Nghiên Cứu Sản Xuất Nước Giải Khát Từ Bí Đao
91
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NHA TRANG KHOA CH Ế BIẾN ĐỒ ÁN TỐT NGHIỆP NGHIÊN CỨU SẢN XUẤT NƯỚC GIẢI KHÁT TỪ BÍ ĐAO Giáo viên hướng dẫn: GS. TS. TRẦN THỊ LUYẾN Sinh viên thực hiện: CAO THỊ TƯƠNG LAI Lớp: 47 TP - 2 NHA TRANG, 2009 Click to buy NOW! P D F - X C h a n g e V i e w e r w w w . d o c u - t ra c k . c o m Click to buy NOW! P D F - X C h a n g e V i e w e r w w w . d o c u - t ra c k . c o m
-
Upload
freeloadtailieu -
Category
Documents
-
view
113 -
download
9
description
Nghiên Cứu Sản Xuất Nước Giải Khát Từ Bí Đao
Transcript of Nghiên Cứu Sản Xuất Nước Giải Khát Từ Bí Đao
-
TRNG I HC NHA TRANG KHOA CH BIN
N TT NGHIP
NGHIN CU SN XUT NC GII KHT
T B AO
Gio vin hng dn: GS. TS. TRN TH LUYN Sinh vin thc hin: CAO TH TNG LAI
Lp: 47 TP - 2
NHA TRANG, 2009
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
i
MC LC DANH MC CC BNG DANH MC CC HNH V TH LI CM N
M U.............................................................................................................1
CHNG I: TNG QUAN ................................................................................3 1.1. TNH HNH PHT TRIN NC GII KHT V RAU QU VIT NAM ...................................................................................................................3
1.1.1. Tnh hnh pht trin nc gii kht Vit Nam..................................3
1.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin rau qu Vit Nam ............................................5 1.2. GII THIU V B AO ............................................................................9
1.2.1. Ngun gc..........................................................................................9 1.2.2. c im thc vt hc......................................................................10
1.2.3. Cng dng v dc tnh ca B ao..................................................11
1.2.4. Phn loi ..........................................................................................15 1.2.5. K thut trng b ao........................................................................17
1.3. TM HIU THNH PHN HA HC V CC PHN NG TO MU SC, HNG V CA B AO TRONG QU TRNH GIA NHIT .............19
1.3.1. Tm hiu v thnh phn ha hc ca b ao ......................................19 1.3.2. Cc phn ng sinh ra mu sc, hng v t b ao trong qu trnh gia
nhit ..................................................................................................................20
CHNG II: VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ......................24 2.1. VT LIU NGHIN CU ........................................................................24
2.1.1. Nguyn liu chnh ............................................................................24
2.1.2. Nguyn liu ph ...............................................................................24
2.1.3. Vt liu bao b..................................................................................25 2.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...............................................................26
2.2.1. Xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca b ao: bng phng php cn
trng lng. .......................................................................................................26
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
ii
2.2.2. Phng php phn tch vi sinh .........................................................26 2.2.3. Phng php phn tch cm quan .....................................................27 2.2.4. Quy trnh sn xut d kin ...............................................................30 2.2.5. Phng php b tr th nghim .........................................................33
1. B tr th nghim xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca nguyn liu.... 33 2. B tr th nghim xc nh ch nu ............................................... 34
a. Xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu.............................................34
b. Xc nh thi gian nu. ..................................................................35 3. B tr th nghim to mu sc, mi v cho dch chit bng phng php sy b ao.............................................................................................. 36
a Xc nh t l thu hi sau khi sy ....................................................36 b. Xc nh nhit sy v thi gian sy............................................36
4. B tr th nghim to mu sc, mi v cho dch chit bng phng php sao rang b ao ...................................................................................... 38 5. B tr th nghim to mu sc, mi v cho dch chit bng phng php sn b vi ng.................................................................................. 39
a. Xc nh t l b v ng khi sn..................................................39 b. Xc nh nhit sn b v ng vi t l b/ng chn........40
6. Xc nh cng thc phi ch ............................................................. 41 a. Xc nh t l siro ng c bn b sung .......................................41
b. Xc nh t l Kalisorbat b sung...................................................41 7. Xc nh ch thanh trng.............................................................. 42
2.2.6. Dng c, thit b th nghim .............................................................42 2.2.7. Phng php x l s liu................................................................42
CHNG III: KT QU NGHIN CU ........................................................43 3.1. KT QU NGHIN CU THNH PHN KHI LNG CA B AO43 3.2. KT QU NGHIN CU CH NU B TI..................................43
3.2.1. Kt qu xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu ..................................43
3.2.2. Kt qu xc nh thi gian nu .........................................................44 3.3. KT QU NGHIN CU QU TRNH TO MU SC V MI V CHO DCH CHIT BNG PHNG PHP SY B AO ............................46
3.3.1. Kt qu xc nh t l thu hi sau khi sy.........................................46 3.3.2. Kt qu xc nh nhit sy v thi gian sy .................................47
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
iii
3.4. KT QU NGHIN CU QU TRNH TO MU SC V MI V CHO DCH CHIT BNG PHNG PHP SAO RANG B AO ................49 3.5. KT QU NGHIN CU QU TRNH TO MU SC V MI V CHO DCH CHIT BNG PHNG PHP SN B VI NG ...............52
3.5.1. Kt qu xc nh t l b & ng khi sn........................................52 3.5.2. Kt qu xc nh nhit sn b.......................................................53
3.6. SO SNH CC PHNG PHP TO HNG V V MU SC........55 3.7. KT QU XC NH CNG THC PHI CH ....................................56
3.7.1. Kt qu xc nh t l siro ng b sung ....................................56 3.7.2. Kt qu xc nh t l Kalisorbat b sung.....................................57
3.8. KT QU XC NH CH THANH TRNG...................................57 3.9. XUT QUY TRNH SN XUT HON THIN: ..............................58 3.10. KT QU SN XUT TH NGHIM...................................................60
3.10.1. nh gi cm quan sn phm so vi cc sn phm khc trn th
trng................................................................................................................60 3.10.2. S thay i pH trong qu trnh bo qun ........................................62 3.10.3. Kim tra ch tiu vi sinh trong sn phm ........................................63 3.10.4. Mt s thnh phn dinh dng ca sn phm nc b ao..............63
3.11. TNH TON CHI PH NGUYN VT LIU SN XUT .....................64 3.11.1. Tiu hao nguyn vt liu chnh.......................................................64 3.11.2. Tiu hao nguyn vt liu ph..........................................................65 3.11.3. Chi ph sn xut ra 1000 chai nc b ao ng chai .................65
PHN IV: KT LUN V XUT KIN...............................................66 4.1. KT LUN ................................................................................................66 4.2. XUT KIN.....................................................................................66 TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................68
PH LC
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
iv
DANH MC CC BNG Bng 1.2: Din tch t v kh hu thy vn ca cc vng nng nghip chnh......7
Bng 1.3: Pht trin rau qu giai on 2000-2010 Vit Nam.............................9 Bng 1.4: Bng gi tr dinh dng trn 100g b ao...........................................20
Bng 1.5: Thnh phn khong v vitamin trong 100g b ao..............................20 Bng 2.1: C s nh gi cht lng sn phm..................................................28 Bng 2.2: Bng cho im ch tiu cm quan i vi hp nc b ao ...........29 Bng 2.3: Bng nh gi sn phm qua h s quan trng...................................30
Bng 3.1: Bng thnh phn khi lng ca b ao .............................................43
Bng 3.2: Kt qu xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu....................................44 Bng 3.3: Kt qu xc nh t l thu hi sau qu trnh sy .................................46
Bng 3.4: Kt qu xc nh t0 v T sy b..........................................................47
Bng 3.5: Tnh cht cm quan ca b sy khi chit hng v & mu sc ............48 Bng 3.6: Kt qu xc nh nhit v thi gian sao rang b .............................50 Bng 3.7: Tnh cht cm quan ca b sao rang khi chit hng v & mu sc ....51 Bng 3.8: Kt qu xc nh t l b & ng khi sn. ........................................52 Bng 3.9: Kt qu xc nh nhit sn b (vi t l b khi sn l 50%) ............54 Bng 3.10: Tnh cht cm quan sn phm khi chit hng v & mu sc bng
hn hp b sn ng ........................................................................................55 Bng 3.11: So snh cc phng php to hng v v mu sc..........................55 Bng 3.12: Bng nh gi t l siro ng b sung ...........................................56 Bng 3.13: Bng nh gi t l Kalisorbat b sung............................................57 Bng 3.14: Bng nh gi ch thanh trng ...................................................57 Bng 3.15: Kt qu kim tra ch tiu vi sinh vt trong sn phm........................63 Bng 3.16: Mt s thnh phn dinh dng ca sn phm ..................................63 Bng 3.17: Chi ph sn xut ra 1000 chai sn phm ...........................................65
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
v
DANH MC CC HNH V TH Hnh 2.1: S sn xut d kin .........................Error! Bookmark not defined. Hnh 2.2: S b tr th nghim xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca nguyn
liu ....................................................................................................................33 Hnh 2.3: S b tr th nghim xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu ............34
Hnh 2.4: S b tr th nghim xc nh thi gian nu ...................................35 Hnh 2.5: S b tr th nghim xc nh t l thu hi khi sy.........................36 Hnh 2.6: S b tr th nghim xc nh nhit v thi gian sy .................37 Hnh 2.7: S b tr th nghim xc nh nhit v thi gian sao rang..........38 Hnh 2.8: B tr th nghim xc nh t l b v ng khi sn...........................39 Hnh 2.9: S b tr th nghim xc nh nhit sn b v ng .................40 Hnh 2.10: Xc nh t l siro ng b sung ....................................................41
Hnh 2.11: Xc nh t l Kalisorbat b sung.....................................................41 Hnh 2.12: Xc nh ch thanh trng.............................................................42
Hnh 3.1: Cht lng cm quan sn phm ph thuc t l nc v b khi nu....44
Hnh 3.2:Cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo b sy .........................................49 Hnh 3.3: Cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo b sao rang.................................51 Hnh 3.4: Cht lng cm quan sn phm ph thuc t l b/ng khi sn ......53 Hnh 3.5 : Cht lng cm quan sn phm ph thuc vo nhit sn b ..........54 Hnh 3.6: S sn xut hon thin...................................................................58 Hnh 3.7: So snh cht lng cm quan ca sn phm nghin cu so vi cc sn
phm khc trn th trng..................................................................................61 Hnh 3.8: Hnh nh sn phm nc b ao trn th trng..................................62 Hnh 3.9: Hnh nh sn phm nc b ao ng chai .........................................64
th 3.1: S thay i hm lng ng theo thi gian.45 th 3.2: S thay i hm lng nit amin theo thi gian..............................45 th 3.3: S thay i pH theo thi gian bo qun............................................62
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
vi
LI CM N Tri qua hn ba thng thc hin n tt nghip, v c bn em hon
thnh n ca mnh. Nhn y, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n C Trn
Th Luyn ging dy, truyn t kin thc v tn tnh hng dn em trong sut
thi gian nghin cu va qua gip em hon thnh n mt cch tt nht.
Xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong b mn Cng Ngh Thc Phm Trng i Hc Nha Trang cng cc thy c trong phng th nghim Ha Sinh gip , to iu kin tt nht cho em thc hin n.
