,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;ij gw;wpa tpsf;f ciufSk ... · i nghUslf;fk; KfTiu iii jtprhsu;...

,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;ij

gw;wpa tpsf;f ciufSk; rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwfSk;

njhFg;ghrpupau;: fp~hyp gpd;Nuh [atu;jd

jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; ntspaPL

khu;r; 2019

,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;ij gw;wpa\; tpsf;f ciufSk; rl;lj;ijg;;

gad;gLj;Jk; KiwfSk;

jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FO

vy;yh cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit. jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;

rk;kjk; ,y;yhky; ,e;j ntsPaPl;bd; ve;jnthU ghfKk; ,yj;jpudpay;> ,ae;jputpay;>

gpujpaply; kw;Wk; Vida topKiwfs; %yk; ve;j tbtj;jpYk; kPs; cUthf;fk;>

kPnsLg;G Kiwikapyhd Nrkpg;G> gug;Gjy; Kjypad nra;jyhfhJ.

[.v];.gp.vd; mr;rfk;:

,yq;if jftywpAk; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FONt ,j;jifa ntsPaPl;bd;

cs;slf;fj;jpw;F nghWg;ghFk;.

ntsPaPL: ,yq;if jftywpAk; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FO

miw ,y.203-204 njhFjp 2- gz;lhuehaf;fh Qhgfhu;j;j ru;tNjr kfhehl;L kz;lgk;

nfhOk;G 07.

njhiyNgrp/njhiyefy;: + 94 11 2691625/26

kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]

,izak;: http://www.rticommission.lk

mr;rpl;lJ:

rpaj kPbah nel;tu;f;]; (tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdp)

ENfnfhl

i

nghUslf;fk; KfTiu iii

jtprhsu; nra;jpAk; ed;wp etpYk; vi njhFg;ghsupd; nra;jp vii

fl;Liufs;

1. jftYf;fhd cupik gw;wp rpy nghJthd tpsf;f ciufs;

1.1 ey;yhl;rpapd; mk;rk; xd;whf jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; rpy mk;rq;fs;-

m. ru;Nt];tud; 1

1.2 ,yq;ifapy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; jfty; mwpAk; chpik gw;wpa tpsf;f ciufs;

gpurhe;jp k`pe;jul;d 8

1.3 ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Ml;rpapd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf jfty; mwpAk; chpik

jPgpfh clfk 19

1.4 ,yq;if mur nghJ Nritapd; %bkiwf;Fk; Nghf;F-

Rrpy; rpuptu;jz 29

2. jftYf;fhd cupikAk; ClfKk;

2.1 Neu;ikahd gj;jpupf;ifahsu;fSf;fhd jfty; cupikf;fhd rl;lk;

rpd;fh ul;zJq;f 34

3. jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;lk; njhlu;ghd rl;l uPjpahd tpsf;f ciufs;

3.1 ,yq;if> jfty; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l Mizfspy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L Mizfspd; tpkh;rd hPjpahd kjpg;gPL

[ae;j B my;nka;lh Fzul;d 40

3.2 $l;Lj;jhgd kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; Jiwfspy; jftYf;fhd cupik

`u;~ gu;dhd;Nlh 62

4. Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fs; jftYf;fhd cupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Kiwik

m~;tpdp eNlrd; kw;Wk; Mjpy; ehjdp 83

4.1 jd;dpr;irahf Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL njhlu;gpy; rpy mk;rq;fs;

ii

4.2 jd;dpr;irahf Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL: jfty; chpikapd; eptu;j;jp nra;ag;glhj flg;ghLfs;

tp[ahde;j [atPu 109 5. jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;lk; njhlu;ghd xg;gPl;L Nehf;F

5.1 xg;gPl;L Nehf;fpy; ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd rl;lg; gug;G

Nlhgp nkd;nly; 121

5.2 njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; jfty; chpikapd; Ml;rp: xg;gPl;L hPjpahd Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

hpr;ru;l; fyd;l; 138 njhFg;ghsu; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;ghsu;fs; gw;wpa tpguk; 150

iii

KfTiu etPdkakhd 21k; E}w;whz;by;> gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfaplkpUe;J jfty;fis ehbg; ngw;W

kdpjh;fSila mbg;gil chpikfis ghJfhj;jy;> Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mq;fPhpj;jy;

vd;gtw;wpd; Njitg;ghL vd;gJ kWf;fg;gl KbahjjhFk;. kdpjh;fs; jfty;fspd;

cz;ikj;jd;ikia Muha;e;jwptijAk; jfty;fis njhpT nra;tijAk; nghWg;Gs;s

murhq;fj;ij epiyepWj;JtijAk; cWjp nra;tjw;F ,e;j chpik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

kf;fSf;Fk; mth;fSila murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd mjpfhu rkepiy mw;w

jd;ikia kWrkepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F mJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

2000k; Mz;bypUe;J cyfk; KOtJk; jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; mjpNtf

tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. jw;NghJ 123 rl;lq;fs; cynfq;fpYk; tsh;e;J epw;gJ mjw;nfhU

rhl;rpahFk;. ,e;j Nghf;fpd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd

chpikr;rl;lkhdJ 2017k; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 4k; jpfjp eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

rl;lj;jpw;Fk; [dehafj;jpw;Fkhd cyfyhtpa mikg;gpd; Rl;nlz;zpy; ,yq;ifapd;

rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F cyfyhtpa hPjpapy; 4tJ ,lKk; Mrpahtpy; 2tJ ,lKk;

fpilj;Js;sJ1 ,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lthf;fk; rpy jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk;

Kw;Nghf;fhd gphpTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit Toby Mendel ,d; Comparative Perspectives vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy; mOj;jpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.; mth; mjid gpd;tUkhW tpghpf;fpd;whh;.

“…. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghWg;Gf;fisAk;; mjpfhuq;fisAk; jd;trk; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy;

,yq;if jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FO cyfpNy kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j

xd;whFk;.”2

vt;thwhapDk; tYthd xU rl;lk; ,Uj;jy; Kjy;gbahFk;. jfty; chpikr; rl;lj;jpw;F

xU mh;j;jj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; ghPl;ir, rl;lj;jpd; tpidjpwdhd mKyhf;fkhFk;. ,t;

ntspaPL> rl;lk; mKyhf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J mJnjhlh;ghf xg;gPl;L kw;Wk; tpkh;rd hPjpahd

kjpg;gha;it jftywpAk; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

gpd;dilT kw;Wk; Fw;wr;rhl;L VNjDk; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; jd; kPjhdJk; vjph;fhy

eltbf;iffis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fkhd Kf;fpakhd xU milahsj;ij ,t; ntspaPL

toq;Ffpd;wJ.

,t; ntspaPl;by; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpakhd Fwpg;Gf;fs; rpy fPNo

Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

1cyfyhtpa jftYupikr;rl;l juTfs; <https://www.law-democracy.org/live/rti-rating/global/>. 2 nkdn;ly; Nlhgp, Sri Lanka’s Legal Regime for the Right to Information in Comparative Perspective, p. 82.

iv

KjyhtJ> Mizf;FOthdJ> murjug;gpYs;s ,yQ;r Coy;> epiykhWfhy ePjp

njhlu;gpy; murhq;f;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; jdpAhpik NkNyhq;Fk;

nghJeyid rkepiyg;gLj;jy; cl;gl kpfTk; gue;Jgl;l tplaq;fSld; njhlh;Gila 600

f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jPh;khdq;fspy; kpfTk; cah; juj;jpy; toq;fpapUj;jy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,t; tplhKaw;rpapd; %yk;> Mizf;FOthdJ ,r;rl;lk; njhlu;ghd ePjp ghpghydj;ij

Nkk;gLj;j Kf;fpa Ntiyia epiwNtw;wj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.

,uz;lhtJ> murhq;fk; mjd; gq;fpw;F Mizf;FOtpd; MizfSld; ,zq;fpr;

nraw;gLtNjhL, ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ,d;dKk; ,ufrpa fyhrhuk; ,Ue;jhYk; $l

Mizf;FOtpw;F gjpyspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfSf;F

Mizf;FOtpdhy; mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J murhq;fj;jpd; xg;GjiyAk; mjhtJ

rl;lj;Njitg;ghLfis gpd;gw;WtijAk; ep&gpf;fpd;wNjhL Mizf;FOtpd; MizfSf;F

kjpg;gspg;gijAk; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

%d;whtJ> Vida rl;lthf;fq;fspd; tpjptpyf;Ffis cl;Nru;j;jy; jftYf;fhd

cupikr;rl;ljpd; tsu;r;rpia gpd;dilar; nra;fpd;wJ. ,t; ntspaPl;by; NkNyhl;lkhf

Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Mdhy; neUf;fkhf ftdpf;fNtz;ba tplak;; Mizf;FOtpd;

epjpg;gw;whf;Fiw ,r;rl;lj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ cs;sjhd jilahFk;. fdlhtpy;

vd;Dila nrhe;j mDtj;jpy; $WfpNwd;> ,g; gpd;dilthdJ jfty; chpikia

nrayw;Wtjpy; ngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jyhk;;. MfNt vy;yh gq;Fjhuh;fSf;Fk;

vr;rhpf;ifahf $Wk; MNyhrid vd;dntdpy; Nkw;$wpa gpd;dilTfis Fwpj;J NkYk;

mtjhdkhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ehd;fhtJ> ,yq;if kf;fs; mth;fSila chpikia gad;gLj;JtjpYs;s Mh;tk;

ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. njhlh;r;rpahd ntw;wpfhd cj;jpfs; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjhtJ nghJr;Nritapd; midj;J epiyfSf;Fk; gapw;rpaspj;jy;> vy;yh

gpui[fSf;Fkhd tpopg;Gzh;T> gapyuq;Ffs;> nray;jpwd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;jiy

mjpfhpg;gjw;F xUq;fpize;j Kaw;rpfs;> Clfq;fspd; <LghL> kw;Wk; kpfKf;fpakhf

murhq;fk; kw;Wk; nghJr;Nrit Mfpatw;wpd; cah; jiyth;fspd; jiyikj;Jtk;. ,it

,y;yhky; jftYf;fhd chpik epiyj;jpUf;f KbahJ.

,yq;if mjDila Kw;Nghf;fhd rl;lthf;fk;> Mizf;FOtpDila mh;g;gzpg;G, tplhKaw;rp kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;> Mizf;FOtpd; MizfSf;F kjpg;gspg;gjw;fhd

murhq;fj;jpd; xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; kpfKf;fpakhf mjDila kf;fs; jkJ jfty;

v

chpikia gad;gLj;Jtjpy; fhl;Lk; Mh;tk; vd;gtw;wpd;; %yk; njspthf Mrpahtpd;

jiyikj;Jtj;ij vLj;Js;sJ.

vd;Dila mDgtj;jpd;gb> jfty; chpikiaAk; nraw;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

ngUk; rthyhf khwpAs;sJ. NkYk; midj;J gq;Fjhuh;fsplkpUe;jhd tpopg;Gzh;T>

mh;g;gzpg;G kw;Wk; ijhpak; Mfpait mJ mh;j;jKs;sjhf epiyj;jpUg;gjid

cWjpnra;Ak;;. njhlh;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ mbg;gil chpikia ghJfhg;gjw;F

Kf;fpakhFk;. jfty; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FOtplkpUe;J ntsptUk; ,t; ntspaPL;

,yq;ifapy; Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; jfty; chpikia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpfs; njhlu;gpy; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F Nritahw;Wtjw;Fk; ,J

kpf Kf;fpakhd mbg;gil chpikia ghJfhg;gjw;F cjtpaspf;Fk;.

[dehafj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jfty; chpikapd; xU jPtpukhd tpRthrpAk;>

MjuthsUkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ehd; kpFe;j Mh;tj;Jld; mjid njhlUNtd;. Mifahy;

,yq;ifapd; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mNef kf;fs; vjpu;ghu;fpd;wdu;

vd;gij ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.

#rd; nyfhy;l;

fdlhtpd; Kd;dhy; jfty; Mizahsh; (2010k; Mz;L a+d; khjk; - 2018k; Mz;L ngg;uthp)

vi

jtprhsu; nra;jpAk; ed;wp etpYk; 2017 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; %d;whk; jpfjp nrayhl;rpf;F te;j jftYupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;L tUl epiwit xl;b jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; tpsf;f

ciufs;; kw;Wk; jftYf;fhd chpikapd; nraw;ghl;LKiw gw;wpa fl;Liufs;

Mizf;FOtpdhy; ,j; njhFg;gpy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;njhFg;gpd; Kjy; ghfkhf

Mizf;FOtpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l rpy Mizfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;L;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,j;njhFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU Mf;fKk; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w jftYupik

epu;thfj;jpd; NtWgl;l mk;rj;jpid gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,jD}lhf> VNjh xU tbtj;jpy;

jftYupikr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLtjw;F thrfu; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;. gpui[fs;

gfpuq;f tho;f;ifapy; KOikahf gq;Fgw;WtjidAk;; ehl;by; gue;jstpy; ey;yhl;rp

Nkk;gLj;jg;gLtjid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpYk; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; fyhrhuj;jpid tsu;f;fpd;w nraw;ghl;by;

,k;Kaw;rpahdJ rpwpa mstpyhtJ xU fUtpahf mikAk; vd ehq;fs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. vq;fSila miog;gpd;Ngupy; jq;fSila gq;fspg;gpid rupahd

Neuj;jpyspj;J ,j;njhFg;gpid rhj;jpakhf;fpa jj;jk; Jiwfspy; Nju;;r;rp ngw;Ws;s

jpwik tha;e;j epGzu;fSf;Fk; vdJ Mokhd ed;wpfisj;; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

mj;Jld;> ,j;njhFg;gpw;fhf jkJ tpiykjpg;gw;w gq;fspg;gpid mspj;j

jtYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; rl;l Ma;thsu;fshd R~;kpjh jahde;jd, fpuprp

mgaNrfu [adp ngNuuh kw;Wk; ,ky;fh mNgrpq;f MfpNahupd; cjtp ed;wpAld;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,j; njhFg;gpYs;s fl;Liufis %d;W nkhopfspYk; ntspf; nfhz;LtUfpd;w

,f;fbdkhd gzpapid Kd;ndLj;J ,j;njhFg;gpid gjpg;gpj;j jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu; nry;tp. fp~hyp gpd;Nuh [atu;;jdtpw;F vdJ

ghuhl;Lf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. rl;lj;juzpfshd uhjpfh Fzuj;d> Jkpe;J

kJ~d;> jtgpupah jtFkhu; kw;Wk; fpup[h rptFkhu; MfpNahUk; ,j;njhFg;gpd;

ntspaPl;bw;F NtWgl;l topfspy; jkJ gq;fspg;gpid Mw;wpAs;sdu;. mtu;fSf;Fk;

vdJ ed;wp cupj;jhFk; ,j;njhFg;G Mtznkhd;whf ntsptUtjw;fhf ,q;F Fwpg;gplhj

gyu; jkJ gq;fspg;gpid ey;fpapUe;jdu;. mtu;fSila gq;fspg;G ,y;yhtpbd;>

,j;njhFg;gpd; ntspaPL rhj;jpakhapuhJ. mt;thW> gq;fspg;gspj;j midtUf;Fk; vdJ

ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

k`pe;j fk;kk;gpy jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; jtprhsu;

vii

njhFg;ghrpupaupd; Fwpg;G

2016 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; (jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk;)

,yq;ifapy; 2017 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; 3 Mk; jpfjp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

md;iwa jpdj;jpy; mj;jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpujpfisj; jkJ fUtpfnsdf;

fUjp nghyp]; epiyaq;fSf;Fj; jaf;fj;Jld; nrd;w fpof;F khfhzj;ijr; Nru;e;j

gjpide;J jkpo;j; jha;khu;fs;> murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; jkpoPo tpLjiyg;GypfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

2009 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w ,Wjp Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ fhzhkyhf;fg;gl;l jk;Kila

kfd;khu; kw;Wk; kfs;khUf;F vd;d ele;jJ vd;gjw;fhdg; gjpy;fisf; NfhupapUe;jdu;.

,J njhlu;ghd gjpy;fis toq;Ftjw;F ,ayhj epiyapy; nghyp]huhy; fhzg;gl;l

xU tpNdhjkhdr; re;ju;g;gkhf mr;rk;gtk; mike;jJ. mg;nghyp]hupd; Kfq;fspy;

tpl;nlwpag;gl;l mr;rl;lj;jpd; jkpo;g;gpujpfis vt;thW thrpg;gJ vd ngUk;ghyhd

nghyp]hUf;F tpsq;ftpy;iy. Vnddpy;> mf;Nfs;tpfSf;F ,yf;fhfpa ngUk;ghyhd

nghyp]hu; rpq;fs ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshff; ,Ue;jdu;. ghuhSkd;wk;

jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpid epiwNtw;wpAs;snjd;gjid khj;jpuk; rpyu;

mwpe;jpUe;jhu;fs; vd;wNghjpYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fs;

mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpahf> me;jj; jha;khu;fs; jkf;Fj; njupe;j nrhw;g rpq;fs

nkhopawpitg; gad;gLj;jp mr;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Vw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J

tpag;gpw;Fs;shfpapUe;j mg;nghyp]hUf;F tpsf;f Ntz;ba epiyNaw;gl;lJ.

,ijnahU rhjhuzkhd tplakhff; fUjKbahJ. 1970 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J gy;NtWgl;l

,d Nkhjy;fis vjpu;nfhz;LtUk; ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;> kf;fs;

jrhg;jq;fshf Nkhjy; tyaq;fspy; tho;e;J te;Js;sdu;. mtu;fs; Nfs;tpfs;

Nfl;ftpy;iy> mjpfhuj;ij rthYf;Fl;gLj;jtpy;iy. 2009 ,y; Aj;jk; epiwTw;w

gpd;dUk;$l ,g;gak; njhlu;e;Jk; epiyj;jpUe;jJ. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy;> ,k;

Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnjhd;whFk;. xU Gjpa rl;lnkhd;wpD}lhf mur

Kftu;fsplk; nghWg;Gilikiaf; NfhUtjw;F jkpo;j; jha;khu;fs; tYg;ngw;Ws;sdu;

vd;gJ xU tpNrl nra;jpNa. jftYupikf;fhd tprhuizfspd; tpisthf

,g;ngz;fSf;Fk; rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfSf;Fkpilapy; xU ciuahly;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w epfo;T Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnjhd;whFk;.

mz;ikapy; ehd; mj;jha;khu;fs; rpyiur; re;jpj;Njd;. mr;rkak; mtu;fSila jfty;

Nfhupf;iffSf;F vd;d ele;jJ vd tpdhtpNdd;. rpy tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd

tprhuizfs; jw;NghJk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Vida tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd

viii

Nfhupf;iffis ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; kPsg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jd. mtu;fs;

kWnkhopahf “Fw;wthspfs; ,uhZtj;Jiz gil cWg;gpdu;fshf cs;sdu;. mtu;fs;

mg;NghJ Kjy; ,g;NghJ tiu vq;fSila fpuhkq;fSf;F te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;.

mtu;fs; vq;fs; kj;jpapy; tho;fpd;wdu;. vdNt> ehq;fs; mtu;fis Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j

tpUk;gtpy;iy” vd;W $wpdu;;. MapDk;> xU rl;lk; mur mjpfhuj;ijf;

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mtu;fsplk; Nfs;tpfis Nfl;gjw;Fk; jq;fis

tYg;gLj;jpapUg;gJ njhlu;gpy; mtu;fs; fspg;giltjhff; $wpdhu;fs;; NkYk; ‘ehq;fs;

Nfs;tp Nfl;gjw;fhd nrad;Kiwapid epiykhw;wj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;’ vd;Wk;

mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;.

jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; mKYf;F te;jjD}lhf> kf;fs; jw;NghJ “Nfs;tpfs;

Nfl;fyhk;” vd;w ,f;fspg;Gzu;thdJ ,yq;ifapd; midj;J gpuNjrq;fspYk;

Njhd;;wpAs;sJ. rhjp> kj> ,dk; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; gpsTgl;Ls;s rKjhaq;fspy;

nghJthd fhuzpnahd;whf miktJ mtu;fs; midtUk; jftYupikapid gy

topfspy; gad;gLj;JjyhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; Kjw; jlitahf> kf;fs; cz;ikapy;

mtu;fSila eyd;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU rl;lk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rl;lnkd;gJ fw;wwpe;jtu;fshy; kl;Lk; czug;glf;$baJ NkYk; mJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;

tpag;gilAk; ghu;itahsu;fshf vd;w uPjpapy; khj;jpuk; nraw;gl;L> mtu;fSf;F

ngUk;ghYk; me;epakhf cs;s xU nkhopapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rl;lj;juzpfspd;

thjj;jpid Nfl;fpd;w ePjpkd;w miwfspy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;w xd;W vd;w epakj;jpw;F

Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ljhf ,r;rl;lk; mike;Js;sJ.

kpf Muk;gj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; jftYupik mDgtj;jpd; Rthu];akhd rk;gtkhf

mike;jJ ahnjdpy;> gpui[fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpid cau; mstpy; Kuz;gl;Ls;s gfpuq;f

tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Nfs;tpnaOg;Gtjw;fhf khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy> khwhf>

mbg;gil Ml;rp nrad;Kiw njhlu;gpYk; Nfs;tpnaOg;gpapUe;jdu;. ,t;

Mizf;FOtpw;F Kd;dpiyapy; kpf Muk;gj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Nkd;KiwaPLfSs;

xd;whf> gpui[nahUtu; gjpT nra;j> njw;F khfhzj;jpy; gugug;ghd rhiynahd;wpy;

kPs; tpw;gidahsu;fshy; md;iwa jpdj;jpy; gpbg;gl;l kPd;fis tpw;gjw;fhf

mikf;fg;gl;l jw;fhypff; fl;likg;gpid Vd; tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig ePf;ftpy;iy

vd;w jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;if gpui[ XUtuhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mj;jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;ifapidj; njhlu;e;J tPjp mjpfhu mgptpUj;jp rigahdJ

Fwpg;gpl;lj; jw;fhypff; fl;likg;gpid tpiuthf mfw;wpaJ. mjd; gpd;du;> Mizf;FO

ix

Kd;dpiyapy; Kiwg;ghL nra;j mg;gpui[> mj; jw;fhypf fl;likg;gpid ePf;FtJ

njhlu;gpy; Vd; rl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ njhlu;ghf nfhOk;G tPjp mjpfhu

rigapd; rl;l mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mjd; khfhz mjpfhupfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngw;w

fbjj; njhlu;ghly;fis ntspg;gLj;JkhW Nfhupdhu;. ,Wjpahf> jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpw;F Kd; Njhd;Wk;gb Mizf;FO toq;fpa mwptpj;jypidj; njhlu;e;J>

mtUila Nfs;tpfSf;F tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig gjpyspj;jJld; mf;fbjj;

njhlu;ghly;fis ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. mit khfhz murpay;thjpfSld; njhlu;Gila

mjpfhupfspd; flik myl;rpaj;jpidj; njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpf;fhl;bd. jtwpioj;j mt;

mjpfhupfspd; ngau;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;likahdJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w

mj;jifa rl;l kPwy;fSf;fhd Cf;fj; jilahf mikAk;.

mjpfhupfs; jPu;khdq;fis vLf;fpd;wNghJ rl;lj;jpidj; jtwhf gad;gLj;Jk;

re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> jftYupikapd;fPo; mj;jifa tpguq;fs; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;glyhk;

vd;gjdhy; mt;thW nra;tjidj; jtpu;f;Fk;gb mtu;fSila rf Copau;fshy; my;yJ

jfty; mYtyu;fshy; R%fkhd Kiwapy; mwpTWj;jg;gl;Ls;shu;fs; vd;gJ ,t;

Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; Nkd;KiwaPl;L tpsf;fq;fs; Nfl;fg;gl;l gy

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntspahfpaJ. rptpy; r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; Clfq;fs; vd;gd mur

mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; [dhjpgjp; gpujku; kw;Wk; VidNahiuf;

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;w Nkd;KiwaPLfs; Njrpa Clfq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mNjNtis> gpui[fs; mtu;fspd; cs;@u; kw;Wk; khfhz mur epWtdq;fisf;

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; gbg;gbahf mjpfhuk; ngWtJk;; mNjasT

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjitahFk;.

mjpfsT ftdj;ij <u;j;Jf; nfhz;l KiwaPLfs; gytifg;gLfpd;wd. Njrpa

vahu;iyd; tpkhd Nritapd; Kiwaw;w epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd tprhuiz

Mizf;FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffs; ntspaplg;glhik> = yq;fh vahu;iyd;]; tptfhuk;>

njhiyj; njhlu;G xOq;fikg;ghsu; ru;r;irf;Fupa nra;jp tiyj;jsnkhd;iwj; jil

nra;jik> kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Nrkyhg epjpapd; KjyPLfs; kw;Wk;

murpay;thjpfspd; nrhj;Jf;fspd; tpguq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fisg; gpufldg;gLj;Jjy;

Nghd;wtw;iw mj;jifa tof;Ffshf KiwaPLfshf Fwpg;gplyhk;. ehl;by;

ntspg;gilj;jdikf; fyhrhuj;ij tsu;g;gjw;F ,t; cau; kl;lr;rthy;fs; kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdit vd;gjpy;; vt;tpj Iaq;fSk; ,y;iy vd;fpd;w mNjNtis> kpf nkJthf

kw;Wk; ftdj;jpid <u;f;fhj tifapy; gbg;gbahf ,lk;ngWfpd;w ‘gpui[fSf;F

mjpfuhk; vd;w thrfk;’ murpayikg;gpYs;slf;fg;gl;L ,Jtiuapy; ntw;W thrfkhf

,Ue;j “ehk;> kf;fs;…” (We, the People) vd;gjw;F capu;nfhLg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.

x

gpui[fis mjpfhukspj;jnyd;gJ jftYupikf;fhd mikg;ghl;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpa

thf;FWjpahFk; vd;gJld; ,J Clfq;fspd; ftdj;jpw;F mg;ghy; ,lk;ngw;W

tUfpd;wJ.

