr; rhjdq;fs;> Clfq;fsJ xspg;glq;fs;> Clfq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;il tpgupf;Fk; tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;



mYtyf Clfr; rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;

mYtyf Clfr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Nju;r;rp

mYtyfj;jpy; epfOk; Clfr; nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fjy;

mYtyfj;jpy; Clfg; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij mwpjy;

31




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 3.3 jfty; gupkhw;wr; nra;Kiwf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW

Clf rhjdq;fisr; rupahfTk; KiwahfTk;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpahy; cyfpy; Jupjfjpapy; jfty;

gupkhw;wk; epfo;tij tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Jupjfjpapy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; epfo;tjd; gad;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

3. jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhfr; rkfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

rhjdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

4. jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhfj; njhiyNgrpiar; rupahd

Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf Mjpfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjdq;fspd;xspg;glq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

Ke;ija KiwfSf;Fk; rkfhyj;jpy; gad;gLk; KiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahdNtWghl;ilf; fye;JiuahLf.

rkfhyj;jpy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; mjp Jupjfjpapy; epfo;tijf; fye;JiuahLf.

rkfhyj;jpy; jfty; toq;fy;> jfty; gupkhw;wk; NghyNt rpf;fy; epiwe;j xd;wha;,Ug;gijf; fye;JiuahLf.

jfty; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLk; gy;NtW rhjdq;fis mwpKfk; nra;f.

c-k;:

- njhiyNgrp mwpKfk;

- njhiyNgrp gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw

- njhiyg;Ngrpg; ghtidapd; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba xOf;f newpKiw

- njhiyNgrpj; njhlu;ghly; xd;wpd; NghJ rupahd Kiwapy; jfty; mDg;Gk;>ngWk; jpwidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg; gy;NtW tFg;giwj; njhopw;ghLfiselhj;Jf.

- njhiyNgrp njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;Jk; Kiwfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

,q;F>

- njhiyNgrpf; fye;Jiuahlypd; vy;iy

- njhiyNgrp miog;Gf;Nfw;w re;ju;g;gk;

- njhiyNgrpj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba xOf;f newpKiwfs;

32

Xuplj;jpUe;J ,d;DnkhU ,lj;jpw;Fj; jftiy vOj;J tbtpy; mDg;Gk; gy;NtWAj;jpfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

- njhiyefu; fUtp

- kpd;dQ;ry;

- nry;yplj;njhiyNgrp ghtid> FWQ;nra;jpfs; mDg;Gjy;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Clfg; ghtidNahL vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghlypy; khztu;fis<LgLj;Jf.

- Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Clfg; ghtidapd; vy;iyfs;

- gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba jfty;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

,izag; ghtidapD}lhfj; jfty; gupkhw;wk; epfOk; tpjj;ij khztu;fs;,dq;fhZk;gb nra;f.

,q;F>

egu;/ mikg;G/ epWtdk; xd;W jd;idg;gw;wpa jfty;fis kw;NwhUf;Fj;njupag;gLj;j ,iza tiyaikg;igg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,iza tiyaikg;nghd;wpd; cs;slf;fq;fisf; fye;jiuahLf.

,iza tiyaikg;gpd; Nehf;fk;/ gad;/ Kf;fpak; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

mjpgpugykhd XupU mur epwtdq;fspd; ,izaj; jsq;fis khztu;splk;fhl;Lf.

nghJthf mt;tiyaikg;Gf;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; jfty;fis khztu;fs; guPl;rpf;f,lkspf;f.

gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

cq;fs; ghlrhiyf;fhd ,izaj;jsk; ,y;iy vdpy; khztu;fisf; nfhz;LXu; ,izaj;js tiyaikg;ig cUthf;Ff.

mjp tprhykhd jfty;fis ,iza tiyaikg;Gf;$lhf gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjd;ed;ik

VNjDk; guprPyidfSf;fhf etPd Clfq;fs; gad;gLtijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

- njhiyf;fhl;rp

- fzpdp

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : %ba Rw;W njhiyf;fhl;rp - Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; - Role play

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rpf;Nfw;w rhjdq;fspd; glq;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; nra;jpfis mDg;Gtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f gy;NtW Kiwfs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fk; jw;fhyj;jpy; nra;jpg;gupkhw;wk; epfOk; Kiw gw;wpa tpsf;fk; cynfq;Fk; Jupjkhfj; jfty; gupkhw;wk; epfOtjhy; Vw;gLk; nry;thf;Ffs;

gw;wpa tpsf;fk; njhiyNgrp rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy; jfty; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhf ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd mbg;gil

tpsf;fk;

33




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 3.4 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd Vwpif

tifay;yhj Clf rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

3.5 fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd vwpif

tif Clf rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 06

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fspd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

2. tFg;giwapy; njhlu;ghliy vspjhf;fg; gad;gLk; Clf

rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3. tFg;giw Clf rhjdq;fis tifgpupg;ghu;.

4. tFg;giw Clfg; gad;ghl;Lj; Nju;r;rp ngWthu;.


tFg;giwnahd;wpNy fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il vspjhf;f Clf

rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; xspg;glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. my;yJ mf;

fUtpfis khztu;fs; ghu;itapLk;gb nra;f.

gpd;G ,r; rhjdq;fis tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjq;fis khztu;fs;

Njbf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw tFg;giwapy; ebj;Jf;fhl;Lk;gb khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW Clf rhjdq;fis khztu;fs;

ghu;itapLk;gb nra;f.

,q;F> xt;Nthu; Clfg; gad;ghl;bd; NghJk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

tplaq;fisAk; njhopDl;g cj;jpfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;b> mr;rhjdj;ij

khztu;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fupa re;jug;gq;fisAk; mikf;Ff.

c-k;:

- ntz; gyifapy; vOJk;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

- mt;Tw;gj;jpfisf; ifahz;L ntz;gyifapy; vOjj; J}z;Ljy;

khztu;fs; ed;fwpe;j vwpif tifay;yhj Clf rhjdq;fis ,dq;fz;L

kpfTk; rpf;fyhd Xu; rhjdj;ij tpgupf;Ff. ,jw;fhf cgfuzq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ifNaLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : ntz; gyif - White Board fhe;jg;gyif - Magnatic Board or Magic Board Nke;jiy vwpit - Overhead Projector (OHP) tOf;fp vwpit - Slide Projector gy;Y}lf vwpit - Multimedia Projector

34

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : tFg;giw Clfr; rhjdq;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; tFg;giw Clfr; rhjdg; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij tpgupj;jy;

tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfr; rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;

tFg;giw Clfr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Nju;r;rp ngWjy;

35

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - ,yq;ifapy; ntFrd Clf epwtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd;

jd;ikiaj; Njbaha;e;J mJ Clfg; gad;ghl;by;

gpujpepjpjJtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhf

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 4.1 ,yq;ifapd; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;>

cupj;J gw;wpa ajhu;j;j epiyikiag; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd Clf epWtdq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;ij


3. ,yq;ifapd; Clf epWtdq;fsJ Njhw;wj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

4. nra;jpj;jhs; epWtdnkhd;wpd; cs;thupj; njhopw;ghl;il

tpku;r;rpg;ghu;.

5. thndhyp epWtdnkhd;wpd; cs;thupr; nraw;ghl;ilg;

gFj;jha;thu;.

6. njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdnkhd;wpd; cs;thupr; nraw;ghl;il

tpgupg;ghu;.


gy;NtW Clf epwtdq;fsJ jdpj;jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> ,yr;rpidfs;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhl;b khztu;fs; mwpe;j Clf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpf.

mtu;fs; $Wk; Clf epWtdq;fsJ ngau;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.

,t;T+lf epWtdq;fis VNjDnkhU tupirf; fpukj;jpw;F xOq;fikf;Ff.

,q;F>

nra;jpj;jhs;

thndhyp

njhiyf;fhl;rp vDk; tifg;ghl;il mwpKfk; nra;f.

NkYk; ,e;epWtdq;fis tifg;gLj;j khztu;fisj; J}z;Lf.

Clfq;fspd; cs;slf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tifg;ghl;il

Nkw;nfhs;sj; J}z;Lf.

c-k;:

- vspikahd> nghOJNghf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfs; mjpfkhfj;

jahupf;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

- ek;gfj;jd;ik> nghWg;G gw;wp mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jhj epWtdq;fs;

- r%f rk;gpujhaq;fs; mq;fPfhuk; gw;wpf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shj Clfq;fs;

- Clf ,Ug;G ,d;dKk; Kiwrhu; tifapy; mikag; ngwhj Clfq;fs;

- tzpf Nehf;if ikakhff; nfhz;l Clfq;fs;

- ghuk;gupa epfo;r;rpfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;Fk; Clfq;fs;

- ek;gfj;jd;ik> nghWg;G tha;e;j Clfq;fs;

- rk;gpujha> gz;ghl;il ikag;gLj;jpa epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupf;Fk; Clfq;fs;

36

- Kiwrhu; tpjj;jpNy nraw;gLk; Clfq;fs;

- tzpf Nehf;NfhL> kf;fs; eyd; fUjpj; njhopw;gLk; Clfq;fs;

Clf cupikahdJ Nkw; $wg;gl;l NtWghLfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpjk;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ghlg; gpuNtrj;ij Muk;gpf;Ff.