Cui cng, con xin chn thnh cm n b m, gia nh v bn b nhng
ngi lun c v, ng vin em v vt cht v tinh thn, gip em trong sut qu
trnh hc tp.
Nha Trang, ngy 20 thng 6 nm 2009 Sinh vin thc hin
Cao Th Tng Lai
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
1
M U Vit Nam l nc nng nghip nhit i nn rau qu a dng, phong ph,
quanh nm ti tt. l ngun thc n quan trng trong cuc sng, l ngun
nguyn liu di do phc v cho ngnh ch bin v xut khu. Trong ch bin
hp ni chung v hp nc qu ni ring ang pht trin khng ngng, ngy
cng phong ph v chng loi, ph hp vi mi i tng, v rt ph hp vi ti
tin ca ngi tiu dng. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, i hi cc nh sn xut phi to ra
nhng sn phm mi p ng c nhu cu ca con ngi, khng ch m bo v
mt cht lng m cn tin ch v c tc dng cha bnh khc nhau.V vy vic
nghin cu cc sn phm ung mi l mt hng i cn thit.
B ao l mt loi rau ph bin, d trng, gi thnh khng cao v c mt
khp mi min t nc. Khng nhng th, b ao cn c nhiu tnh tt bi v ngt, tc dng li tiu, tr tim, gii nhit, tiu ph thngTuy nhin nhng ti liu
nghin cu v b ao khng nhiu v cc sn phm ch bin t n cha c ng
dng rng ri. Nh vy, nu nghin cu ch bin b ao thnh cc sn phm thc phm khng nhng tn dng c ngun nguyn kiu di do m cn to c s
a dng sn phm, p ng nhu cu dinh dng ca ngi tiu dng.
T trin vng trn kt hp vi yu cu gip cho sinh vin lm quen vi cng
tc nghin cu, bc u ng dng cc kin thc l thuyt hc vo thc t sn xut cc mt hng thc phm. Vi tng to ra mt loi ung va c tnh cht gii kht, va c tc dng ca v thuc.Ti thc hin ti tt nghip Nghin
cu sn xut nc gii kht t b ao vi mc tiu tm hiu v cc loi b, xy dng
cng ngh ch bin sn phm nc ung t tri b ao vi hng v t nhin to ra
s t ph so vi cc sn phm nc b ao trn th trng vn l sn phm pha ch t mu Caramen v hng b ao l t ngun tng hp ha hc. Ni dung ca cng
trnh nghin cu gm:
- Xc nh thnh phn khi lng v tm hiu v thnh phn ha hc ca
nguyn liu.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
2
- Xc nh ch nu: xc nh t l nc v b trong qu trnh nu b ti,
xc nh thi gian nu trch ly cc cht dinh dng vi hm lng cao nht tnh theo cht tan ng, m amin.
- Xc nh phng php to mu sc v hng v cho sn phm bng chnh nguyn liu bao gm phng php sy, phng php sao rang, phng php sn
ng.
- Xc nh t l ph gia phi trn
- Xc nh nhit v thi gian thanh trng.
Do bc u lm quen vi cng tc nghin cu, kinh nghim cng nh kin thc ca bn thn cn hn ch nn n ca em s khng trnh khi nhng sai st,
knh mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca thy c, bn b ti c hon thin hn. Xin chn thnh cm n.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
3
CHNG I: TNG QUAN 1.1. TNH HNH PHT TRIN NC GII KHT V RAU QU VIT
NAM 1.1.1. Tnh hnh pht trin nc gii kht Vit Nam
Nc gii kht khng ch l ngun cung cp nc m cn l ngun b sung
mui, khong, vitamincho c th sng. Ngoi ra mt s thnh phn trong nc
gii kht cn c gi tr trong vic kch thch tiu ha tt hn v c vai tr cha
bnh.
Hin nay nc ta c rt nhiu loi sn phm ung khc nhau, cc loi
ung phong ph c v chng loi cng nh hnh dng. Theo cc chuyn gia
nghin cu th trng th hin nay ung Vit Nam ang rt hp dn vi cc nh u t, c th thy c iu ny qua s cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip, l
s c mt ca cc thng hiu ni ting ton cu v cc doanh nghip trong nc, cc nh my a phng.
Hin nay, mt hng bia chim ti 40% th trng nc gii kht trong nc.
Cc loi nc gii kht t ng, khng gas, khng hng liu, khng cht mu ang c a chung. Nm c nhu cu ny ca ngi tiu dng nhiu cng ty
c nhiu hng i mi va p ng c th hiu khch hng va gip khng phi
cnh tranh vi hai tn tui ln trong lnh vc nc gii kht l Coca-cola v Pepsi.
Cc cng ty ch trng u t i mi thit b, dy chuyn cng ngh, y mnh hng sn xut thc ung xanh cho ra i nhiu loi sn phm mi nh nc
Yn, nc b ao, nc nha am, nc chanh dy lm phong ph thm th trng
nc gii kht Vit Nam.
Nm 2006 l mt nm c nhiu s kin trng i i vi t nc ta ni chung v i vi ngnh ung ni ring, l vic nc ta gia nhp t chc
thng mi th gii WTO to nhiu bin i ln. Mc d cn gp nhiu kh
khn v vt t, nguyn vt liu, sc p cnh tranh ca cc sn phm trn th trng
trong nc v th gii, song vi s nng ng, sng to, tc tng trng ton
ngnh Bia-Ru-Nc gii kht kh cao. Sn lng bia tng 10,2% so vi nm
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
4
2005 t 1,6 t lt, ru t 85 triu lt, nc gii kht t 1 t lt. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip t trn 16.500 t ng; ng gp cho ngn sch nh nc 6.000 t ng v to vic lm cho hng chc nghn lao ng. Theo nh gi ca cc nh u
t trong ngnh nc gii kht hin nay, Vit Nam ang l th trng pht trin
mnh.
Ty theo nguyn liu v phng php sn xut ngi ta chia nc gii kht
thnh nhng loi khc nhau.
- Nc gii kht c gas: loi nc ny thng c lm lnh t 12-15 oC ri em sc kh CO2.
- Nc gii kht pha ch: l loi nc ngoi vic c bo ha CO2 th cn
c pha thm cc thnh phn khc nh nc qu, cc loi ch phm chit sut t
qu, cy, acid thc phm, cht thm, cht muCc cht ny pha theo mt t l
nht nh. Hin nay trn th trng nhm nc gii kht ny l Pepsi, Coca-cola, nc cam, nc tng lc
- Nc gii kht ln men: c chia lm 2 nhm nh
+ Nhm ln men t qu
+ Nhm ln men t dch ng, tinh bt
Chng khc nhau v thnh phn v qu trnh chun b dch ln men. Nhng ging nhau ch kh CO2 cha trong nc gii kht u c to ra trong qu trnh
ln men dch ng. Ln men t dch qu nh ru vang Thng Long, ru vang
LtLn men t tinh bt c bia, ru nh bia Si Gn, bia H Ni, , ru
go, ru np mi.
- Nc gii kht cha bnh: bao gm cc nc mui khong t nhin do c cha mt s nguyn t him nh I, Br, Co, Licc nguyn t ny c tc dng cha mt s bnh. Ngoi nc mui khong, trong mt s nc gii kht ngi ta cho
thm cc vitamin, acid dnh cho ngi gi v tr em suy dinh dng.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
5
1.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin rau qu Vit Nam 1. Gi tr dinh dng ca rau qu
Rau qu l thc phm n ti, cha nhiu nc, chim t 70-90% trng lng. Nc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh sng ca rau qu. Nc va
l mt thnh phn ha hc, va c coi l mi trng ha tan v thc hin cc qu
trnh phn gii, tng hp vt cht trong qu trnh sng ca rau qu. Nc cha cc
cht dinh dng v vn chuyn cc cht t c quan ny sang c quan khc trong
cc t chc t bo rau qu.
Trong rau qu c cha cc cht gluxit l hp phn ch yu ca cht kh trong tri cy. Gluxit va l vt liu xy dng, va l thnh phn tham gia chnh
vo cc qu trnh trao i cht trong t bo. Thnh phn gluxit trong rau qu bao
gm cc loi ng n v ng kp saccaroza, fructoza, maltoza, galactoza,
liboza ng l thnh phn c bn trong hu ht cc loi rau qu, chim khong
80-95% tng cht kh trong rau qu. y l thnh phn cung cp nhiu nng lng cho c th nn c gi tr dinh dng cao, trong ch yu l fructoza, glucoza, saccaroza. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi ng vi hm lng t hn nh maltoza,
galactoza Fructoza v glucoza l hai loi ng c h tiu ha ca ngi hp
th trc tip ln rau qu lm thc n d tiu ha. Vi cc ng khc c th ch tiu
ha c khi chng phn gii ti cc sn phm cui cng l Fructoza v glucoza.
Mi loi rau qu cha mt loi ng c trng vi t l cao nht. Ngoi ra c th
khng c hoc c vi t l t hn cc loi ng khc.
Bn cnh , trong rau qu cn cha mt lng nh tinh bt, xenluloza, hemixenluloza, pectin.
Hm lng acid trong rau qu chim khong 1%, mt s loi qu c acid
cao nh kh, m, mn, c th t 1,5-2%, chanh t ti 6%. Cc acid hu c ng vai tr quan trng trong thnh phn rau qu cng nh trong qu trnh bo
qun, ch bin. Chng kt hp vi ng to v ngt d chu, gy kch thch tiu ha.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
6
Rau qu khng cha cht m so vi ng, la, hm lng cc cht nit trong
rau qu khng cao t 1-3%. Hp cht nit trong nc ch yu dng protit phc tp .Tuy hm lng t nhng protein ha tan trong nc cho dung dch keo lm
tng nht, n nh trong cc sn phm. Ngoi ra trong rau qu cn cha 1%
cht bo. Trong c cha nhiu cc cht bo khng no nh linoleic
Tuy nhin qu li cha nhiu khong, khong t 50-60 nguyn t khong khc nhau vi hm lng 0,25-1,25%. Gm cc nguyn t ch yu nh Na, K, Ca, Mg, F, P Chng tn ti dng cc hp cht hu c cao phn t dng mui ca
cc acid hu c, v c. Cc hp cht khong c th ha tan, khng ha tan trong nc, khng phn ly thnh ion kim loi. c bit qu c cha cc vitamin, rau qu
l ngun cung cp vitamin kh quan trng cho ngi. Trong rau qu c cc loi
vitamin A, B, C, D, E, P, PP nhiu nht l vitamin C, PP v tin vitamin A. Cc
loi vitamin khc nh B, E, PP c rt t trong rau qu. Vitamin l mt trong nhng
thnh phn qu nht c trong qu v n cng rt cn thit cho c th con ngi, nhng c th khng t tng hp c m phi b sung t bn ngoi.
2. Tnh hnh pht trin rau qu Vit Nam a. Ngun nguyn liu rau qu Vit Nam
V a l, nc ta c nhiu vng nng nghip vi cc sn lng nng sn a dng. Nht l cc tnh nh Lm ng, cc tnh min Ty c nhng iu kin c
bit thun li trng nhng cy n tri nhit i c sn.