,e;ed;ikfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F kpf ePz;l fhyk; Njitg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;if

jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpd; tiuTr; nrad;KiwahdJ 2004 Mk; Mz;L jftYf;fhd

mZFjy; rl;l%yj;ij tiue;j mg;Nghija rl;lkh mjpgu;> rl;l tt;Ydu;>

rl;lj;juzpfs;> njhFg;ghsu;fs; kw;Wk; Clf rl;l fy;tpayhsu;fs; rpNu~;l gfpuq;f

mjpfhupfis cs;slf;fpa gpujku; FOTld; Muk;gkhfpaJ. ,t;tiutpw;F mikr;ruit

mDkjpaspj;jpUe;jNghjpYk; murpay; Fog;gq;fspd; fhuzkhf mjid ghuhSkd;wpw;F

rku;g;gpf;fKbatpy;iy. mjw;fLj;j jrhg;jj;jpy;> 2004 Mk; Mz;L rl;l%yj;jpw;F capu;

nfhLg;gjw;fhd gy Jzpfukhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNghjpYk; $l

jftYupikahdJ Vida rptpy; Rje;jpuq;fisg; NghyNt kOq;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. 2015 Mk;

Mz;L Vw;gl;l Ml;rp khw;wj;jpidj; njhlu;e;J> 2015 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ tiuTf;

FOthdJ rpwe;j ngWNgwpidg; ngWk;nghUl;L rl;l%yj;jpy; rpy jpUj;jq;fis

Nkw;nfhz;L mjid rPuikj;jJ. mJ 2016 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpw;F

toptFj;jJ.

,t;tpuz;L tiuTr; nrad;Kiwfspd;NghJk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;l kpf Kf;fpakhd

Nfhl;ghL ahnjdpy;> muR kw;Wk; gpui[fSf;fpilapy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;fhd

kj;jpa];juhfr; nraw;glf;$ba> Clfk;> rl;lj;juzpfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fk; Nghd;w

jftYupikapd; gadhspfis cs;slf;fpa xU RahjPdkhd jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpid cUthf;FjyhFk;. rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Gupag;gLfpd;w Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf

Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nghyp]; my;yJ mur rl;lj;juzp

vd;Nghiu Nghyy;yhJ ,J xU Mizf;FOthf mike;jJ. jftYupikf;fhd

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nra;ag;gLfpd;w Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; tof;Fj;njhLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;

kw;Wk; jftiy ntspapLtjw;fhdf; fl;lzj;jpidj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;w mjpfhuq;fs;

vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;s Mizf;FOthf ,J cs;sJ.

MdhYk;, RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fSf;F NghjpasT epjp kw;Wk; kdpj ts

MjhukpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F topaikf;f murhq;k; jtWtjhNyNa rPuhf jkJ

flikfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba Mizf;FOf;fs; $l gy mjpfhuj;Jt rpf;fy;fSf;F

cs;shfp ntWkNd murhq;fk; jw;ngUikf;fhf mjl;bf; nfhs;Sk; fhl;rpg; nghUl;fshf

khwptpLfpd;wd.

xi

,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; tpsf;f ciufSk; mtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jk; KiwfSk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gpujpgypj;J fhl;Lfpd;w ,f;fl;Liufspy;> ehl;by;

tsu;e;JtUfpd;w jftw; fyhrhuj;jpd; ntw;wp kw;Wk; rthy;fs; ed;whf

ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

jkpo; ntspaPl;bd; KjyhtJ fl;LiuahdJ nfhOk;G rl;l gPlj;jpd; rpNu~;l

tpupTiuahsu; jpU m. ru;Nt];tudhy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tu; jftYf;fhd chpikr;

rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fk; ey;yhl;rpapd; xU mk;rkhf fUJfpd;whu;. vt;thW jftYf;fhd

chpik Kjypy; murpayikg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gj;njhd;gjhtJ jpUj;jr;

rl;lj;jpDhlhf xu; mbg;gil cupikaha; ,dq;fhzg;gl;lnjd;gjid tpsf;fpf;

$wpAs;shu;. ,jd; gpd;du; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;ijAk; mjd;

cs;slf;fj;ijAk; tptupj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;. jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd cupikia gw;wpAk;

mjid ngWtjpy; rl;lj;jpYs;s kl;Lg;ghLfisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;. NkYk; nghJ

mjpfhu rigfSf;F jftiyg; NgZtjpYs;s flg;ghl;ilAk; mit Nfhug;gLk; NghJ

mtw;iw toq;Ftjw;fhd ,r; rl;lj;jpYs;s elgbKiwAk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mNjNtis> jftywpAk; chpik Mizf;FOtpd; cUthf;fKk; jfty; toq;f

kWf;fg;gl;ljw;F vjpuhf Mizf;FOtpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak; KiwikiaAk;

ru;Nt];tud; tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shu;. ,r;rl;lkhdJ vt;thW rpWghz;ik kf;fspd;

chpikia ghJfhf;fpd;wnjd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.

,Wjpahf ,r; rl;lkhdJ vt;thW ehl;bd; gpuirfSf;F jftYf;fhd chpikia

toq;Ftjw;nfd cyfpy; Mf;fg;gl;l kpfr; rpwe;j rl;lq;fspy; xd;whff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wnjd;gijAk;, ehl;bd; murpay; kw;Wk; epUthf fyhrhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa

khw;wnkhd;iwAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sijAk,; ,k; khw;wkhdJ ehl;by; ey;yhl;rp Vw;gl

toptFf;Fk; xd;whf mike;Js;sijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;

gpu~he;jp k`pe;juj;d ,t;ntspaPl;by; vOjg;gl;Ls;s mtuJ Mf;fj;jpy;> “fle;j ,uz;L

tUl fhyg;gFjpapy; jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; kpf nghUj;jkhd jftypd;

ntspapLiff;F toptFj;jpUe;jNghjpYk;$l> mjd; cs;shw;wypd; KOikahdj;

njhopw;ghl;bid gy jilfs; ghjpg;gilar; nra;jpUe;jJ. ntspaPl;bid kWj;jy; vd;gJ

tpjptpyf;nfd;fpd;w mNjNtis ntspapl Ntz;Lnkd;gNj tpjp vd;w jftYupikapd;

mbg;gil epakj;jpid gfpuq;f JiwfspYs;Nshu; KOikahf Gupe;J nfhs;shikiaf;

my;yJ Nghw;whik vd;gjid mj;jifaj; jilfSs; xd;whff; Fwpg;gplyhk;” vd

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. mtu; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ljw;F mika> “gfpuq;f mjpfhupfs; jftYf;fhd

xii

cupikapid je;jpNuhghakhd topfspD}lhf jtpu;f;fg;glNtz;ba> Gjpjhf

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s epu;thfj; jiytypahf ghu;f;ff;$lhJ.”

xUq;fpizg;gpw;Fupa epWtdj;jhy; (ntFrd Clf mikr;rpdhy;) jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpw;F Mjutspf;fpd;w murhq;ff; nfhs;if kw;Wk; rPupa

rpe;jidAld; Mf;fg;gl;l %Nyhghak; vd;gd tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd mtu;

Kd;nkhope;jpUe;jhu;. mj;Jld;> jfty; mYtyu;fSf;F kl;Lky;yhJ mtu;fSila cau;

mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; jfty; Nfhupf;iffspd; Muk;g epuhfupg;G njhlu;ghd

Nkd;KiwaPLfisf; ifahSfpd;w Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyu;fshf nraw;gLfpd;w

epWtdq;fspd; jiytu;fSf;Fk; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mtu; Kd;nkhope;jpUe;jhu;.

mNjNtis> jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ntFrd Clf mikr;rpd; <LghL

khj;jpuky;yhJ ,r;nrad;Kiwapy; midj;J gadhspfspdJ <LghLk; kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

NkYk;> jftYupik gw;wpa tYthd Clf ntspg;gLj;Jifapd;ik njhlu;gpYk; mtu;

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. ,t;tplak; KJngUk; gjpg;ghsUk; ,yq;if jftYupikr;

nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa MjuthsUkhd rpq;` uj;dJq;f vd;gtuhy;

vjpnuhypf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia ehk; fhz ,aYk;.

rptpy; r%fk; njhlu;gpy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikr; rl;lkhdJ rptpy;

r%fq;fis ,uz;L tifapy; <Lglr; nra;fpd;wJ mjd; gaid gpurhug;gLj;Jfpd;w

gadhspfshfTk; mNjNtis jftYupikia epiyepWj;j Njitahd

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik njhlu;gpy; eilKiwahfTk; <Lglr; nra;fpd;wJ. jftYupikr;

rl;lk; rptpy; FOf;fisj; njhy;iy nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd;W rpyu;

mr;RWj;Jfpd;wNghjpYk; ,j;jifa mr;r czu;Tfs; cyfshtpa my;yJ gpuhe;jpa

uPjpahd eilKiwfspdhy; mtjhdpf;f KbahjjhfTs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gad; njhlu;ghfg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> “,e;j epahakhd rl;lj;jpid

epahakw;w tpjj;jpy; ghtpf;ff;$lhJ” vd k`pe;juj;d $wpAs;shu;. mtu; fPo;tUkhW

typAWj;Jfpd;whu;:

‘…Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; vd;gd tsu;e;J tUfpd;w jftYupikf;

fyhrhuj;jpw;F ghuhJ}ukhd rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Mw;wy; cs;s cau;

murpay; ru;r;irfSf;F kj;jpapy; jk;ik ce;jpj;js;shky;> %Nyhghakhf>

rl;lkhdJ mjd; Muk;g tUlq;fspy;> gfpuq;f newpKiwj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

xiii

Mjutpidg; ngwf;$ba tifapy; ,aw;ifahf tpUj;jpailtjw;F

mDkjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.’

NkYk;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fs; jftYupikapid gue;jstpy;

tpyf;fspg;gjid> jftYupik njhlu;gpy; ngUk; jhf;fq;fs; vof; $ba eilKiwg;

gpur;rpidnahd;whf mtu; milahsg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,e;j mghakhdJ Vw;fdNt

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpdhy; (1 [{d; 2018 md;W ntspaplg;gl;l Clf

mwpf;ifapidg; ghu;f;f) kw;Wk; ,j;njhFg;gpd; Vida fl;Liuahrpupau;fspdhy; (Nlhgp

nkd;lypd; fl;Liu cl;gl) czug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,j;njhFg;gpd; ,uz;lhtJ fl;Liuapy;> rpNu~;l fy;tpapayhsu; kw;Wk; ,yq;if kdpj

cupikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; jtprhsu; rl;lthl;rpapd; mbg;gil tiuG vd;w

mbg;gilapy; jftYupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid typAWj;jpAs;shu;. jftYupikapd;

fUj;jpay; mbg;gilfs; njspthfTs;sd mJ ‘murhq;fj;jpid rthYf;Fl;gLj;j kw;Wk;

gfpuq;f mjpfhuj; J~;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; gfpuq;f tsq;fspd; J~;gpuNahfk; vd;gdtw;iwj;

jLg;gjw;fhf gpui[fs; jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wikAld; njhlu;GWfpd;w

mNjNtis> jftYupik mikg;ghl;rpahdJ gpui[fs; mjD}lhf xU gpujpgyidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fsh ,y;iyah vd;gjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ mtu;fs; gfpuq;f

jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ‘mwpe;J nfhs;tjid’ ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;w Xu; cs;shu;e;jg;

gupkhzj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t; mwpthdJ rptpy; tho;f;ifapy; gq;Fgw;Wjiy

tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w mk;rkhf mikfpd;wJ.

fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; jftYupik Mizf;FO kw;Wk; gpui[fspd; mDgtk;

gue;jstpy; Neu;kiwahdjhfTk;> ngUk;ghYk; tho;f;ifapy; ghupa khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;jj; jf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> gfpuq;f mf;fiw tpQ;rp epw;fpd;w

rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(4) MdJ Jbg;ghd ntspg;gLj;Jiff; nfhs;iff;F rhu;ghf

njhopw;gl;Ls;sik Fwpj;J fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba tpNrl tplakhFk;. ,yq;ifapd;

jftYupikr; rl;lkhdJ Njrpa ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Gydha;T epWtdq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gila jfty;fis (Coy; kw;Wk; kdpj cupik kPwy;fSld; njhlu;Gila

jfty;fs; jtpu;e;j) jftYupikapD}lhf mile;J nfhs;s Kbahnjd

gpufldg;gLj;Jfpd;w gpuhe;jpa eilKiwapid gpd;gw;wtpy;iy vd;gJ jpUg;gjpaila

Ntz;ba xU tplankd mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb> ‘jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjyhdJ murhq;f

J~;gpuNahfq;fisj; jLf;f KbAk; vd;gJld; Coiy Fiwf;Fk;> cjhuzkhf>

xiv

,yq;ifapy; ePz;l fhykhf jPtpukhd gfpuq;f ghJfhg;gpw;F cl;gl;bUe;j ,uhZt

nfhs;Kjy; njhlu;ghd Coy;fisf;$l jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjy; Fiwf;Fk;.’

‘epWtdq;fs; Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F khwhf> newpKiwahd mur mf;fiw kw;Wk;

nghJkf;fspd; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd nghUj;jkhd

rkepiyapid cWjp nra;Ak;nghUl;L xt;nthU KiwapLk; mjd; Fzg;gz;Gfspd;

mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;’ vd;w mtUila vr;rupf;if fUj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba xU tplakhFk;. ,J vOg;gg;gLk; ,j;jifa “fbdkhd

tof;Ffspy;” Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLk;.

Mdhy;> gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf epiyahd rptpy; gpur;rhuq;fspypUe;J mjpfsthd

ntw;wpfs; gjpthfpAs;s ,e;jpahtpy; $l jftYupikf;fhf thjhLgtu;fs;>

nraw;gLtjw;fhd mtu;fSila jpwd; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhj;jpukhd #o;epiyNa

jftYupikapd; gad;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf NghuhLfpd;w ,g; gpd;dzpapid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,yq;ifapy; jftYupikf;F vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

rhty;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWnkd;gJ jtpu;f;f ,ayhjnjhd;whFk;. jPik jUk;

mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpdhy; jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; kOq;fbf;fg;gLtjidj; jLg;gjw;fhf

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jq;fSila midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; xd;Wjpul;b nraw;gl;L

tUfpd;wdu;. mtupd; mtjhdpj;Js;sjd;gb> rpy Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w cjhuzq;fisj;

jtpu;j;Jg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> gq;fshNj~; kw;Wk; Neghs; Nghd;w ehLfspy; jftYupikr;

rl;lq;fs; kf;fshy; ,d;Dk; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gJ

Gyg;gLk;. ,yq;ifapy; mjpfupf;fpd;w murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu

epiyaw;wj;jd;ikapdhy; murpay; nrad;Kiw NkYk; rpf;fyhdjhf khw;wkilapd;

,yq;ifapYk; ,f;Fog;gq;fs; Vw;gLk;. mj;jifa gpd;thq;Fk; gpd;dilT Njhw;wk;ngwpd;

mjw;nfjpuhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd vj;jifa tha;g;Gf;fis ,yFtpy; tOtpof;$baJk;;

Gjpjhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w jftYupik Ml;rp mikg;G nfhz;bUf;Fk;?

,j;njhFg;gpYs;s mLj;j fl;Liuapy;> Xa;T ngw;w gfpuq;f mYtyu; Rrpy; rpwptu;jd>

jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; njhlu;gpy; gzpahw;Wtjw;F mku;j;jg;gl;Ls;s ngUk;ghyhd

gfpuq;f Copau;fs; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;s> epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfis kiwthf

itj;jpUf;Fk; Kiwik gw;wp; Xu; caupa eilKiw vr;rupf;if xd;wpid

mspj;Js;shu;. rl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; epu;thf nraw;ghLfs;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mg;ghy; nrd;W> mtu; ,yq;ifapd; nghJ Nritapd; rPuoptpw;fhd

fhuzq;fis guprPypf;fpd;whu;.

xv

,t; jdpg;gl;l epfo;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ffpd;w mtu;> murhq;fj;jpd;

nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik vDk; Kf;fpa gz;gpid gpuNahfpf;FkhW

miof;fg;gl;lNghJk; ,t; mDgtq;fs; gfpuq;f Nritapd; vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpia

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mtu; Qhgfg;gLj;Jtjw;F mika> gfpuq;f Nrit

fyhrhukhdJ jftYupik njhopw;gLfpd;w gpd;dzpapid cUthf;Ftjdhy; ,jw;F

gadspf;Fk; khw;wnkhd;W epr;rakhfj; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J mq;fPfupf;fg;glNtz;ba

kpf Kf;fpa tplakhf nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;.

jftYupik Ml;rpaikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfisj; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lk;;

Mgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lk;> ,e;epiyj;J epw;fpd;w ,ufrpa

fyhrhuj;jpw;fhd ‘nghJthdJk; mjw;F fhuzkha; mikAk; jtWfSk;’ gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; mjpf murpay;kaKk; mjpfhukaKk; ,uz;Lk; gpujhd

Fw;wthspfshfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpd; fhe;jpaKk;; NeUtpak; ,e;jpa Njrj;ijf;

fl;banOg;Gfpd;w mNjNtis> ,yq;ifapd; Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w

nrad;KiwahdJ ‘tpidj;jpwdw;wjhfTk; G+uzkw;wjhAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit ,d

uPjpahd FOkq;fisf; fl;naOg;Gtjw;Nf toptFf;fpd;wd vd;w frg;ghd cz;ik

tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; Kiwahd rPuoptpd; Nkyjpf Mf;ff;$whf miktJ ahnjdpy;>

xj;jpirthd kw;Wk; rPupa rpe;jidapD}lhf ,aw;wg;gl;l Njrpaf; nfhs;iffis

gbg;gbahf ‘KOikaw;w> FiwghLfisAila kw;Wk; jw;fhypf nfhs;iffisAk;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk;’ nfhz;L khw;wg;gl;likahFk;. ,jd; tpisthf ‘xOq;fPdq;fs;>

nghUshjhu e~;lq;fs;> murpay;thjpfspdhYk; kw;Wk; mtu;fSila mbahl;fspdYk;

nra;ag;gLfpd;w nfhs;isfs;> #iwahly;fs;’ vd;gd Njhd;wpanjd mtu; $Wfpd;whu;.

rpwptu;jd ,j;jifa ‘nray; gpwo;r;rpfisAila r%fj;jpd; #oyikg;Gf;fis’ (mtuhy;

,dq;fhdg;gl;lthW) KOikahf khw;Wfpd;w cs;shw;wy; jftYupikapy; cs;sjid

mtjhdpf;fpd;whu;. mt; cupik ‘r%f kPSUthf;fk;> mwptpid Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jy;

kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fis tYg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw nra;tjw;fhd

%Nyhgha MAjkhf’ njhopw;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd mtu; fUJfpd;whu;. jftYupikf;fhdr;

rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy; mjw;fhd nghJkf;fspd; Jyq;fy; kpf mG+u;tkhdjhf

mike;Js;sJ vd;gJld; eyptile;Js;s kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s jk;ik

tYg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topKiwahf nghJ kf;fs; mr;rl;lj;jpid

mq;fPfupj;Js;sdu; vd;gjid mtu; Fwpj;J fhl;bAs;shu;.

xvi

,yq;ifapy; jftYupikj; njhopw;gLfpd;w #o;epiyapid tpku;rduPjpahfg;

guprPypg;gjD}lhf njhlu;r;rpahf eilKiwrhu; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;Jfpd;w j rz;Nl

ilk;]; gj;jpupifapd; gpujk gjpg;ghsu;> rpq;̀ ul;zJq;ftpd; rpe;jid> jftYf;fhd

cupik vd;gJ Clftpayhsu;fSf;fhdjhFk;> mJ ntWkNd ftdf;Fiwthf

nra;jpfis ntspapLfpd;w my;yJ murpay;thjpfis fz;%bj;jdkhfg; Nghw;Wfpd;w

(vjpu;kiwahd tplaq;fis MuhahJ) egu;fSf;fhdjy;y vd;w Qhgfg;gLj;jiy ehl;bd;

Clfj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;fSf;F mspg;gjD}lhf Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lj;jpid ehl;bd; epajpr;rl;lkhff; nfhz;LtUtjw;F ePz;l fhyk; Nghuhl

Ntz;bapUe;jJ vd;gjidAk;> ,Wjpahf murpay; jiyikj;Jtk; mr;rl;lj;jpid

,aw;Wtjw;F Vwj;jho fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gjidAk; gyu; czutpy;iy vd;gjid

Fwpj;J fhl;bAs;shu;.

MdhYk;> mtupd; mtjhdpg;gpd;gb> jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpid mDkjpf;Fk;gb murpay;

epWtdj;ijf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjpy; Clfk; ghupa tfpgq;fhw;wpaNghjpYk; $l>

cz;ikapy; xU rpy rpwe;j Gydha;T Clftpayhsu;fisj; jtpu Clfq;fs;

mr;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis gykhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. cz;ikapy;> mtu;

eh#f;fhf> ‘Clfq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lj; juj;jpid milaj; jtwpAs;sd…ve;jnthU

Clf epiyaj;jpYk; jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpD}lhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lj; jfty;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epfo;Tfis ikag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jdpahdnjhU jftYupik

Nkir fhzg;gLtjpy;iy” vdf; $wpAs;shu;.

,Ue;Jk; $l> ‘ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;J tpuf;jpaila Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy’ vd mtu;

$Wfpd;whu;. Vnddpy;> ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; jftYupik njhlu;gpy; ntw;wpg; ngw;Ws;s

,e;jpahtpy;$l jftYupik njhlu;ghd Cf;fkpd;ikAk; ntWg;Gzu;Tk; Muk;gj;jpy;

Clftpayhsu;fspilNa Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. Clf epiyaq;fSk;> Clfr;

rq;fq;fSk; jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F kw;Wk; mjD}lhf gugug;G+l;Lfpd;w

tje;jpfspypUe;J tpj;jpahrg;gLk; jukhd Clfj;Jiwapy; <LgLtjw;F ,sk;

Clftpayhsu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;w eltbf;iffis Kd;$l;bNa Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lnkd mtu; typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdnuhUtu; mtUila xU

Nfs;tpia rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Nfl;L mjw;fhd gjpypidg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjidtpl> mjw;fhdg; gjpiy jftYupikapD}lhf tpiuthfg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbAnkd;gjhy; jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,J jftYupikahdJ

gy Nfhzq;fspy; mur gzpj;Jiwapidj; jl;bnaOg;Gfpd;wJ vd;gjw;F rhd;whf

mikfpd;wJ.

xvii

NkYk; jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ rl;lg; gpujpgypg;gpid

,j;njhFg;ghdJ cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; ePjp Mizf;FO jftYupikr;

rl;lj;jpw;fhd xU tiugpid Kd;itj;j fhyg;gFjpapy; mt; Mizf;FOtpd;

cWg;gpduhff; flikahw;wpa kw;Wk; jw;NghJ gp[p Fbaurpd; Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tUifjU ePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;Wfpd;w [ae;j b my;nka;lh Fzul;;d

jftYupik Mizf;FOtpd; ,uz;L jPu;khdq;fis KOikahf kw;Wk;

gFg;gha;TuPjpahfTk; guprPyidr; nra;fpd;whu;.

mtu; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd;gb> ,j;jPu;khdq;fspdhy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;w tsu;e;JtUk;

jftYupik vd;w rl;lj;Jiwf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; nghJf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> Mizf;FOtpdhy;

mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida gy Nkd;KiwaPl;Lj; jPu;khdq;fspy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mizf;FOthdJ xU tpNrlkhd epiyg;ghl;bw;Fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mjpy; mJ rl;l

epakq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf;fisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba mNjNtis> gpui[fs; mwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikr; rl;lj; njhopEl;gq;fSf;F Nkyhf Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;w nefpo;Tj;jd;ikf;fhd cau;; flg;ghnlhd;W rl;lj;jpdhy; mjw;F

tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba tpNrl mk;rkhFk; vd mtu; jd;Dila

Muk;gf; fUj;Jiuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,f;fUj;Jiuapid tpsf;Ftjw;fhf mtu; ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fisj; njupT nra;fpd;whu;.

gfpuq;f mf;fiw tpQ;rpAs;sik (jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(4) ,y;) kw;Wk;

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; mtUila fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghy; epfo;e;j xU tplaj;jpd; fhuzkhf

Nkd;KiwaPl;bid rupahd Neuj;jpw;Fs; gjpT nra;aj; jtwpAs;shu; vd Mizf;FO

jpUg;jpAWfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy; fhy vy;iy njhlu;ghd ,Wf;fkhd gpuNahfj;jpw;F

mg;ghy; nrd;W mk;Nkd;KiwaPl;bid Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Mizf;FOtpw;F

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jw;JzpG (jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 32(2) ,y;) vd;gdNt

mt;tpuz;L re;ju;g;gq;fSkhFk;. ,j;jw;JzpghdJ> Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; jhkjj;jpw;fhd

epahakhd fhuzk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkd;KiwaPl;bd; KjyhtJ

fl;lj;jpd;NghJk; (mjhtJ Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyUf;F) toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

(jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 31 (5) ,y;).

ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G>ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhu;gw;wj; jd;ikapidg;

NgZjy;> rl;lj;juzp kw;Wk; fl;rpf;fhuUf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ek;gf cwTKiw

mNjNghy njhopw;rhu; rpwg;Gupik (KiwNa> jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupTfs; 5(1)(

(x), (v) kw;Wk; (C) ) Nghd;w tuyhw;WuPjpahf vjpu;g;G njuptpg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tpjptpyf;Ffs; njhlu;gpy; Mizf;FOtpdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;s

mZFKiwapid Muha;tjD}lhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;L Vw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpyhd

xviii

Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghl;bid mtu; kjpg;gpLfpd;whu;. gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfspd;

‘epWtdj; jPu;khdq;fs;’ nghJ epjpapd; nrytpLjYld; njhlu;GWfpd;wNghJ mq;F

jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpid rhj;jpag;gLj;Jfpd;w tsu;e;JtUfpd;w

fUj;Njw;ghdJ Kf;fpakhf Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jftYupikapd; gpd;dzpapy;>

‘ntspg;gilj;jd;ik’ kw;Wk; ‘nghWg;Gf;$Wjy;’ Mfpa epakq;fSf;fpilapYs;s

nghJj;jd;ikfis mq;fPfupf;fpd;w mNjNtis> mt;tpuz;bw;Fkpilapyhd Rthu];akhd

NtWghLfSk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

rpNu~;l rl;lj;juzp `u;~ gu;dhd;Nlhtpdhy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s ,uz;lhtJ rl;l

gpujpgypg;gpy;> njhopypizaj;Jiw njhlu;GWfpd;wNghJ jftYupikr; rl;lkhdJ

(rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 43) rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mj;jifa epWtdq;fis gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfshf tiuaWg;gjpy; eilKiwrhu; mZFKiwapidf; ifahSfpd;wJ

vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;Lfpd;w mtu;> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F njhopypizaj;Jiw kw;Wk; tq;fpj;Jiwf;F

fhzg;gLfpd;w cupikapd; gug;G kw;Wk; mit gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfshff; fUjg;gl;L

mtw;wpy; jfty; cupik Nfhupf;iffs; gjpag;gLtjw;fhd gug;G Nghd;wtw;wpid

Muha;e;J jftYupikahdJ njhopypizaj;Jiw kw;Wk; tq;fpj;JiwAld; rpf;fyhd

Kiwapy; gpz;zpg;gpize;Js;sthw;iw tpgupf;fpd;whu;. mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; kw;Wk;

fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fspd; fPOs;s tq;fpapay; epWtdq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; ,Nj fye;Jiuahly;

,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> mtu; jftiy ehLgtu;fspdhy; jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lk; gad;gLj;jKbAkh

vd;gjidj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;w tuk;ghf cs;s ‘cilik> ghJfhty; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL’ Nghd;w nrhw;$Wfspd; (gpupT 3) mu;j;jk; njhlu;gpYk; fye;JiuahbAs;shu;. mj;Jld;>

me;juq;fk; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf ek;gfj;jd;ik>tu;j;jf ,ufrpaq;fs; (KiwNa gpupTfs; 5

(1)(m) kw;Wk; (<)) Nghd;w jfty;fis toq;FtJ njhlu;gpYs;s tpjptpyf;Ffspd; gug;G

mNjNghy mt;tpjptpyf;Ffs; njhlu;gpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba ‘gue;jstpyhd gfpuq;f

mf;fiwapd;’ gug;G vd;gdtw;iw tpupthf Muha;fpd;whu;.

mNjNtis> rl;l Ma;thsu;fshd m~;tpdp eNlrd; kw;Wk; Mjpy; ehjdp MfpNahu;

jkJ Mf;fj;jpy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpYs;s Clftpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; gpui[fspdhy;

gjpag;gl;l jfty; Nfhupf;iffs; njhlu;ghd Mizf;FOtpd; jPu;khdq;fis

Muha;tjD}lhf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fSf;F

jftYupik tpNrlkhf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vd;gjid cyfshtpa uPjpapy;

xix

mj;jifa gpd;dzpfspy; jftYupik gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w KiwNahL xg;gpl;L

typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;.

Fwpg;ghf> ,yq;ifapd; mDgtk; njhlu;GWfpd;wNghJ kw;Wk; Muhag;gl;Ls;s

Nkd;KiwaPLfspypUe;J Njhw;wk;ngWfpd;w mDgtj;jpidg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ>

,j;njhFg;gpw;F Mf;fq;fisaspj;J gq;fspj;Js;stu;fshy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb>

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; mw;gj;jdkhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf “tof;fkhd

ntspg;gLj;jy;fisf;” $l kWj;J xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu;

jftYupik Mizf;FOtpw;F Nkd;KiwaPl;bid gjpar; nra;fpd;w mg;Nghf;fpid

ifahsf;$lhJ vd;gjid kPs typAWj;jpAs;sdu;. mtu;fs; rupahf

Fwpj;Jf;fhl;bajw;fika> ‘jftYupik Ml;rpahdJ cz;ikahd gaid mile;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhf ,Ug;gpd;> murhq;f epWtdq;fs; Jbg;Gld; Kd;$l;bNa jfty;fis

ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; tpjptpyf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jtpu;e;j Vida

nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;if tpLf;fg;gl;lTld; cldbahfj;

jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.’

NkYk;> mtu;fSila gFg;gha;tpd; njspthd Ma;Tg;nghUs; ,uhZtkag;gLj;jg;gl;l

#oypy; tho;fpd;w jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wtu;fSf;F cau; ghJfhg;G

toq;fg;gLtjw;fhdj; Njitapid vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. ,k;Nkd;KiwaPLfspy;

Njhw;wk;ngw;Ws;s Nkyjpf fhuzp nkhopj; jilahFk;. jftYf;fhd

Nfhupf;ifnahd;wpid tpLf;fpd;w egu; mtUila njupT nkhopapy; mf;Nfhupf;ifapid

gjpT nra;tjw;F jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; mDkjpf;fpd;wNghjpYk; $l (gpupT 24

(5)(M))> mj;njupT nkhopapNyNa jfty;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd rl;lk; gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfisf; fl;lhag;gLj;jtpy;iy. khwhf> Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fs; cj;jpNahfg;

gjpNtLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mNj nkhopapy; mtw;iw toq;Ftjw;fhd flg;ghNl gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt> gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> jkpo; gpui[fs; gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfsplkpUe;J jfty;fis rpq;fs nkhopapNyNag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;

vd;gJld; ,J ghuJ}ukhd gpur;rpidapidj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. ,g;gpur;ridapid

tpiuthfj; jPu;f;f Ntz;baJ murhq;fk;> jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO kw;Wk;

jftYupikapd; mKyhf;f epWtdk; (ntFrd Clf mikr;R) vd;gdtw;wpd;

flikahFk;.

mNjNtis> “gzpj;jsj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;w Coy; kw;Wk; jtwhd nray;fs; Fwpj;jj;

jfty;fisj; njuptpj;J mjw;fhd nghWg;Gilikapid ehLgtu;fis (whistleblowers) ghJfhf;fpd;w jdpahd xU rl;lk; ,Ug;gpy; ,y;yhikapdhy;> mt;thW nraw;gLfpd;w

xx

gfpuq;f mYtyu;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F Cwpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jfty;fspd;

ntsptpLifj;njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wNghJ kpfTk; ftdkhf nraw;gl Ntz;ba

flikapid ,t; Mizf;FO nfhz;Ls;sJ” vd;w Mizf;FOtpd; mtjhdpg;gpid

Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b> Vida Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;s epahahjpf;fq;fSld; ,ize;J

mj;jifa gfpuq;f mYtyu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd jdpahd rl;lnkhd;wpid Mf;FtJ

njhlu;gpy; ,yq;if rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lnkd fl;Liuahrpupau;fs; gupe;Jiuj;Js;sdu;.

xg;gPl;L gFg;gha;tpidg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,e;jpah> nkf;rpNfh kw;Wk; njd;dhgpupf;fh

Nghd;w ehLfs; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; vr;rupf;ifAld;

nraw;gLfpd;wJld; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lf; flg;ghL fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; $l

mjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ mit ,ufrpaj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jhik

vd;gdtw;Wf;F rhu;ghfNt nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Clftpayhsu;fs;> nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;

kw;Wk; cupikfs; Nghf;fpidf; ifahSfpd;w fy;tpapayhsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; jftiyg;

gad;gLj;jp murpd; nghWg;Gf;$Wjiy rthYf;F cl;gLj;jpAs;s ntw;wpfukhd

cjhuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thnwdpDk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpui[fs;

mr;rl;lj;jpid mZfhik kw;Wk; mr;rl;lj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jhik njhlu;gpy; gutyhd

gpur;rid epytp tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

murhq;fj;Jiwfspy; epiyj;Js;s jz;lidapypUe;J tpLgLfpd;w mur fyhrhuk;>

mjpfhupfspd; %u;f;fj;jdk;> jhkjq;fs; kw;Wk; jftYupikj; njhlu;ghd

topg;Gzu;tpd;ikAld; ,ize;Js;s jilfs; vd;gd ,r;rl;lj;jpidg; gad;gLj;j

vj;jdpf;fpd;w Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s rKjhaq;fSf;F jilfis tpjpf;fpd;wd. mtu;fs;

mtjhdpf;fpd;wjd;gb> gfpuq;f mYtyu;fs; mtu;fSf;F kpfTk; gupr;rakhd ‘jhkjk;

kw;Wk; kWg;G’ vd;w %Nyhghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jftYupikapd; gyj;ij ,of;fr;

nra;fpd;wdu;.

jftYupikapid NtWgl;l xU Nfhzj;jpy; mZFfpd;wNghJ> Fwpg;ghf

ntspg;gLj;Jifapidf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;w (vjpu;tpid ntspg;gLj;jy;fs;) rthy;fs;

epWtdq;fspy; gjpag;gLfpd;wikf;F khwhfj; Jbg;ghd Kd;$l;ba (jd;dhu;tkhd)

ntspg;gLj;Jif vd;w fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mZFfpd;wNghJ> mjid ,yq;ifr; rl;lj;jpd;

xU gytPdkhd tplakhf njhlu;ghly;fs; nfhs;if Mf;Fdu; tp[ahde;jh [atPu

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cWjpahd capu;g;ghd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd Vw;ghLfis

cs;slf;fpAs;s ehLfspy;$l (mjhtJ> ,e;jpahtpy; $l) jfty;fisj; jd;dhu;tkhf

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Vw;ghLfis mur epWtdq;fs; gpd;gw;Wtpy;iy vd;w rupahd

mtjhdpg;gpid mtu; Fwpj;J fhl;bAs;shu;.

xxi

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; Vd; nraw;jpwDldhd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jif

epakq;fisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,zq;ff;$ba gy fhuzq;fis mtu;

gl;baw;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. mtw;Ws; Kjd;ikahd fhuzkhf> mt;thW Kd;$l;bNa

ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ gjpag;gLfpd;w jdpegu;fspd; jfty; Nfhupf;ifapd;

vz;zpf;ifapidf; Fiwf;Fk; vd;gJld; mf;Nfhupf;iffSf;F gjpypWg;gjw;fhd gfpuq;f

mjpfhupfspd; Neu tpuak; kw;Wk; rf;jp tpuak; vd;gdtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; vd

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. xU etPd ntspaPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpid Kd;nkhope;Js;s mtu;> Ml;rp

nrad;Kiwapd; cs;shu;e;j fhuzpahf jfty;fis toq;fy; fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;gjid mbf;Nfhbl;Ls;shu;;

murhq;fj; jfty;fs; mbg;gil trjpapd; xU tbtkhf cUthfp tUfpd;wJ> vk;Kila

rkfhy tho;tpw;F mtrpakhfpd;w fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Kiwfs;> ghijfs;> kpd;rhu

kw;Wk; ePu; tpepNahf mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gdtw;iwg; NghyNt murhq;fj; jfty;fSk; rk

mstpy; Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhfpd;wJ. jfty;fis capu;g;ghf> Kd;$l;bNa

ntspg;gLj;Jtjid mjpfupj;jy; kw;Wk; murhq;fj; jftiy nghJ kf;fSf;fhd

cz;ikahd gad;ghlhf Mf;Fjy; vd;gd tplaq;fis mwpe;J mjD}lhf rpwe;j

jPu;khdq;fis vLf;ff;$ba gpui[fspd; ,aYik njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lfpd;w

ve;jnthU [dehaf murhq;fj;jpdJk; flg;ghlhFk;.

,j;njhFg;gpd; ,Wjp ,uz;L fl;LiufSk; ntspehl;L xg;gPl;L fz;Nzhl;lq;fis

cs;slf;fpAs;sd. ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jfty; cupikf;fhd rpNu~;l

gFg;gha;thsu; nlhgp nkd;nly;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; [dehafj;jpw;fhd epiyaj;jpd;

cyfshtpa jug;gLj;jiy tptupg;gjD}lhf ,yq;if jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpid

Muha;fpd;whu;. jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;Fj;njhLg;G

mjpfhuq;fs; (jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nra;ag;gLfpd;w Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy;)

kw;Wk; jftiy ntspapLtjw;fhdf; fl;lzj;jpidj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;w mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gd

cs;slq;fyhf ‘Gj;jhf;fkhdJ’ vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w rl;l Ml;rpapd; gy;NtW

mk;rq;fis mtu; Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;bAs;shu;.

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpidj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;w jftYupik Ml;rpapd; Fwpg;ghd gFjpfs; Fwpj;J

ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> jftYf;fhd cupikapid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpayikg;gpd; nkhop

gpuNahfj;jpYs;s (cWg;Giu 14 m) Kuz;ghLfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. mt;

cWg;Giuapy; mt; cupik fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;s KiwahdJ> ‘ve;jnthU jftiyAk;’

mZFtjw;fhd cupik vd;w tpjj;jpy; my;yJ ‘gpui[fspd; cupikapidg;

xxii

gpuNahfpg;gjw;F my;yJ ghJfhg;gjw;Fj; Njitahdj; jfty;fis’ khj;jpuk;

mZFtjw;fhd cupik vd;w tpjj;jpy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;glyhk;. ,J Fwpg;ghf

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;gpid nfhz;bUf;Fk;. NkYk;> jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

jfty;fis ntspapLjiyj; njsptw;w kw;Wk; nghJkag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy;

tpyf;fspf;fpd;w Vw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpa rl;lq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wik njhlu;gpyhdj; jd;Dila mf;fiwapid kPs kPs

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. Vidatw;Wf;F kj;jpapy;> mtu; mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;w

tplaq;fshf jfty;fs; ‘gpui[fSf;F’ khj;jpuk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;w kl;Lg;ghL

kw;Wk; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F (ntspg;gilahf) gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspy;

Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhukpd;ik vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

mtUila fPo;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w vr;rupf;if kpfg; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;;

mjd; gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fSf;F kj;jpapy;> jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lkhdJ mjd;

mKyhf;fk; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;ghfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wnjd mjd; Muk;g rkpf;iQfs; vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd. jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpd; Muk;g ehl;fspy; ,j;jifa

NjdpyT #o;epiy vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glyhk; vd;fpd;w mNjNtis> mJ ve;Neuj;jpYk;

khw;wkiltjw;F gpzpf;fgggl;Ls;sjhFk; vd;gjdhy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ.

jftYupikj; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j eilKiwfis epWtdkag;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd

Kd;Ndw;wq;fis ,j;NjdpyT fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if Mf;FtjD}lhf gpw;fhyg;gFjpapy;

epWtdq;fs; jftYupikAld; ,zq;fhjpUg;gjid fbdkhdjhf;fyhk;.

njd;dhgpupf;f fy;tpapayhsu; kw;Wk; jftYupik gFg;gha;thsu; upr;ru;l; fy;yd;l;

,yq;ifia ikag;gLj;Jtjw;F mg;ghy; nrd;W njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; jftYupik

mDgtj;jpid Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; xg;gPl;bw;Fupa Rthu];akhd Fwpg;ghf

vLj;jpak;gpAs;shu;. jftYupikr; nrad;KiwahdJ gy cau;T jho;Tfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ vd tpgupf;fpd;w mtu;> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; jftYupikahdJ rpf;fyhd

#o;epiyfspd;NghJ $l guprPypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mJ cWjpahdjhff;

fzpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;fpd;whu;. mj;Jld; mJ ehl;bd; Gjpa [dehaf xOq;fpd; xU

gpujhd mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vd $Wfpd;whu;.

njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; 2000 Mk; Mz;L Mf;fg;gl;lj; jfty;fis mZFjy; tpUj;jpr;

rl;lj;jpd; gug;G> mKyhf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypid gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;w mtu;>

‘cWjpahd> rpy rkaq;fspy; ju;f;fuPjpahf Njitaw;w rpf;fy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s

rl;lthf;fj;jpd;’ ngWkjpapid mq;fPfupf;fpd;w mtu;> ‘kypthd> tpiuthd kw;Wk;

xxiii

tpNrlkag;gLj;jg;gl;l mKyhf;f mikg;nghd;W ,y;yhik’ Fwpj;J mtu; kpf ePskhf

Muha;fpd;whu;.

jfty;fis mZFjy; tpUj;jpr; rl;lj;jpd; eilKiw njhlu;gpy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ>

Fwpg;ghd ntw;wpfs; milag;ngw;Ws;sd. mf; FwpaPl;L uPjpahd ntw;wpfs;

fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; jPz;lhik njhlu;ghd kuGtop ,ufrpaq;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjid mtu; mjpfhug+u;tkhf Rl;bf;

fhl;bAs;shu;. cz;ikapy;> gfpuq;fg; gjpNtLfis mZFfpd;w nrad;KiwahdJ Rik

kpf;fJ. mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wjw;fika> ,J ‘jtpu;f;fKbahj tpjj;jpy; xU ,ilaPl;L

mikg;gpd; jiyaPL my;yJ Mjutpidj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.’ tof;fkhf jftYf;fhd

Nfhupf;iffis myl;rpag;gLj;JjyhdJ epiyj;jpUf;fpd;w jfty; kWg;G fyhrhuj;jpd;

Xu; gFjpahFk;.

2013 Mk; Mz;L Mf;fg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l jfty;fspd; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd;fPo;> jfty;

Nfhupf;iffs; njhlu;ghd Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuj;Jld; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l

jfty; xOq;fikg;G epWtdkhdJ njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kbthf jd;Dila mwpKff; fUj;Jiufs; njhlu;ghd

Ma;Tg; nghUis kPs ,ak;Gfpd;w mtu;> ‘gy ghupa rhjidfs; fhzg;gl;l

NghjpYk;$l> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; jftYupikahdJ vjpu;g;ghw;wy; kpf;f jpwdpd;ik

fyhrhuj;jpdhYk; rpy Neuq;fspy; gfpuq;f NritapYs;s ,ufrpaj;jd;ikapdhy;

kOq;fbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJld; vjpu;kiwahd murpay; rpf;fy;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

vd ,ak;Gfpd;whu;.

njd;dhgpupf;fhitg;NghyNt ,yq;ifapYk; jftYupikahdJ ‘vjpu;f;fg;gLfpd;w murpay;

gug;ghf’ tsu;e;J tUfpd;wJ. ,t; vr;rupf;ifapid jtpu;j;Jtpl;L ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ>

,yq;if gpui[fshy; fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fshf Mu;tkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w

jftYupikr; rl;lkhdJ> Gjpa [dehaf xOq;fpd; mbg;gil Mf;ff;$nwhd;whf

tsu;e;J tUfpd;w rl;lnkd;w uPjpapy; rpf;fyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ guprPyid

nra;ag;gbDk;$l mjid ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;Sk; vd;w gpui[fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;G

vt;tpj [aq;fSf;Fk; ,lkw;wjhFk;.

fp~hyp gpd;Nuh [atu;jd

jftYupik Mizahsu;; rpNu~;l rl;lj;juzp

1

ey;yhl;rpapd; mk;rk; xd;whf jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; rpy mk;rq;fs;

mUshde;jk; ru;Nt];tud;

mwpKfk;

vy;yhj; JiwfSk; jdpkdpjdplk; ,Ue;j kd;duhl;rp epytpa fhyj;jpy; ehl;by;

ey;yhl;rp epytpaJ. ey;yhl;rp top epd;W Ml;rp elhj;jpa kd;dHfs; gyH ,d;Wk;

mopahg; GfOld; cs;sdH. Mdhy;> kf;fshl;rp mwpKfkhfpa gpd; ey;yhl;rp gw;wpa gy

re;Njfq;fs; vOe;jd. ,t;thwhd xU gpd;dzpapy; Coiy xopj;J ey;yhl;rpia epyt

nra;tjpy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;gij ,ayr; nra;a kf;fSila jftYf;fhd chpik vd;gJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. jftYf;fhd rl;lk; Mf;fg;gLk; tiu ,yq;ifapy; kf;fspd;

jftYf;fhd chpikia ntspg;gilahf mspf;fpd;w rl;lk; vJTk;

Mf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. MapDk;> 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpy; cWg;Giu 14 (1)

(m) ,Ys;s fUj;Jr; Rje;jpukhdJ> jftYf;fhd chpikia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ vd

rpy tof;FfspNy caHePjpkd;wk; jPHj;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> ,e;j chpikahdJ mbg;gil

chpik kPwyhf mikAk; #o;epiyfSf;nfd tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfNt cs;sJ.

murpayikg;gpw;fhd jpUj;jk;

murpayikg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gj;njhd;gjhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lkhdJ ey;yhl;rpapd;

mk;rq;fs; gytw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. mitfspy; xd;whf mbg;gil chpikahf

jfty; mwpAk; chpik vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ cs;sJ. murpayikg;gpd;

cWg;Giu 14 m (1) MdJ xt;nthU gpuirf;Fk; rl;lj;jhy; mspf;fg;gl;lthwhf mur

epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd chpik cs;sJ vd;fpd;wJ. ,e;j

chpikahdJ> muR> mikr;R> mur jpizf;fsk;> rl;lj;jhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l epajpr; rl;l

rig> khfhz mikr;R> khfhznkhd;wpd; epajpr; rl;ljhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l mikr;R

my;yJ epajpr; rl;ltikg;G> cs;@uhl;rpr; rig MfpaitfsplkpUe;Jk; kw;Wk; ,e;

epWtdnkhd;wpy; jftiy itj;jpUf;Fk; xUtH MfpNahhplkpUe;Jk; jftiyg;

ngWtjw;fhd chpikia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

MapDk;> gj;njhd;gjhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lkhdJ jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd ,e;j mbg;gil

chpik kPJ> Njrpa ghJfhg;G> Ms;Gy ,iwik> nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G>

Fw;wnkhd;iwj; jLg;gJ> Rfhjhuk;> mwnthOf;fk;> xUthpd; ew;ngaH> me;juq;fk;

Mfpaitfisg; ghJfhg;gJ> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;igj; jLg;gJ> ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Ghpikiag;

ghJfhg;gJ> ek;gpf;ifapy; toq;fg;gl;l jftiyg; ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapd;

2

mjpfhuj;ijAk; ghugl;rkpd;ikiaAk; NgZtJ Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf rl;lj;jhy;

kl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gLtij mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lk;

,r; rl;lkhdJ 03-02-2017 ,ypUe;J eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,r; rl;lj;ij

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlHghd xOq;F tpjpfs; 2017 ,y; ,yq;if [dehaf Nrhrypr

Fbaurpd; (mjp tpNrl) tHj;jkhdp %yk; Mf;fg;gl;ld.3 jftYf;fhd rl;lk;

Mf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd Nehf;fkhdJ> ,r; rl;lj;jpd; ePs;jiyg;G kw;Wk; KfTiu

Mfpaitfspy; cs;sJ. ePs;jiyg;ghdJ> jftiyg; ngWtJ> jftiyg; ngWk;

chpikia kWg;gjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fs;> jftywpAk; Mizf; FOitj; jhgpg;gJ> jfty;

toq;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; epakdk; kw;Wk; elgb Kiwfs; gw;wp Vw;ghL

nra;tjw;fhf Mf;fg;gl;l rl;lnkhd;W vd;fpd;wJ.

,r; rl;lj;jpd; KfTiuahdJ> murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 14 m MdJ jftiyg;

ngWtjw;fhd chpikia cj;juthjkspg;gjhYk;> jftiyg; ngWk; chpikia

toq;Ftjd; %yk; gfpuq;f mjpfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fspy;

ntspg;gilahe;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$We;jd;ik Nghd;w fyhrhuq;fis Cf;Ftpf;f

Ntz;bAs;sjhYk; mjd; fhuzkhf Coiy ,y;yhnjhopj;J nghWg;Gf;$We;jd;ik

kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wtjd; Clhf gfpuq;f tho;f;ifapy; gq;Nfw;Fk; ,yq;if

kf;fs; r%fnkhd;iw Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;bAs;sjhYk; ,r; rl;lkhdJ Mf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

vd;fpd;wJ.

jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd chpik

xt;nthU gpuirf;Fk; gfpuq;f mjpfhutikg;G xd;wpd; cilikapy; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by;

cs;s jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd chpik cs;sJ.4 ,r; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gfpuq;f

mjpfhuk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; mikr;R> murpayikg;gpdhy; my;yJ vOj;jpyhf;fg;gl;l

rl;lnkhd;why; my;yJ khfhz rignahd;wpd; epajpr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l

mYtyfk;> murhq;f jpizf;fsk;> gfpuq;f $l;Lj;jhgdk;> ,Ugj;ije;J my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;l gq;Ffis muR nfhz;Ls;s my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mf;fiwia muR

nfhz;Ls;s fk;gdp> cs;@uhl;rp rig> murhq;fj;Jld; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l

xg;ge;jnkhd;wpw;F mika epajpr;rl;l my;yJ gfpuq;f flikiaf; nfhz;L elhj;Jfpd;w

jdpahH epWtdk; mf; flikapdstpw;F> khfhz rigahy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l jpizf;fsk;>

3 ;[dehaf NrhryPr Fbaurhd ,yq;if tu;jkhdp ,y.2004/66, ngg;utup 03, 2017. 4gphpT 3(1).

3

murhq;fj;jpdhy; fzprkhdsT epjpAjtpaspf;fg;gLk; murhq;f rhHgw;w jhgdj;jpdhy;

toq;fg;gLk; mj;jifa Nrit rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs;> caH fy;tp epWtdk;> ePjpkd;wk;

Mfpaitfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.5

jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd kl;Lg;ghLfs;

jftywpAk; rl;lkhdJ> jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd chpik kPJ gy kl;Lg;ghLfis

tpjpf;fpd;wJ. xUthpd; jdpg;gl;l jfty;> me;juq;fk; kPJ mj;JkPwyhf mikAk; jfty;>

murpd; ghJfhg;G my;yJ murpd; Ms;Gy ,iwik my;yJ Njrpa ghJfhg;G

vd;gitfisg; ghjpf;Fk; jfty;> VNjDk; muRldhd cwTfis Nkhrkhfg;

ghjpf;ff;$ba VNjDk; jfty;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;ij Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;ff;$ba

tifapy; ehza khw;W tPjq;fs;> tq;fpapay; xOq;fhf;fy;fs;> thptpjpg;G> ntspehl;L

tHj;jf cld;gbf;iffs; Mfpaitfs; gw;wpa fhyj;jpw;F Ke;jpajhd jfty;> tHj;jf

,ufrpaq;fs;> Gyikr; nrhj;Jr; rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; Gyikr; nrhj;J gw;wpa

jfty;> kUj;Jt mwpf;iffs; gw;wpa jfty;> ek;gf cwtpy; toq;fg;gl;l jfty;>

VNjDk; Fw;wnkhd;iwj; jLg;gij my;yJ fz;lwptij my;yJ Fw;wthspfisf;

ifJnra;tij my;yJ mtHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhlHtijg; ghjpf;ff;$ba

jfty;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;ghf mikaf; $ba my;yJ ePjpj;Jiwapd; ghugl;rkpd;ikiag;

ghjpf;ff; $ba jfty;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; my;yJ khfhz rignahd;wpd; rpwg;Ghpikfis

kPwf;$ba jfty;> ghPl;irnahd;wpd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia ghjpf;ff; $ba jfty;> jPHkhdk;

vLg;gjw;F Kd;duhd mikr;ruitg; gj;jpuk; gw;wpa jfty; kw;Wk; NjHjy; njhlHgpy;

,ufrpaj;jd;ikiag; Ngz Ntz;ba jfty; Nghd;witfs; njhlHgpyhd jftiy xUtH

ngwKbahnjd jftywpAk; rl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.6

jftiyg; NgZtjw;fhd flg;ghL

xt;nthU gfpuq;f mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; jftiyg; ngWk; chpikia ,ayr; nra;Ak;

tifapy; jftiy Kiwahf milahsf; Fwpapl;Lg; NgZk; flg;ghL cs;sJ.7 ,r;

rl;lk; eilKiwf;F tUk;NghJ ,Ue;j gjpNtLfisg; gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Fiwahj

fhyg;gFjpf;Fg; NgZk; flg;ghL cs;sJ. ,r; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j gpd;dH

Mf;fg;gl;l gjpNtLfis mg; gjpNtLfs; Mf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J gd;dpuz;L

tUlq;fSf;Ff; Fiwahj fhyg;gFjpf;Fg; NgZk; flg;ghL cs;sJ.8 ,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

jfty; Nfhug;gl;Ls;s tplak; njhlHghd gjpNtL xd;iw mj; jfty; Nfhug;gl;Ls;s

5 gphpT 43. 6 gphpT 5. 7 gphpT 7(1). 8 gphpT 7(3).