,yq;ifapd; Clf cupikiag; gpd;tUk; tifg;ghl;by; mwpKfk; nra;f.

- mur Clf epWtdq;fs;

- jdpahu; Clf epWtdq;fs;

,yq;ifapYs;s Clf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa mbg;gilj; jfty;fisj; jpul;lj;

J}z;Lf.

(Clf epWtdj;jpd; ngau;> cj;jpNahfG+u;t ,yr;rpid)

c-k;:

epWtdj;jpd; ngau; : Nyf; `T];

Kftup :

,yr;rpid :

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l tUlk; :

gpugy epfo;r;rpfs;/ Mf;fq;fs;:

cupik :

khztu;fs; Nrfupj;j jfty;fis Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; xOq;fikj;J

tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; :-

Clf epWtdq;fsJ tifg;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;f.

Njitg;ghl;bid NtW tpjj;jpNy ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf. jfty;fis mjpfupf;Ff.

,q;F> kpfTk; gpugykhd Clf epWtdq;fsJ jfty;fis kl;Lk; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtJ

crpjkhdJ.

,j;jfty;fs; mlq;fpa ifNanlhd;iw khztu;fs; cUthf;Fk;gb nra;f.

khztu;fs; Clf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;ba gpd;du;> mur/jdpahu; Clf cupik> cupikapd; jd;ik vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa

mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupf;fr; nra;f.

ghlg;Gj;jfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jfty; Nrfupg;ig Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.

kw;iwa Clf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpj; jpl;lkpl;l Xu; tifapy; jfty; Ma;it

Muk;gpf;Ff.

Clf epWtdq;fsJ cs;sfj; njhopw;ghLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fr;

nra;f.

,q;F>

nra;jpj;jhs;> thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Clf epWtdq;fsJ cs;sfj;

njhopw;ghl;ilf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Xu; crpjkhd fw;wy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jf.

,jw;fhf tPbNahf; fhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.

tfpghfNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;lw; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

37

crpjkhd Xu; fw;wy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW Clf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa

fPo;f; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jft;fis khztu;fs; Nrfupf;Fk;gb nra;f.

c-k;:

- epWtdj;jpd; Mszp (Employees)

- flik> nraw;ghLfs; (Duties & Responsibilities)

- epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Fk; gzpAk; (Vission and Mission)

- epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfs;> mtw;why; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs;

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : cj;jpNahfg+u;t ,yr;rpid - Official Logo kFl thrfk; - Motto

epWtdj;jpd; xOq;fikg;Gf;fl;likg;G - Organizational Structure of an Institution

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : ,yq;ifapd; Clf epWtdq;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;>

glr;rl;lq;fs;> NtW fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;

me;je;j Clf epWtdj;jpd; xOq;fikg;Gf;fl;likg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; Jizr;rhjdq;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; ,yq;ifapd; Clf epwtdq;fis ,dq;fhZe;jpwd;

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd Clf epwtdq;fspd; cupj;jhz;ikia ,dq;fhzy;

nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; xOq;fikg;Gf;

fl;likg;G gw;wpa mbg;gilahd tpsf;fk;

Clf epWtdq;fspd; ntt;NtW njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; gw;wpa

mbg;gilapyhd tpsf;fk;.

38

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - ,yq;ifapy; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd;

jd;ikiaj; Njbaha;e;J mJ Clfg; gad;ghl;by;gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhfntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 4.2 ntFrd Clf epWtd cupj;jhdJ Clftpayhsu;fspd;kPJk; ngWeu; kPJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijg;gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd; ,ay;ig mwpthu;.2. Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Clfq;fsJ

nfhs;iffs; NtWgLtij tpgupg;ghu;.3. Clf epWtdq;fsJ Nehf;if/ ,yf;if mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L> mjd; Mszpahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gzpfistpsf;Fthu;.

4. Clf cupj;J> Clftpayhsu; kw;Wk; ngWeu;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;G gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

5. Clf cupj;J ngWeu;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij

Muha;thu;.


ntFrd Clfq;fspd; cupj;J gy;NtWgl;lnjd;gjw;fhd fUj;Jf;fis

kPstypAWj;Jf.

fPo;f;fhzg;gLk; ml;ltizia ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.

Clf epWtdq;fs;

mur cupkk; jdpahu; cupkk;

KOikahd gFjpastpy; jdpahu; jdpahu;

mur epWtdk; mur epWtdk; mikg;Gf;F tzpfq;fSf;F

(gq;F cupj;J) cupj;jhdit cupj;jhdit

Clf epWtdj;jpd; cupj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mjd; njhopw;ghLfs;> nfhs;iffs;

NtWgLtijf; fye;JiuahLf.

,yq;ifapd; Clf epWtdq;fisg; gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpy; xg;gpLf.

c-k;: jdpahu; cupj;jpd; fPo;tUk; Clf epWtdk;

- jdpahu; nfhs;iffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. jdpahu; ,yf;if

Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.

- kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fs;

- epWtdf; fl;likg;G rpwpaJ

NkYk; jfty;fisr; Nru;f;Ff.

39

fy;tprhu; nra;jpj;jhs; jahupf;Fk; jdpahu; Clf epWtdnkhd;iw cjhuzkhf

vLj;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;fNshL xg;gpLf.

,t;thwhf VNjDnkhU epWtdj;jpw;F cupj;jhd Xu; Clfj;ij cjhuzkhf

vLj;J mjd; nfhs;iffs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;: rka epWtdnkhd;why; ,af;fg;gLk; thndhyp

- epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk;> ,yf;ifAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ

- epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;if va;Jtijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lJ

- kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;

- epWtdf; fl;likg;G rpwpaJ

jdpahu; tpahghu cupj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; Clf epWtdk;

- tpahghu cupikahsupd; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Fk;.

- tpahghu Nehf;if ,yf;fhff; nfhz;lJ

- etPdkakhf;fy; mjpfstpy; tpUk;gg;gLk;

- etPduf epfo;r;rpfis tpl gpugy;akhd epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupj;jy;

- gy;NtW tzpf Nehf;fq;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gLk;

- epWtdf; fl;likg;G tprhykhdJ

,t;thwhf> jdpahu; Clf epWtdq;fsJ nfhs;iffs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisr;

Nrfupf;f khztu;fisj; J}z;Lf.

mur Clf epWtdq;fsJ jfty;fisAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW Nrfupf;f

khztu;fisj; J}z;Lf.

tpthjq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;> FO Ma;T> vz;zq;fisj; J}z;Ljy; Kjyhd


fye;Jiuahl Ntz;ba fUj;Jf;fs; :-

mur Clf epWtdq;fs; gz;ghL> rk;gpujhak;> tpOkpaq;fs;> Njrpaj;Jtk;

vd;gtw;iwg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; nraw;gLfpd;wd.

c-k;: nra;jp thrpf;Fk; Kiw

mwptpg;ghsu;fspd; Milazpfs;> Mguzq;fs;

NgRk; tpjk;

ntFrdj;jpd; nghJeyd; fUjpr; nraw;gLjy;

c-k;: mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jy;

,yhgj;ij Kf;fpa Nehf;fhff; nfhs;shJ gy;NtW tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;L epfo;r;rpfs; xspgug;ghjy; Clf epWtdq;fsJ ,Ug;gpw;Fg; gzk;

mtrpakhjyhy; mur Clf epwtdq;fSk; gzk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; Nehf;if

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhopw;gly;

Clf epwtdq;fspd; cupikahsu;fs; jkJ epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> kFlthrfk;>

,yf;F vd;gtw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

jkJ epWtdj;jpd; milahsk; ahnjdj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gzp

Clf epWtd cupikasu;fspd; jPu;khdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;

c-k;:

- jkJ milahsk; ahnjdj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

- jkJ epWtdk; vt;tsT J}uk; tzpf Nehf;fpw;fhf nraw;gLk;

40

- etPdkakhf;fiy vt;tsT gpd;gw;Wjy;?

- jkJ epWtdj;jpd; murpay; fUj;J ahJ?

Kjyhd tifapy; cupj;J Clfr; nraw;ghLfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpjk;

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

Clftpayhsu;fs; jhk; gzp GupAk; Clf epWtdj;jpd; fUj;J/ nfhs;iffSf;F

,irthf ,aq;Fjy;

c-k;:

- Xu; Clftpayhsd; jd; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> kFl thrfk; kw;Wk; ,yf;iff;

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nraw;gly;

- jd; epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;Jk; flg;ghLilatdhf

Clftpayhsd; fhzg;gly;

Clftpayhsu;fs; jd; epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffSf;F ,irthf Mf;fG+u;tkhd

Kiwapy; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jy;

c-k;:

- mur Clf epWtdq;fs; Njrpa gz;ghl;ilg; NgZtij Nehf;fhff;

nfhz;Ls;sjhy; mjd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; Xu; Clftpayhsd; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy;

mjw;F Kd;Dupik toq;Fjy;.

