mj;jpahak; 8 - E-thaksalawa...151,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>...
Transcript of mj;jpahak; 8 - E-thaksalawa...151,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>...
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151 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;
mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8
,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd
tpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jp
,yq;ifapy; gz;ilafhyj;jpy; jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk; epytpaJ.
jkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; jhNk cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;lhu;fs;. Nkyjpf
cw;gj;jpfis gz;lkhw;WKiw %yk; jkf;Fs; gupkhwpf;nfhz;lhh;fs;.
fhyg; Nghf;fpy; rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fj;Jld; Njitfs; tpuptile;J
Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jJ. Nkyjpf cw;gj;jpia tpw;gid nra;tjw;Fg; Nghl;bapl
Ntz;b Vw;gl;ljhy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; njhlu;ghlypdJk; cjtp
Njitg;gl;lJ. cs;ehl;by; gy;NtW kf;fs; gpupTfSf;;fpilapy; gpuNjr
uPjpahd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F tu;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
njhlu;ghly; Nritfs; cjtpd.
,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; tu;j;jfj;ijAk; Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk;
fhuzpahf njhlu;ghly; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.kdpju;fspd;
Njitfs; tpuptiltjw;Fk; tu;j;jfk; Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffisj;
njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;Fk; njhlu;ghly; cjTfpd;wJ.
8.18.18.18.18.1 ,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;
,yq;ifapy; epyTk; tu;j;jf Kiwapid ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;
cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
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152,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;
,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;
,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; fhuzq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf
jw;fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpAk; jfty;fisr;
Nrfhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;
gz;l cw;gj;jpapd;
gy;ypdj;jd;ikrdj;njhif
gz;lq;fspd;
tpiy> toq;fgLk;
fopTk; mjd;
juKk;
Njitfspd; gy;tifik
efukakhjy;
cw;gj;jpfspd; rl;luPjpahdJk;
ek;gpf;ifahdJkhd jd;ik
tpsk;guk;
jdp kdpjdpd;
nfhs;tdT rf;jp
cs;ehl;L
tu;j;jfk;
mur nfhs;ifkf;fs; njhif
mjpfupj;jikahy;
Njitfs;
mjpfupj;jik
kpif cw;gj;jp
njhlu;ghly; tpsk;guj;jpd;
nry;thf;F
ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfspy;
Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp
gpuNjr uPjpahd
tpahghu efuq;fis
,izf;Fk;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
tiyaikg;G
nfhs;tdT rf;jpapy;
Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp
th;j;jff; $l;Lf;fs;
xOq;fikg;GfspdJ
nry;thf;F
ntspehl;L
tu;j;jfk;
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153 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if ngUksT jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk; nfhz;l
ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. gpuNjrj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;AksTf;F tu;j;jf
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; eilngw;wd. ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbNaw;w
ehlhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jNjhL
cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpYk; ngUksT khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F
md;Wmd;Wmd;Wmd;Wmd;W ,d;W,d;W,d;W,d;W,d;W
• Efu;Tf;fhf kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp •tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l nfhLf;fy; •nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; rpf;fhu;e;j
thq;fy;fs;. jd;ikaile;Js;sJ.
• RaepiwT cw;gj;jp. • Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;F
gy;NtW ehLfspypUe;Jk;
cjtp ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjpy; • rpwe;j Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly;
rpf;fypd;ik. Kiwfshy; ntw;wp fhzg;gl;lik.
• jpl;lkplhj tu;j;jf Kiw. •tyauPjpapy; xg;GjYld; jpl;lkplg;
Njitfisg; nghWj;Jr; re;ij gl;l tu;j;jf Kiw.
cUthfpaik.
• cw;gj;jpf;F ,wf;Fkjp •$l;L xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; ehLf
nra;ag;gLk; rhjdq;fspy; Sld; ,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w
jq;fpapUe;jik. tHj;jfk;.
• ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf • ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd nghUl;
cw;gj;jp nra;ahik. fis toq;Ftjw;F ek;gpf;ifAld;
nraw;gLfpd;wik.
• nghUl;fisj; NjLtjw;F • Gjpa Njitfis cUthf;fpf;
NeuKk; J}uKk; nfhz;L nghUl;fs;
tPzbf;fg;gl;lik. Efu;Nthidj; Njb tUfpd;wik.