4

fhyg;gFjpapy; my;yJ mj; jfty; njhlHghf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;s

fhyg;gFjpapy; my;yJ tof;F eltbf;if cs;s fhyg;gFjpapy; mopj;jy; MfhJ.9

jftywpAk; chpik Mizf;FO

,r; rl;lj;jpd; Ne;hf;fq;fSf;fhf jftYf;fhd chpik Mizf; FO vd;gJ

jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.10 ,e;j Mizf;FOthdJ murpayikg;Gg; Nguitapd; tpje;Jiuapd;

kPJ [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Ie;J cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.11 ,e;j

Mizf;FOtpd; flikfs;> ,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gfpuq;f mjpfhuq;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;s

flikfSf;F ,zq;f mitfs; nraw;gLfpd;wdth vd;gjidf; fz;fhzpg;gJ kw;Wk;

,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jftiy toq;Ftjw;fhf gfpuq;f mjpfhuq;fshy; mwtplg;gLk;

fl;lzq;fisj; jPHkhdpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;FtJ vd;gitfis

cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.12 ,e;j Mizf; FOtpd; jj;Jtq;fshdit> tprhuizfisr;

nra;tJ> xUthpd; cilikapYs;s jftiyr; rk;Hg;gpf;FkhW NfhUtJ> gfpuq;f

mjpfhuj;jplKs;s jftiyg; ghprPyid nra;tJ> Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;jpy; jftiy

toq;FkhW gfpuq;f mjpfhunkhd;iw newpg;gLj;JtJ> gfpuq;f mjpfhuj;jplKs;s

jftiyg; gpuRhpf;FkhW newpg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPLfis Nfl;L jPHkhdpg;gJ

vd;gitfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.13

jfty; toq;Fk; eilKiw

xt;nthU gfpuq;f mjpfhuKk; ,r; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

jfty; mYtyH my;yJ mYtyHfisAk;> Nkd;KiwaPLfisf; Nfl;gjw;fhff;

Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyH xUtiuAk; epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.14 ,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; vNjDk;

jftiyg; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;w gpuirnahUtH jfty; mYtyUf;F vOj;jpyhd

Ntz;Ljnyhd;iwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.15 mt;thwhd Ntz;Ljnyhd;iwg; ngw;wJk; jfty;

mYtyH cldbahf vOj;jpyhd mj;jhl;rpapid toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.16 Ntz;Ljiyr;

nra;gtH jhd; mj; jftiyg; ngwtpUk;Gk; nkhopiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.17

jfty; mYtyH rhj;jpakhdsT tpiuthfTk; vr; re;jHg;gj;jpYk; Ntz;Ljnyhd;W

fpilf;fg; ngw;wjypUe;J gjpdhd;F Ntiy ehl;fSf;Fs;NsAk; jftiy toq;FtJ

my;yJ me;j Ntz;Ljiy Vw;fkWg;gJ gw;wpa jPHkhdj;ij vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

9 gphpT 7(4). 10 gphpT 11. 11 gphpT 12. 12 gphpT 14. 13 gphpT 15. 14 gphpT 23(1). 15 gphpT 24(1). 16 gphpT 24(3). 17 gphpT 24(5).

5

vd;gJld;> cldbahf mj; jPHkhdj;ij Ntz;Ljiyr; nra;jtUf;F mwpaj;jUjYk;

Ntz;Lk;.18 Ntz;lg;gl;l jftiy toq;Ftjw;fhd jPHkhdj;ij vLj;jhy;> mj;jifa

jPHkhdk; vLf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J gjpdhd;F ehl;fSf;Fs; mj; jftiy toq;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;.19 jftYf;fhd Ntz;LjyhdJ> capHtho;f;if my;yJ gpuirnahUthpd;

Ms;rhH Rje;jpuk; gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jhy;> mjw;fhd gjpyspg;ghdJ mj; jfty;

Nfhug;gl;ljpypUe;J ehw;gj;jp vl;L kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs; nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.20

jftiy toq;Ftjw;nfd toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gjpdhd;F ehl;fs; vd;w fhyg;gFjpahdJ>

jftiy toq;FtJ mjpf gjpNtLfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf cs;s NghJ my;yJ

gjpNtLfis NtWgl;l ,lq;fspypUe;J ngwNtz;bAs;s NghJ ,Ugj;jpnahU

ehl;fSf;F Nkw;glhj NkYnkhU fhyg;gFjpf;F ePbf;fg;glyhk;.21 xt;nthU gfpuq;f

mjpfhuKk;> Mizf;FO kw;Wk; mjd; mq;fj;jtHfisj; njhlHG nfhs;tJ gw;wpa

tpguq;fisAk;> jfty; mYtyH kw;Wk; Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyH MfpNahiu

njhlHGnfhs;Sk; tpguq;fisAk;> kw;Wk; jftiy toq;f mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzk; gw;wpa

tpguq;fisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.22 jfty; mYtyuhy; jftYf;fhd

Ntz;LjyhdJ kWf;fg;gl;lhy;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;> mt;thW kWf;fg;gl;ljw;F

vjpuhf vf;fhyg;gFjpapDs; vtUf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk; vd;w jftiyAk;

toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.23

jfty; toq;f kWf;fg;gl;ljw;F vjpuhd Nkd;KiwaPLfs;

jftYf;fhd Ntz;Ljy; kWf;fg;gl;lik> rl;lj;jpdhy; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l jfty; vd;w

mbg;gilapy; jfty; kWf;fg;gl;lik> rl;lj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l fhyg; gFjpfis

kPwpaik> KOikaw;w my;yJ ngha;ahd jfty; toq;fg;gl;lik> mjpfsT fl;lzq;fs;

tpjpf;fg;gl;lik> Nfhug;gl;l tbtj;jpy; jfty; toq;fhik my;yJ jfty; ngWtjidj;

jLg;gjw;fhf jftyhdJ mopf;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ ,lk;khwp itf;fg;gl;lJ vd ek;GtJ

Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuirnahUtH mt;thW kWf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J

my;yJ mJ gw;wp mwpa te;jjpypUe;J gjpdhd;F ehl;fSf;Fs; Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l

mYtyUf;F Nkd;KiwaPl;ilr; nra;ayhk;.24 me;j Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyuhdtH

me;j Nkd;KiwaPL fpilf;fg; ngw;wjpypUe;J %d;W thuq;fSf;Fs; me;j Nkd;KiwaPL

njhlHghd jdJ jPHkhdj;ij vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.25 ,e;j Nkd;KiwaPl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l

jPHkhdj;jhy; my;yJ tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;l;l fhyg;gFjpapDs; Nkd;KiwaPL njhlHghd

18 gphpT 25(1). 19 gphpT 25(2). 20 gphpT 25(3). 21 gphpT 25(5). 22 gphpT 26(1). 23 gphpT 28. 24 gphpT 31(1). 25 gphpT 31(3).

6

jPHkhdk; vLf;fg;glhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltH ,uz;L khj fhyg;gFjpapDs; jftywpAk;

Mizf;FOtpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk; vd;gJld; me;j Mizf;FOthdJ Kg;gJ

ehl;fSf;Fs; jdJ jPHkhdj;ij vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.26 Mizf;FOtpd; jPHkhdj;jpdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuirnahUtH my;yJ gfpuq;f mjpfhunkhd;W mj; jPHkhdj;jpw;F vjpuhf

xU khjj;jpDs; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;.27

rpWghd;ik kf;fspd; chpik

,yq;ifapy;> ,dg;gpur;rpidahdJ Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpfspy; xd;whf

rpWghd;ik kf;fSf;F vjpuhf ,iof;fg;gl;l ghugl;rq;fSk; ,Ue;jJ. MapDk;> 1978

Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 12 MdJ ve;jnthU gpuirAk; ,dk;> kjk;>

nkhop; kw;Wk; rhjp Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhfg; ghugl;rq;fSf;F cl;gLjyhfhJ

vd;fpd;wJ. ,e;j mbg;gil chpikahdJ rpWghd;ik kf;fspidg; ghugl;rq;fspypUe;J

ghJfhf;fpd;w Kf;fpa rl;l Vw;ghL xd;whf murpayikg;gpy; cs;sJ.

murpayikg;gpYs;s ,e;j chpikiag; gad;gLj;jp mbg;gil chpik kPwy;

tof;fpLtjw;Fg; ghugl;rk; cs;sjh vd;gJ gw;wpa jftiyg; ngWtJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

,t; tifapy; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lkhdJ> rpWghd;ik kf;fs; jkf;F vjpuhd

ghugl;rk; cs;sjh vd mtHfis mwpa ,ayr; nra;tjhy;> rpWghd;ik kf;fs;

murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 12 ,dhy; mtHfSf;F cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

murpayikg;G chpikapd; ghJfhg;igg; ngwf; $bajhfTs;sJ. ,t; tifapy;

jftywpjYf;fhd rl;lkhdJ> ehl;by; ghugl;rj;ij ,y;yhjhf;Ftjw;Fk;>

ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fk; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; top nra;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.

KbTiu jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lkhdJ> gpuirfSf;F gfpuq;f mjpfhuq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs;

njhlHghd jftiy toq;Ftjw;fhd rpwe;j Vw;ghLfisAk; nghwpKiwfisAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r; rl;lkhdJ ehl;bd; gpuirfSf;F jftYf;fhd chpikia

toq;Ftjw;nfd cyfpy; Mf;fg;gl;l kpfr; rpwe;j rl;lq;fspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,r; rl;lkhdJ ehl;bd; murpay; kw;Wk; epUthf fyhrhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa khw;wnkhd;iwAk;

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j khw;wkhdJ ehl;by; ey;yhl;rp Vw;gl toptFf;Fk; xd;whf

mike;jJ. ,r; rl;lkhdJ> ehl;bYs;s kf;fs; murpayikg;ghy; mtHfSf;F

cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfis mDgtpg;gjid Nkk;gLj;jTk;

topnra;fpd;wJ. ,t; tifapy;> jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lkhdJ> murpayikg;gpYs;s

kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfs; gw;wpa Vw;ghLfis ehl;L kf;fs; mDgtpg;gjw;fhd

26 gphpT 32(1). 27 gphpT 34(1).

7

chpikiag; gue;jjhf;FtjhfTk; cs;sJ. ,r; rl;lj;ij ntw;wpfukhf

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ Jbg;Gs;s r%fk;> gw;WWjpAs;s Ml;rpKiwik kw;Wk;

ePjpj;Jiwr; nraY}f;fk; vd;gitfspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.

8

,yq;ifapy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; jfty; mwpAk; chpik gw;wpa

tpsf;f ciufs; gpurhe;jp k`pe;jul;d

1. mwpKfk;

ehl;bd; jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; nraw;ghlhdJ mjd; ,uz;lhk; tUlj;ij

mz;kpj;Js;s epiyapy; ,e;j ntspaPL NeubahfNt mtrpakhfpd;wJ. fhuzk; Vw;fdNt

,Uf;fpd;w kw;Wk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; cUthf rhj;jpakhfTs;s rthy;fis mwpa Ntz;ba

mtrpaKk; ,e;j ehl;bd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;s vy;iyfspy; ,e;j jfty;

mwpAk; chpikahdJ gpd;thq;Ftjhf Njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhYk; ,e;j ntspaPL

mtrpahkhfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;J];jhd; ilk;]; gj;jphpifahdJ> 13 Mz;LfSf;F

gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; 1950 nghJ mjpfhu rigfs; kPjhd

nghJkf;fspd; jfty; ngWk; Nfhhpf;ifahdJ jfty; mYtyh;fspd; fLikahd Nghf;F

kw;Wk; KiwaPLfis nkJthf mfw;Wjy; vd;gd fhuzkhf 2015 – 2016 njhlf;fk;

2016 – 2017 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; 6% tPjj;jhy; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.28 ,e;j fPo;

Nehf;fpa Nghf;fpw;F fhuzk; jfty;fis ngWtjpYs;s rpukq;fs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa khepy

murhq;f kl;lq;fspy; Mizf;FOtpd; epakdq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; murpay; jiyaPLfs;

vd;gdNt ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifapog;Gf;F fhuzk; vd

mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;$wpa #oypy; 2016k; Mz;bd; 12k; ,yf;f jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lj;jpd;

mKyhf;fkhdJ Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; vjph;ghuhj jpUg;gjpfukhdjhf

mike;Js;sJ. Fwpj;j jfty; mwpAk; chpik gw;wpa mDgt hPjpahd Ma;T ,y;yhj

epiyapy; fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; Mizf;FOthdJ

KiwaPLfis mfw;Wk; msT kw;Wk; Fzhk;r ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;l

KbTfs; vd;w ,uz;L mbg;gilapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;lsthd nraw;ghLfis jdJ

nraw;jpwd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FKthdJ

fle;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; nkhj;jk; 839 Nkd;KiwaPl;L kDf;fspy; 610 ,ilfhy

kw;Wk; ,Wjp Mizfis toq;fpAs;sJ. ,t;tpjkhf Mizf;FOtpdhy; Nfl;fg;gl;l

KiwaPLfspy; 73%w;F Mizfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.29 ,J Vida ePjpkd;wq;fspy;

28 ,e;jpa jftYf;fhd cupikapd; nkd; rhT (“How RTI Act is dying a slow death in India”), ,e;J];jhd;

ilk;]; 3 Nk 2018 <https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-rti-is-dying-a-slow-death-in-india/storysTpdC63K7s42vxgV1bxwTI.html >. 29 ,j; juTfs; Mf];l; 2018y; ,f; fl;Liu vOjg;gLk; NghJ Mizf;FOthy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 31 brk;gu; 2018 md;W Mizf;FO nkhj;jk; 1030 Nky;KiwaPl;L kDf;fspy; 654 KbTfis toq;fpAs;sJ. kPjkhd kDf;fspy; ,ilf;fhy mwpf;iffs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

9

KiwaPLfis mfw;Wk; tPjj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; ,J mjpfsthdjhf cs;sJ. jfty;

mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOtpd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l KbTfs; nghJ

eph;thfj;jpd; KbntLf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gilahf typAWj;Jtjw;fhf rl;lj;jpd;

gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; 383 KbTfs; KOikahf epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; mit

KOikahf ghprPypf;fg;gLfpd;wd.30

murhq;fk; Mizf;FOtpd; kWrPuikg;gpw;F jdpahd xJf;fPLfis toq;fj; jtwpa

fhuzj;jhy; Fiwe;jsthd kdpj tsq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. NkYk; [dhjpgjp

nrayfj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l %d;W kpy;ypad; &gha; gzj;njhiff;Fs;NsNa Mizf;FO

nraw;gl Ntz;bAk; ,Ue;jJ.31

jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOtpd; tiyj;jsj;jpYk; nra;jp Clfq;fspYk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljd; gb Mizf;FOtpw;fhd Nkd;KiwaPLfs; gpd;tUtd gw;wpajhf

mike;jpUe;jd. mit murhq;f epWtdq;fspy; Nritia toq;FtjpYs;s rpf;fy;fs;>

murhq;f eilKiwapy; cs;s KiwNfLfs;> murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; ngWg;Gf;$Wk;

jd;ik> tprhuiz Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; tiuGr;rl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd

tpz;zg;gq;fs;> Kd;dzp mur epWtzq;fspd; Coy; Nkhrbfs;> kj;jpa tq;fpahy;

gpizKwp toq;fg;gl;l nray;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwNfLfs; vd;gdthFk;. ,J

jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; ngWkjp gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T nghJkf;fspilNa

mjpfhpj;Js;;sijAk; Fwpj;j chpikia gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik

mgptpUj;jpaile;Js;sijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Nkd;KiwaPLfshdJ Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j tpz;zg;gq;fis fzf;fpLtjw;F cjthJ vd;gJ

ntspg;gilahdjhFk;. ,e;j rl;lj;ij kf;fs; gy;NtW tifahd jfty;fis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;fs;. Fwpg;ghf nghyp]hh; fhzhky; NghAs;sth;fs;

njhlh;gpy; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s tprhuizapd; epiy gw;wp jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

fhzhky; Nghdth;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdh; tpz;zg;gpj;Js;sdh;. ,J murJiwapYs;s

Coy;fs; Kjy; fhzhky; Nghzth;fs; vq;Nf cs;shh;fs; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

tiuapyhd gy;NtWgl;l tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mjpfsthd nghJkf;fs;

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;fs;.

ekJ nghJ jfty; chpikr; rl;lkhdJ rhjhuz Fbkf;fSf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j jftypd; ntspg;ghl;bw;F toptFj;Js;sJ vd;gNjhL Fwpg;ghf nghJ epjpia

jtwhf gad;gLj;JtijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf 10.8 kpy;ypad; &gha; EPF

30 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/index.php?lang=en>. 31“RTI Commission cash-starved”, Sunday Times, 12 ngg;utup, 2017 <http://www.sundaytimes.lk/170212/news/rti-commission-cash-starved-228323.html>.

10

gzj;njhifahdJ 7 jdpahh; KjyPLfspy; Kjyplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; mtw;wpy; &gha;

9.3 kpy;ypaDf;F ve;jtpjkhd tUkhdKk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.32 kj;jpa fpof;F

ehLfSf;Fk; vkJ ehl;L murhq;fj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ntspehl;L njhopyhshh;fs;

njhlh;gpy; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l ,Ujug;G xg;ge;jkhdJ jfty; mwpAk; chpik

Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdj;jpd; gpd;dh; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; me;j ehl;by;

Ntiy nra;Ak; ,yq;ifah;fspd; chpikfs; mlq;fpapUg;gjhy; mjid ghJfhf;f

kf;fspd; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tuNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.33

NkYk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhurigfspdhy; kPwg;gLk; ghhpa kdpj chpik kPwy;fs;34

njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w fl;Lkhdq;fSf;F cs;Suhl;rp

mjpfhurigfspdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mDkjp njhlh;ghd tplaq;fSk; jfty; mwpAk;

chpikr; rl;lj;jpdhy; rhjhuz kdpjh;fis nrd;wile;Js;sJ.35 jfty; mwpAk;

chpikr;rl;lkhdJ nghJ mjpfhurigfspd; jtwhd elj;ijia kl;Lkpd;wp rhpahd

elj;ijfisAk; kf;fis nrd;wila toptFj;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf jfty; mwpAk;

chpik Mizf;FOTf;F te;j Nkd;KiwaPl;bd; gpufhuk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd;

ntw;wpfukhd nraw;ghl;lhy; 12> 186 Kd;dhy; tpLjiyg;Gyp cWg;gpdh;fs;

Gdh;tho;tspf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. mth;fSs; 594 Ngh; rpWth; ,uhZt rpg;gha;fs;.36 vd;w

tplak; kf;fis nrd;wile;Js;sJ. tpz;zg;gpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

NghJ mJ nghJ mjpfhurigapd; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpDila nraw;ghl;Lld; njhlh;Ggl;l

eyd; rhh;e;jjhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mJ nghJ eyd; rhh;e;jJ vd fUjg;glyhk; vd

mwpTWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.37

jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; nfhs;iffs;

murhq;fj;jhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhy; mJ ey;yhl;rpf;F kpfg; nghpa gq;fspg;ig mspg;gjhf

,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOthdJ rl;lKd;tiugpd;

32 Copau; Nrk epjpaj;jpw;F jdpahu; %yjd KjyPLfspypUe;J ve;jtpj gaDkpy;iy (‘EPF gets zero returns from majority of private equity investments’) nla;yp kpuu; (6 ngg;utup 2018) <http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/EPF-gets-zero-returns-from-majority-of-private-equity-investments-145232.html>. 33 ig]y; rkhj; vjpu; ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Ggzpafk; RTIC/201/2017: <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/31032018/feizal--samath-revised-appeal.pdf>. 34 <https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/shocking-discovery-under-rti-act-on-death-of-two-jaffna-students/>. 35 jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Clf mwpf;if: <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/mediareleases/media-statement-Eng-6th-Feb.pdf>. 36 ,yq;if murhq;fk; 12000 Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis kWrPuikg;gpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ (Sri Lankan government rehabilitates over 12,000 LTTEs’) The New Indian Express (22 [dtup 2019) <http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/jul/24/sri-lankan-government-rehabilitates-over-12000-lttes-1847949.html>. 37 jupe;J [atu;jd vjpu; kWrPuikg;G Mizahsu; ehafjjpd; mYtyfk; RTICAppeal/119/2017 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/comm-order-tharindu-jayawardena-v-rehab-comm.pdf>.

11

cs;slf;fq;fs; gw;wp nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;J ngWtjw;F mjid kf;fs;

Kd;itg;gjw;fhd Njitia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.38 ,J rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; NghJ

fUj;njhw;Wikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; ed;ikahd nray;KiwahFk;. ,J cz;ikapy; xU

cyfyhtpa eilKiwahFk;. NkYk; ,J gy ehLfspYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.39

mwpf;ifapd; gb Nky;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfSf;F

vjpuhf 2018 Mf];l; khjk; tiu kf;fNsh my;yJ nghJ mjpfhurigapdhNyNah

ve;jnthU kPsha;T tpz;zg;gKk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,J jfty; mwpAk; chpik

Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfSld; 100 tPjk; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;w jd;ikia

fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.40 ,J Fwpg;ghf epfo;Tg; ngWkjpahd xU mwpf;ifahFk;.

Fwpg;ghf tsh;r;rpaile;j jfty; mwpAk; chpik epahahjpf;fj;jpy; ,e;j xj;Jg;Nghfpd;w

tPjk; fhzg;gLk; cjhuzk; ,e;jpah.41

Mizf;FOtpy; ehd; Ntiy nra;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;ilapy; ehd; ek;GtJ

Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfspd; ,zf;ftPjj;jpw;F gpujhd fhuzk; epahakhd rpwe;j

jPh;g;Gf;fspD}lhf KbTfs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mizf;FO jdJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L

epahahjpf;fj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,uz;L jug;gpdh;fisAk; KOikahf tprhhpg;gNjhL

jPh;khdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf kl;Lk; mikaNtz;Lk; vd

jPh;khdpf;fyhk;. nghJkf;fs; eyd; kw;Wk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G> jdpAhpik> rl;lk; kw;Wk;

fl;lisfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L mtw;iwAk;

rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. Mifapdhy; kf;fSk; nghJ

mjpfhurigAk; ,J jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; kj;jpa];j Mizf;FO vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sik ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

MfNt ,yq;ifapy; jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; kpfTk; rhjfkhd

fhyk; vd ek;gg;gLk; xU ngUk;gFjpf;F fhuzk; Mizf;FOtpd; gzpahFk; vd ehd;

epahakhf ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. vg;gbapUe;j NghjpYk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfSf;F ,zq;fp

jfty;fis kiwf;fhky; jfty;fis ntspapl;l nghJ mjpfhurigfSf;Fk; ,e;j

38 fyhepjp. kupNah Nfhnk]; vjpu; r%f tYT+l;ly;> eyd;Gup kw;Wk; fz;b kuGupikfs; mikr;R RTIC/51/2018 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/10062018/mario-gomez-v-ministry-social-empowerment.pdf>. 39 jupe;J [atu;jd vjpu; kWrPuikg;G Mizahsu; ehafjjpd; mYtyfk; RTICAppeal/119/2017 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/comm-order-tharindu-jayawardena-v-rehab-comm.pdf>. 40 vdpDk; 16.08.2018 md;W kf;fs; tq;fp Nky;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOtpw;nfjpuhf

,yq;if tq;fp Copau;fs; rq;fk; vjpu;kf;fs; tq;fp RTIC/ 8/2018 njhlu;gpy; Nkd;KiwaPnlhd;wpid jhf;fy; nra;jJ. 41 ,e;jpa jftYf;fhd cupikapd; nkd; rhT (“How RTI Act is dying a slow death in India”), ,e;J];jhd; ilk;]; Nk 3 2018 <https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-rti-is-dying-a-slow-death-in-india/storysTpdC63K7s42vxgV1bxwTI.html>.

12

ngUik my;yJ ghuhl;L FiwahJ. fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; mjpfsthd

tpz;zg;gq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhz;l nghJ mjpfhurigfs; tpiuthf jfty;fis

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ42. ,J Njrpa vz;zf;fUTf;F cl;gl;L gpui[fspd; jfty; mwpAk;

chpik vd;w vz;zf;fUit ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ.

,J ,yq;ifapy; nghJj;JiwahdJ xNu ,utpy; mYtyf ,ufrpaj;jd;ik vDk; %ba

ghJfhg;ghd tyaj;jpypUe;J ntspg;gilahd jpwe;j Nghf;Fj; jd;ikf;F khWtjw;fhd

elj;ijiaAk; kdepiyiaAk; cUthf;fpaJ vd vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

mjdbg;gilapy; rl;lj;Jld; ,zq;fpr;nry;Yk; nghJ mjpfhurigfspd; Neh;kiwahd

ntspg;ghLfs; cWjpahd jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk; ehl;by; jfty; mwpAk;

chpik epWtdkakhf;fg;gLtjpy; nghJ mjpfhurigfspd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G njspthd

gpujpgypg;ghf cs;sJ.