- jdpahu; Clf epWtdq;fs; ed;ikakhf;fYf;F Kd;Dupik toq;Fkhdhy;

mj;jifa fUj;Jf;fs; Mf;fq;fspy; ntspg;gly;

Clf epWtdq;fspd; nfhs;iffs; NtWgl;l NghJk; mit ngWeuJ eyd;

fUjpNa nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

Clfq;fspd; ,Ug;G epiyahtJ> mt;T+lfj;jpw;fhd ngWeiu ikag;gLj;jpNa

vd;gij cjhuzq;fs; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.

Clf epWtdq;fs; jkJ ngWeu; ahnud mwpe;J epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupj;jy;

,q;F> Clf epWtdq;fs; rpytw;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J mjd; ngWeu; gw;wpa

tpguq;fis Ma;T nra;tjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf. mjd; NghJ taJ>

njhopy;> fy;tpj; jifik> Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; mbg;gilapy; ngWeu;fis

tifg;gLj;jy; gw;wp khztu;fSf;F tpgupf;Ff.

xt;nthU ClfKk; jkJ Mf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ vg; ngWeu;$l;lj;jpw;F

vd;gij mwpKfk; nra;f.

c-k;:

ngsj;j Nrit : ,yf;Ff;nfhs;sg;gLk; ngWeu; $l;lk; (Target audience)

Njrpa Nrit : ,yf;Ff; nfhs;sg;gLk; ngWeu; $l;lk; (Target audience)

(rpWtu; epfo;r;rpfs;/ ngz;fs; epfo;r;rpfs;/ ,isQu; epfo;r;rpfs;/ tptrhapfSf;fhd

epfo;r;rpfs;/ ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;fhd epfo;r;rpfs;)

Clf epWtdq;fsJ nfhs;iffs;> tzpf Nehf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ngWeu; $l;lk; ahtnud jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

c-k;:

mjpf ,yhgj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLk; Xu; epWtdk; mjw;Nfw;w ngWeu;

$l;lj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhs;Sk;

41

mNjNghy; ngWeuJ urid> nfhs;if kw;Wk; tpNrl epfo;Tfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Lk; ngWeu;fs; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gu; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

c-k;:

- moFf;fiyapy; Mu;tKs;stu;fs; mJ njhlu;ghd epfo;r;rpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gu;

- Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij kjpg;gtu;fs; mJ gw;wpa epfo;r;rpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;

- rpWtu;fs; fy;tprhu; epfo;r;rpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;.

r%fj;jpNy NtWgl;l ngWeu;fs; cs;sdu; vd;gij khztu; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L

tUf. (urid> taJ> fUj;J> rpe;jid ...)

Clf epWtdq;fs; xt;nthU ngWeiuAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nraw;gLtJ kpfTk;

rpf;fyhd xd;whFk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

xU rpy Clf epWtdq;fs; ,ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf;

$Wf.

gy;NtWgl;l ngWeu;fis ikag;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ileLNt

tpsk;gujhuu;fs; jk; tpsk;guq;fshy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jy; gw;wpa khztu;

fye;Jiuahly;fis Cf;Ftpf;f.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : Clfg; gz;ghL - Media Culture Clf cupik - Ownership of Media

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : me;je;j Clf epWtdj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ed;F cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ntspaPLfs;

(epfo;r;rpfs;> fl;Liu khjpupfs;)

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd; ,ay;ig tpsf;Fjy;

ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; cupj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nfhs;iffs;

NtWgLj;jy; gw;wpa Ma;T

ntFrd Clf epwtdq;fsJ nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mjd; ntspg;ghLfs;

NtWgLjy; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

Clf epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Clftpayhsu;fspd;

flikfs;> njhopw;ghLfs; NtWgLjy; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;ly;

gy;NtW Clf epWtdq;fs; jkJ ,yf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ngWeu;

$l;lj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;

Clf cupj;J> Clftpayhsd; kw;Wk; ngWeu; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;

tpjk; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;

42

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - ,yq;ifapy; ntFrd Clf epwtdq;fsJ cupj;jpd;

jd;ikiaj; Njbaha;e;J mJ Clfg; gad;ghl;by;gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhfntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 4.3 ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; tzpf Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;nfhs;iffisAk; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fSf;Fk;muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW tpjkhdnjhlu;GfisAk; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 04

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ntFrd Clfq;fs; mtw;Wf;Nf cupj;jhd nfhs;iffspd;

mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtd vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.2. Xu; ngWeu; vDk; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW Clf

epWtdq;fsJ nfhs;iffis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.3. Clf epWtdq;fs; jk; tzpf Nehf;if ntspg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.4. Clf epWtdq;fs; mur Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.5. ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfspy; muR

jiyapLk; tpjj;jpid ,dq;fhz;ghu;.


ntFrd Clfq;fSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;ig tpsf;Ff.

,q;F muR jk; nfhs;iffs;> nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa mwptpid kf;fSf;F toq;f

mur Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtNjhL mur Clfq;fs; ,jw;fhd KO

xj;Jiog;igAk; toq;Fk; vd;gijAk; khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

khw;W Clfq;fs; jhk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l murpay; fl;rpfs; njhlu;ghd Nritapy;

<LgLtij tpsf;Ff.

gy;NtW Clfq;fisAk; EfUk; Xu; ngWdu; mtw;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;

gy;NtW tpjkhd jfty;fisAk; cs;thq;fp Xu; nra;jpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij

tpsf;Ff.

ngWdu; xUtu; VNjDk; jfty; xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg; gy tpjkhd

Clfq;fisAk; mZf Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

xt;Nthu; Clfj;Jf;Fk; cupj;jhd nfhs;iffspd; NtWghl;bidf; fz;lwpa

khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

c-k;:

- Njrpaj;ij kjpf;Fk; nfhs;if

- etPdj;Jtj;ijj; jOtp Njrpaj;Jtj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;

gpujhd Clfq;fs; gw;wpa fw;if NghJkhdJ.

Clfq;fs; vt;tsT J}uk; tzpf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf;

fz;lwpAk; gzpapy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf. ,q;F>

- nra;jp xspgug;nghd;wpd;NghJ vj;jid jlitfs; tpsk;guk; xspgug;gLfpd;wJ

vd;gJ>

gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;l khztiu Cf;Ftpf;Ff.

43

mur Nehf;fq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd murpd; Clfg; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij

tpsf;Ff.

c-k;:

- muR jdJ ,Ug;igj; jf;f itf;f.

- mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpl kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;j

- kf;fsJ mgpg;gpuhaj;ij vg;NghJk; jk; gf;fk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s

,t;thwhf> mur Nehf;fq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ntt;NtW Clfq;fs;

ntt;NtW nfhs;iffspd; Clhfr; nraw;gLtij tpsf;Ff.

c-k;:

rpy Clfq;fs; muRf;F rhu;g;ghfr; nraw;gLk; rpy Clfq;fs; khw;Wf;

fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk;.

Clfq;fspd; %yk; ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ngWeu;

jkf;fhd nra;jpia tbtikf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

ngWdu;fspd; vz;zq;fSf;F Vw;g mtu;fs; EfUk; Clfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

khWk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

Clf nraw;ghLfspy; murpd; jiyaPLfs; gw;wpa mbg;gil tpsf;fj;jpid

toq;Ff.

,q;F> murpd; Neub kw;Wk; kiwKfj; jiyaPLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;l

khztiu Cf;Ftpf;f.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : Clfg; gz;ghL - Media Culture Clff; nfhs;iffs; - Media Policies

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : me;je;j Clf epWtdj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ed;F cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ntspaPLfs;/

jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w

Clf epWtd ntspaPLfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fSf;NfAupa rpwg;ghd> epWtdf; nfhs;iffs;

rpytw;iw tpsf;Fk; jpwd;

ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fSf;F jdpj;Jtkhd tpNrlkhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

,dq;fhzy;

ntt;NtW ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fs; jkJ tzpf Nehf;fq;fis ntspapLk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; murpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ntspapLk; tpjj;ij tpku;rd

uPjpapy; Kd;itj;jy;

ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghL Fwpj;J> muR jiyapLk; tpjk;

gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

44

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : - ntFrd Clfj;jpd; ntt;NtW tpjkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd;

ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;ifAk; tpahf;fpahdQ;nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 5.1 ntFrd Clfq;fspy; gy;NtW tpjkhd ntspaPLfspy;r%fj;jpd; jd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. Clfq;fspd; %yk; r%fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;

tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.2. Clfq;fspy; r%fg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjpfstpy; epfOk;

epfo;r;rpfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.3. Xu; rpwe;j FLk;g mikg;gpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba

mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.4. rpwe;jnjhU FLk;gf;fl;likg;gpidj; jf;f itf;f ntFrd

Clfq;fs; Mw;w Ntz;ba gzpia tpsf;Fthu;.5. VNjDnkhU Clf epfo;r;rpnahd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J

mjd;%yk; FLk;g eyDf;fhf Mw;wg;gLk; Nritiag;gFj;jha;thu;.