Bng 1.1: Sn lng rau qu hng nm Vit Nam Nng sut (tn/ha) Sn lng (triu tn)
Nm Rau Qu Rau Qu
1995 12.8 8.2 4.2 2.9
1997 13.1 8.9 4.9 3.8
1985 13.1 8.94 4.96 3.8
2000 16.0 10.2 6.67 5.2
2003 18.7 11.4 8.99 7.06
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
7
Bng 1.2: Din tch t v kh hu thy vn ca cc vng nng nghip chnh
Vng sinh thi nng
nghip
Din tch t (triu ha)
% Din tch c nc
Nhit trung bnh
(oC). Lng ma
(mm)
Sn phm nng
nghip chnh
Vng ni v trung du 9.8 30 12-32 1600-2500 Rau
Vng ng bng chu th sng
Hng
1 3.8 16-32 1700-1800 Khoai, nhn, bi
Duyn hi min Bc Trung B
5.2 17.5 25-32 1700-1800 La, ng, cam, qut
Duyn hi min Nam Trung B
4.6 13.9 26-30 100-1300 La, rau,
cy n qu nho, xoi, thanh long
Cao nguyn min Trung 5.5 16.6 23-32 1200-2100
La, ng, b, hng, su ring.
Min ng Nam B 2.3 7 16-32 1950-2000
C ph, cao su, u nnh
Tuy nhin, cc vn cy n qu nc ta phn ln cha c chuyn canh
m ch yu l cc vn tp. Ging ln ln v cht lng khng cao. K thut trng
ch yu l theo kinh nghim cha c hiu bit nhiu theo khoa hc k thut, chnh v vy m lng rau qu sn xut c ch yu dng trong nc, lng xut khu
ch trn di 10%. Lng qu tiu dng hng nm ca ngi Vit Nam l 50 kg/ngi v 60 kg/ngi. b. Cc phng php ch bin rau qu
- Phng php sy:
Sy l qu trnh tch nc trong sn phm bng nhit, lm nc trong sn
phm t trng thi lng chuyn sang trng thi hi v thot khi b mt sn phm.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
8
chnh l qu trnh khuyt tn nc t cc lp bn trong ra b mt sn phm v
hi nc t b mt sn phm khuyt tn ra mi trng xung quanh. - Phng php lm lnh ng rau qu:
Rau qu lnh ng l dng sn phm c ch bin v trao i ngy cng nhiu trn th gii. Rau qu lnh ng c u im l gi c nhiu nht tnh cht
vt l v gi tr dinh dng ca nguyn liu so vi cc phng php ch bin v bo qun khc. Nhc im chnh ca rau qu lnh ng l gi thnh cao do chi ph
bo qun ln. Tuy nhin, rau qu lnh ng vn l dng sn phm c a chung
v ngy cng chim t trng cao trong tng s rau qu ch bin. - Phng php mui rau qu:
Bao gm 2 phng php, l rau qu mui chua v rau qu mui mn.
+Rau qu mui chua: l cc sn phm ch bin t rau qu bng cch lm cho
cht ng c sn trong nguyn liu chuyn ha thnh acid lactic do qu trnh ln men lactic vi cc vi sinh vt lactic (mt s vi khun v nm men). Acid lactic v cc sn phm khc ca qu trnh ln men to thnh lm cho sn phm c hng v
c trng. Ngoi ra acid lactic cn c tnh cht st trng, c kh nng c ch s hot ng ca nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy h hng sn phm. Dng mui n natri
clorua mui rau, sn phm ch yu l mui chua ci b, mui chua c, mui chua c chua.
+Rau qu mui mn: sn phm ph bin l mui mn da chut, nm rm,
nm m, m, chanh.
- Phng php sn xut ru qu:
Ru qu l sn phm c cha cn etylic dch qu v mt s thnh phn ph khc. Ru etylic trong ru qu c th pha t ngoi vo, c th lm cho dung dch qu ln men v to thnh ru etylic. Ngi ta phn bit hai dng ru qu ch yu
l ru vang (ru qu ln men) v ru mi (ru qu khng c qu trnh ln men). Hm lng cn etylic trong ru vang qu c mt phn ch yu hoc ton b c to bi qu trnh ln men cc cht ng c trong sn phm. Hm lng cn etylic trong ru mi hon ton l do pha cn etylic t ngoi vo.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
9
- Phng php ng hp rau qu:
ng hp rau qu nn hiu vi khi nim rng l bo qun rau qu trong bao b kn (hp kim loi, l thy tinh, ti cht do) Sn phm c tit trng c th l trc hoc sau khi ng vo bao b. c. nh hng pht trin rau qu ca giai on 2000-2010
p ng nhu cu s dng rau qu trong nc v xut khu n nm 2010,
tnh bnh qun trn u ngi 85 kg rau v 65 kg qu, nc ta cn pht trin cc vng chuyn canh rau qu theo nh hng sau.
Bng 1.3: Pht trin rau qu giai on 2000-2010 Vit Nam
Din tch trng (1000 ha)
Nng sut (tn/ ha)
Sn lng (triu tn) Nm
Rau Qu Rau Qu Rau Qu 1985-1997 337 425 13.1 8.94 4.96 3.8
2000 420 510 16.0 10.2 6.67 5.2 2005 480 620 18.7 11.4 8.99 7.06 2010 550 750 20.4 12.0 11.52 9.0
1.2. GII THIU V B AO 1.2.1. Ngun gc
B ao hay cn gi l b phn, b xanh, b hoc b lng. C tn khoa hc l
Benicasa cerifera savi (Benicasa hispida cogn), thuc h bu b Cucurbitaceae. Ngoi ra, n cn c mt s tn khc cc nc nh:
- Ting Anh: Wax ground, Winter melon, Fuzzy melon, Hairy melon. - Ting Trung: Quc Mao gwa, Tseet gwa. - Ting Nht: Heari meron.
- Ting Malaysia: Timum balu - Ting Thi: Paeng
B ao c ngun gc t n , Trung Quc c trng hu ht khp vng nhit i, nhit i ca chu v min ng chu i Dng. nc ta b ao c trng ph bin khp mi ni, nht l quanh cc thnh ph, tr trn. N l
mt loi rau truyn thng ca nhn dn ta do d n, d ch bin v l nguyn liu
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
10
tt cho sn xut bnh ko. Do c lp v dy, cng, kh nng t khng cao nn
n rt d vn chuyn v bo qun tt, l loi d tr cho vng gip v v vng thiu rau.
1.2.2. c im thc vt hc
1. H r Sinh trng mnh, c kh nng chu hn, khi gp iu kin thch hp r
chnh c th n su ti 1,6m; r ph n su ti 0,5m; nhng tp trung ch yu tng t mt 20-25cm. Trn mi t thn nu gp t v m nht nh s pht trin mnh v nh vy s lm pht trin kh nng hp th ngun dinh dng t t.
2. Thn, l B ao l loi cy thn tho, sng mt nm, thn trn hoc khng r cnh, c
mu xanh, trn thn ph mt lp lng ngn v dy. Cng v pha ngn lng cng
di. Chiu di ca thn ph thuc vo iu kin trng trt, kh nng phn nhnh ca n.
L b c mu xanh thm, dy, ph lng cng, l nhm, l ln c dng chn
vt 5 cnh. Tua cun thng phn 2-4 nhnh, thng l 3. 3. Hoa
Hoa c 5 cnh hp, mu vng, hoa ci cung to hn hoa c. Hoa n tnh cng gc th phn nh cn trng. Hoa c mc n nch, di c ng hnh chung
rng, thy gn hnh l, cnh 5, nh 3. Hoa ci c i, trng ging hoa c, nh 3, lp, bu hnh trng hay hnh tr, ph lng dy. Vi nhy dy, 3 u nhy g gh,
dy. Ging chn sm, hoa ci xut hin nch l th 6, th 7, mi cy c 2-3 qu. Ging chn mun, hoa ci u tin xut hin nch l th 12, th 13, mi cy cho 1-2 qu.
4. Qu, ht Qu thng c mu xanh, khi cn non c mu xanh nht, ph mt lp lng
dy cng. Khi qu gi c mu xanh, hu ht lng b rng v thay vo l lp phn
trng ph ln v qu.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
11
Hnh dng qu c dng trn di, trn dt v trc di. Khi lng v kch
thc ca qu thay i ty thuc ch yu vo ging t 2-3 kg v n 5-7 kg. B xanh Trung Quc ( ngoi thnh ph Qung Chu) c ging nng 10-15 kg/qu.
Cy b ao trng ly qu. Qu b ao l loi rau thng dng trong cc ba n hng ngy, c v ngt, lnh tnh, rt d ch bin, d bo qun. Cc thnh phn
khc ca cy nh r, thn, l khng c gi tr dinh dng cao, ch c th dng lm
phn bn.
1.2.3. Cng dng v dc tnh ca B ao 1. Cng dng
B ao l thc n mt, b, r tin, rt thng dng trong cc ma thu, ng.
Trong qu b ao c rt nhiu cht dinh dng v hot cht sinh hc qu. i b phn qu b ao l nc v khng c cht bo nn thng dng lm thc phm n
king. B ao thng dng trong cc ba n hng ngy nh luc, nu canh, xo, lm gi. Mt iu lu l khi n b ao nn s dng mui va phi, cng t cng tt, iu ny ph hp vi c tnh hn, v can ca b ao. y cng l nguyn nhn
v sao dn gian s dng b ao nu canh nhiu hn kho. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng b ao lm mt, kem dng da, chit sut protease
2. Dc tnh B ao c tn thuc l ng Qua, c s dng t lu i trong ng y
hc, tc dng phng bnh v cha bnh ca b ao c ghi li trong Thn Nng
bn tho kinh b sch thuc c nht ca ng y hc, c vit ra t Thin Nin
k th nht. Ton b cy b ao gm thn l - tht qu - v qu - ht u l
nhng v thuc. Theo ng y hc:
- Thn (dy b): C v ng, tnh lnh, c tc dng ha kh huyt, tr phong thp.
- Tht qu b :
C v ngt, tnh mnh vo cc kinh t, v, i trng v tiu trng. C tc
dng li thy, thanh nhit, tiu m, gii c, dng cha cc bnh ph thng, ho suyn, tiu tin nh git, st nng, tiu ng
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
12
- L b:
C tc dng cha tiu ng, st rt, t l, thng c. - V qu:
C v ngt nht, tnh mt vo cc kinh t v ph, c tc dng li thy, tiu thng, dng cha chng ung thng, thy thng, tiu chy
- Ht b:
C v ngt, tnh mt vo kinh can, c tc dng nhun ph, ha m, tiu
thng, cha cc chng sng phi (ph ung), st nng nhiu m (m nhit khi thu), thy thng 3. Mt s tc dng c th
- Cha i khng thng do bng quang nhit:
V b ao sc c, ung nhiu i s thng (theo Nam dc thn diu ca Tu Tnh)
- Cha ph thng (c thn mnh v mt u ph): B ao, c hnh nu vi c chp n th s khi (Nam dc thn diu), cng
c th dng 30g v b ao ti (kh 10g) sc c ung hng ngy 2-3 ln, ung nhiu khng c tc dng ph (Thc vt dng ch nam).
- Cha ung nht phi hay i trng (ph ung, trng ung): Sc ung theo cng thc:
+ Ht b ao : 40g
+ B cng anh : 40g
+ Kim ngn hoa : 40g
+ d (sng) : 40g + Dip c : 40g + R lan : 20g
+ Ht o : 10g
+ Cc cnh : 10g
+ Cam tho : 10g
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
13
- Cha chn m u ngn tay sng au:
Ly l b ao gi nt, xo vi gm, p rt vo ch au, kh th li thay (kinh nghim dn gian).