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154,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
nghUl;fisj; Njb Efu;Nthidf; ftUtjw;fhf
EfHNthu;; efuj;ij ehbr; ghijapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; rd
Nru;e;jik neUf;fbahd filfspy;
nghUl;fs; fhj;jpUj;jy;
(Rg;gu; khHf;fl;)
ntspehl;L cjtpfspd; kPJ mjpf
ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;gLfpd;wik.
nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:
1. ,yq;ifjdJ nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;w Ie;J
ehLfisAk; Njitahd nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;w
Ie;J ehLfisAk; cyfg;GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpf;Ff.
2. ,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfj;NjhL njhlh;Gila rh;tNjr JiwKfq;fs;
gj;jpid cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngahpLf.
ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpid
Njrpa ru;tNjr tu;j;jff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; gy ehLfs; gy;NtW
gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. ,it ,yq;iff;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;.
mitahtd.
1. Kjdpiyg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; tPo;r;rpailjYk; jsk;gyiljYk;.
2. Kjdpiy tu;j;jfg;nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjpy; cs;s
,ila+Wfs;. (gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUl;fspd; tUif)
3. Kjdpiyg; nghUl;fspd; ngWkjpapy; ngUk; gFjp kPz;Lk; mgptpUj;jp
aile;j ehLfisr; nrd;wiljy;.
4. nghUshjhu tYf; FiwghL. (ntspehl;L ehza gw;whf;Fiw)
5. mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfs; cau;e;j Rq;f tupfis tpjpj;jy;>
Nfhl;lh Kiwapy; ,wf;Fkjpf;F mDkjp mspj;jy;> ,wf;Fkjpf;
fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jy;.
6. Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd epahakhd tpiy fpilf;fhik.
7. ,yq;if ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs;
cau;tiljy;.
8. gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd; Mjpf;fk;.
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155 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:
1. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if
vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s ,uz;L gpur;rpidfis tpsf;Ff.
nts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; w
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;
v Vw;Wkjpiag; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;.
v tu;j;jf cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
v ntspehl;L cjtpfisg; ngWjy;.
8 .28.28.28.28.2 ,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jiukhu;f;fkhfTk; fly; khu;f;fkhfTk; gazk;
nra;jhu;fs;. mf;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif FiwthfTk; mtu;fspd;
Njitfs; FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jjhy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nrit mjpfstpy;
tsu;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gltpy;iy.
,yq;ifapy; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifiaj; njhlu;e;J Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;
Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; mjpfsT
khw;wq;fs; ,y;yhtpbDk; xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; fhy;tha;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L
ePu;topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfupj;jJ. ,f;fhy;tha;fs; fiuNahug;gpu
Njrq;fSf;F kl;LNk kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.
gpupj;jhdpau; tUifapd; gpd; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if mwpKfg;gLj;jg;
gl;lJ. me;j cw;gj;jpfis nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpw;F nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf
ngUe;njUf;fSk; Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. gpupj;jhdpauhy;
mikf;fg;gl;l ,g;ghijfis rpW khw;wq;fSlDk; etPd kag;gLj;jpAk;
,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;Nwhk;.
tFg;giwnahd;wpy; Gtpapay; ghlk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jNtis
mjpgupd; mtru miog;gpd; Ngupy; Gtpapay; Mrpupau; tFg;giwia
tpl;L ntspNa nry;y Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt mtu; khztu;fSf;F
fPNo jug;gl;l tpdhf;fis toq;fp tpl;L mtw;wpw;fhd tpilfis vOJkhW
gzpj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;whu;.
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156,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G
Njrg;glk; 8.1
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157 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;why; vd;d?
Nghf;Ftuj;J Vd; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ?
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyj;jpid tiuglnkhd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghl;L gj;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gpilapy; khztu; fzpg;gPl;L nraw;ghl;by;
ghJfhg;G> czT.
II tsq;fspd; rkkpd;ik fhuzkhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Ntz;b
,Uj;jy;.
c-k;: epyf;fup>fdpa nea; Nghd;w vupnghUl;fs;.
III. jkJ nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf jkJ tjptplq;fspypUe;J NtW ,lq;fSf;F
nry;y Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
c- k;: Ntiyj;jsq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp ikaq;fs;.
IV. cw;gj;jp ikaq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk;>KbTg;nghUl;fis re;ijf;F nfhz;L
tUtjw;Fk;.