6. Clfg; gilg;Gf;fspy; Mz; - ngz; fl;likf;fg;gLk;NtWghl;il ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

7. ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mz; - ngz; r%fj; jd;ikgw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl njhiyf;fhl;rp Mw;Wk;Nritia Muha;thu;.

8. ,d xw;Wikiag; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Clfk; nraw;gLk;tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.

9. r pwe ;jnjhU FbAupikAld; $ba r%fj;ijf;fl;bnaOg;g Clfq;fs; vt;thwhd gpurhuq;fspy;<LgLfpd;wd vd;gij Muha;thu;.

10. Clfq;fs; kdpj cupik Ngzg;gLk;> kdpjf; flikfs;epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Xu; r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g Mw;Wk;

ntspaPLfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.


gj;jpupifapy; gpuRukhfpa r%f epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa Nfhg;G

c-k;:

- rka epfo;T

- gz;ghl;L epfo;T

- murpay; epfo;T

- r%f tpNuhjr; nray;

ehlfk;> ghlw; fhl;rp> murpay; fye;Jiuahly;fs; Kjyhd> njhiyf;fhl;rpapy;

xspgug;ghFk; r%fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; epfo;r;rpfspd; xspg;glq;fs;

1> 2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lit cs;slq;fpa tPbNahf; fhl;rpfSk; ghtidf;F

vLf;fyhk;.

45

,itfisg; gad;gLj;jp Clfq;fs; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gf;fq;fisAk;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;fhff; fye;jiuahly;fspy;

khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

khztu;fs; jhkhf cjhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;j mwpTWj;Jf.

fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpa khztu; mtjhdj;ijg; ngWf.

r%fj;jpy; ey;y nraw;ghLfs; Nghyj; jPa nraw;ghLfSk; epfo;fpd;wd.

r%fj;ij ey;topg;gLj;JtJ Clfj;jpd; flikahFk;.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rPuw;w epiyikfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjd; Clhf r%f

tpNuhj nray;fisf; Fiwg;gJk; Clfj;jpd; flikahFk;.

Clfj;jpdhy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; Clfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpa mwpTld; Clfj;

jfty;fis cs;thq;Fk; NghJ mjd; jPa tpisTfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Clfj;jpdhy; FLk;gk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLk; tpjk; gw;wp khztiuj;

jfty; jpul;lr; nra;f. ,q;F>

- kpfTk; rpwpa r%ff; fl;likg;G FLk;gkhFk;

- ePbj;j tpupe;j FLk;gf; fl;likg;G (Extended family)

kw;Wk; FWfpa tl;l (fUf;) FLk;gf; fl;likg;G (Nuclear family) gw;wpatpsf;fj;ij toq;FtNjhL cs;ehl;Lf; FLk;gf; fl;likg;Ng kpfTk; rpwe;jnjd

tpgupf;f.

FLk;gj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; flikfis Muha khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Ff>

FLk;gj;jpdhy; kdpjdJ mbg;gilj; Njitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLtij tpsf;Ff.

c-k;: ghJfhg;G> Ngh\iz> md;G

FLk;gf; fl;likg;ig eyKilajhfg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f epfo;j;jg;gl Ntz;ba

njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghLfis mwpe;J nfhs;s khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.

c-k;: md;G> jaT> fUiz> ek;gpf;if> tpRthrk; Kjypait fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;

tha;nkhop %y> tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly;

NkYk; ,J gw;wpa cjhuzq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.

- rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;fs; gw;wp FLk;gj;jpd; Gjpa mq;fj;jpdUf;F mwpT+l;ly;

- FLk;gj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ik Ngzg;gLk; njhlu;ghly;

- tPl;bd; Njhw;wk;

- r%fj;jtuJ Mil mzpfyd;

- fijf;Fk;/ NgRk; Kiw

- maytu; kw;Wk; ez;gu;fSld; xw;Wikahfg; goFk; tpjk;

rpwe;j FLk;gf; fl;likg;ig cUthf;f Clfj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba gzpfis

khztu;fs; NjbawpAk; gb nra;f.

c-k;:

- FLk;g xw;Wikiaj; jf;f itj;jy;

- rpwe;j FLk;gq;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig rPu;J}f;fpf; fhl;ly;

- FLk;gj;jpy; ngupNahUf;F %j;NjhUf;Ff; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba nfsutj;ij

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;ly;

- FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba NtW rpwe;j elj;ijfis ,dq;fhzr;

nra;jy;

- rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F tpsf;Ftjw;F

Clfk; nrYj;Jk; <LghL ahnjdf; fz;lwpjy;

46

VNjDnkhU Clfj;jpd; %yk; FLk;g eyDf;fhf Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wp

khztiu Ma;T nra;Ak;gb $Wf.

c-k;: ehlfk;> nra;jpf; fl;Liufs;> njhiyf;fhl;rpf; fye;Jiuahly;> thndhypg;

ghly;fs;> tpsk;guq;fs;

,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mz; - ngz; r%fj; jd;ikiaf; fl;bnaOg;g

Clfk; Mw;Wk; Nritiaj; NjbawpAk;gb khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. ,q;F>

- Mz; - ngz; r%f epiyg;ghL gw;wpa vspa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.

- ngz;fSf;F r%fj;jpy; rk cupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; njhdpg;

nghUspy; khztf; fye;Jiuahly;fis Cf;Ftpf;f.

c-k;:

- ngz;fSf;Fupa nfsutj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; toq;fy;

- Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; ngz;fSf;F rk cupik toq;fy;

Clfq;fs;>

- ,dj;Jtj;ijj; jf;f itf;f vt;thwhd ntspaPLfisr; nra;fpd;wd. kw;Wk;

,d xw;Wik gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gLk; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; khztiu

<LgLj;Jf.

,d NtWghL ,y;yhj Xu; nghJ czu;T Vw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLf.

,d xw;Wikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; Clfq;fs; jk; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis

vt;thW nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wp khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;:

- ,t;thwhd epfo;r;rpfis ,dq;fhZjy;

Kk;nkhopg; ghtidNahL xt;Nthu; ,dj;ijAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; epfo;r;rp

Xu; rpwe;j gpuiria cUthf;f Clfq;fs; vt;thwhd ntspg;gLj;jy;fspy;

<LgLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa Njly;fis Cf;Ftpf;Ff.

,q;F> rpwe;j gpuiria cUthf;ff; fhuzkhFk; epfor;rpfs;> Mf;fq;fs; ahnjdg;

gl;bay;gLj;j khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

kdpj cupik> kdpjf; flikfs; gw;wp Clfq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fis

NjLk;gb khztiu typAWj;Jf.

,q;F>

- kdpj cupik> kdpj flik gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

- kdpj cupik kw;Wk; kdpjf; flik epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij

tpgupf;Ff.

- kdpj cupik> kdpjf; flikfis typAWj;Jk; Clf ntspg;gLj;jy;fis

Muha khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

,q;F> khztu;fs; Clf epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtJ NghJkhdJ.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gzpfspy; (Clfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpa Ma;T) khztiu

<LgLj;Jk; NghJ> mjpfstpy; jdpahs; xg;gil> FO xg;gil vd;gtw;iw

toq;FtjD}lhf Ma;T> fye;Jiuahly;> tpthjk; - Ngr;R Kjyhd gy;NtW

fw;wy; nraw;ghLfisAk; nra;f.

47

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : tpup FLk;g/ fUf; FLk;gf; fl;likg;G - Extender Family/ Nucear Family Structure ,dj;Jtk; - Ethnicity FbAupik - Citizenship kdpj cupikfs; - Human Rights fUj;Jf;fs; - Opinions

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : fUg;nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nra;jpj;jhs; fl;Liufs;/ tPbNah fhl;rpfs;/

glr; rl;lfq;fs;/ Clf ntspaPLfs;


fPo;f; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gw;wp Nehf;Ff.

Clf epWtdq;fs; %yk; jahupf;fg;gLk; epfor;rpfs; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fr;

rhu;ghf nraw;gl Ntz;baik

FLk;gf; fl;likg;ig tifg;gLj;jy;

rpwe;j FLk;gf; fl;likg;igj; jf;f itf;f> FLk;gk; Mw;w Ntz;ba gzpfs;

Mz; - ngz; r%fj;jd;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mz; - ngz; r%f epiyg;ghL mgptpUj;jpailjy;.

ntFrd Clfq;fshy; Mz; - ngz; r%fj;jd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;

tpjk;

ntFrd Clfq;fshy; ,dj;Jtk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

ntFrd Clfq;fs; kdpj cupik - flikfs; gw;wp kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Lk;

tpjk;

ntFrd Clfq;fs; jkJ jfty;fs; nra;jp Clhf rpwe;j Fbkfid/gpuiria cUthf;ff; fhl;;Lk; Kaw;rp

48


ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;ifAk; tpahf;fpahdQ;nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 5.2 ntFrd Clfq;fspy; gy;NtW tpjkhd ntspaPLfspy;nghUshjhuj; jd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gy;NtW ntspaPLfs; jfty;/

nra;jpfSlhf njhopy; cyfk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW njhopy;fs;,dq;fhl;lg;gLk; tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

2. ntFrd Clfj; jfty;fs;/ nra;jpfs;> re;ij gw;wpamwpKfj;jpid toq;Fk; tpjj;ij tpku;rpg;ghu;.