- Tr cm nng, phin kht:
Ly b ao gi vt ly nc, ung nhiu s gim (Thc vt dc ch nam). - Ho g, vim chi kh qun:
Ht b ao 15g trn thm t ng ri gi nt, ch nc si vo 2-3g (T thc ph ha trung tho Dc Phng).
- Cha chng tiu kht (i tho ng, kht ung nc nhiu, tiu tin nhiu):
Tht qu b ao 30g, v b ao 30g, hong lin 9g, sc ung (Thc vt dc dng ch nam).
- Cha hen suyn: Ly qu b non (khi cung hoa cha rng), em b ra nht ng phn vo
trong, cho vo ni hp chn (sch Trung y b nghim phng hi bin). - Cha tn nhang, lm p da: Ht b 350g, ht sen 30g, bch chi 15g, tt c em nghin. Hng ngy sang
ba cm ung mt tha bt v ch bng nc si (T thc ha Trung tho dc phng).
- Khi trng c do n nhiu c nc, tm v cc loi c khc:
Ly b ao gi nt, vt ly nc, ung tht nhiu (Thc vt dng ch nam) - Cha tr chng nng trong ngi, nng bao t:
Khot rut b ao sp gi, cho bt lin hong vo trong, b vo bnh, lu nghin v vo thnh vin, mi vin to bng tri to ta, mi ln ung t 3-5 vin. Nhiu ln nh vy s cha c chng bnh trn (theo kinh nghim dn gian).
- Cha nhng bnh sa sn hu:
Ph n sau khi sinh b sn hu thng xut hin du hiu mt nc, l, ph
thng, t Vi nhng bnh ny, sch C kim lc nghim phng hng dn dng t bn pha t st bc qu b ao nng trong la than. Khi t kh nt ra, em ra,
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
14
ly qu b ao vt nc ung (ung nng cng tt). Ngoi ra cha theo cch ny cn c th cha chng thng hn, th t
- Cha bnh tr con b nng mc nhiu mn:
Dng 4 lng b ao, 4 lng bin sp (thi li ta) nu vi khong 10 lt nc, ngui sau tm cho tr.
- Cha bnh thy kh sinh ra ph thng, kh th:
Theo sch Dng th gia ton phng, cha chng bnh ny cn b i
qu b ao, b ht, cho xch tiu u vo ct cht phi kh. Dng cm np cho vo
ni, b qu b ao vo gia em nung (cng c th b than la vo ni, cm s bc chy). Khi no tn la em tn nh, vin trn bng 1/3 qu cau cho vo bnh y kn. Mi ln 5-10 vin. Ly ht b ao nu nc ung, mi ngy ung 3 ln, 1 tun sau s khi.
- Cha mn nht: Theo sch Tru hu phng th tr em di 10 tui, ph n trong thi k
kinh nguyt, n ng 40-60 tui thng b mn nht. Dng b ao ct ra tng ming p vo lin tc nhiu ln trong ngy mn nht s t kh (nu pht hin sm). Nu mn gi th s m ming tho m v mau lnh. Nu mn bin thnh khi u th nng qu b ao cho nng, p vo (lu ch khi no xc nh mn nht cng thnh u th mi p dng). y l phng php hu hiu tr mn nht u cho tr em.
- Cha vt nm mt :
Dng b ao 1 qu gi, co sch v nu vi 1 lt ru, 1 lt nc. Khi no
nu rc, loi b cn, nc vo bnh. Mi m thoa ln vt nm nhiu ln, vt nm s t mt i. Phng php ny c tc dng lm cho da mn mng, bng by, xa nhng ni sn si, ng vy trn mt.
Nh vy, qu b ao khng nhng l mn n thn thuc m cn l phng
thuc tr bnh. Cc phng thuc hin i cho thy, trong b ao hm lng cht
bo rt thp nn c tc dng tr liu tt i vi nhng bnh x cng ng mch, bnh ng mch vnh tim, bnh tng huyt p, vim thn, ph thng.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
15
1.2.4. Phn loi Trn th gii hin nay c rt nhiu ging b nn vic phn loi rt a dng v
phong ph. Ta c th da vo hnh dng v c tnh sinh ha ca chng phn
loi nh sau:
1. Ging b Calabash (Calabash gourd, OPO gourd) Ging b ny l loi dy leo mnh khi c trng kh
hu m p. Chng c rt nhiu hnh dng v kch c. Mt im
th v khi trng b ny l nhng tri b c hnh dng khc nhau c
kh nng th phn cho nhau v cho qu c hnh dng mi khng xc nh trc. Chng rt d trng v c kh nng chu su bnh tt. Tri b c
thu hoch v ch bin nh cc ging b khc. Khi b gi v kh s c lp v ngoi
bng g cng v ngi ta s dng lm bnh ng nc.
2. B lng (Hairy gourd) - Hairy gourd, Chiang Shin Jockr:
Ging b ny c kch thc trung bnh, chiu di t 10-15 cm. V ngoi xanh thm, tht trng, c s dng ph bin vng Qung ng v Nam Trung Quc. c bit l ch bin chung vi c hi v nu sp, ging b ny rt d trng trong kh hu m p v rt sai qu. - Hairy gourd, Seven Star Long:
Mt trong nhng loi b lng c s dng ph bin nht
trong m thc Trung Hoa. Ging b ny c by bn khp ni
trong cc siu th vng duyn hi phng ng. N l loi b di
c 20-30 cm, mi v thm ngon nn chuyn dng nu sp. - Hairy gourd, Fuzzy gourd, Mao Qwa:
Mao Qwa l loi b nh ln hn b Tong Qwa, m ngi ta thng gi l b nh, qu hnh tr, ng knh khong 5,0-7,5cm. V ngoi mu xanh, c lng, c thu hoch lm rau c khi cn
non. Tht b trng, chc, v ngt du. Khi trng cn cho b leo gin v ti nc khi thi tit nng.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
16
3. B ng (winter melon) - Winter melon, Oblong Tong Qwa: Ging b ny cho tri ln, c th di 35-65cm, chiu ngang
30-40cm. Loi ny rt ph bin i Loan v vng cn nhit i chu .
- Winter melon, Round Tong Qwa: Ging ny cho tri trung bnh, ph bin Nht Bn, d trng
v cho nng sut cao.
- Winter melon, Tong Qwa (Wax gourd): L loi b sp hay cn gi l b trng, sinh trng nhanh,
lu thu hoch, chu kh hu m. Chng dng dy leo b trn t
nh b ng, tri c th nng ti 22kg. N c kh nng bo qun
c vi thng ni thong mt. dnh s dng khi ng v do cn c gi l Tung Qwa hay Winter melon.
- Winter melon, Hybrid small round:
Ging b ny c kch c nh, ng knh 10-18 cm, tin cho nu nng trong gia nh. Dy b pht trin mnh ni kh
hu m v mi dy cho nhiu tri. Tht b mu trng, thm ngon, rt thch hp khi nu sp c hi.
- Winter melon, Hybrid small long
Ging b ny cho qu nh, thun di. Kch c v hnh dng
ca n tin nu nng. Loi ny cho nng sut cao, thu hoch
nhiu trong v h thu.
- Winter melon, Long giant:
Ging b ny cho tri rt to, nng khong 22kg. Tri trng thnh v mu xanh, khng c sp ngoi. Tht mu
trng trong, ging ny ph bin Nam Trung Quc v cc nc chu cn nhit i.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
17
Hin nay, trn th trng Vit Nam c loi b lng (Hairy gourd) c trng nhiu nht v ngi tiu dng a chung do tri b ao nh, kch c va phi, tin ch bin trong gia nh m ngi ta thng gi l b ao chanh. Trong ch bin, c
bit trong sn xut mt b, ngi ta s dng tri b ln, ci dy, c hnh dng tng t loi Winter melon, Long giant nhng trng lng trung bnh nh hn, khong 6-12 kg/ tri. Cc loi b khc Vit Nam rt him thy, c th do yu cu v kh
hu, t ai khng thch hp.
1.2.5. K thut trng b ao 1. c im
B ao l loi qu c dng lm thc phm phc v rau xanh hng ngy
cho mi gia nh. Ngoi ra b ao cn l ngun nguyn liu cho cng nghip bnh
ko, nc gii kht c gi tr xut khu cao.
Cy b ao l cy rau thuc h bu b c kh nng sinh trng, pht trin, thch ng rng, chng chu su bnh rt tt, trng b ao t phi dng thuc bo v
thc vt nn sn xut b ao c coi l sn phm sch.
Do lp v dy, cng nn b ao c kh nng bo qun, vn chuyn tt. B ao gp phn cung cp cho cc vng thiu rau v kh nng bo qun l iu kin
cung cp rau cho giai on gip v. B ao cho nng sut 35-50 tn/ha v l loi rau cho hiu qu kinh t cao.
2. Ngun gc sinh vt hc B ao l cy a m thuc h bu b. Nhit thch hp t 24-28oC. Mc d
vy ht c th ny mm nhit 10-15oC nhng tt nht l 25oC, giai on cy con (vn m) yu cu nhit thp hn khong 20-22oC. Song cho qu pht trin bnh thng th li cn cng nh sng gim (va phi).
B ao c kh nng chu hn kh nh h r kh pht trin. Thi k cy con
n ra hoa cn yu cu m ca t l 65-70%, thi k ra hoa kt qu cn m 70-80%. B ao chu ng km, thi k pht dc ra hoa kt qu gp m ln do
ma hoc ti nc khng hp l s gy vng l, rng hoa, rng qu nh hng
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
18
nghim trng n nng sut. B ao c th lm vic vng t tht va, hi nng,
song tt nht trn t tht nh v ph sa, pH thch hp 6,5-8,0. 3. K thut gieo trng
- Thi v: c 2 v trng chnh
+ V thu: gieo 20/8-5/10 + V ng xun: gieo 1/12 15/2 - Gieo ht:
Lng ht cn gieo cho 1 ha khong 0,9-1,1kg. Ht nn ngm t 4-6h ri em gieo. Gieo ht trn lung, ph ht bng lp t bt mng, khng nn ph qu dy lm ht khng i ln c. Khi cy mc c 7-8 ngy ( 2 l mm r) c th sang bu, kch thc 7-10cm, c th n 4-5 l tht mi a ra trng.
Trng bu tranh th thi gian v d chm sc cy con, t lm bu l t
hn hp t bt v phn mc theo t l 1:1. - Lm t :
Nu lm dn nn lm lung rng 1,5-2,0m; khong cch trng (40-50) x 80cm, cy cch cy 40-50cm, hng cch hng 80cm. Nu khng lm dn (cy b trn mt lung) nn lung rng trn 3,5m; trng 2 hng gia lung, khong cch trng gia cc cy l 40-50cm, hng trng cch mp lung 15-20cm v vy hng x hng 2,5 3m.
Ch : nu trng b b cn c rm, r ph mt lung cho b b v qu. - Phn bn:
+ Phn chung 800-1000 kg/so
m Ur 10-12 kg/so Ln super 15-18 kg/so Kali 10-12 kg/so
Bn lt ton b phn chung + ln + 1/4 kali + m.
+ Thc ln 1: khi cy bt u leo hoc ng ngn b (sau khi cy mc 30-40 ngy) bn 1/4 kali + 1/4 m.