,Ug;gpDk; rl;lj;ij Kiwahf mKyhf;fk; nra;tjw;F vy;yh gq;Fjhuh;fSk;

xj;Jiog;G nra;jhy; khj;jpuNk Kiwahf epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty; mwpAk; chpik

Kiwikia cUthf;f KbAk; vd;gij czh;e;J nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

murpyikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhuk; 3 ,d; fPo; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Vida vy;yh

chpikfisAk; Nghd;Nw jfty; mwpAk; chpikAk; xU gpui[apd; murpayikg;gpy;

cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s chpik vd;gij milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;F vy;yh nghJ

mikg;Gf;fSk; kw;Wk; gpui[fs;> rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gd xj;Jioj;J toq;f

Ntz;Lk;. xU nghJ mjpfhurigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; my;yJ ghuhkhpg;gpy; clikapy;

cs;s jftiy mZf kWf;Fk; NghJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5 ,d; fPohd tifg;ghl;Lf;Fs;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wjh vdTk; nghJ eyidtpl NkNyhq;fpajhf $l mJ ,y;iy

vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ePjpj;Jiwapd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghdJ Fwpg;ghf

murpd; gpujk rl;l MNyhrfuhd rl;lkh mjpgh; ,ufrpakhf Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba nghJ

mjpfhu rigfspd; mbg;gil rl;lf;flg;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;j KbahJ.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; mbg;gil newpKiwia nghJj;Jiw KOikahd Ghpe;J

nfhs;stpy;iy. mjhtJ ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ tpjpahf ,Uf;fpd;w NghJ

ntspg;gLj;jiy ,y;yhky; nra;tJ tpjptpyf;fhf cs;sJ.43 NghJkhd Ghpjy;

,y;yhikahy; mjpfsthd nghJ mjpfhhpfs; rl;l kPwy;fSld; ,zq;fpr; nry;tjhf

Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; jfty; mjpfhhpfs; Nfhug;gl;l jfty;fis jtwhf

42 jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; nrt;tNd mKy;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ Mdhy; NkYk; tpopg;Gzu;T

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ “RTI implemented successfully – more awareness required: TISL”, Daily FT, 24 Mf];l;, 2018 <http://www.ft.lk/news/RTI-implemented-successfully--more-awareness-required--TISL/56-648841.>. 43 jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Clf mwpf;if: <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/mediareleases/media-statement-Eng-6th-Feb.pdf>.

13

nghUs;Nfhly; nra;J mjid gphpT 5 ,d; fPohd mstPl;Lf;Fs; cs;slf;FtNjhL

Fwpj;j jfty;fis toq;f kWf;fpd;whh;fs;. my;yJ jftiy toq;f kWg;gjw;F

Njitaw;w fhyj;ij vLf;fpd;whh;fs;. vt;thwhapDk; gphpT 5 ,d; fPohd

tifg;ghl;Lf;Fs; tUk; jfty; tpz;zg;gkhf ,Ue;jhy; $l nghJeyd; rhh;e;j jftiy

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; tUk; jPikahd tpisittpl kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; Fwpj;j

jfty; tpz;zg;gk; epuhfhpf;fg;gl KbahJ vd rl;lk; $Wfpd;wJ.44 ,J rl;lj;jpd; kpfr;

rpwe;j rhuhk;rkhFk;. ,jid ,d;Dk; rpy nghJ mjpfhurigfs; Ghpe;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lkhdJ nghJr; Nritf;F ntspapYs;s Njitfis

khj;jpuk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU rl;lthf;fk; my;y. mJ nghJ mjpfhhpfspd; jdpg;gl;l

eyd;fisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; vd;gij nghJ mjpfhurigfs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhf xU nghJ mjpfhurigapy; xU nghJ mjpfhhp mtuJ gjtpAah;tpy;

epahakw;w tifapy; elj;jg;gl;lhy;> ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lhy;> ePf;fg;gl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

nghJ mjpfhhp Fwpj;j jPh;khdkhdJ ve;j mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vDk;

jftiy jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. Fwpj;j jfiy rhjhuz

Kiwikapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahjjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mifahy; gpui[fs; vy;NyhUila

eyDf;fhfTk; mth;fs; nghJ mjpfhhpfNsh my;yJ jdpahh; mikg;Gf;fshfNth

,Ue;jhYk; Fwpj;j rl;lk; Kiwahf mKyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. jfty; mwpAk;

chpikapd; vz;zkhdJ nghJeph;thfj;jpy; xU %iyf;fy; Mfptpl;lJ.

2. jPh;Tfs; - nfhs;iffs;> %Nyhghaq;fs;> gapw;rp> nghJ nrhw;nghopTfs;.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lj;ij mKyhf;fk; nra;Ak; jpl;lj;jpw;F ntspapy; murhq;f

nfhs;iffs; ,Ug;gjdhy; mjd; MjuT jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpw;F ,y;yhjpUg;gJ

gpio vd ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. rl;lj;ij ntWkdNd cUthf;Fjy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. mJ

murhq;f nfhs;iffshy; Mjuhpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; mjid KOikahd jpl;lkhf fUj

KbahJ. Clf mikr;rpdhy; jfty; mjpfhhpfSf;fhd gapw;rpfs; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;ld.

Fwpg;ghf jpl;lj;jpd; ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; mjpfsthd gapw;rpfSk; gapw;rpg;ghriwfSk;

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. fhuzk; xU tsh;r;rpaile;j jpl;lkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjd;

ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Kiwahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gapw;rpfshdJ jfty;

mjpfhhpfSf;fhdjhf khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jhky; mjid epWtdq;fspd;

jiyth;fSf;nfd epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; ePbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJ

mjpfhhpfs; jfty; mjpfhhpfsh my;yJ epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpfsh vd;gjid

nghUl;gLj;jhky; mth;fSf;Fk; ,ilepiyg; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghyhd

44 gpupT 5 (4) jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;.

14

nghJ mjpfhu rigfspy; jfty; mjpfhhpfs; fdp];;l gphpitr; Nrh;e;j mjpfhhpfshf

cs;sdh;. mth;fSf;F NghJkhd mjpfhuq;fNsh my;yJ Nkyjpfhhpfis NkNyhq;fp

nraw;gLk; jfikNah ,y;yhjth;fshf cs;sdh;. ,jd; tpisthf ngUk;ghyhd jfty;

mjpfhhpfs; fpilf;fg;ngWk; tpz;zg;gq;fis Fwpj;j tpz;zg;gj;jpYs;s tplaj;ij

ifahSk; cah; mjpfhhpaplk; Fwpj;j tpz;zg;gj;ij ghpe;Jiu nra;Jtpl;L mth;fspd;

KbTf;fhf Fwpj;j tpz;zg;gj;ij xj;jpitf;fpwhh;fs;. Mifahy; jfty; mwpAk;

chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; gapw;rpAk; mJ gw;wpa fy;tpAk; epWtdkl;lq;fspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

nghJ mjpfhurigfs; rl;lj;Jld; ,zq;fpa tifapy; jfty; mwpAk; chpikapYs;s

cs;Sh; epWtd nfhs;iffis Vw;W gpd;gw;w gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL

Rw;wwpf;iffisAk; topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. MfNt jfty; mjpfhhpfs;

ntspg;Gw Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J kl;Lky;yhky; epWtdj;jpw;Fs; ,Ue;Jk; jq;fsJ

flikfis jpUj;jpaikf;f KbAk;.

jfty; mwpAk; chpik kw;Wk; rl;lk; gw;wpa xU tYthd nghJ nrhw;nghopT nra;jp

Clfq;fspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jfy; mwpAk; chpik kPjhd tUe;jjf;f nra;jp kw;Wk;

Clf mwpf;iffs; gq;Fjhuh;fspilNa xU Njhw;wj;ij cUthf;f NghJkhdjy;y.

Mizafj;jpd; cah;e;j Nfhhpf;iffs; kw;Wk; KbTfs; Clhf midj;J

gq;Fjhuuh;fspilNa jfty; mwpAk; chpik njhlh;gpy; tpopg;Gzh;it cUthf;Ftjpy;

Clfq;fspd; xUq;fpize;j jPtpukhd <LghL njspthf ,y;iy. “jpiwNrwp

Mizf;FOtpd;”45 ; tprhuiz epiyahd Clf mwpf;ifapd; jhf;fj;jpd;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,jd; tpisthf ghlrhiy khzth;fSk; gpizKwp Nkhrb gw;wp

NgRfpd;wdh;. ,e;j mDgtk; Clfq;fSf;F kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;itAk; mth;fspd;

kdg;Nghf;ifAk; khw;Wk; jpwd; cz;L vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpd;

ngWkjp njhlh;gpy; gq;Fjhuh;fspilNa NghJkhd tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba

flg;ghl;bypUe;J Clfq;fs; Kw;whf tpyfp ,Ug;gJ tUe;jjf;f tplakhf cs;sJ.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; jpl;lj;jpypUe;J tUk; eyd;fspy; gpujhdkhf

jq;fpapUf;Fk; gq;Fjhuh; ClfkhFk;. vdNt ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l %Nyhghaj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehl;by; jfty; mwpAk; chpikia Cf;Ftpf;f$ba xU $l;L

Clf gpur;rhuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

45 2017 y; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l jpiwNrwp Kwpfs; gw;wpa tprhupf;f [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l tprhuiz Mizf;FO.

15

ehL vd;w Kiwapy; ehl;bd; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd ,ufrpak; vd;w epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J nghJr;

nray;fs; njhlh;gpy; ntspg;gilahd jd;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyf;F

rl;lg+h;tkhd khw;wj;ij ehk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jid jfty; mwpAk; chpik

Mizf;FoTk; Clf mikr;Rk; jdpahf nra;a KbahJ. ,e;j eltbf;iffspy; vy;yh

gq;Fjhuh;fSk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gpui[fspd; jfty; mwpAk;

chpikahdJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s xU epahakhd

chpik vd;gjid vy;yh nghJj;JiwAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,e;j #o;epiyapy;

cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ 2016k; Mz;bd; 12k; ,yf;f jfty; mwpAk; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT

14A ,d; fPo; tiuag;gl;ljhy; gFjpastpy; murpayikg;Gg; ghJfhg;G (quasi-

constitutional protection) ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.46 ,e;j epiyapy; ePjp ghpghyd

mikg;gpd; typjhe;jd;ik Kd;Ndw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,Wjpapy; xU Jbg;ghd kw;Wk; Kjph;e;j jfty; mwpAk; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; jpl;lj;jpy;

ypl;k]; Nrhjid gpui[fs; %ykhd jdpg;gl;l tpz;zg;gq;fspd; Njitfis Fiwg;gJ

ngHJ mjpfhhpfspd; nraw;wpd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;jy; flikia nghWj;J mth;fspd;

,zf;fj;jpd; mstpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. NkYk; jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lkhdJ

ntspg;ghl;bw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fis rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 8 kw;Wk; 9 fPo; toq;fpAs;sJ.47

NkYk; vt;tsT tpiuthf nghJ mjpfhhpfs; mtw;Wf;F ,zq;fp nraw;gLfpd;whh;fs;

vd;gjid fhj;jpUe;J jhd; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. rptpy; r%fKk; jfty; mwpAk; chpikAk;.

ehl;by; jfty; mwpAk; chpikj; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghJj;Jiwapd;

gq;fspg;G kl;Lky;yhJ gpui[fspd; Fwpg;ghf rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhFk;.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikapd; jPh;khdk; nghJ mjpfhhpfspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhf

cs;sJ. gpui[fspd; nghWg;G vd;d? gpui[fs; jkJ jfty; mwpAk; chpikia

ngWg;Gzh;Tld; gad;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. mjhtJ rl;lj;ij mjd; Nehf;fj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; nghWg;Gs;s tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khwhf murpay;

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf my;yJ nghJ mjpfhurig kPJs;s jdpg;gl;l tpNuhjj;ij jPh;j;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd MAjkhf gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd;

Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;gd rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ Coy; mw;w

jfty;fis kf;fs; mZf mDkjpg;gjd; %yk; ntspg;gilahd jd;ik vDk;

46 ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd mYtyf tiugpd; cr;r ePjpkd;w jPu;g;gpd; gf;fk; 7 ghu;f;f S.C.S.D. 19/2018 & S.C.S.D. 20/2018. 47<http://www.rticommission.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=152&lang=en>..

16

fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;FtJk; mur Jiwapy; nghWg;Gs;s ey;yhl;rp murhq;fj;ij

Njhw;Wtpg;gJNk ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Mifahy; Fwpj;j Fwpf;Nfhis Nkk;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;j Ntz;LNk jtpu nghUj;jkw;w jdpg;gl;l tplak;

njhlh;gpy; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;Jtjw;fy;y.

jfty; mwpAk; chpik Mizf;FOthdJ Kiwaw;w tpz;zg;gq;fspy;

Njhd;wpAs;sjid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.48 rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l clNdNa rptpy; r%f

mikg;gplkpUe;J te;j tpz;zg;gj;jpd;gb gj;jphpif mwpf;iffs; ,Ue;jd. mJ jfty;

mwpAk; chpikapd; jpl;lj;ij jhf;f $ba rhj;jpag;ghLilajhf ,Ue;jJ. rpy jfty;

mwpAk; chpikr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ngWkjpkpf;f ,r;rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F Kd;dNu

Kiwahd rl;lj;ij Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;;Jtjw;F gjpyhf Fwpj;j Nfhhpf;if

tpLf;fg;gLk; vd;gjid mtjhdpj;jpUe;jhh;fs;;.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr;rl;lj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F Kuzhf cs;s Nfhhpf;iffis

vjph;f;fpd;Nwhk;. fhuzk; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpa rl;lthf;Fdh;fs; Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpw;F

jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;Ltuf;$ba tifapYk; Fwpj;j rl;lj;ij khw;wpaikf;f $ba

tpjj;jpYNk Fwpj;j rl;ljij ,aw;wpAs;shh;fs;. cjhuzkhf l;uk;g; Ml;rpapd; fPo;

nts;is khspifapd mwpf;ifahdJ mnkhpf;fhtpd; jfty; Rje;jpur;rl;lkhdJ mjd;

Nehf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l tifapy; mjd; tpjpfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;glyhk; vd

mwptpj;Js;sJ.49 vq;fsJ rl;lthf;Fdh;fs; jfty; mwpAk; chpikr;rl;lkhdJ mur

mjpfhu rigfSf;F vjpuhd MAjkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;Nwh my;yJ

Kuz;ghLilajhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Nwh mtjhdpj;jhy; mg;NghJ ehq;fs;

Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpid ,of;f NehpLk;. ,e;j re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mikr;ruitf;$l;lj;jpy;

Clfj;Jiw mikr;rh; Fwpj;j rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJmjpfhurigfSf;F

VJk; rthy;fs; Vw;gLkhf ,Ue;jhy; mtrpak; Vw;gbd; Fwpj;j rl;lj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;fhd

ghpe;Jiufis toq;FkhW NfhhpapUe;jhh;. Mdhy; mur jhgdq;fs; vJTk; Fwpj;j Fwpj;j

rl;lj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;fhd ve;jnthU ghpe;JiufisAk; nra;atpy;iy.50 Coy; mw;w

r%fj;ij miltjw;F ngWkjpkpf;f ,r;rl;lk; mtrpak; vd;gNjhL mjpy; ve;jjtWk;

,y;iy. Mifahy; rl;lj;ij cs;sthNw ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; kf;fs; nghWg;Gs;s

tpjj;jpy; ,r;rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;j Ntz;LNk jtpu mjid jtwhf gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.

48 jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Clf mwpf;if: <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/mediareleases/media-statement-Eng-6th-Feb.pdf>. 49 ‘Explaining the White House FOIA rule repeal’(USA Today, 17 March 2015) <https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/03/17/white-house-office-of-administration-freedom-of-information-act-foia/24906463/>. 50 jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;ij khw;wpaikf;f jpl;lkpy;iynad murhq;fk; cWjp (‘Government Denies Moves To Amend RTI Act’) 27 [}d; 2017 <https://www.rti.gov.lk/media/news/144-government-denies-moves-to-amend-rti-act>.

17

Kuz;ghlhd tifapy; rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;Jgth;fSf;F vjpuhf jz;liz toq;FtJ

njhlh;gpy; ,r;rl;lk; ve;jnthU Vw;ghl;lilAk; nfhz;bUf;fhik xU Jujp];ltrkhd

tplakhFk;.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lj;jpw;F cs;s kw;WnkhU jil ,J gpd;dh; cUthf;fg;gLk;

rl;lq;fshy; Fiwkjpg;gpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf mz;ikapy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l 2018k; Mz;bd; 19k; ,yf;f Njrpa jzpf;iffs; rl;lkhdJ jfty;

mwpAk; rl;lj;jpd; ghpT 9(1)(B) ,ue;J tpyf;fspf;Fk; Vw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ

xU jftiyg; ngWtjhf ,Ue;jhy; Fwpj;j jftiy toq;fpa mikg;gpDila my;yJ

nghUj;;jkhd egUila vOj;J%ykhd mDkjp ,d;wpAk; fzf;fhsh; ehafj;jhy;

jahhpf;fg;gl;l Fwpj;j jftYld; njhlh;Gila mwpf;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

rkhg;gpf;fg;gLk; tiuAk; ve;jnthU jftYk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F

mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. fhuzk; tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;;Fk; Fwp;j;j tplak;

jtwhd egh;fspd; iffspy; nrd;Wtpll;lhy; Fwpj;j tprhuiz jhkjg;gLj;jg;glf; $Lk;

vd;gjdhy; MFk;. Fwpj;j #o;epiyfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F jfty; mwpAk;

chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5 (1)(h)(i) I gpd;tUkhW jpUj;jpaikf;fyhk;. mjhtJ

eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epjp kw;Wk; rptpy; tprhuizfs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs;

ntspaplg;gLjy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd Fwpj;j gphpit

jpUj;jpaikf;fyhk;. (jw;NghJ Fwpj;j gphptpd; fPo; Fw;wtpay; tprhuizAld;

njhlh;Gila jfty;fs; khj;jpuNk tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.) Njrpa jzpf;iffs;

rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; gue;j tpyf;fspg;Gf;F gjpyhf ,jid ,yFthf

ifahsKbAk;.

4. jfty; mwpAk; chpik vjph; jdpAhpik

jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpw;F NkYk; rthy; tpLf;Fk; xU rpf;fyhd gpur;rpid

vd;dntd;why; ,yq;ifapy; jdpAhpik njhlh;gpy; jdpahd rl;lk; ,y;yhik my;yJ

murpayikg;gpy; Fwpj;j chpik cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;glhikahFk;. NkYk; juTfis

ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lKk; ,yq;ifapy; ,y;iy. vjph;fhyj;jpy; jdpAhpikr;rl;lKk;

juTg;ghJfhg;G rl;lKk; ,Ue;jhy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; jfty; mwpAk; chpikr;rl;lj;jhy;

cUthf;fg;gLk; epajpr;rl;lq;fspd; rpf;fy;fis rkhspf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

mtw;iw jdpAhpikr; rl;lKk; juTg; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lKk; vjph;nfhs;Sk;.

,q;F Kf;fpakhf ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vd;dntdpy; jfty; mwpAk;

chpikr;rl;lkhdJ vy;yhtifahd gpur;rpidfSf;;Fk; jPh;thfhJ. xU rf;jp tha;e;j

[dehafkhdJ nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F

18

rpwe;j jfty; mwpAk; chpikr;rl;lj;ij kl;Lkpd;wp NtWtoptiffisAk; nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf nrhj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jp gpufldg;gLj;Jk; rl;lkhdJ

[dhjpgjp> mikr;rh;fs;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs;

kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw mjpfhhpfs; vd;Nghh; jkJ nrhj;J tpguk; njhlh;gpy; ntspg;gLj;jy;

gpufldj;ij nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,J

murJiwapYs;s cah;kl;l mjpfhhpfSld; kl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; vy;yh

nghJj;Jiw mjpfhhpfSk; jkJ nrhj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf;$WtJ

epahakw;w xU nrayhFk;. jq;fis rhjhuz Fbkf;fshff; nfhz;l nghJ

mjpfhhpfSf;F Mapuf;fzf;fhd rl;lq;fs; cz;L.. vdNt rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd;

fPo; nghJkf;fspd; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; mth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifia mikg;gjd;

%yk; mth;fs; epahakw;wth;fshf ,Uf;fkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspy; Coy; re;Njfk;

mth;fspd; elj;ijia Muha NghJkhd rl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

xU Jbg;ghd [dehafk; jdpg;gl;l eghpd; jdpAhpikAld; njhlh;Gila ntspg;gilahd

jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ nghJeyd;fis rkepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd

jpwidf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ehd; KbT nra;fpd;Nwd;. ,uz;L chpikfshd

jdpAhpik kw;Wk; jfty; mwpAk; chpik vd;gd xd;Wld; xd;W rkkhd chpikay;y

vd ehd; typAWj;jpf; $Wfpd;Nwd;. jfty; ntspg;ghl;bd; NghJ Kf;fpakhf

nghJeyDf;F gpujhd ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jfty; mwpAk; chpik gpuhjhdkhf

,Uf;Fk; NghJ jdpAhpik tpjptpyf;fhf ,Uf;Fk;.

19

,yq;ifapd; rl;l Ml;rpapd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf jfty; mwpAk;

chpik

jPgpfh clfk

1. mwpKfk;

2016k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; 2017k; Mz;L

ngg;uthp 3k; jpfjp mjDila eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gd gpui[fspd; tho;tpy; jfty;

chpik tho;it khw;Wk; ghj;jpukhf nraw;gl ,aYkhdjhf;fpAs;sJ. mNjNtis

[dehaf murhq;fj;ij tsh;r;rpailar; nra;Js;sJ> ,yQ;r Coiy vjph;j;J ,yq;if

kf;fspd; ,iwikia kWrPuikg;G nra;Ak; xU fUtpahfTk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

jfty; chpikahdJ murhq;fj;jpd; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kf;fhl;il Jisf;Fk; chpikia

kf;fSf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf rl;l Ml;rpapd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; ,e;j

chpikf;F Fwpg;gpl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. jfty; chpikahdJ

murhq;fj;jpd; jPH;khdq;fSf;F gpd;dhy; cs;s fhuzj;ij mjhtJ Fwpj;j jPh;khdk;

Vd; vLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; kf;fs; mjpfk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F

,lkspj;Js;sJ. NkYk; jfty; chpikahdJ NtWgl;l kl;lq;fspy; cs;s

murhq;fj;ij rthYf;Fl;gLj;j jftiy gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk; nghJ kf;fspd;

mjpfhuj;ij J~;gpuNahfk; nra;tij jLf;fTk; nghJ tsq;fis jtwhf

gad;gLj;Jtij jLf;fTk; Kay;fpd;wJ.

Fbaurpd; vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk; kf;fsplk; ifaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jfty; mwpAk;

chpikahdJ mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpid gad;gLj;j mtrpakhdJ.

nghJkf;fs; Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rpfspd; tuTnryT jpl;lk;>

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa nraw;ghl;L jpl;lk;> gd;dhl;L

epWtdq;fSldhd xg;ge;jk;> cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jpl;lq;fs;> murhq;f

mikr;rh;fs; jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; NtW jhgdq;fSf;fhd nryTfs;>

nfhs;KjYf;fhd jPh;khdq;fs;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;fhd nfhs;Kjy;

cl;gl> nghJkf;fspd; neUf;fbfSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhf vt;thW nghJtsq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> nghJkf;fspd; tho;tpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Vida jPh;khdq;fs;

njhlh;gpy; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd chpikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;whh;fs;.

vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> Njrpa ghJfhg;G> Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fSf;;nfjpuhf tof;F njhLj;jy;>

jdpAhpik my;yJ ,uh[je;jpuk; vd;W tUk;NghJ ,ufrpaj;jd;ik nghJeyid tpl

20

rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Fwpj;j jftiy nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J jLj;Jitf;fg;gLtJ

epahahg;gLj;jg;glf;$Lk;. MdhYk;$l> jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; nghJeyd;

NkNyhq;f$Lk; vd;gjw;fhd rpy re;jh;g;gq;fSk; cs;sd. ,jd; nghUl;Nl ,yq;ifapd;

jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5(4) nghJeyd; NkNyhq;Fk; vd;w mk;rj;ij

cl;nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> nghJthdnjhU tpjp> nghJj;jPh;khdq;fs; nghJkf;fshy;

mZff;$bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mhpjhd rpy tpjptpyf;Ffspy; khj;jpuk; jfty;

jLj;Jitf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

njw;fhrpah gy;NtWgl;l jfty; chpikr;rl;lq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpj;j rl;lq;fspd;

gyhgyd;fs; ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lk; kf;fshy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ gw;wp gpd;dh; ,jpy; Muhag;gLk;. mz;ikf;fhykhf ,r;rl;lk; gy

rthy;fis re;jpj;Js;sJ.51

2014k; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; gq;fshNj~;> Neghsk; kw;Wk; ghfp];jhd; Mfpa %d;W

ehLfspy; Mrpa mikg;gpdhy; jftiy mZFtjpy; gpui[fspd; epiy gw;wp njUNthu

Neh;Kf fye;Jiuahly;> FO hPjpahd fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; jfty; chpik gw;wpa

tpz;zg;gq;fis g+h;j;jp nra;jy; vd;gd %yk; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ52.