V. tptrha cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;>
VI. Ma;T eltbf;iffs;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf.
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158,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
jiu = Gifapujk;
= ngUe;njU
= Ruq;ftop
= fhy;tha; (nraw;if)
ePh; = fly;
= fhy;tha; (,aw;if)
thd; = Njrpa
= rh;tNjr
gpujhd ghijfspy; ehl;lg;gl;Ls;s fP. kP fk;gq;fspd;
f Po ; gFjpapy; FwpaPLfSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;
,yf;fq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Vd;?
kf;fs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J
gz;lq;fs;
,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;
,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
gphpj;jhdpau; tUiff;Fg; ; gpd;Ng ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;njUf;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. kiyafg; gFjpapd;; Vfhe;jj; jd;ikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;
fhfTk;> kiyafj; Njhl;l cw;gj;jpfisj; JiwKfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L
te;J NrHg;;gjw;fhfTk; ngUe;; njUf;fs; Kjypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
MSeu; vl;Ntl; ghz;]; fhyj;jpNyNa Kjy; ngUe;njU nfhOk;Gf;Fk;
fz;bf;Fkpilapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. tPjpaikf;Fk; gzpapy; NkIu; ];fpd;du;>
fg;ld; Nlhrd; MfpNahu; Kd;Ndhbfshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.
jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; nkhj;jk; 86>200fp.kP ePskhd njUf;fs; cs;sd.
mtw;wpy; 25>466 fp.kP ePskhd njUf;fis tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigAk;
40>600 fp.kP ePskhd njUf;fis cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhurigAk; guhkhpf;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifapy; ngUe; njUf;fs; 5 tifahf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd;
nkhj;j ePsk; 25>680 fp.kP MFk;. gpujhd epu;thf tu;j;jfj; jiyefukhd
nfhOk;igAk; Vida khtl;lj; jiyefu;fisAk; mlu;j;jpahd FbapUg;Gg;
gFjpfSlhf ,izf;Fk; ngUe;njUf;fs; A tFg;igr; Nru;e;jit. 35 A
tPjpfs; gpujhd tPjpfnsdg; ngahplg;gl;L ,yf;fkplg;gl;Ls;sd.
875 fp.kP ePskhd B tif tPjpfs; gpujhd efuq;fis ,izf;f
cjTfpd;wd. B tFg;gpy; 75 tPjpfs; cs;sd. rpW tPjpfs; C,D,E vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kf;fpa njUf;fspy; fpNyhkPw;wh; fw;fisf; fhzyhk; mjpy; ,yf;fq;fSk;
fPNo vOj;Jk; ,yf;fKk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
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159 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,J jtpu gjtpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwia tpUj;jp nra;;a
gy eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd. nfhOk;G fl;Lehaf;fh ngUe;;njU>
nfhOk;G khj;jiw ngUe;;njU Nghd;wit mjpNtf neLQ;rhiyfshf
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. Gjpa tPjpfis mikj;jy;> gpuahzpfSf;fhd Nkk;ghyq;fis
mikj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;ifs; %yk; mjpfhpf;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhHe;j
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,yq;ifapy; Kiwikahd ngUe;njUf;fs; mikg;G gpupj;jhdpauhy;
1820 ,y; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;b tiu Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1821 ,y;
fynfju fztha; Clhf FUzhfy; tiu mg;ghij ePbf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G
ngUe;njU ngaUk; njhlu;G ePsk; mfyk; tPjpfspd;
tif jd;ikAk; vz;zpf;if
A fy;> jhu;> khtl;lk; 4219 8-12 35
fhngl; khfhzk;
efuk;
B fy;Yk; jhUk; gpujhd 7674 4-6 75
fhngl;gz; efuq;fs;
zpAk;
gz;zhkYk;
C fy;> jhu; gpujhd 10949 4 l
tPjpfis
,izj;jy;
D fy;>kz; fpuhkq;fSf; 6121 xU thfdk; l
rhu;e;j tPjp $lhd tPjp kl;Lk; nry;YtJ
E kzw;ghij fpuhkq;fis l xU thfdk;
ClWf;Fk; kl;Lk; nry;yf; l
$baJ.
l fzf;fplg;gltpy;iy
%yk;: ,yq;if epy msitj;jpizf;fsk; ghlrhiyf;fhd Njrpa Njrg;glk; Gj;jfk;
Gjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fs;
Mrpa gRgpf; nghUshjhu r%f Mizf;FOthdJ Mrpahtpd; gpujhd
jiyefuq;fs; midj;ijAk; Kf;fpa nghUshjhu ikaq;fisAk;>
ifj;njhopy; ikaq;fisAk;> ru;tNjrf; nfhs;tdT ,wq;F JiwfisAk;
,izf;Fk; Mrpa neLQ;rhiyf;fhd tphpthd jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;bAs;sJ.