3. ntFrd Clfj; jfty;fs;/ nra;jpfspd; ClhfmgptpUj;jpr; rpe;jidfs; fl;bnaOg;gLk; Kiwiakjpg;gpLthu;;.


gioa RaNjitg; nghUshjhu Kiwapy; kdpju;fspd; rPtNdhghar;

nraw;ghLfisf; fye;JiuahLf. tiuglq;fs;/ tPbNahf; fhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;jp

gz;ila r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l njhopy; cyfk; gw;wpa mwpKfj;jpid toq;Ff.

,jd; %ykhf>

- tptrha epyq;fis mz;kpj;j gFjpfspy; mjpfsT Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg;

ngw;wik

- njhopDl;gk; rhu; njhopy;fs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;likahy;> tptrhaj;jpd;

NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfis cUthf;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;lik

- md;iwa njhopy; cyfk; r%fj; Njitf;Fg; NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jik

- fy;tp> njhopy; cyfk; xg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwiaf; fye;JiuahLf.

- rkfhy r%fj;jpNy njhopy; cyfk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdjhf khwpAs;sik

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

- mjpfsthd Ntiytha;g;Gfs; cUthfpaik

- njhopy; cyfpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; njhopyhsu;fis toq;fKbahJs;sik

- fy;tp - njhopy; cyfj;jpw;fpilNaahd ,ilntsp ePz;lik gw;wpf;

$Wf.

ntFrd Clfq;fs; nghJ rdj;jpw;F njhopy; cyfk; gw;wpa jfty;fis

vt;tsT J}uk; rhjfkhf toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa jfty;fisf; fz;lwpa

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

ntFrd Clfq;fs;> nghJ rdj;jpw;F fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jfty;fis Kd;itf;Fk;

tpjk; gw;wp khztiuj; NjbawpAk;gbr; nra;f.

1. njhopy; cyfj;jpd; Rghtj;ijr; rpj;jpupj;jy;

2. etPd njhopy; cyfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdth?

3. njhopy; cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;fj; Njitahd mwptpid toq;Ffpd;wdth?

49

ntFrd Clfq;fs; rkfhy njhopy; cyfk; gw;wpa mwptpid kf;fSf;F

toq;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

,q;F>

- gz;ila njhopy; cyfpy; fhzg;gl;l Ntiytha;g;Gfs;

- rkfhyj;jpNy gy;NtW njhopy; Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs;

rkfhy njhopy; cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; gytpj Ntiytha;g;Gfs; gw;wp Clfq;fs;

kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;a Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfisf; fz;lwpa khztu;fSf;Fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

c-k;: gy;NtW Ntiytha;g;Gfs; gw;wp tpopg;Gzu;T+l;ly; rk;gpujha G+u;tkhf

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntiytha;g;Gfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fUj;J khw;wj;ij

cUthf;fy;. (itj;jpau;> nghwpapayhsu; Kjyhd njhopy;fis kl;Lk;

caupa njhopy;fs; vdf; nfhs;shJ rkfhyj;jpNy Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l

NtWk; gy cau; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; cs;sdntdf; Fwpg;gpLf.)

rkfhyr; re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa mbg;gil mwptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

khztiu topgg;Lj;Jf. ,q;F> re;ijahdJ ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tptrhaj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;baikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk;> Njrpa re;;ij> ru;tNjr

re;ij vDk; tifg;ghl;ilAk; tpgupf;Ff.

Njrpa re;ijapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ntFrd Clfq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLfs;/ntspapLk; jfty;fs; gw;wp Muha khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

,jw;fhf>

Ma;T> jdpahs;/ FO xg;gil> fye;Jiuahly; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jf.

ntFrd Clfq;fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mgptpUj;jpr; rhjidfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;

Kiwiaj; Njbawpa khztiu newpg;gLj;Jf.

ntFrd Clfj; jfty;fs; nra;jpfisj; njupT nra;f.

(c-k;: ghly;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs;> nra;jpf; fl;Liufs;> tpsk;guq;fs;)

,tw;wpd; tpidj;jpwid ... nra;Ak; gzpapy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : njhopy; cyfk; - World of work re;ij - Market mgptpUj;jpr; rpe;jid - Development Thinking

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w njupT nra;ag;gl;l nra;jpf; fl;Liufs;> tpsk;guq;fs;>

ghly;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fPo;f; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila njhopy; cyfj;ij tpgupj;jy; rkfhy njhopy; cyfk; tp];jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sik> ,q;F fhzg;gLk; gytpj

njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy; ntFrd Clfq;s; rkfhy njhopy; cyfk; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

epfo;r;rpfs;/ nra;jpfis tpku;r;rpj;jy; ntFrd Clfq;fs; rkfhy re;ijg; nghUhsjhuk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij

kf;fSf;F toq;Fk; tpjk; gw;wpa tpku;rd uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy; ntFrd Clfq;fs; nghJkf;fSf;F mgptpUj;jpr; rpe;jidfis toq;Fk;

tpjk; gw;wpa jfty; jpul;ly;

50


ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;ifAk; tpahf;fpahdQ;

nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 5.3 ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gy;NtW tpjkhd ntspaPLfspy;

rka> xOf;f tpOkpaj; jd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;

tpjj;ij ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ehl;bd; rka eyDf;fhf Clf ntspg;gLj;jy;fs; %yk;

fpilf;fg;ngWk; mDruizia kjpg;ghu;.

2. xOf;f> tpOkpa kw;Wk; khDlg; gz;Gfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F

Clfk; Mw;Wk; Nrit ahnjd jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

3. ehl;bd; eydpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; r%fg; gbkq;fis

fl;bnaOg;g Clfq;fs; Mw;Wk; gzpia tpgupg;ghu;.

4. Kuz;ghl;ilj; jfu;f;fTk; rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhf;fTk;

ntFrd Clfq;fs; jk; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis epfo;j;Jk;

tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.


rka eyid typAWj;Jk; xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs; ebj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;>

ghly;fs; my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Xu; cj;jpiaf; ifahz;L rka eydpd;

mtrpaj;ij khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

rka eyid typAWj;Jtjw;fhf Clfk; Mw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis mwpa khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf. ,q;F> rka eyid typAWj;Jk; epfo;r;rpfisf; fw;gjw;F khztiu

newpg;gLj;Jf.

c-k;:

- gy;NtW rka epfo;Tfs; mjd; mtrpak;> rkak; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;

ghq;F> gz;ghl;L epfo;Tfs;> gy;NtW rkaj;jtUk; gq;F gw;Wk; tpjk;

- gy;NtW rkaj; jiytu;fSk; xd;W$b fye;JiuahLk; epfo;r;rpfs;

- gy;NtW rkag; gpujpepjpfs; xd;whfj; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfs;

- njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> thndhyp ehlfk; %ykhf rka xw;Wik

typAWj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij Muha;jy;

rka xw;Wikf;fhf Clfj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;glf;$ba gzpfs; gw;wpa vjpu;T$wy;fis

khztuplk; Nfl;lwpf.

xOf;f> tpOkpak;> khDlg; gz;Gfspd; mtrpaj;ijf; fz;lwpa khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.

khDl rKfj;jpy; ,g;gz;Gfs; mgptpUj;jpailtjw;fhf Clfk; Mw;Wk; Nritapid

tpku;rduPjpahf kjpg;gpl khztiu newpg;gLj;Jf.

c-k;:

thndhyp ehlfk;/ njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk; vd;gtw;wpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;

gLj;jg;gLk; kdpj xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs;> gz;Gfs; rpw;jidah vdf; fz;lwpjy;.

51

thndhypg; ghly;fs;/ njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ghly;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rk; vt;thW

cs;snjdf; fz;lwpjy;.

r%fj;jpw;F Kd;Djhuzkhf tpsq;Fk; r%fg; gbkq;fis ,dq;fhz> fl;bnaOg;g

Clfk; Mw;Wk; Nrit ruptu epfo;fpwjh vd;gijf; fz;lwpa khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf. ,q;F>

- Foe;ijfs;> ,sk; rKjhaj;jpdu; Kd;Djhuzkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$ba

r%fg; gbkq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ vt;thW>

- KjpNahu; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba r%fg; gbkq;fisf; fl;bnaog;GtJ vt;thW

vd;gJ gw;wpa khztu; fUj;Jf;fis mwpjy;.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : rka rftho;T - Religious co-existence tpOkpaq;fs; - Values

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : rka rftho;it cWjpg;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Clf ntspaPLfspd; khjpupfs;

ey;nyhOf;fk;> tpOkpaq;fs;> kdpjg;gz;Gfis kjpf;Fk; fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;/Clf ntspaPLfs;> khjpupfs;


fPo;f; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

ntFrd Clfq;fspy; xspgug;gg;gLk; rka xw;Wikia typAWj;Jk;

epfo;r;rpfis ,dq;fhzy;

ntFrd Clfq;fspy; xspgug;gg;gLk; rka Rje;jpuj;ijf; fhf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfspd;

epiyg;ghL ahnjdf; fz;lwpjy;

ntFrd Clfq;fspy; ehlbd; xw;Wik> mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;iw typAWj;Jk;

epfo;rrpfs; ahnjd ,dq;fhzy;.