+ Thc ln 2: sau khi cy ra qu r, bn 1/3 kali + 1/3 m.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
19
S phn cn li ha vi nc phn chung long dng ti khi thy cy
sinh trng, pht trin km.
4. Cc bin php chm sc khc + Vun ln 1: kt hp vi bn thc khi cy 30-40 ngy + Vun ln 2: kt hp vi bn thc khi cy ra hoa r 55-65 ngy sau trng. B ao ra nhiu nhnh, mi cy cn 1-2 nhnh, mi nhnh cho u 1-2
qu, sau khi qu u 5-10 ngy c th nh qu sao cho mi gc cy ch 1-2 qu. Nu b b, khi cy di 60-70cm, dng dy nilon gm cy khi gi lt v
to iu kin ra r ph (bt nh) tng kh nng ht cht dinh dng cho cy. 5. Phng tr su bnh
B ao t phi phun thuc, khi cy c 2-10 l lc ny cy non, mm thng
b su xanh, rp ph hoi.
Dng Ofatox 0,1% hoc Oncol 20EC phun cho cy. Cy b bnh sng mai dng Kasuzan, Zineb 80WP, bnh phn trng dng Bavistyl nng 0,25% phun cho cy.
6. Thu hoch B ao rt d tiu th. Khi qu 50-60 ngy tui tr i c th thu lm b rau rt
tt. Nu tiu th b gi hoc bo qun th khi qu xut hin phn trng, ct vo bui sng, c cung, xp cn thn ni thong mt c th bo qun c 1-2
thng.
1.3. TM HIU THNH PHN HA HC V CC PHN NG TO MU SC, HNG V CA B AO TRONG QU TRNH GIA NHIT
1.3.1. Tm hiu v thnh phn ha hc ca b ao B ao cha nhiu cht dinh dng v thuc loi thc phm dinh dng cao.
Nhng nm v trc c rt nhiu nc phn tch v thnh phn ha hc ca b
ao, thu thp s liu v tri b ao Vit Nam trong bng 1.4, bng 1.5.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
20
Bng 1.4: Bng gi tr dinh dng trn 100g b ao
Thnh phn dinh dng n v Hm lng Phn n c G 98
Nc G 93,8 Nng lng KJ 44
Protein G 0,7 Cht bo G 0,1
Cacbonhydrate G 2 Acid hu c G 0,04
Tro G 0,7 X G 2,1
Bng 1.5: Thnh phn khong v vitamin trong 100g b ao
Khong Vitamin Thnh phn dinh dng n v Hm lng
Thnh phn dinh dng n v Hm lng
Ca mg 12 Vitamin A mg 0,02 K mg 250 Vitamin B mg 0,07
Mg mg 15 Vitamin B2 mg 0,05 Fe mg 0,3 Vitamin B3 mg 0,2 Na mg 2 Vitamin C mg 69 Zn mg 0,2
Cch tin hnh xc nh mt s thnh phn ca b ao nh ng tng s,
nit acid amin, acid, hm lng m, hm lng khong, kh, pH... c trnh by phn ph lc.
1.3.2. Cc phn ng sinh ra mu sc, hng v t b ao trong qu trnh gia nhit Mu sc c th cho mu Caramel nh cc c s sn xut lm, nhng c
th to mu t chnh nguyn liu b do trong b c thnh phn acid amin v ng kh d dng to ra phn ng Melanoidin nhit cao v mi c trng c th to
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
21
ra do cc hp cht polyphenol b mt nc trong qu trnh gia nhit to ra mi
hng c trng.
* Phn ng Caramel: l phn ng kh nc v trng hp ha ca ng
nhit cao ( nhit ln hn nhit nng chy ca ng). Chng hn vi Glucose 145-1500C; Fructose 90-1000C; Saccharose 160-1800C; Lactose 223-2520C.
V d: Saccharose c s phn ng Caramel nh sau:
`
* Phn ng Melanoidin: - iu kin xy ra phn ng l phn ng xy ra trong mi trng c hp cht
cha nhm cacbonyl v nhm amin -NH2 ( hoc amoniac). - Phn ng to Melanoidin bao gm 1 lot cc phn ng xy ra song song v
ni tip. Da vo mc v mu sc ca sn phm c th chia phn ng thnh 3
giai on:
-C- || O
C12H22O11 t01350C
C6H12O6 (glucose) + C6H10O5 (Fructose) -H2O (5%)
(glucozan) C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 (Fructose) t01850C
C12H20O10 (izo saccharozan): l hp cht quan trng hnh thnh hp cht Caramel.
t0
-H2O (10%)
Cht mu Humin
t0 ; H2O trng hp ha
Caramelin t0
; -H2O (25%) trng hp ha
Caramelen + izo saccharozan
Caramelan
c i vi c th. Khng tan trong nc
Mu nu en mi rt kht v rt ng
Mu nu mi kht v ng
Mu vng mi hi kht v hi ng
t01350C
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
22
+ Giai on u: hnh thnh hp cht khng mu. Xy ra phn ng ngng t cacbonylamin & chuyn v amadori.
+ Giai on trung gian: l giai on hnh thnh mi v mu c trng; gm 5 qu trnh v ng hng khc nhau. Hp cht 1amin1dezoxi2xeton bin i loi nc ni phn t hoc t phn hy to ra cc aldehyde c gc R l acid amin to mi thm c trng, cn cc sn phm trung gian s a t to thnh mu c
trng.
S : Cc ng hng phn ng giai on trung gian ca Melanoidin
COOH COOH | | RCCHHNCHR R2C1CH2HNCHR || || OH O 1amin 1 deoxi 2 xeton 1amin 1 dezoxi 2 xeton (dng enol) (dng xeton)
L hp cht trung gian quan trng hnh cc sn phm tip theo.
O || 1C-H | H2C | R glucose
O || 1C H COOH | | H 2C HN C R | | R H Phc ng amin
OH+H
H COOH | | N C R | H acid amin
-H2O
SP trung gian
SP trung gian
TO MU
1amin 1 dezoxi 2 xeton
- H2O - H2O Ph
n h
y n
g - H2O
Acid amin Aldehyde
Fructose Reducton Aldehyde Axeton
diaxethin
Ozon Acid amin
Aldehyde
Acid amin
Aldehyde SP trung gian
a t a t a t
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
23
++++ Giai on cui cng: hnh thnh cc cht mu. Cc sn phm trung gian:
- Cc yu t nh hng ti phn ng: Cng mi thm, mu sc ca phn ng ph thuc vo cc yu t: loi acid
amin, loi ng tham gia phn ng v t l acid amin v ng, hm m, nhit , pH, cht km hm v mt s iu kin khc.
+ C cht: bn cht acid amin khc nhau s cho mi thm v mu sc khc
nhau. Bn cht cc loi ng khc nhau s tham gia phn ng vi mc khc
nhau. Cng mu ca phn ng Melainoidin ph thuc vo t l acid amin so
vi ng, phn ng vn c th xy ra cc t l nng khc nhau nhng t l
acid amin/ng =1/3 l mnh nht.
+ Hm m: nu mi trng khng c nc phn ng khng xy ra. Nc t
phn ng vn xy ra, cn nc nhiu th lm cho nng ng v acid amin long. Cng m 30% l tc phn ng mnh m nht.
+ Nhit : nhit phn ng khc nhau s to ra sn phm khc nhau.
Nhit 00C v < 00C th phn ng khng xy ra. t0 = 95 - 1000C phn ng xy ra tt hn c, nhit qu cao phn ng xy ra cng mnh cng su sc nhng
Melanoidin c v ng.
+ pH mi trng: mi trng kim phn ng d xy ra; pH < 3 phn ng
xy ra yu.
+ nh hng ca cht km hm: cc cht c kh nng km hm phn ng l
bisulfitkali, bisulfitnatri, dimedon.
Phn ng ngng t
Phn ng trng hp ha polyme
Khng no,tan trong nc, mu m
polyme Khng no, khng tan trong nc, mu m
Sn phm Melanoidin
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
24
CHNG II: VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.1. VT LIU NGHIN CU 2.1.1. Nguyn liu chnh
Nguyn liu chnh l b ao, l loi rau ph bin, c mua t ch, r tin,
d ch bin v bo qun. B ao khng ch c dng ch bin trong cc ba n
hng ngy m cn c tc dng cha bnh rt tt.
2.1.2. Nguyn liu ph 1. ng
ng s dng b sung l ng tinh luyn cao cp RE (TCVN 1695-87), c ng trong bao b polyme.
* t cc ch tiu cm quan sau:
- Hnh dng dng tinh th tng i u, ti kh, khng vn cc.
- Mu sc tt c cc tinh th u trng ng nh. Khi pha trong dung dch
nc ct th dung dch trong sut.
- Mi v v ngt, khng c mi l.
* t cc ch tiu ha l sau: - Hm lng saccharose 95% tng hm lng cht kh - Hm lng ct sn: 0
- Hm lng ng kh < 0,03%
- m < 0,05% - mu < 20 IU
- Tro dn in < 0,015% - As < 1 mg/kg
- Cu 15 mg/kg - Pb 0,5 mg/kg * t cc ch tiu vi sinh vt sau:
- Tng nm men 10 CFU/g
- Tng nm mc 10 CFU/g
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
25
2. Nc Nc s dng trong sn xut phi m bo tiu chun theo quyt nh
1329/2002/BYT/Q ca BYT. y s dng nc my do thnh ph Nha Trang cung cp. Hoc nu t cc ngun nc khc phi qua x l m bo khng c cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nguy him, cc mm dch bnh, khng cha cc kim loi
nng v hm lng cc cht hu c, v c khng nhiu.
3. Kalisorbat S dng dng tinh th mu trng vi liu lng nht nh c tc dng bo
qun, khng lm thay i mi v ca sn phm v khng gy c i vi con ngi.
4. Bt tr lc iatomit S dng dng bt mn, mu trng. C tc dng y nhanh qu trnh lc v
sn phm c tinh sch hon ton, khng lng cn trong qu trnh bo qun.
2.1.3. Vt liu bao b Mi loi thc phm th n thch hp vi mt loi bao b khc nhau, da vo
c tnh ca n m ta chn bao b thch hp cho sn phm ca mnh. Vi ti
nghin cu sn xut nc gii kht t b ao, em chn bao b thy tinh. S dng chai thy tinh c dung tch 240ml v chiu cao 21cm, c mu trong sut. Mc d
chai thy tinh c mt s nhc im nhng n thch hp vi hp nc gii kht
b ao nh thy tinh khng mi, khng to mu mi vi thc phm, c trong
sut cao, hnh thc p, d trang tr v to dng, ng thi n d sn xut v ti s
dng, l loi bao b an ton cho thc phm nht, c ngi tiu dng a thch
nht. Chai thy tinh cn m bo mt s yu cu sau:
- m bo bn ha hc: l bn vng vi cc tc dng ca acid hu c c trong hp. - m bo bn c hc:
Chai thy tinh phi chu lc ko, lc nn, c cng, gin nht nh.
Ngoi ra:
+ Thnh chai phi u, khng c bt kh, khng c vt nt, vt nhn, vt ct, ming chai phi bng phng, khng st m.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
26
+ Np chai c cu to bng Fe, c m km v c sn vecni chng r.
Pha di ni tip xc vi ming c chai c nm cao su khi ng np s cht hn.
2.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.2.1. Xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca b ao: bng phng php cn trng lng.