,jpy; xU gFjpahf Vwf;Fiwa 1200 fp.kP neLQ;rhiyfis ,yq;if
(Cerpet)
-
160,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
epu;khzpf;Fk;. ,jw;fhf xU jiug;ghyk; njhlu;gpy; ,e;jpahTld;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;LtUfpwJ.
,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Gifapujg;ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l
kw;WnkhU Kf;fpakhd tsu;r;rpf; fl;lkhFk;.,yhgkhd Jhpjkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritahd Gifapuj Nritia gphpj;jhdpa MSeu; n`d;wp
Nthl; ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpj;jhu;.
kf;fs; gazk; nra;tjw;Fk; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; Nkhl;lhu;
thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijtpl Gifapuj Nrit ,yhgfukhd
njhd;whFk;. gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fspd; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;fhfNt Kjypy; Gifapujg; ghijfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,d;W
jpiwNrup flDjtpiar; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; Nritahf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhOk;ig ikakhff;nfhz;L gy jpirfspYk; Gifapujg; ghijfs;
tpupe;J nry;fpd;wd.Kd;gpUe;j mtprhtis - xg;gehaf;fh>ehDXah -
Etnuypah Gifapujg;ghijfs; ,d;W ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,yq;ifapy; nkhj;jk; 1453fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; cs;sd.
mtw;wpy; 1394 fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; mfykhdit vQ;rpa
59fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; xLf;fkhdit.
,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp
1858 1863 nfhOk;G - fz;bg; Gifapujg;ghij
1871 Nguhjid - ehtyg;gpl;bg; Gifapujg;ghij
1885 ghze;Jiw - khj;jiwg; Gifapujg;ghij
1899 ehtyg;gpl;b gz;lhutis Gifapujg;ghij
1905 nghy;fhnty - FUzhfy; - mEuhjGuk; aho;g;;ghzk; Gifapujg;
ghij
1907 nfhOk;G - Gj;jsk; Gifapujg; ghij
1912 nfhOk;G - ,uj;jpdGhp Gifapujg; ghij
Gifapuj Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspypUe;J mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
• mur Jiwapd; nghUl;fisAk; gz;lq;fisAk; Vw;wpr;nry;Yk;
Kf;fpa Jiw ,JthFk;. (vz;nza;> czTg;gz;lqfs;> cuk;>.
mYtyf Gifapujr; Nrit)
• Gifapuj Nritapy; gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
-
161 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;
• Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb.
• gazpfs; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpDs; chpa ,lj;ijr; nrd;wila Kbahik.
• mur nfhs;iffspYs;s FiwghLfs;.
• Gifapujg; ngUe;njUf;fs; ,ize;j Nghf;Ftuj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs;.
fduf thfdq;fSf;F Vw;w ghijfs;> ghyq;fs; ,d;ik.
• kiof;fhyj;jpy; tPjpfs; nts;sj;jpy; %o;FtJk; kz;rhptpw;F
cl;gLtJk;.
• ghijfspd; mfyk; Nghjhik.
• tPjpr; rl;lq;fis chpa Kiwapy; gpd;gw;whik.
• Kfhikj;Jtf; FiwghL.
• tPjpfs; chpa Kiwapy; guhkhpf;fg;glhik.