52


ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;ifAk; tpahf;fpahdQ;

nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 5.4 ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gy;NtW tpjkhd ntspaPLfspy;

mofpay; jd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij

ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. ntFrd Clfq;fspd ; %yk; fspg ;G +l ;lw ;gzp /

nghOJNghf;F ,lk;ngw Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. ntFrd Clfq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fspg;G+l;ly;

epfo;r;rpfis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

3. ntFrd Clfq;fs; %yk; fspg;G+l;lw; gzp ,lk;ngw

Ntz;ba Kiwgw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

4. ntFrd Clfq;fs; fspg;G+l;lw; gzpia epfo;j;Jk;

Kiwapd; mofpay; rhu; juj;ij tpku;rpg;ghu;.

5. ,urid gw;wpa vspa tpsf;fj;ijf; $Wthu;.

6. cau; ,urid ,Uf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijf; $Wthu;.

7. cau ; ,uridAila VNjDnkhU Clf

epfo;r;rpnahd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J mjd; gz;ig

kjpg;gpLthu;.

8. cau; ,uridAila epfo;r;rpfisf; fz;L fspg;ghu;.

9. ntFrd Clfq;fs; kj;jpapy; Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpia

cjhuzkhf vLj;J mjd; Mf;fr; rpe;jidia Muha;thu;.

10. r%f gpuf;iQ gw;wpa vspa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Fthu;.

11. VNjDnkhU Clfj;ij njupT nra;J mjd; epfo;r;rpfspy;

rpj;jupf;fg;gLk; r%fg; gpuf;iQia tpgupg;ghu;.


njhiyf;fhl;rp miytupirfs; rpytw;wpy; xypgug;ghFk; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfspd;

xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfis cgNahfpf;f. njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ghly;fs;

vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jf.

,q;F mjp cau; ,uridAila epfo;r;rpfs;> cau; ,uridAila epfo;r;rpfs;

vd midj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xspg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; tPbNahf; fhl;rpfis khztu;fs; ,urpf;Fk;gb

nra;J mtw;Ws; khztu;fs; mjpfk; tpUk;Gk; epfo;r;rpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; tpUk;Gk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ghly;fs;>

nghOJNghf;F epfo;r;rpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

khztu;fs; Nju;e;njLj;j epfo;r;rpfspd; gpugy;aj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfis tpdTf.

,e;j epfo;r;rpfis urpg;gtu;fs; ahu;? mtu;fsJ ,uridf;Fupa fhuzpfis

tpdTtjD}lhf Muk;g fl;l fye;Jiuahliy Vw;gLj;Jf.

53

khztu;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mofpay; rhu;

epfo;r;rpfis ,urpg;gjd; Clhf kdpju;fs;>

- kfpo;r;rp ngwy; (Enjoy)

- fisg;G/ Nrhu;T ePq;fg; ngwy;

- ,urid tpUj;jp ngwy;

- mofpay; rpe;jid J}z;lg;gly;

- r%fg; gpuf;iQ Njhd;wy;

Kjypa ed;ikfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

ntFrd Clfq;fs; nghOJNghf;F toq;Ftjpy; vt;tsT J}uk; ntw;wp ngWfpd;wd

vd;gJ gw;wpa khztu; fUj;Jf;fis Cf;ftpf;Ff.

,jw;fhf> khztu;fSf;F FO xg;gil jdpahs; xg;gil vd;gtw;iw toq;fp

ntt;NtW ntFrd Clfq;fs; fspg;G+l;lw; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf

ntspg;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rpfis MuhAk; gzpapy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf. khztu;fsJ

jfty;fis cupa Kiwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tiuglj;jpidAk; cjhuzkhf vLf;fyhk;.

gj;jpupif> thndhyp epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpy;

Ma;T nra;a khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

,e; epfo;r;rpfspy; kpfTk; gpugykhd epfo;r;rpfisj; njupT nra;a vspa

Ma;nthd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb khztiuj; J}z;Lf.

xt;Nthu; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; mjpf tpUg;gj;jpid njuptpg;gJ vj;jifa ngWdu;fs;>

mjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s khztiuj;

J}z;Lf.

khztu;fsJ Ma;twpf;ifiaf; fye;JiuahLf.

ntFrd Clfq;fs; nghJ kf;fSf;F cau; jukhd nghOJ Nghf;fpid toq;f

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba jPu;khdq;fs; gw;wp khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

,yq;ifapd; ntFrd Clfq;fs; nghJkf;fSf;F cau; nghOJNghf;fpid

toq;Ffpd;wd/ toq;Ftjpy;iy vDk; njhdpg;nghUspy; tpthj epfo;nthd;iw

xOq;fikf;Ff.

rQ;rpif

tptuzk;

tpdh-tpil

njhiyf;fhl;rpehlfk; ghly

;

epfo;r;rpfs; jpiug;gl

q;fs;/

rpdpkh

fy;tp

fspg;g+l;Lk;

nghOJNghf;F

epfo;r;rpfs;

njhiyf;

fhl;rp

rka

epfo;r;rpfs;

murpa

y;nra;jpj;jhs;

tpku;rdk;

nra;jp

54

gy;NtW Mf;fq;fspd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ,urid gytifg;gLk; vdTk; Xu;

Mf;fj;jpDs; gytpjkhd ,uridfSk; fhzg;glyhk; vd;gijAk; ,urid

vd;gJ jdpegu; rhu;e;jJ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.

kdpjd; Ik;Gyd;fshy; ,uridiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,urid gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff. Ik;Gyd;fshy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;

Gyd; czu;Tfis ,urpg;gNj ,urid vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis vLj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ rpy Mf;fq;fs; cau; ,uridiaAk;

NtWrpy Mf;fq;fs; Fiwthd ,uridiaak; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLtNjhL r%fj;jpy; cau; ,uridAila kdpju;fs; ,Ug;gjd; mtrpaj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLf.

ntFrd Clf epfo;r ;r pfs; vt;tsT J}uk; cau; ,uridf;fhfj;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij tpku;r;rpf;Fk; fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;f.

my;yhtpbd;> Gj;jp[Ptpfis mioj;J mtu;fsJ fye;JiuahlypD}lhf ,J

gw;wpa Nghjpa tpsf;fj;ij khztUf;F toq;Ff.

cau; ,uridAila epfo;r;pfis Efu khztiu newpg;gLj;Jf.

,jw;fhf> cau; juj;jpYs;s ghly;fs;/ rpwe;j ghly;fis> khztu;fs; nrtpkLf;fr;

nra;f.

VNjDnkhU Mf;fr; nraw;ghlbw;fhff; fl;LUthf;fr; rpe;jidiaf; fl;bnaOg;g

Ntz;ba Kiw gw;wp khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fnjhU Mf;fj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s ftdpf;f Ntz;ba fhuzpfis

khztu;fs; fz;lwpAk; gb nra;f.

c-k;:

- mDgtj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;

- ek;gfj;jd;ikiag; Ngzpf; fhj;jy;

- fjhghj;jpu/ rk;gt/ re;ju;g;g rpj;jpupg;G

- rk;gpujhaq;fis kjpj;jy;

- me;epau;fshy; ,yFtpy; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$bajhapUj;jy;

VNjDnkhU Clf epfo;r;rpnahd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J mjd; fl;LUthf;fr;

rpe;jidia kjpg;gpl khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

VNjDnkhU Mf;fk;> mjpAau; Fzhjpraq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s mjd;

mofpaYk; r%fg; gpuf;iQAk; fhuzkhFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,q;F> r%fg; gpuf;iQ gw;wpa vspa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.

r%fj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpT r%fg; gpuf;iQahFk;.

r%fj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW gpizg;Gf;fs;> rk;kjq;fs;> rlq;F> rk;gpujhak;> gz;ghL>

ePjp> fiy> murpay; Kjyhdit gw;wpa gue;j mwptpdhy; r%fg; gpuf;iQ

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.

ntFrd Clfq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;fs;/ nra;jpfs; vt;tsTJ}uk; r%fg; gpuf;iQia mjpfupf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa khzt Ma;it

Cf;Ftpf;f.

,q;F> r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;

jfty; nra;jp jahupf;fg;gLk; Kiw gw;wp khztiiu Ma;T nra;Ak;gb

topg;gLj;Jf.