Khi lng tht T l phn n c =
Khi lng mu x 100%
2.2.2. Phng php phn tch vi sinh 1. Xc nh tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (TPC)
Nguyn tc: Vi sinh vt hiu kh l nhng vi sinh vt gy h hng thc phm
ch sng c trong iu kin c O2 t do. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh c xc
nh theo phng php m khun lc mc trn mi trng thch (Meat Extract Aga) 37oC sau 24h. 2. Xc nh E.Coli
Nguyn tc: E.Coli l dng Coliform c ngun gc t phn gy bnh tiu chy, pht trin c trong iu kin 44 0,5oC, c kh nng sinh indol, acid, khng sinh acetol v khng dng Citratdium ngun carbon. Ecoli c xc nh theo kh nng ln men lactose, sinh hi 44 0,5oC, c phn ng IMVIC ph hp.
Mi trng s dng l mi trng tng sinh BGBL, mi trng phn lp
EBM, mi trng th phn ng sinh ha Simmons Citrate Aga.
3. Xc nh tng s Coliforms Tng s Coliforms c xc nh theo phng php m khun lc mc trn
a petri cha mi trng Eorine Methyline Blue (EMB) hoc mi trng Endo. 4. Xc nh tng s nm men, nm mc
Nui cy nhit 28 1 oC trong thi gian 5 ngy trong mi trng Czapeck ri tin hnh m khun lc.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
27
5. Xc nh Staphylococus aureus Nui cy nhit 37oC trong thi gian 24-48h trong mi trng BP (Baird
parker), tin hnh m s khun lc c trng v khng c trng ri t da vo t l ca chng xc nh s khun lc.
6. Xc nh Streptococus faecal S dng phng php m khun lc, mu c cy trn mi trng chn
lc Enterococus agar, sau khi 44oC trong 48h m cc khun lc c trng v
khng nh khun lc m bng cc th nghim ha sinh. Trng hp nghi ng
cc vi sinh vt trong mu b tn thng hay yu do qu trnh ch bin v bo qun, tin hnh phc hi chng bng cch cy chng vo trong mi trng khng chn
lc TSA, nhit 370C trong 2h, sau ph ln mt lp mi trng chn lc
Enterococus agar, cc a mi trng sau khi cy c 44oC trong 48h.
7. Xc nh Clostridium perfringens Mu c cy vo mi trng ISA (Iron Sulfite Agar) hay SFP (Shahidi
Ferguson Perfringens) 45oC, lc u, sau khi mi trng ng cho thm trn b mt 1 t mi trng ISA hay SFP. Sau em nhit 37oC trong 24-48h trong cc bnh k kh. Sau m tt c cc khun lc en c trn a.
khng nh cn thc hin nhng quy trnh tiu chun gip khng nh kt qu.
2.2.3. Phng php phn tch cm quan Phng php phn tch cm quan xc nh cc ch tiu cm quan chung hoc
ring bit tng ch tiu mi, v, mu sc v trng thi. Ngoi ra cn c p dng
nh mc cht lng ca mt s ch tiu khc ca sn phm.
p dng phng php cho im ca TCVN 3215-79, s dng h 20 im xy dng trn mt thang im thng nht c 6 bc (t 0 n 5) v 5 l im cao nht cho mi ch tiu.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
28
Bng 2.1: C s nh gi cht lng sn phm
Bc nh gi im cha
c trng lng C s nh gi
1 5 Trong ch tiu ang xt, sn phm khng c sai li v khuyt tt no.
2 4 Sn phm c khuyt tt nh hoc sai li nh hoc c hai nhng khng lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm .
3 3 Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li nh hoc c hai. S lng v mc ca khuyt tt, sai li lm gim cm quan ca sn phm nhng sn phm vn t tiu chun.
4 2
Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li hoc c hai. S lng v mc khuyt tt, sai li lm cho sn phm khng t mc cht lng quy nh trong tiu chun nhng cn kh nng bn c.
5 1
Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li mc trm trng, khng t mc ch s dng chnh ca sn phm . Song sn phm vn cha coi l hng. Sn phm khng bn c nhng sau khi ti ch thch hp vn s dng c.
6 0 Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li mc trm trng, sn phm b coi l hng, khng s dng c na.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
29
Bng 2.2: Bng cho im ch tiu cm quan i vi hp nc b ao
Tn ch tiu im cha c trng lng C s nh gi cc ch tiu
5 Sn phm trong sut, ng nht, khng cn, khng vn c.
4 Sn phm trong nhng hi m c, ng nht, khng cn. 3 Sn phm khng b vn c, c t cn mn y. 2 Sn phm ln vn c. 1 Sn phm c cn l lng r rt hoc vng.
1. trong
0 Sn phm c lp cn y nhiu hoc nhiu cht l lng, vt th l. 5 Sn phm c mu vng nu c trng, sng p. 4 Sn phm c mu vng nu hi nht. 3 Sn phm c mu nu sng. 2 Sn phm c mu vng qu nht. 1 Sn phm sm mu, ti, c khuynh hng mu en.
2. Mu sc
0 Sn phm c mu khc l. 5 Mi thm c trng, ha hp, mi ngt du.
4 Mi thm nh c trng, hi ha, hi c mi kht nh.
3 C mi ng nh, khi lc hay ung mi cm nhn c, mi kht r.
2 Sn phm khng mi hay c mi ng r.
1 C mi ng rt nng, mi chy kht, hi c mi l.
3. Mi
0 C mi l, gy kh chu, c mi i chua.
5 V ngt ha hp, thanh, m du, hon ton c trng cho sn phm c hu v.
4 V c trng, ngt, thanh, khng c hu v r 3 V hi nht hoc hi ngt, khng c hu v. 2 V km, ngt gt, hi ng, v ng chy. 1 V kht ng, c ln v l.
4. V
0 C v l gy kh chu, v i chua.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
30
Cc ch tiu c mc quan trng c quy nh bi h s quan trng. i
vi nhng sn phm khc nhau th c h s quan trng khc nhau. Qua phn tch em xc nh h s quan trng cho hp nc b ao nh sau da vo c tnh ca
n theo danh mc ch tiu v h s quan trng trong sch kim tra cht lng sn phm bng phng php cm quan - Trng i hc Nha Trang.
Bng 2.3: Bng nh gi sn phm qua h s quan trng H s quan trng
STT Tn ch tiu % Trn 4 ch tiu
1 trong 10 0.4
2 Mu sc 30 1.2
3 Mi 45 1.8
4 V 15 0.6
2.2.4. Quy trnh sn xut d kin: 1. S quy trnh (Hnh 2.1) 2. Thuyt minh quy trnh: a. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu c s dng l b ao c ci dy, tht trng.S d chn loi b
ny v n d mua, d a vo ch bin cng ngh, c v cng nn c kh nng t lm lnh vt thng, nu khng dp hay thi ng trc th n c kh nng bo qun c lu m gi thnh li thp.
Ngoi ra cn c thm cc thnh phn khc nh ng, nc, iatmit,
kalisorbat.
b. X l ra Gt v, b ht v loi nhng phn h thi, nhng qu h hng. Phn tht v
rut qu b ao sau x l phi c ra bng nc sch nhm loi b nhng tp cht c hc, lm gim lng vi sinh vt xm nhp trong qu trnh x l, ng thi loi hon ton phn ht cn st.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
31
Hnh 2.1: S sn xut d kin
Xc nh thnh phn khi lng
Xc nh t l b & nc Xc nh thi gian nu
PP sy PP sao rang PP sn ng
Xc nh t l siro c bn Xc nh t l kalisorbat
Xc nh nhit , thi gian
X l
Ra sch Nc
Xay
Nu
Lc
p dng phng php to hng v, mu sc
Chit hng
Phi ch
Lc
ng bao b
Thanh trng
Nc
iatomit
Chai, np
B
B
Sn phm
iatomit
X l
Ra sch Nc
Xay
Nu
Lc
p dng phng php to hng v, mu sc Nc
B
X l
Ra sch Nc
Xay
Nu
Lc
p dng phng php to hng v, mu sc Nc
B
X l
Ra sch Nc
Xay
Nu
Lc
p dng phng php to hng v, mu sc Nc
B ao
B v, ht
B
xut quy trnh hon thin
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
32
c. Xay
B sau khi ra sch c em xay. Qu trnh ny gip trch ly ti a cht dinh dng t b ti, gim thi gian nu, tit kim nhin liu v hn ch tht thot
vitamin.
d. Nu B qua giai on xay s c cho vo nu vi t l nc thch hp. Hn
hp sau s c ngui mt lt ri em lc loi b sau khi nu gip cho qu
trnh lc tinh sau ny tin hnh thun li v nhanh chng.
e. Qu trnh to mu sc v mi v cho sn phm y l khu quan trng nht quyt nh n mu sc v mi v ca sn
phm. Kho st cc phng php to mu sc v hng v t nhin cho sn phm
t xc nh cc thng s v gip la chn phng php thch hp nht va m
bo cht lng va tit kim nguyn liu, thi gian v h gi thnh sn phm. f. Phi ch
Nc b sau giai on chit hng s c em phi ch vi ng t
c ngt cn thit. Sn phm c bo qun iu kin thng nn c b sung thm Kalisorbat nhm hn ch s pht trin ca cc t bo nm men, nm mc.
g. Lc
S dng bt tr lc iatomit y nhanh qu trnh lc v sn phm c
tinh sch hon ton, khng lng cn trong qu trnh bo qun.
h. ng bao b Sn phm sau khi lc c ng chai nhm cch ly sn phm vi mi trng
bn ngoi, trnh s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt, trnh cc tc ng c hc v d vn chuyn, phn phi.
i. Thanh trng
Thanh trng l khu quan trng trong sn xut v n quyt nh n an
ton vi sinh ca cht lng sn phm. Qu trnh thanh trng l bo qun, tiu dit vi sinh vt gy hi, gy h hng nhng khng lm bin i tnh cht cm quan, cht lng sn phm.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
33
2.2.5. Phng php b tr th nghim 1. B tr th nghim xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca nguyn liu
- Phn n c l tht qu.
- Phn khng n c gm v v ht.
Hnh 2.2: S b tr th nghim xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca nguyn liu
Cch thc hin:
- Qu b ao c em i ly mu i din. - em cn mu xc nh khi lng mu ban u.
- Tin hnh ct v, b ht thu ly phn n c v tch ring phn khng
n c.
- em cn phn n c v khng n c xc nh khi lng ca
chng.
- Bit c khi lng mu ban u, khi lng phn n c, khi lng
phn khng n c t ta xc nh c t l hao ht.
Phn khng n c
Cn
Qu b ao
Ly mu
Phn n c
Cn
Xc nh t l hao ht
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
34
2. B tr th nghim xc nh ch nu a. Xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu C nh thi gian nu v nhit si l nh nhau.
Hnh 2.3: S b tr th nghim xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu Cch tin hnh:
- B ao c em i x l, ra sch, em cn ri a i xay trch ly ti a cht dinh dng c t n.
- Da vo khi lng b em cn ban u trc khi xay, ta tin hnh phi
ch b v nc theo cc t l 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 .Sau em nu mt thi gian nht nh v nhit si l nh nhau.
- Sau khi nu xong, nh gi cm quan dch b thu c ri t chn t l
b/nc thch hp.
B ao
X l
Xay
Phi ch b/nc theo t l
1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5
nh gi cm quan dch b
Chn t l thch hp
Cn
Nu
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
35
b. Xc nh thi gian nu: chn nhit nu l nhit si.