Njrg;glk; 8.2
aho;g;ghzk;
khq;Fsk;jiykd;dhH
kd;dhH
tTdpah
kjthr;rp
mDuhjGuk;
jpUNfhzkiy
fy;Xah
kl;lf;fsg;G
khj;jis
fz;b
Nguhjid
gJis
gz;lhutisehDXah
`l;ld;
,uj;jpdGup
Xgehaf;fh
jpf;nty;ykhj;jiwfhyp
nfhOk;G
whfk mtprhtis
fk;g`ePHnfhOk;G
nghy;fhntyFUzhfy;
rpyhgk;
khNfh
Gj;jsk;
fhq;Nfrd;Jiw
fjph;fhkk;
1. nfhOk;G - mtprhtisg; ghij
mfykhf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
2. 1993 ,y; mEuhjGuj ;Jf ;Fk;
k pf pe ;jiyf ;Fk pilNa Gj pa
Gifapuj Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
3. khj;jiwf;Fk; fjph;fhkj;jpw;F
kpilNa Gjpa Nritapid Muk;gpf;f
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik. khj;jiw
- jpf;nty;iyf;fpilNa ,jw;fhd
gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.
4. nfhOk;G fz;bf;fpilNa cs;ehl;L
ntspehl;L Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;
fhd “`pj;jhr;;rp” vd;w ngaUila
Jupj Gifapuj Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sik.
5. efuq;fSf;fpilapyhd Jhpj
Gifapuj Nrit.
,yq;ifapd; Gifapuj Nrit epu;thfk;>
Copau; rhHe;j gpur;rpidfs; vd;gd
fhuzkhf jpwdw;w Nritahf nghJ
kf;fspd; ntWg;Gf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.
-
162,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F
• Ruq;fg;ghij Nkk;ghyk; Nghd;w khw;W topfis mikj;jy;.;.;.;.;.
• mjpNtf neLQ;rhiyfis mikj;jy;.
• Gifapuj> ngUe;njUf;fs; ,ize;j Nrit.
• Nghl;b Kiwapyhd jdpahH Jiwapd; gq;fspg;G.
• nfhs;fyd; Kiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
• fpuhk vOr;rp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; tPjpg;Gduikg;Gk;
Gjpa tPjpfis mikj;jYk;.
• khw;W EioTg; ghijfs; mikj;jy;.
NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ,yq;if murhq;fk;
gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sJ.
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L cjtpfs; %yk; ,t;thwhd nraw;jpl;lq;fs;
eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb
ngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kP
gpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kP
ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.
Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.
%yk;: ,izaj;jsk;: http/fo.worldbank.org/zgslc4cl60
nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:
,yq;ifg; glj;ij mtjhdpj;J
1. kio nts;sj;jpy; %o;Fk;
2. kz; rhpTf;F cl;gLk;
3. epyj;Js; mkpo;e;J NghFk;
ghijfisAk; mit fhzg;gLk; khtl;lq;fisAk; gl;baypLf.
tpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;J
1. cs;ehl;L tpkhdNrit
xU ehl;bypUe;J ,d;ndhU ehl;bw;Fk; ehl;bDs;NsAk; tpiuthfg;
gpuahzk; nra;tjw;Fk; nghUl;fis Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;Fk; Mfha tpkhdk;
gad;gLfpd;wJ. Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; tpkhd NritAk; xU gpujhd
gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.
-
163 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
,yq;ifapy; 1932k; Mz;L “vau; rpNyhd;” vd;Dk; Njrpa tpkhd
Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mJ 1979 ,y; “vau; yq;fh;” vd;Dk;
ru;tNjr tpkhd Nritahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. ru;tNjr tpkhdNrit
tpkhd epiyaq;fspd; epu;thfj;jpw;F trjpahf ,yq;if tpkhd epiya
mjpfhu rig xd;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ ,Ugjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
ehLfSld; tpkhd Nrit eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 12 cs;ehl;L
tpkhd epiyaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2007 ,y; mk;ghe;Njhl;il
khtl;lj;jpYs;s tPutpy vd;Dkplj;jpy; ru;tNjr tpkhd epiyak; xd;W
mikg;gjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. 1961k; Mz;by;
fNdba ehl;bd; cjtpAld; fl;Lehaf;fh rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nghpa tpkhdq;fs; te;JNghtjw;F trjpahf
1970fspy; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpkhd Nritf; fl;lzk; mjpf mstpy; ,Ug;gjhYk; ehl;by; epyTfpd;w
ghJfhg;gw;w epiyik fhuzkhfTk; nghJkf;fs; ,r;Nritia mjpfk;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. nts;sk;> kz;rupT Nghd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
epfOk; fhyq;fspYk; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; ,r;Nrit mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
gyhyp
tTdpah
jpUNfhzkiy
kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiw
nfhf;fy
,uj;kyhid
ghyhtp
fl;Lehaf;fh
mEuhjGuk;
Njrg;glk; 8.3 ,yq;ifapd;
tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
-
164,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
1. tpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpdhy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ed;ik jPikfs; .
2. tpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;J ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a
KbAkh?
3. ru;tNjr tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J NritNahL ,yq;ifapd; tpkhd
Nrit Nghl;bapl KbAkh?
Nkw; $wg;gl;l jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tpthjq;fis elhj;Jf:
,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J
,yq;ifapd; Gtpapay; mikTk; gpujhd ru;tNjr fly; khu;f;fq;fspd;
kj;jpapy; mike;Js;sikAk; ,yq;if flw; gpuahzk; rhu;e;j
NritfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU epiyakhfTs;sJ. nfhOk;Gj;
JiwKfk; njw;fhrpa tyaj;jpy; Nfe;jpuKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU
JiwKfk; MFk;.
,yq;ifapy; nfhOk;G> fhyp> jpUNfhzkiy Mfpa %d;W Kf;fpakhd
JiwKfq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> gpw ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu
nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfNk kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,J
ru;tNjr fg;gy;fSf;F xU Nrit epiyakhfTk; nghUs;fis kPsf;
fg;gNyw;Wtjw;Fhpa xU epiyakhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
rpg;gq;fl;Ljy; vd;gJ Fwpg;ghfj; JiwKfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; neUf;fbia
Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lr; nryitg; nghpJk; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; tFf;fg;gLk;
xU EZf;f KiwahFk;.Jhpjkhf tsu;e;J tUfpd;w nfhs;fyd; fhTif
Kiwapd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpNyNa
Kjyhtjhf trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. 1981,y; tFf;fg;gl;l gpujhd JiwKf
mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 300 kPw;wh; ePskhd nfhs;fyd; jsk; xd;W
fl;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; tUq;fhy Nkyjpf Njitfs; fUjp NkYk; xU 300
kPw;wu; ePskhd jsk; rfy trjpfSld; 1987,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
JiwKfj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf 1979 ,y; ,yq;if JiwKf
mjpfhurig epWtg;gl;lJ. 2007,y; mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy; rHtNjr JiwKfk;
xd;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mk;ghe;Njhl;il JiwKf efumgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Gjpa
JiwKfj;ijr; Rw;wp 25>000 ,w;F Nkw;gl;NlhUf;F njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs;
fpilf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
-
165 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
1. Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
2. kPsf;fg;gNyw;wy;
3. Nrit trjpfis toq;fy;
4. gOJ ghu;j;jYk; jpUj;JjYk;
5. tpiuthdJk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fJkhd nfhs;fyd; gzpfs;
Mfpa tplaq;fs; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; fg;gw; Nrit cyfg; gpurpj;jp
ngw;wjhfTk; ntspehl;L tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wj;jUk; NritahfTk;
mike;Js;sJ.
Njrg;glk; 8.4 ,yq;ifapd; JiwKfq;fs;
kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: ,yq;if xU jPthf ,Ug;gjdhYk; ,yq;ifiar;
Rw;wp cs;s flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; Kf;fpa
eltbf;ifahf ,Ug;gjhYk; fly; tsj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpujhd JiwKfq;fs;
kPdtj;JiwKfq;fs;
mikf;fg;glTs;sJiwKfq;fs;
eq;$ukpLk; epiyak;
mikf;fg;glTs;s
gpujhd JiwKfq;fs;
kapypl;b
fhq;Nfrd;Jiw
nfhf;fpsha;
jpUNfhzkiy nfhl;bahuf; Flh
fy; Flh
kl;lf;fsg;G
fy;Kid
fpupe;ijmk;ghe;Njhl;il
jq;fhiy
Jlhnty;yGuhznty;ykpupir
fhyp
Nfhl;Nlnfhl
njTe;ju
nghy;tJNkhjufg;gunjhl;l
njhld;Jt`pf;fLit
NgUtis
fSj;Jiw
ghze;Jiw
Nkhjiu nfhOk;G
ePHnfhOk;G
jpf;Xtpl;l
ty;ykq;fiu
rpyhgk;
fw;gpl;b
gs;spatj;ij
kd;dhH
nuft
gpujhd JiwKfk;
-
166,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. fg;gy;fs; jq;fpr; nry;Yk; trjp nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
2. mjd; gug;gsT 2.6 rJu fpNyh kPw;wuhFk;.