55

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) :

,urid - Appreciation

Mf;fr;rpe;jid - Creative thinking

r%fg; gpuf;iQ - Social consciousness

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : fspg;g+l;ly; gzpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Clf ntspaPLfs;

nghOJNghf;F njhlu;ghd mofpaiy gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;

Clf ntspaPLfs; khjpupfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; ntFrd Clfq;fshy; ntspaplg;gLk; nghOJNghf;F epfo;r;rpfis


ntFrd Clfq;fs; fspg;G+l;liy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw gw;wpa jfty;fis

Kd;itj;jy;

VNjDnkhU ntFrd Clfj;jpD}lhf fspg;G+l;ly; toq;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

Mw;wg;gLk; Nritapid tpku;rpj;jy;

,urid gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Fjy;> cau; ,uridAila Xu; epfo;r;rpapy;

fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfspd; mofpay; juj;ij

kjpg;gply;

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; %yk; ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;/ nra;jpfspD}lhf r%fg;

gpuf;iQ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;jy;

56

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : - epiyj;j Gifg;glf; fUtpj; njhopDl;gj;ij rupahfg;

gad;gLj;jp Mf;f uPjpahd/ ntw;wpfukhd epiyj;j

Gifg;glnkhd;iw Mf;Fk; Nju;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 6.1 ntt;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhfj; njhlu;ghly;

Clfj; JiwapYk; r%fj;jpYk; epiyj;j Gifg;glf;

fiy gad;gLj;jg ;gLk ; tpjj ;ijAk; me;je ;j

xspg;glq;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy;

gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiy my;yJ xspg;glf; fiy ahnjd

vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

2. tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; Clfkhf epiyj;j Gifg;

glf;fiy gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij

kjpg;gpLthu;.

3. epidTr; rpd;dkhfg; Gifg;glg; ghtid fhzg;gLtjd;

mtrpaj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

4. mr;R Clfq;fspy; epiyj;j Gifg;glg; ghtid ,lk;ngWk;

tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

5. rpdpkh kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfj;jpy; epiyj;j Gifg;

glg;ghtid gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.

6. epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.


epidTr; rpd;dkhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mofpa epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fs; rpytw;iw

khztu; mtjhdj;jpw;F fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. my;yJ> gj;jpupiffspy; gpuRukhfpa

mofpa epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fs; rpytw;iw khztu;f;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Gifg;glq;fs; %yk; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjj;ij

khztNuhL fye;JiuahLf.

md;whl tho;tpy; epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fisf; fhzf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fis

khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

mtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.

ntw;wpfukhd Gifg;glq;fs; rpytw;iw kPz;Lk; khztuplk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjd;

ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; mk;rq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf. mjd;NghJ>

1. Gifg;glf; fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjk;

2. glr;rl;lfk; mikf;fg;gl;l tpjk;

3. xsp (ntspr;rk;) gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjk;

4. Gifg;glg; gpbg;gpy; <Lgl;l Kiw

5. Gifg;glf; fiyQupd; jpwik

epiyj;j Gifg;glg; ghtidapd; mtrpaj;ij khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

,jd;NghJ>

- epiyj;j Gifg;glnkhd;wpNy gpuRupf;fg;gl;l jfty; epiyahdJ

- jdpg;gl;l epidTr; rpd;dkhf> gy;NtW epfo;Tfs; Gifg;glkhf vLf;fg;gLtJ

57

- jdpg;gl;l epidTr; rpd;dkhf> ajhu;j;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;fs;

gpugy;akile;jpUg;gJ

- Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;Tfs; Gifg;glq;fshfg; Ngzpg;

ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wik

- ngWdu; vt;tsT NeuKk; Gifg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;;J urpf;fyhk; vd;gJ

- Gifg;glj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NtW cUtq;fisf; fw;gid

nra;ayhk; vd;gJ

- jdpg;gl;l epidTr;rpd;dkhfg; ngwg;gLk; Gifg;glq;fs; $lg; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

tpiykjpg;gw;w nghf;fp\khfj; jpfo;tij cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

mr;R Clfj;jpy; epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiy gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij

khztu; MuhAk;gb nra;f.

c-k;:

gj;jpupifapy; cs;s gy;NtW xspg;glq;fisj; jpul;btu khztiu

newpg;gLj;Jf.

mg;Gifg;glq;fis gytpjkhf tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;l mwpTiu toq;Ff.

c-k;:

- tu;z/ fWg;G> nts;is

- egu;rhu;/ rk;gtk; rhu;/ #oy; rhu;

- tptuzk;/ mofpay; rhu;

- cs;/ ntsp

- gfy;/ ,uT

- mz;kpj;j/ J}u

gj;jpupifapy; Gifg;glg;ghtid gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Ff.

- mr;R Clfj;jpy; Gifg;glk; gpuRupj;jy; Gifg;gl Clftpay; (Photo Journal-ism) vdg;gLk;. ,J njhopy;rhu; Xu; gad;ghlhFk;.

- nra;jp/ tpNrl fl;Liufs;/ tpsk;guq;fSf;fhfg; Gifg;glq;fs; mjpfstpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik

- nra;jpf;fhfg; ngwg;gLk; Gifg;glq;fs; Fiwe;jsT Mf;fj;jpwidf; nfhz;L

fhzg;gLfpd;wik

- ,jpy; nghOJNghf;if tpl jfty; toq;Fjy; mjpfsT tuNtw;fg;gLfpd;wik

- mr;R Clfq;fspd; Gifg;glq;fs; mj;jpahtrpakhapUj;jy;

rpdpkh kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfq;fspy; epiyj;j Gifg;glg;ghtidapd;

mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

glg;gpbg;Gj; jsj;ij njupT nra;a>

c-k;: xspg;gjptpd; NghJ

gug;Giu eltbf;iffspd;NghJ

Jiwapy; cs;s epGzu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l NjitfSf;fhf

fw;wy; eltbf;iffSf;fhf

epiyj;j Gifg;glj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfis mwpKfk; nra;f. ,q;F fPo;f;

Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpa khztu; mtjhdj;ijg; ngWf.

epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fspy; cs;slq;FtJ VNjDnkhU jUzk; vd;gJ

epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fspd; %yk; VNjDnkhU ngsjpf Nehf;fk; ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhf

my;yJ Mf;fG+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gJ

58

xsp kw;Wk; ,Us; ghtidapd; %yk; epiyj;j Gifg;glj;jpd; jd;ik khWgLk;

vd;gJ

gad;gLj;Jk; Gifg;glf;fUtpapd; njhopDl;gj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

Gifg;glj;jpd; jd;ik khWgLk; vd;gJ

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : xspg;gl Clftpay; - Photo Journalism epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiy - Still photography fhl;rpj;jsk; - location xspA+l;lk; - lighting

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fs;

fUg;G nts;isg; Gifg;glq;fs;

fyu; Gifg;glq;fs;

epidTr; rpd;dkhfg; ngwg;gl;l Gifg;glq;fs;

gj;jpupifg; Gifg;glq;fs;

NtW mr;#lfg; Gifg;glq;fs;

Gifg;glf; fUtpfspd; tiffs;

Gifg;glf; fUtpapid ,af;Fk; tpjk; gw;wpf; $Wk; ifNaL

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; epiyj;j Gifg;glk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

epidTr; rpd;dkhf epiyj;j Gifg;glk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghL

mr;R Clfj;jpy; epiyj;j Gifg;glk; gad;gLk; tpjk;

rpdpkh kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfj;jpy; epiyj;j Gifg;glg; ghtidapd;

mtrpak;

epiyj;j Gifg;glq;fspd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;

59




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 6.2 epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiyapd; vspa njhopDl;g mwpit

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 04

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. epiyj;j Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghLfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

2. glr;RUs; xd;iwg; guPl;rpj;J mjd; jd;ikiaf; $Wthu;.

3. glf;fsQ;rpa Clfq;fs;> epidthf ml;ilfis guPl;rpj;J

mjd; jd;ikapid ,dq;fhZthu;.

4. ,yf;fg; Gifg;glj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tpNrlj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

5. Gifg;glk; kw;Wk; vjpu;g;glyj;Jf;F ,ilNaahd

NtWghl;ilf; $Wthu;.

6. Gifg;glf;fUtpapd; %yk; rupahf epiyj;j Gifg;

glq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.


gy;NtW jUzq;fspd; NghJ vLf;fg;gl;l> ntw;wpaPl;ba Njhy;tpaile;j epiyj;j

Gifg;glq;fs; rpytw;iw khztUf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

Gifg;glj;jpd; ,WjpahdJ Xu; Mf;fr; nraw;ghL vd;gij khztUld;

fye;JiuahLf.

Xu; rpwe;j Gifg;glj;jpw;fhd Nghjpa tpsf;fj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

,jw;fhf>

Gifg;glf;fiy gw;wpa Xu; gapw;rpg;gl;liwia Vw;ghL nra;J khztu;fs; fPo;f;

Fwpg;gplg;gLk; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;gb nra;f.