Fwpj;j Ma;tpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l KbT Rthu];akhdJ. nghJthf> jfty;

chpikr;rl;lk; gw;wpa nghJkf;fspd; tpopg;Gzh;T Nghjhik kw;Wk; mjDld;

njhlh;Gila kf;fspd; ehshe;j tho;f;if vd;gd rhd;WfshapUe;jd. nkhj;jkhf 263

njUNthu Neh;KfNjh;T elhj;jg;gl;lJ. Ma;tpy; 52 tPjkhNdhh; murhq;fj;jpd;

Ntiyfspy; kpfTk; nghWg;Gs;s jd;ikiaAk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikiaAk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;jpy; mth;fs; jftiy mZf Ntz;bAs;sjhf

czh;tjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

jftiy ehLtjw;F ,uz;lhtJ kpf Kf;fpa fhuzk; jdpg;gl;l FiwghLfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfthFk; (45 tPjkhNdhh;). Coiy ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ

gjpyspj;jth;fshy; murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J jftiyg; ngw KaYtjw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

kw;WnkhU fhuzkhFk;.

jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wtjw;fhd ,yq;ifapd; gazkhdJ ePz;lfhykhdJ

vd;gJld; kpfTk; rpf;fYf;FhpajhFk;. 2016k; Mz;L a+d; khjk; 23k; jpfjp> ,yq;ifapd;

51 <https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/secularism-at-risk-as-rti-act-weakens-says-aruna-roy/article23867597.ece.>. 52 <https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/CitizensAccesstoInformationinSouthAsia.pdf>.

21

ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; 2016k; Mz;bd; 12k; ,yf;f jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L

g;pui[fspd; mbg;gilj; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpw;F mh;j;jk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. jfty;

chpikr;rl;lkhdJ gpui[fSf;F ve;jnthU Gjpa chpikiaAk; toq;ftpy;iy. mJ

2015k; Mz;bd; 19tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l mZFjYf;fhd

chpikia gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd elgbKiwfis khj;jpuk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

2017k; Mz;L ngg;guthp 3k; jpfjp ,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ th;j;jkhdpapy; jfty;

chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; fPPohf tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;Gf;fis ntspapl;lJ. ,jd; tpisT>

,yq;iff;F Vw;fdNt fdlhit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; rl;lk; kw;Wk;;

[dehafj;jpw;fhd mikg;gpdhy; cyfyhtpa hPjpapy; jftiyg; NgZtJ njhlh;gpy;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s 150f;F 121 Gs;spfSld; NkYk; 10 Gs;spfs; Nrhh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;

tpisthy; jfty; chpikia ftdj;jpw;nfhs;tjpy; ,yq;if xU gykhd rl;l

tiuaiwia ngw;Ws;sJ.

2. eilKiwapy; jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; kPjhd rpy mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;.

rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf $wg;gl;lLs;sJ vd;dntdpy;> jftiyg;ngw mZFjYf;fhd

chpikf;F gad;nfhLg;gjd; %yk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfspd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; gad;ghl;ilg; Ngzptsh;j;J mjd; %yk; ,yq;if kf;fs; Coiy

vjph;j;J epw;wy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Clhf

KOikahf gq;Nfw;ff; $baJk; ehl;bd; nghJtho;tpy; jPtpukhfg; gq;Nfw;f

$baJkhftpUf;Fk; xU Njitg;ghl;L cs;sJ vd;gjhFk;.

jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jjjpypUe;J jfty; chpikf;fhd

Mizf;FOthdJ jd;Kd;dpiyapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhd

cah;e;jsT vz;zpf;ifapyhd Nkd;KiwaPLfis gjpT nra;Js;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd

tof;Ffspy; jfty; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpj;j Nkd;KiwaPLfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit

rhjhuz gpui[fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jitahFk;. Mizf;FOtpd; gb jfty;

chpikr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljd; tpisit Clfq;fis tpl rhjhuz kf;fNs mjpfk;

mDgtpf;fpd;wdh;.

mz;ika Ngl;b xd;wpy;> rl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,yq;if

ngUksthdtw;iw mile;Js;sJ vd ,yq;ifapd; jfty; chpikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpd; Mizahsuhd rl;lj;juzp fp~hyp gpd;Nlh [ath;j;jd mth;fs;

22

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;53. jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lij njhlh;e;J Kjy;

MWkhjq;fspy; jftYf;fhd Nfhhpf;iffs; rhjhuz kf;fshy; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigf;Fk;

kw;Wk; jfty; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FO Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; gy;NtWtifg;gl;l kw;Wk;

mjpfsT vz;zpf;ifapyhdit Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd vd; NkYk; mth;

Rl;bf;fhl;bapUe;jhh;. jfty; tpz;zg;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if my;yJ jfty;

tpz;zg;gq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; juk; vd;gtw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;w NghJ jfty;

chpik nghJj;jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iyahapd; mj;jifa xU Nfhhpf;if

vOe;jpUf;fNth my;yJ ePbf;fNth KbahJ.

rl;lj;juzp gpd;Nuh [ath;j;jd mth;fspd; $w;wpd;gb. ngUk;ghyhd tpz;zg;gq;fs;

jiyefhpypUe;Njh my;yJ nghpa efuq;fspypUe;Njh Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;

khj;jiw> `k;ghe;Njhl;il> aho;g;ghzk;> mEuhjGuk; kw;Wk; nghyeWit Nghd;w J}u

,lq;fspypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. “fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s kf;fs; ,r;rl;lj;ij

gw;wp ed;F njhpe;J itj;Js;shh;fs;. mth;fs; ,r;rl;lj;ij gw;wpAk; mjDila xOq;F

tpjpfs; gw;wpAk; ed;fwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; Mizf;FOTf;F Kd;ghf jq;fs;

fUj;Jf;fis nrt;tNd njhptpf;fpd;whh;fs;54.

,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ vd;dntdpy; jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; vy;yh tifahd

jfty;fisAk; mZFtjw;fhd Vw;ghl;il toq;ftpy;iy. rl;lj;jpd; ghpT 5 MdJ

jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjptyf;Ffis nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; Fwpj;j

jftiy ntspapLtjpy; cUthFk; jPq;if tpl nghJeyd; NkNyhq;fp epw;Fkhdhy;

rl;lj;jpd; ghpT 5(4) ,d; fPo; Fwpj;j jfty; ntspaplg;glKbAk;.

jfty; chpik gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rpailtjw;F kw;iwa mk;rq;fSk; kpf

Kf;fpakhitahFk;. cjhuzkhf mtuhy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ vd;dntdpy; gphpT 5(1)(X)

,y; jfty; ntspaplg;gLtij kWf;Fk; tpjptpyf;Ffspy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk;>

rpwg;Ghpikfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vd;gdTk; cs;slq;Fk;. ,J ,r; rpwg;Ghpik

fz;%bj;jdkhf gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;sg;glKbahJ vd Mizf;FO

re;Njfj;jpw;fplkw;w xU epiyia vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gphpT 5(4) ,d; Nehf;fj;ij

epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghJeydhdJ jftiy ntspapLtjh ,y;iyah

vd;gjid jPh;khdpg;gjpy; Kjd;ikahdJ55.

53 <https://www.rti.gov.lk/media/news/152-sri-lanka-s-right-to-information-act-is-a-weapon-of-the-people-op-ed-interview-with-commissioner-right-to-information-commission-of-sri-lanka-attorney-at-law-kishali-pinto-jayawardena>. 54 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljpYs;sJ. 55 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljpYs;sJ.

23

khfhzrigahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epakdq;fs; njhlh;gpy; gj;jphpif ep&gh; xUtuhy;

Nfhug;gl;l jftiy rpwg;Ghpik mbg;gilapy; toq;f kWj;jik njhlh;ghd Nkd;KiwaPL

Mizf;Fotpd; Kd; te;j NghJ ,e;j nfhs;ifahdJ tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdpg;gl;l

jfty; njhlh;ghd tpz;zg;gq;fs; mq;fpUf;ftpy;iy. MdhYk; Fwpj;j

khfhzrigahdJ rpwg;Ghpikia fhuzq;fhl;b jfty; Nfhhpf;ifia kWj;jpUe;jJ.

Fwpj;j epuhfhpg;ig njhlh;e;J> Mizf;FOTf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

epfo;Tfis Muha;J gpd;dh; Fwpj;j jfty; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; mJ rpwg;Ghpik

vd;gjd; fPo; nghJeyd; kWf;fg;gLfpd;wikf;F rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ vd Mizf;Fo

fz;lwpe;J Fwpj;j epakdq;fSf;fhd rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gd ngJepjpia

gad;gLj;jpNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. Mifay; nghJkf;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhs chpikis nfhz;Ls;shh;fs; vd Mizf;FOo jPh;khdpj;jJ56.

,d;DnkhU epfo;T> mikr;rh;fspd; ntspehl;Lg;gazk; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis

rpwg;ghpik vd;w mbg;ilapd; fPo; ghJfhf;f Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;Fk; Mizf;FO

jPh;khdpj;jjhtJ> nghJepjp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ jftiy mZFjYf;fhd

chpikahdJ rpwg;Ghpik vd;w mbg;gilia gad;gLj;jp kWf;fg;glKbahJ.

khfhzrigahdJ Nfhug;gl;l jftiy ntspapLtjd; %yk; jdJ mYtyf

eilKiwf;F vt;thW vjph;kiwahd tpisT Vw;gLk; vd;gjid tpghpf;fNtz;Lk;57.

2018k; Mz;L ngg;uhthp khjk; ,yq;if jfty; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FothdJ

ntspehl;by; Ntiynra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fs; njhlh;gpy; rT+jp mNugpah> fl;lhh; kw;k;

Fitj; Mfpa ehLfSld; ,yq;if murhq;fk; nra;J nfhz;l ,Ujug;G cld;gbf;if

njhlh;ghd jftiy Fwpj;j ehLfspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,yq;if gpui[fspd; chpikia

ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L nghJeyd; fUjp ntspapLkhW cj;jutpl;lJ58.

,e;j cjhuzq;fspypUe;J nghJeyd; fUjp nghJkf;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jfty;

Nfhhpf;ifahdJ gue;jsT tpj;jpahrkhdJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. nghJthf gpui[fs;

jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;ij xU gaDs;;s fUtpahf gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;whh;fs;. xU

tifapy; gpui[fs; rl;lj;jpid jdpg;gl;l epiyapy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shhh;fs;.

kw;nwhUtifapy; nghJeyd; kw;Wk; nghJmf;fiw vd;w mbg;gilapy; gyh;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;59. Mizf;FO jdJ jPh;khdq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ gphpT 5(4)

56 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljpYs;sJ. 57 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljpYs;sJ. 58 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/31032018/feizal--samath-revised-appeal.pdf>. 59<https://www.rti.gov.lk/media/news/152-sri-lanka-s-right-to-information-act-is-a-weapon-of-the-people-op-ed-interview-with-commissioner-right-to-information-commission-of-sri-lanka-attorney-at-law-kishali-pinto-jayawardena>.

24

,y; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s nghJeyd; NkNyhq;Fk; vd;w tplaj;ij ey;y gaDs;s tifapy;

gad;gLj;JtJ xU rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.

3. gpuhe;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; gad;ghL

,e;jpahtpd; 2005k; Mz;L jfty; chpikr;rl;lkhdJ xU [dehaf fUtpahFk;. mJ

,e;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; xU nghJkfd; cwitg; Ngz mjpfhukspj;jpUe;jjJ. “,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 19tJ cWg;Giuapd; fPo; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jftYf;fhd chpikia

gaDs;sjhf;Ftjw;fhd gaDs;s xU fl;likg;pig toq;FtJ” vd;gJ kj;jpa

rl;lthff; rigapd; ,yl;rpa rhrdk; Kd;Diuapy; njspthf nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1923k; Mz;bd; mYtyf ,ufrpa rl;lkhdJ ,ufrpakhdJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; gy

Mtzq;fis kf;fs; mDFtij murhq;fk; jil nra;tjw;F mDkjpaspj;jpUe;jJ. 60

tUlj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F mYtyf eilKiw kPJ fhyzpj;JtkuG Neubahf

jhf;fk; nrYj;jpapUe;jJ. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpd;dUk; $l mj;jhf;fk;

,Ue;jjJ. 2005k; mz;L a+d; khjk; 15e; jpfjp jfty; chpikf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

1923k; Mz;bd; mYtyf ,ufrpa rl;lj;jpd; mNdfkhd gphpTfis tpl

NkNyhq;fpAs;sNjhL gfpuq;f mjpfhurigf;Fk; nghJkdpjDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwit

khw;wpaikj;Js;sJ.

cjhuzkhf gfpuq;fNritapy; njhopy; GhpAk; kf;fSf;fhd epajpr;rl;l hPjpahd

Fiwe;jgl;r nfhLg;gdit Cjpakhf ngWtJ mt;thwhd rthy;fspy; xd;whFk;.

Mazdoor Kisan Shakthi vdgJ njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; tptrhapfis Cf;ftpf;Fk; xU

mikg;ghFk;. mjd; mYtyf gjpTfSf;fpilapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj gy Kuz;ghLfs;

,Ue;jd. jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpDhlhf ,we;j egh;fSila ngah;fSk; njhopyhsh;

gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUe;jNjhL xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Ntiy

nra;tjhf gjpag;gl;Ls;snjd;Wk; cly; ciog;ghy; Ntiynra;ahjth;fSk; cly;

ciog;ghsh;fs; vd gl;basplg;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;w cz;ik ntspte;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L 13 Mz;LfshfpapUf;fpd;wJ. mjd;

Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mjd; tpisTk; njspthf cs;sJ. ,jw;F rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzk; 2G

NkhrbahFk;. mJ 2011k; Mz;by; kpfg;nghpa njhiyj;njhlh;G NkhrbAld;

njhlh;GilaJ. Mz;bKj;J uh[h jiykikapyhd njhiyj;njhlh;G mikr;R

ifj;njhiyNgrpfSf;fhd miythpir xJf;fPl;L chpkq;fs; ,yQ;rk; thq;fp

toq;fg;gl;likahy;; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F Rkhu; &gh 1>76> 645 Nfhb el;lk; Vw;gl;lJ.

25

,e;j tplak; njhlh;gpy; jfty; chpikr;rl;lkhdJ xU Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ.

Vnddpy; fhq;fpu]; jiyikapyhd murhq;fj;jpy; vt;thW Nkhrb gutpAs;sJ

vd;gjid ntspf;fhl;l ,J cjtpAs;sJ60.

jfty; chpikia gad;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJeyd; vd;gJ xU ikag;Gs;spahFk;. murhy;

my;yJ mjDila Kftuhy; nfhs;iffs; fl;likf;fg;gl;L mjDila

eilKiwg;glj;jy; nghJeyDf;F Kuzhf mikAk; NghJ my;yJ murpayikg;gpd;

nfhs;iffis kPWk; NghJ mJ njspthfpd;wJ. epajpr;rl;l hPjpahd my;yJ

ePjpkd;wq;fspd; flik ,e;j tplaq;fis tprhuiz nra;J ngUkstpy; nghJeyid

epiyepWj;JjyhFk;61;.

,d;DnkhU cjhuzk; jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;J ,uz;L khjq;fspd;

gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpd; nrQ;rpYitr;rq;fj;jpdhy; gzk; tPzhf;fg;gl;lJld;

njhlh;Gilajha; te;j tpz;zg;gk;. ,jd; nghUl;L fhh;fpy; Nghh; epthuzj;Jf;fhf;

,aw;if mdh;j;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;nfd xJf;fpa gzj;ij epajpr;rl;l

mikg;ghd ,e;jpa nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; nghJmjpfhhpfs; vt;thW Nkhrb

nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

gj;J Mz;LfSf;F gpwF $l jfty; chpik tpz;zg;gq;fis ifahYk;

mYtyhpkpUe;J xU gjpiy ngWtJ vt;tsT fbdkhdJ vd;gjid Nkw;Fwpa

tpz;zg;gj;ij nra;j `pl;nld;lu; n[apd; epidTgLj;jpdhh;. khtl;l eph;thfj;jplkpUe;J

te;j mOj;jk; jfty; njhlh;gpy; ,y;yhjjhy; n[apd; mjid toq;f kWj;Jtpl;lhh;62.

rl;lkhdJ xU khjj;jpy; jfty; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Njitg;gLj;jpapUe;j NghJk;

n[apdpd; tpz;zg;gk; Kjy; tpz;zg;gkhf ,Ue;jjhy; je;jpukhf 19 khjq;fs;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. MdhYk; mth; jdJ jpwikfis gHpl;rpg;gjw;F fpl;lj;jl;l

4>522 gf;fq;fis nfhz;l murhq;f Mtzj;ij Nehf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

,JNghd;w ntw;wpfikhd gy fijfs; cs;sd. ,d;DnkhU rk;gtk; fk;gdpfSf;F

epyf;fhp Ruq;fj;ij xJf;fPL nra;tjpy; Ghpag;gl;l Nkhrb njhlh;ghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lld;

njhlh;GilaJ. 2004 – 2009k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; 194 njhFjp

epyf;fhp Ruq;fj;ij cz;ikahd tpiyia tpl Fiwe;j tpiyf;F gy;NtWgl;l jdpahh;

kw;Wk; nghJfk;gdpfSf;F xJf;fpaJ. nghJthf Fwpj;j xJf;fPl;L Kiwf;nfd xU

eilKiwAs;sJ. mjhtJ Kjypy; Fwpj;j fk;gdpfsplkpUe;J Fj;jif Nfhug;gLk;.

60 <http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/10204/if-not-for-rti-2g-action-taken-would-be-a-secret.htm>. 61 <https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/10/12/5-most-critical-scams-exp_n_8263302.html>. 62 <https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/10/12/5-most-critical-scams-exp_n_8263302.html>.

26

gpd;dh; Vyk; eilngWtjD}lhf $ba tpiyAs;s nfhs;tdthsUf;F epyf;fhp Ruq;fk;

xJf;fg;gLk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l elgbKiwfSf;F khwhf murhq;fk; kpfg;nghpa fk;gdpfshd

Jindal Group, Essar Group, Laxmi Mittal Nghd;wtw;why; toq;fg;gl;l ,yQ;rj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; epyf;fhp Ruq;fj;ij Fwpj;j fk;gdpfSf;F tpw;gid nra;jJ.

,jd;fhuzkhf fk;gdpfspd; tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;j Ntisapy; murhq;fk; &gh 1.86

,yl;rk; Nfhb tUkhdthpia ,oe;Js;sJ.

jfty; chpikAldhd ,e;jpahtpd; gy ntw;wpfukhd rk;gtq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk;

mz;ikf;fhy rthy;fs; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. njw;fhrpahtpd; Vida

gFjpfspy; mwptjw;fhd chpikAld; gutuyhf mwpag;glhj tifapy; mDgtq;fs;

fye;Js;sd. gq;fshNj~py; jfty; chpikr; rl;lj;jpYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l tpjptpyf;Ffis

nghJthf NkNyhq;Fk; tplakhf nghJeyd; NkNyhq;Fjy; mike;Js;sJ. NtWtifapy;

$Wtjhapd; jftiy ntspapl kWg;gjw;F rl;lj;jpd; fPo; kl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;d ,Ug;gpDk;

nghJeyDld; njhlh;GilajhapUe;jhy; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahdJ gpui[fSf;F

jftiy toq;f kWf;f KbahJ. mj;jifa ntspg;ghl;bd; Muk;gkhf ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;j

jftiy ntspapLtjhy; cUthFk; jPq;if tpl nghJeyd; vd;gJ

NkNyhq;;fpapUj;jyhFk;. Mdhy; ,J gq;fshNj~py; cs;s rl;lk; Nghd;wjy;y.

gq;fshNj~py; rpy FiwghLfs; cs;s NghJk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs;>

fy;tpj;Jiwapdh;> jdpegh;fs;> epGzh;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fshNj~pd; rh;tNjr

mgptpUj;jpg;gq;fhsh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; 2009k; Mz;bd; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;ij

tuNtw;Ws;sdh;. NkYk; [dehafj;ij tYg;gLj;jp ntspg;gLj;jiy jhgpj;J murhq;f

nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd xU tha;g;ghfNt ,jid ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. Vnddpy; jfty;

chpikr; rl;lk; khj;jpuNk gq;fshNj~pYs;s xNunahU rl;lkhFk;. mjDila Nehf;fk;

jfty;fis toq;FtjD}lhf nghJkf;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jyhFk;.

Neghsj;jpy; jfty; chpikr;rl;lkhdJ 2007k; Mz;bd; ,ilf;fhy murpayikg;G> 2007k;

Mz;bd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lk;> 2009k; Mz;bd; jfty; chpikf;fhd xOq;F tpjpfs;

kw;Wk; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; cWg;Giu 27 ,w;F mika cUthf;fg;gl;l

tifg;gLj;jYf;fhd FO %yk; ntspaplg;gLk; tifg;gLj;jYf;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fs;

vd;gd %yk; Msg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Vw;ghLfSf;F mg;ghy; gy vz;zpf;ifapyhd NtW

epajpr;rl;lq;fSk; jftYf;fhd chpikia xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wd.

2007k; Mz;bd; ,ilf;fhy murpyikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 27 mdJ jftYf;fhd chpikia

xU mbg;gil chpikahf cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mJ gpui[fs; jkf;F

Njitnadf;fUJk; jfty;fis ngWtjw;fhd my;yJ NfhUtjw;fhd chpikia

27

toq;Ffpd;wJ. mJ rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis toq;f

fl;lhag;gLj;jtpy;iy.

2007k; Mz;bd; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 3 kw;Wk; 30 MdJ nghJkf;fSf;F

Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; jdpegh;fSf;F Njitahd jfty;fis ngWtjw;fhd chpikia

Neghs gpui[fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mjpfhukspf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,r;rl;lhdJ gphpT 27

kw;Wk; 28 Mfpa gphpTfspy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;Wf;fhd

Ntwhd Vw;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj chpikg; gad;ghl;lhsh;fs; kpfTk; gaDs;s

tifapy; ,r;rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

,d;DnkhU epfo;T> murpayikg;G cUthf;fj;jpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia NgZtjpy;

kf;fs; jkJ chpikia gad;gLj;j jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gl;Ls;sJ.

Neghsk; 2008k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 10e; jpfjp jdJ KjyhtJ murpayikg;G hPjpahd

rigf;fhd Njh;jiy elhj;jpapUe;jJ. ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; xU Gjpa murpayikg;ig

gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;F epajpr;rl;l hPjpahf mjDila 601 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njitg;gl;ldh;.

mjid nra;a mJ jtwpa NghJ 2012k; M;zL Nk khjk; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

cj;juit njhlh;e;J ,Wjpahf mJ jPh;j;Jitf;fg;gLk; tiu murpayikg;G rigapd;

fhy vy;iy gy;NtW re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ePbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4. KbTiu

,e;j tphpthd kjpg;gPlhdJ jftYf;fhd chpikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;L

fhl;b mjDila KOg;ghtidiaAk; cWjp nra;tjw;F rhpahd rl;lk; xU ehl;by;

Njit vd;gjidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mNjNeuk; Fwpg;ghf r%f nry;thf;F mjhtJ

jdpahh; mikg;Gf;fs;> $l;LwT mYtyfq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;> kf;fspd;

gpujpepjpfs;> murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; chpik ghJfhf;fg;gLtij

cWjp nra;tjpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wdh; vd;gJ epidtpy;

itj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;ba xd;whFk;. NkYk; rl;lk; rhpahd ,lj;jpy; Kiwahd

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp> gpui[fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd chpikahdJ ,yQ;r Coiy

Fiwg;gjw;F cjTtNjhL nghJkf;fspd; mjpfhuk; J~;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLtijAk;

jLf;fpd;wJ. nghJmjpfhuk; nghJkf;fspd; eyDf;fhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jftYf;fhd chpikahdJ nghJmjpfhuk; kw;Wk; tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij

fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd chpikia toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; mg;ghy; jftYf;fhd

mjpfhu vy;iyahdJ gpui[fs; rhjhuzkhf Fwpj;j tpisit mile;Js;shh;fsh

28

my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gjid nghUl;gLj;jhky; mth;fs; nghJKbTfisg;gw;wp njhpe;J

nfhs;s ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ.

jftYf;fhd chpikr;rl;lkhdJ fUj;JUthd epiyf;F MSikj;jd;ikid

khw;wpaikf;fpd;wJ jftiy ntspapLjyhdJ murhq;fj;jpd; tpUg;gj;jpy;

jq;fpapUf;ftpy;iy. nghJ cWg;gpdh;fspd; jftiy NfhUtjw;fhf nfhz;Ls;s

chpikf;F gjpyhf mNdf rl;lmikg;Gf;fs; Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahf mt;tg;NghJ jftiy

ntspapLkhW murhq;fj;ij Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

Njrpa ghJfhg;G tpjptpyf;fhdJ jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; kpfTk; Nghl;bj;jd;ikahd

tpjptpyf;fhFk;. mNdfkhd Ml;rp vy;iyfs; nghJjftiy mZFtjw;fhd mDkjpf;F

nghJthd gphpTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G eyDf;F Mgj;J Vw;gLk;

jftyhapUg;gpd; Fwpj;j jftiy epuhfhpf;f KbAk;. ,e;j tpjptpyf;F eilKiwapy;

vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; epahakhd eyd; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd;

mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd chpik Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNa nghUj;jkhd rkepiy cs;sJ

vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;. xUGwk; jftiy mZFjyhdJ

murhq;fj;jpd; J~;gpuNahfj;ij jLf;fTk; ,yQ;r Coiy Fiwf;fTk; KbAk;.

kw;nwhUtifapy; ,uh[je;jpuk;> Gydha;T Nrfhpg;G ,uhZt eltbf;iffspy;

,ufrpaj;jd;ik vd;gd NjitahAs;sJ. ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa rkepiyia epWj;jp

NtWghl;il toq;FtJ xU rthyhd tplakhFk;.

njw;fhrpahtpy; Njrpa ghJfhg;G gy;NtW tifahd kdpj chpik kPwy;fis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhdJk; mbg;gil chpikfis kWg;gjw;fhdJkhd xU fUtpahf

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ jftiy mZFtjid jLg;gjw;F mNjKiwapy;

gad;gLj;jg;glKbahJ. mJ nghJkf;fspd; ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

,e;j vy;yh mk;rq;fspYk;> ,yq;ifapy; jfty; chpikapd; mDgtq;fSk; jfty;

chpikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Kaw;rpfSk; rhjfkhAs;sd. ehl;bdJk; mjd;

kf;fspdJk; eyd;fspy; ,e;j Neh;kiwahd Nghf;Ffs; njhlUk; vd;W

vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

29

,yq;if mur nghJ Nritapd; %bkiwf;Fk; Nghf;F

Rrpy; rpuptu;jz

1. Kd;Diu

,yq;if mur nghJ Nritapd; mbg;gil gz;ghfNt %bkiwf;Fk; fyhrhuk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;why; jtwhfhJ. Mdhy; ,J 2016Mk; Mz;L jfty; mwpAk;;

cupik gpur;rhuj;jpd; %yk; ngUkstpy; jfu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j %bkiwf;Fk;

fyhr;rhuk; KbTWtjw;F kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhf mike;jJ rptpy;

mikg;Gf;fspd; ghupa Kiwg;ghLfSk; gy jrhg;gjq;fshf ,e;j %bkiwf;Fk;

fyhrhuj;jpd; FiwghLfSkhFk;. 2016Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l

,r;rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf ,f;fyhr;rhuk; xU KbTf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,e;j

fl;Liu ,yq;ifapd; mur nghJ Nritapd; %bkiwf;Fk; fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd

xU gpujpgypg;ghFk;.

2. jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fs;

,ij tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehd; %d;W jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;l

tpisfpd;Nwd;. ehd; ,yq;if epu;thf Nritapy; 1965 Mk; Mz;L

,ize;jjpy; ,Ue;J ,d;W tiu ele;Njwpa mDgtq;fNs ,it.

vdJ KjyhtJ mDgtkhdJ Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l ,isQu;fSld; mtu;fspd;

tho;f;if juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l jPu;T tptrhaKiw

njhlu;ghd njhlu;rpahd fye;Jiuahly; MFk;. vy;yh khtl;lq;fSk; ngUkstpy;

fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;L $ba NeuKk; nrytplg;gl;lJ. njhlu;r;rpahd fz;fhzpg;G

kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpapd; %yk; ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,t;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJ

,isQu;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;l Copau;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; ePz;l Neu;Kf

ciuahly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mjpy; fle;jfhy> jw;Nghja kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyk;

njhlu;ghf fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,isQu;fs; mur Copau;fis Fiw $WtJ

kpfTk; nghJthf ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ gu];gu Kuz;ghLfs;

my;y Mdhy; kdg;ghq;Fk; mDFKiwfSk; MFk;. mjhtJ mur

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jkJ flikfis ngUk;ghYk; Kw;whf kWg;gjdhy; gy

gjw;wkhd #o;epiyfs; cUthtJld; mij jPu;g;gjw;F ehNd nghWg;Ngw;f

Ntz;bAk; ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F ek;gfj;jd;ik kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J ek;gpf;if

kw;Wk; r%f xg;ge;jk; rk;ge;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

30

,uz;lhtJ mDgtk; kpfTk; jdpg;gl;lJk; eatQ;rfkhdJkhf ,Ue;jJ. ehd;

murhq;f %Nyhgha jpl;lj; Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;Njd;. tsu;r;rp epu;thfj;jpy;

,uz;L eilKiwfis ehd; cWjpahf ek;gpNdd;. epWtdj;jpd; gupkhdky;y

cWjpahd jiyikj;JTk; cw;rhfkhd Mf;fG+u;tKs;s jpwikAk; jhd;

Kf;fpak; vd;W czu;e;Njd;. xt;nthU gzpf;Fk; Ml;Nru;g;G Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

NghJ mtu;fspd; jpwik mg;gzpf;F cfe;jjh vd;gjpy; kpfTk; ftdkhf

,Ue;Njd;. ehd; vg;NghJk; KOikahd jpwikiaAk; mu;g;gzpg;Gk; cs;s

Copau;fSlNdNa gzp Gupe;Njd;. xt;nthU jPu;khdKk; vy;NyhUlDk;

fye;jhNyhrpj;Nj vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ek;gpf;if kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf ,Ue;jJ ,jdhy;

xt;nthU ntw;wplk; tUk; NghJk; mjw;F jFe;j mjpfhupia njupT

nra;tjw;F fhyk; Njitg;gl;lJ. ehd; ek;gpaJ ahnjdpy; rpwe;j

jFjpAlatu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; Vnddpy; gy

gpur;rpidfs; vOtJ mq;Nfjhd;. ,jd; mDkhdk; ahnjdpy; ,jDhlhf kj;jp jhdf

Nkk;gLk; vd;gNj MFk;

xU ehs; vd;dhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj mstpw;F ehd; Nfhgk; mile;Njd;.

,jw;F fhuzk; vdf;F fPo; Copau; gjtpapy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUe;j

xUtu; vd;Dila kWj;jypd; gpd;Gk; mikr;ruhy; vd;Dila gjpy; mjpfhupahf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Fwpj;j mjpfhup epakpf;fg;gLtij ehd; kWj;jjw;F fhuzk; mtUf;F

mg;gjtpf;F Njitahd jFjpfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gNj. ehd; kWg;gjw;fhd fhuzk;

njupe;jpUe;j NghjpYk; mikr;rupd; rpghuprpd; ngaupYk; rpygy cl;G+ry;

epfo;TfspdhYk; ,e;j jPu;khdk; ,ufrpakhf ele;NjwpaJ.

,Wjpahd mDgtk; ahnjdpy; ehd; xU mikr;rupd; rpNu~;l MNyhrfuhf

gzpGupAkhW njhiyNgrpapd; %yk; miof;fg;gl;Nld;. ehd; Xa;T ngw;W ,UgJ

tUlk; fle;jpUe;jhYk; kupahijf;fhf ehd; mij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Nld;. ehd;

kPz;Lk; mur Nritf;F jpUk;gpa NghJ mLj;jLj;J vdJ gpuj;jpNafkhd

cj;jpNahf miw khw;wg;gl;lJ. xU fl;lj;jpy; vdf;F toq;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahf

miw vdJ gjtpf;F nghUj;jkw;wJ vd;gij Gupe;J nfhz;Nld;. ehd; Nghjpa

fhuzq;fSld; Kiwg;ghL Nkw;nfhz;l NghJk; Ie;J khjq;fshf KbTf;F

nfhz;L tug;glhky; ,ufrpa eltbf;iffs; jpiuf;F gpd;dhy; eilngw;wd.

rpNu~;l Kfhikj;Jtk; ,J gw;wp vd;dplk; vJTk; fye;Jiuahltpy;iy. ,J

kpfTk; tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,J fye;Jiuahlypd; %yk; kpf ,yFthf

jPu;j;jpUf;f$ba xd;W. Vnddpy; midtUk; Kd;Ng ed;F njupe;jtu;fs;.

,Wjpahf vd;id kPz;Lk; ,lk; khw fl;lhak; nra;jjhy; ehd; jd;dpr;irahf

Xa;T ngw;Nwd;.

31

ehd; ,U jrhg;jq;fSf;F gpd; nghJ Nritapy; ,ize;j NghJ epWtd

kw;Wk; epu;thf fyhrhuj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l khw;wkhdJ kpfTk; ngupJ. ,d;iwa

fyhrhukhdJ vt;tpj fye;JiuahlYk; mw;w xUtupd; fl;Lg;ghl;L ngl;bf;Fs;

,aq;Ftij Nghd;wJ. ,e;j ,ufrpa fyhrhuk; ,d;W ngupJk;

filg;gpbf;fg;gLtJld;> ,jid jLf;f Ntz;ba cau; mjpfhupfSk;

ghuhKfkhf ,Ug;gJ jhd; ,d;iwa ey;yhl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; fyhrhuk; MFk;.

,ij ey;yhl;rp vd ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpd;wdu;!

3. nghJthd jtWfs;

,e;j ,ufrpa fyhrhuk; cUthtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; njhlu;ghf

Muha;tJ kpfTk; gaDs;sjhFk;. ,f;fhuzq;fis ,dq;fhZjy; jfty; mwpAk;

cupik njhlu;ghd tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpLk;. NkYk;> jftywpAk; cuppikapd;

nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshd kf;fSf;Fk;> ,j;Jiwapy; gzp GupNthUf;F mtu;fspd; gq;F

njhlu;ghf rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsf;fkspf;fTk; ce;J rf;jpahf mikAk;.

mjpfsthd murpay; kakhf;fy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpidf; nfhz;L gpui[fspd;

gq;fhw;wiy Fiwtilar; nra;tNj ,tw;Ws; Kjy; fhuzkhFk;. kf;fspd;

,iwahz;ik mjpfhuKk; nry;tKk; epiwe;j murhy; kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;

,Ue;J njspthf tpsq;FtJ ahnjdpy; murpayikg;G epj;jk; epuhfupf;fg;gLtNj

MFk;. ed;F mwpag;gl;l rptpy; r%fk; - muR - re;ij/jdpahu;j;Jiw vDk;

Kf;Nfhzj;jpy;> rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;F kpfTk; Jd;gfukhdJ. murpd;

Nkyhjpf;fKk; mjd; tpRthrpfSk;> murpay;thjpfSk;> mjpfhuj;JtthjpfSk; ,f;

fyhrhuj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

,uz;lhtJ jtW ahnjdpy; Njrpa fl;likg;G njhlu;ghd mikg;G KiwAk;

Vida Kf;fpakhd ghupa nray;KiwfSk; MFk;. vkJ Njrpa fl;Lkhdj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; FiwghL ,jw;F Kf;fpakhf topNfhYfpd;wJ. vq;fSila ehl;bd;

tpLjiyf;fhd nraw;ghl;il Kd;ndLf;Fk; fhyg;gFjpapy; ehk; epWtpa m];jpthuk; xU

ehl;bd; xUkpj;j tpLjiyia tpl ,d uPjpahd nraw;ghlhfNt mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ.

fhe;jpAk; NeUTk; ,e;jpahit fl;bnOg;Gk; NghJ ehhq;fs; ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F

topf;NfhypAs;Nshk;. ,J Njrpa Rje;jpuj;ij %ygha ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L

JUtKidg;G ,d murpay;thjk; cUthfpaJ. ,Jjhd; 28 tUl ,d Aj;jj;jpw;F

tpj;jpl;lJ. ehq;fs; ehkhfNt tpUk;gp vk;ik gpupj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;. Vida

,dg;gpuptpdu;fis ehk; vjpupahff; fhz Neupl;lJ. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ehk; vkJ Kl;lhs;;

jdj;ij czu;e;jhYk;; gug;ggl;l ,e;j ,dntwp vd;w itu]; ,g;NghJk; nrwpe;J

32

fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. ,JNt fz;b(2018) kw;Wk; NgUtiyapy; (2016)

ele;j rpWghd;ikapdu; kPjhd jhf;Fjy;fSf;F mbg;gilahFk;.

%d;whtJ jtW ahnjdpy; r%ftpay; uPjpahd Nehf;fpy; MNuhf;fpakhd murhy;

Msg;gLk; r%fk; kw;Wk; mjpfkhf murpay;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l murhy; Msg;gLk;

r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL. vkJ r%fj;ij 1920 ,y; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu

,uz;L fl;lq;fshf gpupj;J Nehf;fyhk;. ,e;j NtWghL kpfTk; rpwg;ghf

njspTg;gLj;JtJ fPo;f;fhZk; rpy %y mk;rq;fshy; MFk;. KjyhtJ 1920 ,ypUe;J

1950 tiu vkJ rKfk; MNuhf;fpakhfTk; [dehaf uPjpapYk; Msg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpujhd

mk;rkhf murpay; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu J}z;fs; MNuhf;fpakhdjhfTk; [dehaf

uPjpapYk; topelj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf r%f kw;Wk; murpay; nghwpapaiy jukhd

epiyfshYk; kjPg;gPLfshYk; top elj;j cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. cau;kl;lj;jpNy

mgpg;gpuhaq;fSf;Fk; ,lkpUe;jJ. (cjhuzkhf Bracegirdle kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; ,isQu;

fhq;fpu]; mDgtq;fs;) nghJ epu;thfk; jdpkdpj tpUg;GfSf;F mg;ghy;gl;L kpfTk;

rpwg;ghf elj;jg;gl;lJ. ru;t[d thf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; epue;ju murpay; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

murrig Clhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; rhu;ghf ,Ue;jJld;

,it epyk; kw;Wk; jPu;Tf; nfhs;if> cs;Suhl;rp> nghJNtiyfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>

tptrhak; >czT kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf mike;jJ. mJ fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpapy;

mbikg;gl;l kf;fS;fF Gj;Jzu;r;rp mspj;jJ. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf fhyzpj;Jt

Ml;rpapy; kWf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kf;fSfF toq;fg;gl;lJ NkYk; xU

tsu;r;rpg;gbahf mike;jJ.

,jw;F khwhf rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;> 1950 ,w;F gpd; Vw;gl;l ,df;fytuq;fs; kw;Wk;

mjpfstpyhd murpakakhf;fyile;j 1972 murpayikg;G Nghd;wit NtW tpjkhd

rKfj;jpw;F mbf;fy; ,l;lJ. fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij ePf;Ftjw;fhf

nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nfhs;iffSk; jpl;lq;fSk; rupahf mKy;gLj;jg;glhjjhYk;

mtw;wpd; nghUj;jkpd;ikahYk; ghupa nghUshjhu el;lq;fSk; murpay;thjpfspd;

mgfupg;Gf;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. xUgf;fj;jpy; Aj;jnraw;ghLfSk; kWg;gf;fj;jpy;

MNuhf;fpakhd epu;thf NritfSk; iftplg;gl;lJ. ,it kPs; guprPyidf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; kpff;FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj nra;Kiwfshy; jhd; MNuhf;fpakhd muirf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;F

,ilAwhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt ,e;j mrke;jg; Nghf;Fjhd; mur epWtdq;fspd; ,ufrpa

Nghf;fpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

vdNt ,e;j mrke;j epu;thf KiwikNa ,yq;ifia fle;j 50-60 Mz;Lfshf Mz;L

tUfpwJ. ,J gy ghupa khw;wq;fis ,yq;if r%fj;jpy; cUthf;fpAss;J. ,jd;

ghupa tpisTfshy; rpwe;j kw;Wk; cau;juj;jpw;F cWJizahf ,Ue;J gq;fhw;Wk;

33

kdpj ,ay;G mopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; Kd;G fhzg;gl;l kdpjhgpkhdk; kpf;f

Kd;khjpupahd nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; egu;fs; jw;Nghija fhyfl;lj;jpy fhz;gJ kpfTk;

mupjhfptpl;lJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F Nehf;fpd; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; gioa jdpahu;

ghlrhiyfSk; cs;s mjpgu;fspd; juk; %yk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthUtUk; ngUk;

Kd;khjpupahf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; jhu;kPfkpf;f kdpju;jshy;

kf;fs; Msg;gLfpwhu;fsh vd;gJ ghupa Nfs;tpf;FwpNa.

mbg;gilahd Fiwg;ghLfs; gw;wpa ,r;rpwpa tpsf;fj;jpw;F gpd; ehk; vd;d nra;a

Ntz;Lk;? vt;thW kPs; guprPyid nra;J nghWg;Gs;s ,yq;ifia cUthf;f

jftywpAk; cupikia vt;thW gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;?

4. #oyikg;Gf;fis khw;Wjy;

,e;j fl;Liuia Kbf;f nghJthd kw;Wk; ghupa tifahd Ecosystem vDk;

fUg;nghUis capuhf;f tpisfpd;Nwd;. vkJ ghu;itapy; jfty; ngWk; cupikahdJ

xU %Nyhgha MAjk; MFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;Fk; Fiwe;j fhyg;gFjpapy;

mile;Js;s ntw;wp kpfTk; ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ. jfty; ngWk; ,e;j cupikahdJ

epahakhd kw;Wk; xOf;fkhd kWrPuikg;G Clfkhf jpfo;tJld; rptpy; r%fj;jpd;

elj;ij Ml;rpapy; cau;tjw;Fk; ,J Kf;fpa Clfkhf jpfo;fpwJ.

jfty; ngWk; ,e;j cupikahdJ xU nraw; jpwd; kpf;f cj;Ntf rf;jpahf

,Ug;gJld; ,J kf;fSfF; mjpfhuk; mspf;Fk; nraw;ghlhf cs;sJ vd;gjpy; vt;tpj

IaKkpy;iy. 2015 kw;Wk; tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa Nrhgpj Njuu; mtu;fspd; ,af;fkhdJ ,jd;

Muk;g cjhuzq;fshFk;. vdNt jfty; ngWk; cupikahdJ mjw;fhd tuyhw;iw

cWjpg;gLj;JtJtJ njspthfpd;wJ.

34

Neu;ikahdgj;jpupf;ifahsu;fSf;fhd jfty; cupikf;fhd rl;lk;

rpd;fh ul;zJq;f

1. Muk;gf; fUj;Jf;fs;

,sk; gj;jpupf;ifahsu;fSf;F> %j;j gj;jpupf;ifahsu;fs; vt;thW mtu;fsJ

fhyj;jpy; cj;jpNahfG+u;t nra;jpfis rpW JZf;FfspypUe;J fz;lwpe;jhu;fs; vd;w

fijfis Nfl;gij tpl vupr;rY}l;LtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.

,d;iwa ,isQu;fSf;F ,it ‘Nfhg;gp fhyk;’ vd;w xd;wiu rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapd; fijfNs. Mdhy; %j;Njhu;fSf;F jd; rfhf;fs;>

Kd;dhs; rfhf;fSldhd epidTfis kPl;L ghu;f;f ,f;fijfs; cWJizahf

cs;sJ . mtu;fs; vt;thW rpwg;ghd Af;jpfis ifahz;L ,ufrpak; Ngz rl;lj;jpd;

Kd; cWjpnaLj;j mur Copau;fsplkpUe;J ,ufrpakhd> tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l nra;jpfis

ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu; vdf; $Wtu;.

mt;thwhf Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rpy fijfs; gok;ngUk; jd;ikahdit. mtw;Wnyhd;Nw>

epUgu; xUtu; %j;j murhq;f mjpfhupapd; ( Vw;fdNt Ftpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuG+u;tkhd

Nfhg;Gfs; Ftpe;j) Nkirf;F mtiu fhz nry;Yk; NghJ> jd; Nfhg;Gfis

itj;J tpl;L kPz;Lk; mitfis vLj;J nry;Yifapy; jd; Nfhg;GfSld;

Nru;j;J Nkyjpfkhf ,d;Dk; NtW rpy Nfhg;Gf;fisAk; %j;j mjpfhupapd;

NkirapypUe;J vLj;J nry;fpwhu;. mtu; kWehNs jtWjyhf ,lk;ngw;wnjd

Fwpg;gpl;L mf;Nfhg;Gf;fis kPs ifaspj;jy; murhq;f jfty;fis ngWk; mtupd;

KiwahFk;.

epjp mikr;rupdhy; [dhjpgjpf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l ke;jkhd fbjq;fs;>

mt;tikr;rpd; vOj;ju;fshy; frpatplg;gl;lJk; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; topahf

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F vOJtpidQu; ifg;gw;wpa fbjk; epUguplk; toq;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;

mt;tpUtUf;Fk; mf;fbjj;jpd; nkhop me;epakhdjhy; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

mwpa Kbatpy;iy MapDk; fbjj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l Kj;jpiu %yk; mJ

,ufrpakhdJ vd mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,q;F fbjkhdJ nfhOk;G

Nfhl;ilapy; itj;J vOJtpidQuhy; epUguplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJld; mjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;j ,johrpupauplk; epUgupdhy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;

,ufrpak; frpe;j NghJ mikr;ru; [dhjpgjpiaNa re;Njfpj;jhu; vd;gJk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

35

,t;thwhf fle;j rfhg;jj;jpy; jfty; ngwg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ,d;iwa epUgu;fSf;F

jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lk; %yk; Neubahf jftiy Nfhu $bajhf

cs;sik rpwg;ghdNj. ,t;Tupikapd; %yk; murhq;fk; my;yJ gfpuq;f

Mizf;FOf;fs; kiwf;f KaYk; ,ufrpa jfty;fis ntspf;nfhzu;e;J

Clftpayhsu;fs; jq;fsJ Ntiyia ,yFgLj;j KbfpwJ. Mdhy; jfty;

mwpAk; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L xU tUl fhyg;gFjpapd; gpd;dUk; kpfr; rpy

Clftpayhsu;fs; kl;LNk ,Jtiu fhykhf kiwf;fg;gl;L te;j fz;Lgpbf;fg;glhj

tplaq;fis fz;lwpa ,r;rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

fLk; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F fpilj;j $ypNa ,e;j jfty; mwpAk; rl;l %yk;

vd;gij gy ,sk; Clftpayhsu;fs; czu;tjpy;iy;. .rpyu; epidg;gJ Nghy

,J rhjhuzkhf ele;Njupa tplaky;y vd;gNj cz;ik.

2.jftywpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd gpur;rhuk;

,U jrhg;gjq;fspw;F Kd;du; ,johrpupau; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghsu; kPjhd njhlu;r;rpahd

Fw;wtpay; mtJ}W gpur;rhuj;jpd; gpd; murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Clfq;fs;

mzpjpuz;l NghJ gjpg;ghsu;> ,johrpupau;> Mu;tyu;fshy; Rje;jpu jfty;

rl;lkhdJ Nfhug;gl;lJ Mdhy; mjw;fhd mjpfhuG+u;tkhd Nfhupf;ifahdJ 1998Mk;

Mz;bd; Clf Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; r%f nghWg;G kPjhd nfhOk;G gpufldk;

ClhfNt nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

,r;rl;lkhdJ 2004Mk; Mz;bNy Clfq;fSld; el;GwT nfhz;l murhq;fj;jpdhy;

gj;jpupf;ifahsu; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;Gld; tiuag;gl;L mikr;ruitAk; ,r;rl;l

tiugpid mq;fPfupj;jJ Mdhy; ,r;rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l NghJ

ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;likahy; KO nrad;KiwAk; iftplg;gl;lJ

,y;yhtpby; ,t;thwhdnjhU Kw;Nghf;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpajd; %yk;

[dehaf cyfpd; gpw ehLfSf;F vLj;J fhl;lhf ,yq;if jpfo;e;jpUf;fTk;

,k;Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; njw;fhrpa ehlhf ,Ue;jpUf;fTk; KbAk; .

,r;rl;lij mjpy; Mu;tk; nfhz;l jug;gpdu; mtu;fsJ ed;Ndhf;fpw;fhf

tpUk;gTkpy;iy> xU Ntis mg;NghNj mJ ntspf;nfhzug;gl;bUe;jhy; ,d;W

[dhjpgjp tprhuiz Mizf;FO Kd;dpiyapYk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Kd;dpiyapYk;

fl;ltpOk; Coy; xg;ge;jq;fs; vy;yhk; md;Nw ntspg;gl;bUf;FNkh vd;dNth.

36

nghJkf;fs; xU jrhg;j fhykh fpsu;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L murpay;

jiyikj;Jtj;jpid fl;lhag;gLj;jpNa Rje;jpu jfty; rl;l tiugpd; thuprhd

jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jdu; ,t; ,ilf;fhyj;jpNy

jftYf;fhd Rje;jpukhdJ gpui[fspd; xU cupikahf tpUj;jpahfp jfty;

mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ. murpayikg;gpw;fhd gj;njhd;gjhk; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpD}lhf murpayikg;G me;j];ij ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mjpy; gy FoWgbfs;

,Ue;jikia kWf;fKbahJ.

,yq;ifapy; jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;ij nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd

Nghuhl;lkhdJ Clf Jiwapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gpDk; vk; may; ehlhd

,e;jpahtpNy ,e;epiy Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ljhf cs;sJ. ,e;jpa ehl;bd;

khepynkhd;whd uhI];jhdpYs;s fpuhk Gwq;fspd; mbkl;l nraw;ghLfspdhy;

,t;Tupikf;fhd Nfhuy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L gpw khepyq;fspd; thapyhf jiyefuhd

GJ by;ypf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; nry;y $ba epiyAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

rhjhuzkhf ,lk;ngWk; tPjpNghuhl;lq;fs;> cz;zhtpuj Nghuhl;lq;fs;> nghJ

$l;lq;fs; Nghpy; ,e;jpa ehl;bNy jd;dhu;t FOf;fshy; kw;Wk; xd;W jpul;lg;gl;l

tptrhapfSk; njhopyhsu;fSk; <Lgl;L ,r;rl;lj;ij Nfhupa NghJk; ,e;jpa

murpay;thjpfs; Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy;; mspj;j thf;FWjpfspypUe;J gpd;thq;fp

jfty; mwpjiy epu;thf fl;lis %yk; nfhz;Ltu Kad;wdu;;. ,Ug;gpDk;

,e;jpa ehl;bd; Mu;tyu;fs; ,it vjidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

‘,e;jpa jfty; mwpAk; cupikapd; jha;’ vd miof;fg;gLk; mUdh Nuha; vd;w

vOj;jhsu; ,e;jpa ehl;bd; jfty; mwpAk; cupikia gw;wp ‘The RTI Story – Power

to the People’ vd;w jdJ E}ypy; “jfty; mwpjyhdJ rhjhuz kf;fSf;F

rf;jpia toq;FtJld; mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; [dehaf

ePjpapd; J}z;fis tYg;gLj;j jdJ gq;fspg;gpid toq;fp tUfpwJ. ” vd $wpAs;shu;.

Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fspD}lhf ghu;f;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpNy rl;l gpur;rhuk; njhlu;ghf

mbkl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; fUj;J Nfl;fg;gLk; mNjNtis ,yq;ifapy; ntWkNd

nfhOk;ig ikakhf nfhz;L rl;lgpur;rhuq;fs; cUthfpwJ vd $wyhk;.