Hnh 2.4: S b tr th nghim xc nh thi gian nu Cch tin hnh:
- B ao c em i x l, ra sch, em cn ri a i xay trch ly ti a cht dinh dng c t n.
- Tin hnh nu b nhit si nhng thay i cc khong thi gian nu
khc nhau t 10 n 70 pht xc nh s thay i nng ng v nit acid amin tng ng vi cc khong thi gian .
- T s chn c thi gian nu thch hp sao cho nng ng v nit
acid amin thu c l ln nht.
10 70
Xay
X l
B ao
Nu vi cc khong thi gian khc nhau
20
30
40 50
60
Xc nh
Chn thi gian nu thch hp
Cn
Nng ng
Hm lng nit
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
36
3. B tr th nghim to mu sc, mi v cho dch chit bng phng php sy b ao
a Xc nh t l thu hi sau khi sy
Hnh 2.5: S b tr th nghim xc nh t l thu hi khi sy Cch tin hnh: - B ao c a i x l, ra sch, ct lt c kch thc 15x20x3mm. - Cn mu sau khi ct lt xc nh khi lng mu ban u.
- Tin hnh sy lt ct ri em cn xc nh khi lng mu sau khi sy.
- Da vo khi lng mu ban u, khi lng mu sau khi sy t xc nh c t l thu hi sau khi sy.
b. Xc nh nhit sy v thi gian sy Tin hnh sy b cc iu kin nhit v thi gian khc nhau nh sau:
- Mu 1: sy b 1000C trong thi gian 7h. C 1h o trn 1 ln. gi th 5 th 30 pht o trn 1 ln.
- Mu 2: thi gian u sy 1000C trong 4h, c 1h o trn 1 ln, gi th
4 th 30 pht 1 ln. Thi gian sau sy 1100C trong 2h, c 30 pht o trn 1 ln.
B ao
X l
Ct lt kch thc 15x20x3mm
Cn
Sy
Cn
Xc nh t l thu c sau sy
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
37
- Mu 3: thi gian u sy b 1100C trong 4h, c 30 pht o trn 1 ln.
Thi gian sau sy 1200C trong 1h, c 30 pht o trn 1 ln. - Mu 4: sy b 1250C trong thi gian 4h. C 30 pht o trn 1 ln
Hnh 2.6: S b tr th nghim xc nh nhit v thi gian sy Cch thc hin:
- B ao c a i x l, ra sch, ct lt c kch thc 15x20x3mm. - Tin hnh sy lt ct gm 4 mu cc iu kin nhit sy, thi gian sy,
thi gian o trn khc nhau.
- Cho 4 mu b sau khi sy chit hng v v mu sc vo dch chit.
- nh gi cm quan dch chit v chn nhit sy, thi gian sy thch hp.
Ln lt cho 4 mu b sau khi sy trn em chit hng v mu sc vo dch chit
nh gi cm quan dch chit
Chn nhit sy v thi gian sy thch hp
B ao
X l
Ct lt kch thc 15x20x3mm
Sy
Mu 1 Mu 2 Mu 3 Mu 4
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
38
4. B tr th nghim to mu sc, mi v cho dch chit bng phng php sao rang b ao
Tin hnh sao rang b cc iu kin nhit v thi gian khc nhau nh
sau:
- Mu 1: rang b 900C trong thi gian 4h. - Mu 2: thi gian u sao b 1200C trong 2h. Thi gian sau rang b 1900C
trong 2h.
- Mu 3: thi gian u sao b 1200C trong 2h. Thi gian sau rang b 1100C
trong 2h.
Hnh 2.7: S b tr th nghim xc nh nhit v thi gian sao rang
Ln lt cho 3 mu b sau khi sao rang trn em chit hng v mu sc vo dch chit
nh gi cm quan dch chit
Chn nhit v thi gian sao rang thch hp
B ao
X l
Ct lt kch thc 15x20x3mm
Sao rang
Mu 1 Mu 2 Mu 3
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
39
Cch thc hin:
- B c a i x l, ra sch, ct lt c kch thc 15x20x3mm. Tin hnh sy lt ct gm 3 mu cc iu kin nhit sao rang, thi gian sao
rang khc nhau.
- Cho 3 mu b sau khi sao rang chit hng v v mu sc vo dch chit.
- nh gi cm quan dch chit. Chn nhit , thi gian sao rang thch hp.
5. B tr th nghim to mu sc, mi v cho dch chit bng phng php sn b vi ng a. Xc nh t l b v ng khi sn
Tin hnh sn b v ng vi cc t l khc nhau, c nh thi gian khi
sn b v nhit khi sn b l 1850C.
Hnh 2.8: B tr th nghim xc nh t l b v ng khi sn
B ao
X l
Xay
Phi trn b v ng theo t l
Chn t l b v ng thch hp
30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40
nh gi cm quan hn hp b sau khi sn
Sn b vi ng
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
40
Cch thc hin:
- B c x l, ra sch, cn ri a i xay trch ly ti a cht dinh dng c trong b.
- Tin hnh phi trn b/ng theo cc t l khc nhau l 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40 ri sn b 1850C trong mt thi gian nht nh cho n khi hn hp b sn c mu vng nu.
- nh gi cm quan hn hp b sau sn t chn t l b/ng thch hp.
b. Xc nh nhit sn b v ng vi t l b/ng chn Tin hnh sn b v ng c nh t l chn nhng thay i cc khong nhit khc nhau a hn hp b sn sau khi chit hng v v mu sc v 12oBX.
Hnh 2.9: S b tr th nghim xc nh nhit sn b v ng
nh gi cm quan dch chit
B ao
X l
Xay
Ly t l b / ng chn trn em i sn ng vi cc khong nhit khc nhau
1650C 1750C 1850C 1950C
nh gi cm quan hn hp b sau khi sn ng
Chn nhit sn ng thch hp
Dng hn hp b sau khi sn nhit chn em chit hng v mu sc vo dch chit
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
41
Cch thc hin: - B ao c em i x l, ra sch, em cn ri a i xay trch ly ti
a cht dinh dng c t n. - Tin hnh sn b v ng c nh t l chn nhng thay i cc
khong nhit khc nhau t chn ra c nhit thch hp sao cho hn
hp b sau khi sn em chit hng v v mu sc vo dch chit a v cng
120Bx.
- Cui cng, nh gi cm quan dch chit thu c.
6. Xc nh cng thc phi ch a. Xc nh t l siro ng c bn b sung
Mu 1 2 3 4 T l dch b sau khi chit / siro ng 2:1 2:1,5 2:2 2:3
Hnh 2.10: Xc nh t l siro ng b sung b. Xc nh t l Kalisorbat b sung
Mu 1 2 3 4 5 T l Kalisorbat b sung (%) 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1
Hnh 2.11: Xc nh t l Kalisorbat b sung
nh gi cm quan
Chn t l thch hp
nh gi cm quan sn phm sau thi gian bo qun
Chn t l thch hp
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
42
7. Xc nh ch thanh trng Ly 9 mu ri sau b tr nhit v thi gian gi nhit nh sau:
Nhit (oC) 80 90 100 Thi gian gi nhit (pht) 5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15
Hnh 2.12: Xc nh ch thanh trng 2.2.6. Dng c, thit b th nghim
- Cc thy tinh 100, 250, 500 (ml) - Cc nung
- ng ong 250, 500 (ml) - a thy tinh
- Pipet 5 ml - Cn in t - Ni inox gia nhit
- My o pH
- My xay
- Ni thanh trng ng
2.2.7. Phng php x l s liu X l s liu theo phng php ton hc, mi th nghim c tin hnh 3
ln, kt qu l trung bnh gia cc ln th nghim. S liu c x l v v th trn phn mm Microsoft Excel 2003.
nh gi ch tiu vi sinh vt v cm quan
Chn ch thanh trng thch hp
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
43
CHNG III: KT QU NGHIN CU 3.1. KT QU NGHIN CU THNH PHN KHI LNG CA B AO
Bng 3.1: Bng thnh phn khi lng ca b ao Mu 1 2 3 4 Khi lng mu (g) 220 370 540 615 KL phn n c (g) 195 325 480 530 KL phn khng n c (g) 25 45 60 85 T l hao ht (%) 11,36 12,16 11,11 12,3 T l hao ht trung bnh (%) 11,37 Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu trn cho thy, i vi b ao t l hao ht trung bnh thp khong 11.37%, t l phn n c trung bnh cao khong 88.63% nn b ao rt thch hp cho vic sn xut nc ung. y l im thun li tit kim chi ph
sn xut v h thp gi thnh sn phm.
3.2. KT QU NGHIN CU CH NU B TI 3.2.1. Kt qu xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu
Pha b v nc vi cc t l khc nhau, nu si trong thi gian 30 pht, quan
st trc khi lc v sau khi lc loi b ta thu c kt qu trn bng 3.2 v hnh 3.1.
Nhn xt: Qua kt qu thu c cho thy: - Mu 1: t l pha b v nc l 1/2 th hn hp qu c, im cm quan ca
mu 1 thu c l 16,84. - Mu 4: t l pha b v nc l 1/5 th hn hp qu long, im cm quan
ca mu 4 thu c l 16,56. c hai t l 1/2 v 1/5 u khng to c hu v thch hp cho sn phm
sau khi pha ch.
- Mu 2 v mu 3: t l pha b v nc l 1/3 v 1/4 th hn hp c gi tr cm quan gn ging nhau, c mi thm nh, v ngt di s to cho sn phm c hu
v c trng nn u c th chn hai t l ny. im cm quan ca mu 2 thu
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
44
c l 17,66. im cm quan ca mu 3 thu c l 18,08. Mu 3 c im cm quan cao nht ri n mu 2 v sau cng l mu 1 v mu 4.
Bng 3.2: Kt qu xc nh t l pha b v nc khi nu Kt qu cm quan
Mu T l b/nc Trng thi dch b Mu sc dch
b Mi dch b V dch b
1 1/2 Hn hp rt c
Trng rt c Nng mi b V ngt
2 1/3 Hn hp c Trng c Mi thm V ngt 3 1/4 Hn hp long Trng, c t Mi thm Ngt du
4 1/5 Hn hp rt long Hi c Mi rt nng Vkhng
ngt
Hnh 3.1: Cht lng cm quan sn phm ph thuc t l nc v b khi nu
c 2 t l 1/3 v 1/4 ta u c th chn, nhng xt v gi tr kinh t v thi gian lc nhanh th vi t l b v nc l 1/4 c li hn. Do kt hp vi cc yu t v mu sc, mi v, trng thi dch b ta chn t l b v nc l 1/4 cho qu trnh
nu b ti l thch hp nht.
3.2.2. Kt qu xc nh thi gian nu Pha b v nc t l 1/4 nh chn trn, gia nhit nhit si, ly
mu nh k lc qua giy lc, em i xc nh hm lng ng tng s v nit
acid amin theo phng php Bertrand v Focmon ta thu c kt qu trn th 3.1
v 3.2
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
1 2 3 4
im cm quan
Mu
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
45
Nhn xt: Qua hai th ta thy: - Khi p dng thi gian nu b hn 30 pht (10, 20 pht) th cc cht dinh
dng trong b cha c chit ht nn nng ng tng s v nit acid amin
thu c thp. C th l: nng ng tng s khi nu 10 pht ch thu c
2,6(g/l), 20 pht thu c 3,2 (g/l). Cn hm lng nit acid amin khi nu 10 pht thu c 20 (mg/l), 20 pht thu c 23 (mg/l).
th 3.1: S thay i hm lng ng theo thi gian.
th 3.2: S thay i hm lng nit amin theo thi gian
- Khi p dng thi gian nu ln hn 30 pht (40, 50, 60,70 pht) th hm lng ng tng, nit acid amin c gim bt, nhng nu thi gian cng gia tng
3.23.4
3.6
3.84
3.2
2.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Th?i gian (pht)
N?n
g ?