1. Gifg;glf;fiy gw;wpa Nghjpa cau; mwpTila Xu; Gifg;glf;fiyQu;

tpupTiuahsiu mioj;J Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; nraw;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.

2. glr;RUs; kw;Wk; ,yf;f (Digital) Gifg;glf; fUtp njhopw;gLk; Kiwapid

tpgupf;Ff.

3. ,yf;f Gifg;glj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; mbg;gilia tpsf;Ff.

4. fzpdp kw;Wk; ,yf;fg; Gifg;glf; fUtpf;fpilNaahd njhlu;gpid tpgupf;Ff.

5. vLf;fg;gl;l Xu; Gifg;glj;ij fzpdpapy; juNtw;wp mjidf; fzpdpj; jpiuapy;

ghu;itapl Vw;ghL nra;f.

jdptpy;iy vjpu;tpk;gg; Gifg;glf;fUtpapd; %yNkh my;yJ NtW VJk; Gifg;

glf; fUtpfspd; %yNkh Gifg;glk; xd;iw khztu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;gbahd

gpuNahf tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

60

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fUtp - Still camera glr;RUs; - Film role epidtf ml;ilfs; - Memory card gytrjpfs; cs;splg;gl;l Gifg;glf; fUtp - Compact camera

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : Nju;r;rpf;Nfw;w xspg;glq;fs;/ tiuglq;fs;

Gifg;glq;fs;

tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

Gifg;glf; fUtp

glr;RUs;

epidtf ml;ilfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fUtpapd; nraw;ghL gw;wpa Nghjpa tpsf;fk;

glr;RUspd; jd;ikia ,dq;fz;L nfhs;Sk; jpwik

,yf;fj; juTfs; fsQ;rpag; gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

jdptpy;iy vjpu;tpk;gg; Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; %yk; rupahd Kiwapy; Gifg;glk;

xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; jpwik

61




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 6.3 njhopDl;gj;ijr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fg+u;tkhfTk;

ntw;wpfukhfTk; epiyj;j Gifg;glk; gpbf;Fk; jpwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 04

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. Gifg;glf;fUtpapd; mq;fq;fs; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfis

NtW Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.

2. Gifg;glnkhd;iw vLg;gjw;fhfg; Gifg;glf;fUtpia

gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspYk; gupkhzq;fspYk; itg;ghu;.

3. Gifg;glnkhd;wpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; xspia ntw;wpfukhf

toq;Fthu;.

4. rupahd njhopDl;g cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L xspg;glk;

gpbg;ghu;.

5. mjp cau ; ntspg ;ghLila Xu ; Gifg; ;glj ;ij

cUthf;Fthu;.


,g;gFjp gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ghl Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F crpjkhd gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs;

Vw;ghL nra;tJ rhyr; rpwe;jJ. ,jd;NghJ> Gifg;glf; fiyQu;/ tpupTiuahsu;

xUtiu mioj;Jj; jfty;fis toq;FtJ ed;W. mjd; %ykhf khztu;fs;

jdpahf/ FOthff; fw;wy; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;gb mtu;fis topelj;Jf.

,q;F>

1. Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;slq;fyhdjhd Neub/kiwKf ,yf;Ffis ,dq;fhzy;

2. fhl;rpj; jsj;jpy; Kiwahf vkJ Nehf;fj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jy;

3. cupa Gifg;glf; Nfhzq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;

4. rupahd Kiwapy; xsp/ ntspr;rk; toq;fy;

5. Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghLfisr; rupahd Kiwapy; nra;jy;

6. glk;gpbf;fg;gl;l Xu; Gifg;glj;ij Kiwahd tpjj;jpNy fzpdpapy; juNtw;wk;

nra;jy;

Kjyhd tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

ntspaPl;L uPjpahf ntw;wpaPl;ba Xu; Gifg;glj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fzq;Fwpfis

khztUf;F tpsf;Ff. ,q;F>

Gifg;glj;jpd; El;gk;

ntspr;rj;jpw;Fk; ,USf;Fkhd ,ilntsp

fs Mok;

Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; Nfhzk; Kjyhdtw;iw tpgupf;Ff.

62

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : fhl;rpj;jsk; - Location ,yf;F itj;jy;; - Aiming Ftpag;gLj;Jjy; - Focusing xsp GFk; msT - Exposure Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; Jthug; gliy - Shutter xsp GFk; msTr;Rl;b - Aperture glr;rl;lfk; - Frame Gifg;glf; fUtpf; Nfhzk; - Camera Angle fs Mok; - Depth of field ifahy; ,aq;Fk; - Manual

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : ifahypaq;Fk; Gifg;glf;fUtp

jhdpaq;Fk; jdptpy;iy vjpu;tpk;gg; Gifg;glf;fUtp

Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; mq;fq;fspd; tiuglq;fs;

gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ mtrpakhFk; NtW cs;sPLfs;

kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; Gifg;glf; fUtpapd; mq;fq;fis tpgupj;jy;

Gifg;glg; gpbg;gpw;fhf Nghjpa xspg;gputhfj;ij toq;Fjy;

Gifg;glnkhd;iw vLg;gjw;fhfg; Gifg;glf; fUtpia Kiwahd Nfhzj;jpy;

itg;gjw;fhd mbg;gil mwpitg; ngwy;

Gifg;glg;gpbg;gpd; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fk;

rupahd njhopDl;g Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;jp Gifg;glk; vLf;Fk; jpwid

kjpg;gply;

63




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 6.4 epiyj;j Gifg;glf;fiyapd; Mf;fG+u;t tpjpKiwfs;

cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L ghu;j;J tptuz kw;Wk; Mf;f

u P j pahd Gifg ; glq ;fis Mf ;Fk ; j pwid

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; : -1. tptuzg; Gifg;glnkhd;wpd; mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;glnkhd;Wf;Fk; tptuzg; Gifg;glk;

xd;Wf;Fk; ,ilahd NtWghl;il xg;gpLthu;.

3. Mf;fuPjpahd> tptuzg; Gifg;glq;fspd; gpuNahfg;

ngWkhdj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

4. gy;NtW Mf;fG+u;tkhd xspg;glq;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.

5. tptuz> Mf;fuPjpahd Gifg;glg;gpbg;gpy; <LgLthu;.

6. tptuz> Mf;fuPjpahd Gifg;glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

7. tptuz> Mf;fG+u;tkhd xspg;glq;fisj; jpul;bf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.


Mf;f uPjpahd kw;Wk; tptuzg; Gifg;glq;fis khztUf;F fhl;rpg;gLj;jp/tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs; %yk; khztu;fs; fpufpg;gjw;Fupa re;ju;g;gj;jpid toq;fp>

mjd; gpd; ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpid Muk;gpf;Ff.

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,U tifg;ghl;bYk; cs;slq;Fk; Gifg;glq;fspd;

mtrpaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

c-k;:

epidTr; rpd;dkhfg; ghJfhj;jy;

jfty; toq;Fjy;

rhl;rp toq;Fjy;

nghOJNghf;F toq;Fjy;

Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLj;jy;

tptuz kw;Wk; Mf;fuPjpahd Gifg;glq;fs; gw;wpa xg;gPl;Lj; jfty; cs;slq;Fk;

gl;baiy khztu; jahupf;Fk;gb nra;f.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshg; gpupj;J> gpd;tUk; fw;ww; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.

- Mf;fuPjpahd Gifg;glnkhd;wpd; ed;kjpg;igg; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpsf;fk;

toq;Fjy;

- Mf;fuPjpahd Gifg;glg;gpbg;gpd;NghJ fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fis

Ma;T nra;jy;

- Mf;fuPjpahd kw;Wk; tptuzg; Gifg;glf; Nfhitapidj; jahupj;jy;

64

- khztu;fis Mf;f uPjaphd kw;Wk; tptuzg; Gifg;glq;fis Mf;Fk;

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf. ,jd;NghJ mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; khztu;

NjbawpAk; gb nra;f.

- ,Wjpahfj; jhk; vLj;j Gifg;glq;fis kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;j Vw;ghL

nra;f.

Kf;fpakhd gjq;fs; (Key words) : Gifg;glf; fz;fhl;rp - Photographic exhibition tptuzg; Gifg;glq;;fs; - Documentary photographs Mf;fuPjpahd Gifg;glq;fs; - Creative photographs

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : tptuzg; Gifg;glq;fs;

Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;glq;fs;

RtNuLfs;

kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk;

fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.

tptuzg; Gifg;glj;jpw;Fk; Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;glj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd

NtWghl;il xg;gply;

tptuz> Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;glf;fiyapd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;glf; fiyapd; NghJ fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

tptuz> Mf;f uPjpahd Gifg;glf; fz;fhl;rpia kjpg;gply;

njhlu;ghlYk; Clftpaw; fw;ifAk; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t10tim42.pdf · 2017-01-03 · ii...

Documents

Transcript of njhlu;ghlYk; Clftpaw; fw;ifAk; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t10tim42.pdf · 2017-01-03 · ii...