3. ,yq;ifapd; KOVw;wp ,wf;fypy; 92% khdit nfhOk;Gj;
JiwKfj;jpD}lhfNt eilngWfpd;wJ.
4. gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf eq;$ukplf;$baJ.
5. tUlk; KOtJk; ,uT gfy; tpj;jpahrkpd;wp njhlHr;;rpahf gzpfs;
eilngWfpwJ.
6. cyfshtpa Nrit trjpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
%yk;: ,yq;if Njrpa tiuglj; njhFg;G - 1990
jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jp
jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;> tq;fhs tphpFlhTf;Fr; Nritahw;Wfpd;w
Kf;fpa ,aw;ifj; JiwKfkhf mgptpUj;jpailAk; tha;g;igf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehl;bd; jw;Nghija #oypy; tlgFjpkf;fSf;fhd gpujhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J khu;f;fkhf jpUNfhzkiy fhq;Nfrd;;Jiw fg;gw; Nrit
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Vida JiwKfq;fshf fpof;F fiuapYs;s xYtpy; JiwKfk;> Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfisf; ftUk; cyyhrg; glFj; Jiw xd;iw nfhz;lJk; tuyhw;Wg;
Gfo; ngw;wJkhd fhyp JiwKfk;> tlf;Nf fhq;Nfrd;Jiw JiwKfk;
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
jiukhHf;fk; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; jilg;gLk;NghJ JiwKfq;fSf;$lhf
nghUl;fs; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. nfhOk;G-fhq;Nfrd;Jiw>
jpUNfhzkiy-fhq;Nfrd;Jiw> nfhOk;G-jpUNfhzkiy Clhf kf;fs;
gazk; nra;tNjhL nghUl;fSk; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd.
cU 8.1 nfhOk;Gj; EiwKfk;
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167 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
mr;R,yj;jp
udpay;
jdpahHmuR
fhy;tha;g; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfhy;tha;g; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfhy;tha;g; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfhy;tha;g; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfhy;tha;g; Nghf;Ftuj;J
cs;ehl;L ePu;g;Nghf;Ftuj;J ngUkstpy; eilngwhtpbDk; MWfs;>
rpw;whWfs;> fsg;G Nghd;wtw;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;jjd; %yk; xy;yhe;ju;
fl;ba fhy;tha;fs; ,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. me;jf; fhy;tha;
khu;f;fk; nfhOk;gpypUe;J ePu;nfhOk;G tiu gue;Js;sJ. Mdhy; jw;NghJ
nff;fpj;j-ePu;nfhOk;G tiuahd ePu;topg;ghijNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
1. ,yq;ifapd ; gioikahd e Pu ;topg ;ghijia k Pz;Lk ;
rPu;jpUj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
8.3 ,yq;if njhlu;ghly; Nrit8.3 ,yq;if njhlu;ghly; Nrit8.3 ,yq;if njhlu;ghly; Nrit8.3 ,yq;if njhlu;ghly; Nrit8.3 ,yq;if njhlu;ghly; Nrit
cyfpy; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; kpfg; nghpa khw;wj;ij ngw;WtUk; Jiwahf
njhlu;ghly; Nrit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; jhf;fk; ,yq;ifapd;
njhlu;ghly; NritfspYk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,yq;ifapd;
tu;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gtw;iw ,izg;gjhf njhlu;ghly;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapd; njhlu;ghly; Jiw,yq;ifapd; njhlu;ghly; Jiw,yq;ifapd; njhlu;ghly; Jiw,yq;ifapd; njhlu;ghly; Jiw,yq;ifapd; njhlu;ghly; Jiw
njhlu;ghly;
rHtNjr
njhlu;ghly;
RNjr
njhlu;ghly;
thndhyp
njhiyf;fhl;rp
njhiyNgrp
je;jp
ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp
(
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168,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwe;j nra;jpj;njhlu;G Kiw ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwe;j nra;jpj;njhlu;G Kiw ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwe;j nra;jpj;njhlu;G Kiw ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwe;j nra;jpj;njhlu;G Kiw ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwe;j nra;jpj;njhlu;G Kiw;
fhyepiy gw;wpa Kd;dwptpj;jy;fSk; etPd tptrha jfty;fSk;
tptrhaj;jpid rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjtpahf mikAk;.