?ng
(g/l)
Nn
g
n
g (g/
l)
Thi gian (pht)
2426
26
2730
23
20
05
101520253035
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Th?i gian (pht)
N?n
g ?
nit
am
in (m
g/l)
Nn
g
N
it am
in (m
g/l)
Thi gian (pht)
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
46
th chng s tr nn n nh. C th l: hm lng ng tng s khi nu 40 pht
thu c 3,8 (g/l), khi thi gian nu cng ko di 50, 60, 70 pht th chng thay i trong khong t 3,6 (g/l) n 3,2 (g/l). Cn hm lng nit acid amin, khi nu 40 pht thu c 27 (mg/l), khi thi gian nu cng ko di 50, 60, 70 pht th chng thay i trong khong t 26 (mg/l) n 24 (mg/l).
- Khi p dng thi gian nu l 30 pht th cc cht dinh dng trong b c
chit ti a, ng thi sn phm sau cng c mi v tt. Hm lng ng tng s
v nit acid amin t cc i khi nu 30 pht. C th l: hm lng ng tng
s t cao nht 4 (g/l). Cn hm lng nit acid amin t cao nht 30 (mg/l). Do ta chn thi gian nu 30 pht l thch hp nht, t hiu qu kinh t hn c.
3.3. KT QU NGHIN CU QU TRNH TO MU SC V MI V CHO DCH CHIT BNG PHNG PHP SY B AO
Mc ch ca qu trnh sy l tch nc, tng hm lng cht kh, ng thi
di tc dng ca nhit tht b s bin i t trng sang vng ri n mu nu,
mi thm dy c trng. Sn phm sau qu trnh sy s c dng chit hng
v v mu sc.
3.3.1. Kt qu xc nh t l thu hi sau khi sy B ao trc khi sy c thi lt mng, kch thc 15x20x3mm, tri mng
trn khay sy sy.
Bng 3.3: Kt qu xc nh t l thu hi sau qu trnh sy Mu 1 2 3 4 Khi lng b trc khi sy (g) 200 300 400 500 Khi lng b sau khi sy (g) 8.66 12.23 17.71 26.08 T l thu c sau khi sy (g) 4.33 4.07 4.43 4.35 T l thu hao ht trung bnh sau khi sy (%) 4.295 Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu trn cho thy, t l hao ht trung bnh sau khi sy thu c thp khong 4.295%, t l b sy thu c trung bnh cao khong 95.705% nn s dng b sy thu c chit hng v v mu sc cho dch chit l im thun li tit kim chi ph sn xut v h thp gi thnh sn phm.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
47
3.3.2. Kt qu xc nh nhit sy v thi gian sy B c thi lt mng v sy i lu khng kh, sy cc iu kin nhit ,
thi gian sy, thi gian o trn khc nhau ta thu c trng thi ca b sau khi sy
trn bng 3.4
Bng 3.4: Kt qu xc nh t0 v TTTT sy b
2 3 Mu 1
T u T sau T u T sau 4
Nhit sy (0C) 100 100 110 110 120 125
Thi gian (gi) 7 4 2 4 1 4
iu kin o trn
1 gi 1 ln gi th 5 th 30/1
ln.
1 gi 1 ln
gi th 4 th 30/1 ln.
30/1 ln 30/1 ln 30/1 ln 30/1 ln
Trng thi lt b khi
sy
Tch nc chm, chuyn mu rt
chm, sn phm cui
c mu vng hi
nu.
Tch nc chm, lt b
ho, c dai. cui
giai on lt b dnh khay.
Lt b kh nhanh v bt u chuyn mu.
cui giai on b c mu vng
nu.
Tch nc nhanh, lt b t ho chuyn
sang kh, d dnh
khay
Lt b kh, chuyn
mu nhanh, mi thm dy. cui giai on b c mu nu.
Tch nc nhanh,
mau kh, mu vng trng v kh hon ton gi th 3. cui giai on
chuyn mu nht sang nu, mi thm
dy.
Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu thu c cho thy: - Mu 1: khi sy nhit thp 1000C th phi ko di thi gian sy n 7h
nn trng thi lt b sau khi sy cha c kh v lt b c mu vng hi nht.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
48
- Mu 2: sy b 2 giai on th giai on u sy 1000C trong 4h th
thy lt b ho dn. Khi chuyn sang sy giai on sau 1100C trong 2h na th lt b kh nhanh hn v lt b c mu vng nu.
- Mu 3: sy b 2 giai on, giai on u sy 1100C trong 4h th thy lt b ho dn ri chuyn sang kh. Khi chuyn sang sy giai on sau 1200C
trong 1h na th lt b chuyn sang mu nu v hnh thnh mi thm dy.
- Mu 4: khi sy nhit 1250C cao hn nhit ca 3 mu kia th lt b kh hon ton, c mu nu v hnh thnh mi thm dy.
Nh vy trong tt c cc mu em sy trn th ta la chn mu th 4 sy iu kin 1250C trong 4h. iu kin sy ny va tit kim nht v mt thi gian m mu sc ca b sy khi chit hng v mu sc cho hiu qu tt nht,c mi
thm m, mu nu ti sng.
Dng b sau khi sy cc iu kin nhit v thi gian kho st trn lm nguyn liu chit hng v mu sc vo dch b. Dch sau khi chit hng em i
lc, loi b, nh gi tnh cht cm quan ca dch chit thu c kt qu trn bng
3.5 v hnh 3.2. Bng 3.5: Tnh cht cm quan ca b sy khi chit hng v & mu sc
Mu 1 2 3 4
Mi Mi thm nh Mi thm nh Mi thm dy, bn Mi thm m, rt c trng
V V nht, khng xc nh r
V nht, khng xc nh r
C hu v hi ngt, hi ng nh
C hu v hi ngt, ng rt nh
Mu sc
Vng sng Vng Vng nu Nu ti sng
Nhn xt: Qua kt qu thu c cho thy: - Mu 1: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 16.46 ng vi b sy c mu
vng sng, v nht, khng xc nh r, c mi thm nh.
- Mu 2: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 16.86 ng vi b sy c mu vng,v nht, khng xc nh r,mi thm nh.
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
49
- Mu 3: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 17.62 ng vi b sy c mu vng nu, c hu v hi ngt, hi ng nh, mi thm dy, bn.
- Mu 4: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 18.12 ng vi b sy c mu
nu ti sng, c hu v hi ngt, ng rt nh, mi thm m rt c trng.
Nh vy, kt hp cc yu t mu sc, mi v ca b sy th trong 4 mu trn
ch c mu 4 c im cm quan cao nht, cho hiu qu tt nht mi thm m, hu
v ngt, mu nu ti sng nn ta chn mu 4 lm mu chit hng v v mu sc
vo dch chit.
Hnh 3.2:Cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo b sy
3.4. KT QU NGHIN CU QU TRNH TO MU SC V MI V CHO DCH CHIT BNG PHNG PHP SAO RANG B AO
Sao rang l phng php gia nhit trc tip, lt b tip xc trn thit b lm bng kim loi nng. Di tc dng ca nhit , nc trong b bay hi kh dn v chuyn mu t trng sang vng ri n nu, ng thi c mi thm dy c trng.
B c thi lt mng, kch c 15x20x3mm ri tin hnh sao rang cc iu kin nhit , thi gian khc nhau ta thu c trng thi b sau khi sao rang trn
bng 3.6
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
i
m c
m qu
an
1 2 3 4 Mu
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
50
Nhn xt: Qua kt qu thu c cho thy: - Mu 1: rang b 900C trong 4h th lt b b nt, dnh bm gy tn tht ln. - Mu 2: sao rang b 2 giai on, giai on u sao b 1200C trong 2h th
thy lt b mau kh, c dai, mu vng trng. Giai on sau rang b 900C trong 2h th thy lt b chuyn sang ho, c mu nu, mi thm m.
Bng 3.6: Kt qu xc nh nhit v thi gian sao rang b 2 3
Mu 1 T u T sau T u T sau
Phng php Rang Sao Rang Sao Rang
Nhit (0C) 90 120 190 120 110
Thi gian (gi)
4 2 2 2 2
Trng thi lt b khi sao rang
Lt b nt, kht cc b, dnh trn b mt thit b, rt kh o trn & gy
tn tht ln.
Lt b tch nc nhanh,
mau kh, vng trng. giai on cui lt b
ho va, c dai
D o trn do lt b ho chuyn mu chm & u,
mi thm m, lt b c mu nu sau
khi rang
Lt b tch nc nhanh, mau kh mu vng trng.
giai on cui lt b
ho va , c dai
o trn lin tc do chuyn mu rt nhanh,
mi thm m, mu nu
khng u, kht cc
cnh do tip xc trc tip
t0 cao
- Mu 3: sao rang b 2 giai on, giai on u sao b 1200C trong 2h ta thy lt b mau kh, c dai, mu vng trng. Giai on sau rang b 1100C trong 2h th thy lt b b kht cc cnh, mu nu khng u, mi thm m.
Nh vy t 3 mu em i sao rang trn th mu th 2 th gian u sao
1200C trong 2h v thi gian sau rang 1900C trong 2h va d thc hin m mu sc, trng thi ca b sau sao rang tt nn cho dch chit tt sau ny. Do ta chn nhit v thi gian sao rang mu 2 l thch hp nht.
Dng b sau khi sao rang cc iu kin nhit v thi gian kho st trn
lm nguyn liu chit hng v mu sc vo dch b. Dch sau khi chit hng em
Click
to bu
y NOW
!PDF-X
Change View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m Clic
k to b
uy NO
W!PDF
-XCha
nge View
er
ww
w.docu-track
.co
m
-
51
i lc loi b, nh gi tnh cht cm quan dch chit thu c kt qu trn bng 3.7
v hnh 3.3.
Bng 3.7: Tnh cht cm quan ca b sao rang khi chit hng v & mu sc
Mu 1 2 3
Mi Mi thm nh Mi thm m c trng Mi thm dy, bn
V V nht, khng xc nh r
V nht, khng xc nh r
C hu v ng nh do cc cnh kht sau khi rang
Mu sc Vng sang Vng nu Nu hng ti.
Hnh 3.3: Cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo b sao rang
Nhn xt: Qua kt qu trn cho thy: - Mu 1: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 15,84 ng vi b sao rang c
mu vng sng, v nht, khng xc nh r, mi thm nh.
- Mu 2: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 17,62 ng vi b sao rang c mu vng nu, v nht, khng xc inh r, mi thm m c trng.
- Mu 3: im cm quan sn phm thu c l 17,50 ng vi b sao rang c mu nu hng ti, hu v ng nh, mi thm dy, bn.
Nh vy, kt hp cc yu t mu sc, mi v ca b sao rang th trong 3 mu
trn ch c mu 2 c im cm quan cao nht, cho hiu qu tt nht, c mi thm