Kaw;rpahsu; jkJ tu;j;jfg;nghUl;fisf; fhy Neuj;jpw;Fr;; re;ijf;F
Vw;w Kiwapy; mDg;gp itg;gjw;Fk; tpiuthf nra;jpfisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; kpf mtrpakhfpwJ.
,d;iwa Afk; fzdpAfkhFk;. xt;nthU ehLk; jdpj;j ehlhf
,y;yhky; cyfkakhtjw;F mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gJ fzdptiyaikg;ghFk;.
,izak; (,d;unew;) vdg;gLk; ,t; tiyaikg;G Jhpj jfty; njhlu;G
rhjdkhf mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; kpfg;gpurpj;jp ngw;Ws;sJ. nra;jpg;
ghpkhw;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w kpfKf;fpa rhjdkhd nra;kjpiag;
gad;gLj;jp tiyaikg;gpd; Clhf jfty;fs; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
cyfj;jpd; ve;j %iyapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> kpd;mQ;ry;> njhiyefy;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; Clhf xt;nthUtUlDk; njhlu;G nfhs;sf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s rpy jfty;fs;khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s rpy jfty;fs;khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s rpy jfty;fs;khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s rpy jfty;fs;khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s rpy jfty;fs;
l ,yq;ifapy; 1858k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; epiwapd;gb jghy;
fl;;lzj;ij mwtpLk; Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1857k; Mz;L jghy; Kj;jpiu ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
• 1858y; je;jpr; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1967y; ,yq;if thndhyp xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fgl;lJ.
• ,yq;ifapy; 1979y; Kjd; Kjyhf njhiyf;fhl;rpr; Nrit
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1992 Kjy; jdpahu; njhiyf;fhl;rpr; NritfSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
• 1931,y; jpdfud;> tPuNfrhp gj;jphpiffs; Muk;gk;.
• 1832,y; ~nfhOk;G N[Hdy;|; vd;w Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpifapd; Njhw;wk;.
• 1862,y; ~yq;fh Nyhfa|> ~yf;kpdp g`d| vd;w rpq;fsg;
gj;jphpiffspd; Njhw;wk;.
• 1864,y; ~cjajhuif| vd;w KjyhtJ jkpo;nkhopg; gj;jphpif
Muk;gk;.
• 1925,y; thndhypr; Nrit Kk;nkhopfspYk; Muk;gk;.
• 1950,y; Njrpa jpiug;glj;njhopy; Muk;gk;.
• 1982,y; mQ;ry; Nrit jdpahH JiwNahL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
• nra;kjp njhlHG epiyak; 107 ehLfNshL njhlHGgLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik.
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169 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.
nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:
1. ,yj;jpudpay; njhlHghly; ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfSf;F
ed;ikahdJ / jPikahdJ.
2. njhlHghly; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij ,yq;ifapd; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;JtJ
fbdkhdJ / ,yFthdJ.
Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; tpthjq;fis xOq;F nra;f.
kjpg;g PLkjpg;g PLkjpg;g PLkjpg;g PLkjpg;g PL
1. ,yq;ifapd; tHj;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlHghly; vd;gd kdpj
eltbf;ifapd; tpisthfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tPuh? fhuzq;fisj; jUf.
2. ,yq;ifapd; tHj;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlHghly; vd;gdtw;wpd;
etPd Nghf;F gw;wpa gl;banyhd;iwj; jUf.
3. ,yq;ifapd; tHj;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlHghly; vd;gdtw;wpd;
tsHr;rp fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s r%f> fyhr;rhu gpur;rpidfis
tpghpf;Ff.
,yq;ifapy; Foha; %yk; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; ePH> vhpnghUs;>
fopTePH> thA> kzy; Kjypa nghUl;fs; gw;wp nra;jpg;
gj;jphpiffs; epfo;fhyj; jfty;fs; vd;gtw;iw Mjhukhff;
nfhz;L ,Jgw;wpa tplaq;fisr; Nrfhpf;Ff.
• 1995-2005 fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; ,yj;jpudpay; njhlHG Clfq;fspy; mur>
jdpahH Jiwapd; Nghl;b fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l tsHr;rp ghhpa
mstpdjhFk;.