,jdhNyNa ,yq;ifapd; rl;lg;gpur;rhuq;fspd; ngWkjp Fiwthf

czug;gLtJld; mjd; gutYk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. Fbapay; r%f FOf;fs;

fpuhkGwq;fspw;F rl;lj;ij nfhz;L nry;y Kaw;rp nra;j NghjpYk;

37

mjpfhug;G+u;t jftiy ngWk; cupikapd; Gjpa tha;g;ig ngWtjw;F tpiuthf

,Ue;jtu;fs; ngUepWtdq;fis jkJ fl;rpf;fhuuhf nfhz;l tof;fwpQu;fNs.

mNj rkak; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; jhk; ghJfhf;f tpUk;Gk; jfty;fis

ghJfhf;fTk; tof;fwpQu;fis jf;f itj;J nfhs;fpd;wJ ,t;tof;fwpQu;fNs

,jid gad;gLj;jp jkJ NtiyiaAk; Kbj;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

3. Clfq;fspdhy; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gad;ghL

jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lkhdJ mjd; Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy

Clfq;fspd; cw;rhfKk; mNj kl;lj;jpy; jhd; cs;sJ. rkPgj;jpy; ,yq;if

gjpg;gf epWtdkhdJ jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpd; Kjyhkhz;il Kd;dpl;L

ntspapl;l ntspaPl;by; jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpd; fPohd

tpz;zg;gq;fspD}lhf ngwg;gl;l jfty;fis nfhz;L Clfq;fspy; ntspte;j

fl;Liufis njhFg;gjw;fhf kpfTk; rpukg;gl;Ls;sjhf njupa tUfpwJ ,Clftpayhsu;fspy; rpyu; khj;jpuNk ,r;rl;lj;jpw;fhf Kd;Ndhf;fp nraw;gLtJld;

,yq;if gpui[fspd; nghJ eyDf;fhf Mu;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdu; ,tu;fs; va;j

Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; ,tu;fspd; rfhf;fisAk; jkJ ghj RtLfis gpd; njhlUkhW

Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

“jfty; mwpAk; cupik – nra;jptbtpy; cUthf;fk;”; (RTI – Making the News) ifNaL jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpDhlhf ngwg;gl;l rpy Gydha;T

nra;jpfis Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. rz;Nl ilk;]; (Sunday Times) gj;jpupf;ifapy; ehkpdp tp[ajh] tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigahdJ Rw;Wg;Gw #oy; khR

njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPl;bid nra;ahJ nghUshjhu eyid khj;jpuk; fUj;jpy;

nfhz;L Utd;Gw mjpNtf neLQ;rhiy Ntiyia njhlq;fpaij Fwpg;gpl;L

fhl;bdhu;. nla;yp kpuu; (Daily Mirror;) gj;jpupf;ifapy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l rhe;jPg

ntl;brpq;ftpd; “EPF gets zero returns from majority of private equity investments’" ngUk;ghyhd jdpahu; KjyPLfspy; Copau; Nrkyhg epjpak; %ykhd tUtha;

G+r;rpa kl;lj;jpNyNa cs;sJ vd;w mwpf;ifapy; jfty; mwpAk; cupikia

gad;gLj;jpa tpjk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ..

,ijaLj;J te;j fhyg;gFjpapy; ,r;rl;l gad;ghl;lhsu;fsJ vz;zpf;if

mjpfupj;Nj cs;sJ vd;gjw;F vLj;Jfhl;lhf > jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lk;

mKYf;F te;j Mz;bNyNa gad;gLj;jpa Kd;Ndhbahd Clftpayhsu;fshd

gpurhe;j mNgtpf;uk (yf;gPk)> mIe;j gz;lhu uj;ehaf;f (tak;g LNl – tiyj;js

38

Clftpayhsu; - FUzhfiy) > uhFy; rke;j n`l;bahuhr;rp ( ,yq;if nra;jp

tiyj;jsk;) > re;jdp fpupe;Nj kw;Wk; re;Jd; nIatu;jd ( rz;Nl ilk;];) > ruj;

kDy tpf;uk ( ,yq;if gjpg;gf epWtdk;) cjae;jp Kdrpq;f ( nksgpa ) > gpfd;

Nkdfh > `upe;J cLtunfju kw;Wk; `upe;J nIatu;jd ( yq;fhjPg ) gpukdh

NjI; ntugpba ( ,upjh ) kw;Wk; cjad; gj;jpupf;ifapd; epUgu;fis $wyhk;. ,t;

vz;zpf;ifahdJ tUk; Mz;Lfspy; ,ul;bg;ghf mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf

cUthf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfis gpupj;jwpAk; tifapy; ,Jtiuapy; ve;jnthU

Clfj;jpYk; jdpahd xU gpupT ,y;iynad;gJ ftiyf;FupajhFk;. kw;WnkhU

gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; gj;jpupf;ifahsu;fs; jfty;fis tiyj;jsq;fspy; 24-7-

365 nra;jp Row;rpf;Fs; cl;GFj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp rpf;fyhd Muhag;gl

Ntz;ba nra;jpfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fhjikahy; jfty; mwpAk; cupikf;fhd

jdpahd xU gpupT rhj;jpakhFkh vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;FwpahfTs;sJ.

rpy tUlq;fspw;F Kd;du; ,e;jpa ehl;bYk; $l jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; %yk;

xU tpj Nrhk;gYk; xU tpj ntWg;G kdg;ghz;ikANk ,Ue;eJ. mNefkhNdhu;

,yq;ifia Nghd;W ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; jfty; ngWtJ Nghjpasthdnjd

fUjpapUe;jdu;. cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; MAj cupkq;fis ngw;w jdpahu; egu;fs;

gw;wpa jfty;fis jftywpAk; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd 700 tpz;zg;gq;fspypUe;J ehd;F

tUlq;fshf juTfis Nrfupj;j ]pahky; ahjt; vd;w vOj;jhsu; mtuJ

“jfty; mwpAk; cupikapD}lhd Clftpay; kw;Wk; jfty; tprhuizapd;

jhf;fk;” ‘Journalism through RTI – Information Investigation Impact’, vd;w jdJ E}ypy; ,e;jpa ehl;bd; Clftpayhsu;fs; jdf;F jfty; mwpAk; mjpfhuk; ,Ug;gjid

Vw;Wf;nfhs;s fhyk; nrd;wnjdf; $Wfpwhu;. me;jtifapy; xU rpy Clftpay;

Kd;Ndhbfs; jfty;fis Gydha;T nra;tjD}lhf ed;ikfis mDgtpj;Nj

jPUfpd;wdu;.

NkYk; mtu; $WtjhtJ ,e;j tuyhw;W rl;lthf;fj;jpd; vopnyd;dntdpy; jftywpAk; rl;lj;ij thrpf;fhkYk; mJ gw;wp mwpahkYk; $l xUtuhy;

mr;rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAnkd;whu;. mtu; Muha;e;j xU fijapy; MAjq;fis

itj;Jf;nfhs;s mDkjp ngw;w jdp egu;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis Nrfupf;f ahjt; vd;gtu;

4 tUlq;fspy; 700 jftywpAk; Kiwg;ghLfis nra;Js;shu;.

39

ghuJ}ukhd jfty;fis jfty;fis Njbr;nry;Yk; gj;jpupf;ifahsu;fis ,t;thwhd

tplhKaw;rpAk; ,iltplhj rf;jpAk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; mtu; $WtJ

ahnjdpy; gy ehLfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ,e;jpa ehl;bNy jfty; mwpAk;

cupik rl;lj;jpd; rhj;jpakhd gFg;gha;Tfis Ma;T nra;tjw;F mq;Fs;s

Clfk; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. mjdhy; midj;J ,e;jpa gpui[fSf;Fk;

jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lk; njhlu;ghf fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd gupe;Jiu

nra;fpwhu;.

4 jftywpAk; cupikia ,yq;ifapy; Cf;Ftpj;jy;

,e;jpahtpd; epiyg;ghl;bid njhlu;e;J ,yq;ifapy; jfty; mwpAk; cupik

rl;lj;jpd; Nghf;fpid Nehf;Fifapy; cw;rhfkspf;Fk; tplak; ahnjdpy;

,yq;ifapd; Clfj;Jiw mikr;ru; kq;fs rkutPutpdhy; mikr;ruitapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Kd;nkhopthd “fpuhkGwq;fspy; jfty; mwpjy; njhlu;ghd

tpopg;Gzu;tpid Vw;gLj;j elkhLk; Nrit kw;Wk; ehL G+uhfTk; ghlrhiy

kl;lq;fspy; jfty; mwpjy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nghl;bfis elj;Jk; nraw;jpl;lk;” 2018 Mk; Mz;bd; nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; mikr;ruitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lik MFk;.

NkYk; Clftpayhsu;fis tYthf;fTk; tsu;e;J tUk; Clftpayhsu;fsJ

tsu;r;rpf;fhfTk; Clf FOf;fs;> Clftpayhsu; rq;fk; > ,yq;if gjpg;gf

epWtdk; > Rje;jpu Clf ,af;fk;> ,johrpupau; FOf;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; xd;wpize;J

nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpd; gydpD}lhf

Clftpayhsu;fSf;F jq;fs; njhopy; Jiwapid NkYk; tsu;r;rp ghijf;F

,l;L nry;y KbAk; vd;gij mtu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;

nghJkf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhd jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

elgbKiw gw;wp mtu;fs; jkJ mwpit tsu;j;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; juk; tha;e;j Clf Jiwnahd;wpw;F jd; gq;fspg;gpid toq;f

Clftpayhsu;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpD}lhf jfty; ngWifapy; cyfpd; Nghypahd

tiyj;jsq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w NghypahdJk; ftu;r;rpfukhdJkhd

jfty;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; Njrpa eyd; vd;gtw;wpw;F

Kf;fpak; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;;. rkPgj;jpy; ,yq;if ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; $l

jfty; mwpAk; nrad;Kiwia gad;gLj;jp kpf Jupjkhf jdf;Fj; Njitahd

jftiy ngw;Ws;shu;. ,k;KiwahdJ cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhd ghuk;gupa Kiwfis

gad;gLj;jp jfty; mwptjid tpl tpiuthf ,Ue;jik rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

40

njhFg;ghf Nehf;Fifapy;> nghJ mYtyfq;fspy; gzpGupNthu; kf;fs; epjpfis nryT nra;a Kd;dUk; Coy; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl Kd;dUk;> mtu;fs;

nra;Ak; xt;nthU tplaKk;; rl;lg;gb xU ehs; epr;rakhf kf;fs;

fz;fhzpg;Gf;F cl;gLk; vd;gjhy; vr;rupf;ifAlDk;> rPuhd kdepiyAlDk;

nraw;gl jfty; mwpjy; rl;lk; toptFf;fpd;wJ.

41

,yq;if> jfty; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l

Mizfspy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L Mizfspd; tpkh;rd

hPjpahd kjpg;gPL

[ae;j B my;nka;lh Fzul;d63

1. mwpKfk;

mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ 2105k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ‘jftYf;fhd chpik’ MdJ

murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;ij jpUj;jpaikj;jjd; %yk; cWg;Giu 14(m) ,d; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;

xU mbg;gil chpikahf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.64 mjw;F Kd;dh; cah; ePjpkd;wk;

jdJ mbg;gil chpikf;fhd epahahjpf;fj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ cWg;Giu 14 I

cWg;Giu 1265 cld; Nrh;j;J thrpf;fpd;w re;jh;g;gj;jpy; me;j fl;likg;gpd; fPo; ‘jfty;

chpik’ rpy kl;Lg;ghLfSld; cl;fpilahf ,Ug;gjhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mjidtpl

Nkyjpfkhf NtnwJTk; nghJthd jfty; chpikia milahsg;gLj;jtpy;iy.66

murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gl;Ls;s Vida mbg;gil chpikfspy;67; ,Ue;J

jftiy mZFtjw;fhd chpikahdJ NtWgLj;jg;gl;L rl;lj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ68.

,jdhy; xU rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;ba NjitapUe;jJ. mjhtJ 2016k; Mz;bd; 12k;

,yf;f jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhFk;. NtWgl;l rl;lk; Vd; mtrpak; vd;gjw;F

NtWgy fhuzq;fSk; ,Ue;Js;sd.

KjyhtJ> mbg;gil chpik kPwYf;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;W my;yJ eph;thf

nraw;ghLfSf;F69 ; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; jftYf;fhd rl;lkhdJ mjid

fle;J mg;ghy; nry;Yk;. ,uz;lhtJ> mbg;gil chpikfs; njhlh;ghd epahahjpf;fj;ij

gpuNahfpf;Fk; cah; ePjpkd;wk;; NghJ ePjpkd;wk; ePjpahdJk; xg;GuthdJk; vdf;

fUJfpd;w jPh;it toq;Ffpd;w my;yJ mwpTWj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;sfpd;wmjpfhuj;ijf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.70 fle;j ehd;F jrhg;jq;fshf 2k; FbauR murpayikg;gpy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;stw;iw cah; ePjpkd;wk; gpd;gw;wpajd; %yk; ePjpghyzk; mgptpUj;jp

63 [dhjpgjp rl;lj;juzp> gp[p Fbaurpd; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w tUifjU ePjpgjp> ,yq;if rl;l Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;dhy; cWg;gpdh;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdJk; rl;lf;fy;YhhpapdJk; Kd;dhy; tUifjU tphpTiuahshh; kw;Wk; Ma;thsh;. 64 19tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lj;jpy; cWg;Giu 14(m). 65 rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd murpayikg;G chpik. 66 mJ njhlh;gpy; ghh;f;f Embattled Media; Democracy, Governance and reform in Sri Lanka (eds: Crawley, Page and Pinto – Jayawardena), Sage(India) 2015, Fwpg;ghf mjpYs;s mj;jpahak; 9. 67 mj;jpahak; 4 – murpayikg;gr;rl;lj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s chpikfs;. 68 cWg;Giu 14(m). 69 murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;jpd; cWg;Giu 17. 70 murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;jpd; cWg;Giu 126(4).

42

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;l ePjpahdJk; xg;GuthdJkhd jPh;T vd;gJ mbg;gil

chpik kPWdh;fSf;F vjpuhf el;l<l;il tpjpg;gjid fUJtNjhL epiwNtw;W my;yJ

eph;thf jPh;khdq;fis khw;wpaikg;gJ “mwpTWj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;” vd;w

nrhw;njhlhpDs;Sk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd71. ,jw;F khwhf> rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s

jfty; chpik Mizf;FOtpw;F> jfty; mZFtjw;fhd gpui[fspd; chpikia kPWk;

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigia fz;lwpe;J mth;fSf;F vjpuhf Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy;> rhjhuzkhf mbg;gil

chpik kPwy; tof;Ffspy; toq;fg;gLk; el;l<l;Lj;njhiff;F khwhf chpik kPwy;fs;

Fw;wtpay; tpisTfSf;Fk; toptFf;fpd;wd.

%d;whtJ> ehq;fs; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd NtWghnlhd;W cs;sJ.

,r; rl;lj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;lgb nghJ mjpfhhpfs;;;;;-;; jfty; mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk;

Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpfs;; vd epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,J gy jrhg;gjq;fshf

kWg;Gf;fyhr;rhuj;jpy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L> mjpfhuj;jpd; gpuikf;Fs; ,Ug;gtu;fis itj;Nj

tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; mz;ikf;fhykhf ,yq;if cah; ePjpkd;wkhdJ Njrpa eyd;

kw;Wk; my;yJ ghJfhg;G eyd; vd;gtw;iw nfhz;l eph;thf ,af;fj;jpy; iftpLk;

nfhs;ifia jd;dfj;Nj Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUg;gjhdJ mjpfhuj;Jt fyhr;rhuk; mjpfsT

Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;j

goikthjj;jpypUe;J tpyfp jftYf;fhd rl;lkhdJ nghJ eyj;jpidf; fUjp

ntspapLkhW Nfhug;gLk; jftyhdJ Kf;fpakhf ,e; ehl;bw;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; rpwe;j

Kf;fpakhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid cWjpglf; $Wfpd;wJ.

NkYk; jfty; Nfhhpf;ifia jfty; mjpfhhpf;F mDg;Gjy; kw;Wk; Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l

mYtyUf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jy; kw;Wk; mq;fpUe;J Mizf;FOTf;F Nkd;KiwaPL

nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd fhy vy;iy njhlh;gpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;w NghJ mJ

murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;jpd; mj;jpahak; 4 ,d; fPohd cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epahahjpf;fj;jpy;

fhy vy;iyahdJ “nray;jpwd; rhj;jpakw;wJ” vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bw;F kl;LNk fl;lhakhf cl;gl;lJ vd;gJld; khWgl;ljhfTs;sJ.72 jftYf;fhd rl;lkhdJ Nfhug;gl;l

jftYf;fhd tpz;zg;gk; my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPL vd;git njhlh;ghd RNal;irahd

cgNahfj;jpy; mit rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf nrhy;yg;gLk; jpfjpahdJ jftYf;fhd

rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; mjpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fSf;Fk; cl;gl;lJ vdf;

fUJfpd;wJ. Nkd;KiwaPLfshdJ fhy vy;iy ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy Nghd;w

rhjhuz njhopEl;g fhuzq;fspdbg;gilapy; epuhfhpf;fg;glf; $lhJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

71 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l cWg;Giu. 72 fkjpNf vjpu; rpwptu;jd kw;Wk; gyu; [1998] 1 SriLR 384.

43

gue;jsthd epahahjpf;fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Mizf;FOthdJ jdJ nraw;ghl;il

Nkw;nfhs;s vt;thW mZFKiwfis ifahsNtz;Lk;. Mizf;FOthdJ cah;

ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s ePjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis

gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lkh? my;yJ Mizf;FO jdf;fhd Gjpa mZFKiwia cUthf;fp

nfhs;syhkh?

re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp> Mizf;FOthdJ ePjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfshy; topelj;jg;gLk;.

fhuzk; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpy; vjph;kiwahd eltbf;iffs;73 gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL

mJ rl;l gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk; mDkjpj;Js;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf murpayikg;G rl;lk;

kw;Wk; epajpr;rl;l nghUs;Nfhly;fs; Mfpait cl;gl;l rl;lf;nfhs;iffspy;

tsh;f;fg;gl;l rl;lj;juzpfs; ePjpj;Jiw Kd;khjphpia Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;b epw;ghu;fs;

re;Njfkpy;iy.

,it jhd; Mizf;FO nraw;gLk; NghJ gpd;dzp #O;epiyahf ,Ue;jJ74. ,jdhy;

,e;j rthy;fshy; Mizf;FOthdJ rl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gilahf $wg;gl;Ls;s

gphpTfSf;Fk; ePjpKiw Kd;Dhpik %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd xU Clfkhf nraw;gl;L ePjpj;Jiw fl;likg;ig mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F

js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mikr;rhpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xOq;F tpjpfspd;

fPOk; Mizf;FOtpd; nrhe;j rl;lg+h;tkhf mq;fPhpf;fg;gl;l tpjpfspd; fPOk; epiyahd

nfhs;iffs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ epahakd;Wfs; jhd; mtw;wpd;

eltbf;ifKiwfSf;fhd vrkhd; MFk;. njhopEl;gq;fs; kPJ ftdQ;; nrYj;Jtij

tpLj;J rl;lj;jpd; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; mjd; caph;g;Gj;jd;ikf;Fk; vt;thW Mizf;FO

tpisTnfhLf;Fk;?

Nkw;$wg;gl;l mwpKf Fwpg;GiufSld; jw;NghJ ehd; Mizf;FO Nkd;KiwaPl;L

mikg;ghf mjdJ nraw;ghl;bid nra;j Ntisapy; Mizf;FOtpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l

KbTfspy; ,uz;il njhpT nra;J mtw;iw tpkh;rd hPjpahf kjpg;gPL nra;aTs;Nsd;.

Mizf;FOthdJ jdJ FWfpa fhy nraw;ghl;by; ePjpKiwfl;likg;G xd;iw

cUthf;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j KbTfspy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;l rl;l

fUj;Jf;fis Mizf;FO njhl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sijAk; fhzKbAk;. mit jfty;

Nfhhpf;ifahshpd; chpikfs;> Nfhug;gl;l jftYf;fhd tpz;zg;gk; njhlh;gpy; gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigapd; flikfs;> mjd; Kd;dhy; cs;s eltbf;ifKiwfspy; ep&gpf;Fk;

nghWg;gpypUe;J js;Sgb nra;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiw mk;rk; ( Nkd;KiwaPl;L mikg;G

vd;whYk; cr;r epahahjpf;fk; nfhz;l ve;jnthU epaharigAk; nraw;gLk; NghJ

73 gfpuq;f mjpfhurig kw;Wk; jfty; Nfhhpf;ifahsh; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Kud;ghLfs; 74 2017k; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 3k; jpfjp.

44

tpsf;fkspf;Fk; nraw;ghl;il Vw;Gilajhf;f Ntz;Lk;.)> kd;wha;T vd;w tpjpapd; my;yJ

fUj;jpd; cs;slf;f Nehf;fk;> ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; mjpfhurig vd;gtw;Wld;

njhlh;Gila tplaq;fs; vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;. Mizf;FOthdJ ,e;j

Kaw;rpfis vy;yhk; xg;gPl;L epahahjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l topfhl;Ljy;fspd;

gb jpl;lkpl;bUe;jJ vd;gJ Rthu];akhd tplakhFk;.

2. ,yq;if> tq;fp Copah; rq;fk; vjph; kf;fs; tq;fp vd;w Nkd;KiwaPl;L

tpz;zg;gj;jpYs;s tpsf;f ciufs;.75

2.1. Njlg;gl;l jftypd; jd;ik

gpujpthjpahdth; mtUila rpy Copah;fSld; njhlh;Gila xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if

njhlh;ghd tplaj;jpy; jdJ rl;l MNyhrfh;fspd; fUj;ij ftdj;jpw; nfhs;shky;

jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfis epakpj;J ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;bUe;j gy

tof;Ffis elj;jpr; nrd;whh;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplak; njhlh;gpy; rl;lkh mjpgUld;

fye;Jiuahlg;gltpy;iy. Nkw;$wg;gl;l jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfis njhpT nra;a vd;d

mbg;gil gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ? mth;fSila ngah; vd;d? mth;fSf;F

nrYj;jg;gl;l fl;lzk; vd;d? mit msTf;F mjpfkhdjh? Fwpj;j fl;lzj;ij

nrYj;Jtjw;F fzf;fhsh; ehafj;jpd; mDkjp my;yJ kw;Wk; jw;fhypf mDkjp

ngwg;gl;ljh? MSeUf;F kw;Wk; my;yJ kj;jpatq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;it

gzpg;ghsUf;F Nkw;gb tof;Ffs; cs;sd vd;Wk; mtw;wpd; Nghf;F gw;wpAk;

mwptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjh?

2.1.1 gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epiyg;ghL

jfty; mjpfhhpahdth; Fwpj;j Nfhug;gl;l jftyhdJ> jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5

,d; fPOs;s tpjptpyf;Ffspy; xd;wpDs; my;yJ gytw;wpDs; mike;Js;sJ vDk;

mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw toq;f kWj;Jtpl;lhh;. rl;lj;jpy; KjyhtJ Nkd;KiwaPlhdJ

Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyUf;F nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gb Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyh;

gjpyspf;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy; Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsh; Mizf;FOtpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL

nra;Js;shh;.

2.1.2 rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis Muha;jy;

75 jfty; chpik Mizf;FOtpw;fhd Nkd;KiwaPl;L ,y: 58/2018> tpsf;fk; Nfl;fg;gl;l jpfjpfs;: 30.01.2018> 27.03.2018 kw;Wk; 22.05.2018 >jPh;f;fg;gl;lJ: 17.07.2018.

45

jftiy ntspapl kWj;jjhy; Mizf;FO Kfq;nfhLj;j rpf;fy;fs; gpd;tUkhW

xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glTs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy xd;Wld; xd;W

njhlh;Ggl;litahAs;sJ.

2.1.3 jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfis njhlh;e;J itj;jpUg;gJ njhlh;gpyhd jPh;khdk;

rl;lkh mjpgUld; fye;Jiuahlg;gltpy;iy.

jdpahh; MNyhrfh;fis Nju;e;njLf;Fk; jPh;khdk; njhlh;gpyhd jftiy ntspapLjyhdJ

ahiu Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapw;F gzpg;gjw;F rkkhFk; vd

gfpuq;f mjpfhurig thjpl;lJ.

2.2 Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdk;

Fwpj;j thjj;ij Mizf;FO epuhfhpj;J $wpajhtJ> Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l thjkhdJ

mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffSf;F KuzhdjhFk;. kpfcah;e;j juj;jpyhd nghWg;Gf;$Wk;

jd;ik kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; cah;juk; gpujpgypf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ njhlh;gpyhd gpur;rpidfNs ,q;F rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sd76. (Kbnthd;W vLf;fg;gLk;

NghJ nghJeyd; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;77

2.3 Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdj;jpYs;s tpsf;f ciufs;

gpujpthjpfspDila Copah;fSf;F vjpuhd xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if rk;ge;jkhd

cs;tptfhuj;Jld; njhlh;Gila tplaq;fspy; jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfis epakpg;gjw;F

Kd;dh; rl;lkhmjpgiu fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; ve;jtpjkhd

rl;lf;flg;ghLk; jq;fSf;F ,y;iy vd gfpuq;f mjphfurigapd; thjk; mike;jpUe;jJ.

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; mt;thwhd thjk; jtwhdJ.78 rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5 ,d; fPOs;s

tpjptpyf;F tifg;ghl;Lf;Fs; tUfpd;wit Mizf;FOtpd; epahahjpf;fj;jpw;F

mg;ghw;gl;lit vd;gjw;F Mizf;FO $wpajhtJ> Nfhug;gl;l jfty; nghJepjpia

ifahs;tJld; njhlh;GilaJ. mJ ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik kw;Wk;

ey;yhl;rp vd;gtw;iw gpujpgypf;Fk; nghJeyd; ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;w mbg;gilapy;

Mizf;FOtpw;F epahahjpf;fj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.79

76 Mizf;FOtpd; Mizapy; gf;fk; 9 – 10. 77 milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; ,Ug;gJ vd;DilaJ. 78 cl;gphpitg; ghh;f;f. 79 rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Diu.

46

ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;ghf cs;sJ my;yJ ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuj;ijAk;

ghugl;rkpd;ikiaAk; NgZtjw;F gq;fk; Vw;gLk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nfhug;gl;l

jftiy ntspapl kWj;jikia epahag;gLj;j $bajhf ,Ue;jjh? kd;wha;T vd;w

fUj;jpdbg;gilapy; mjid epahag;gLj;j $bajhf ,Ue;jjh?

rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5(1)(x) ,d; fPOs;s rhj;jpakhd tpjptpyf;F tifg;ghl;bd;

mbg;gilapy; mJ gpujpthjpfs; rhh;ghd kpfTk; Nkk;gl;lthjkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapYs;s tof;Ffs; njhlh;gpy; nghJthd mbg;gilahf cs;sJ.

1. mjd; kPjhd Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdk;

Mizf;FO Fwpj;j thjj;ij epuhfhpj;J mjid ,t;thW epahag;gLj;jpaJ:

“ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ghugl;rkpd;ikiaAk; NgZtjw;F gq;fk; Vw;gLk;

vd;gjw;fhd cz;ikahd mghak; ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy….”80

2. mjd; kPjhd tpsf;f ciufs;.

,e;j Neuj;jpy; Mizf;FOtpd; Nkw;$wg;gl;l jPh;khdj;jpYs;s gy;NtW mk;rq;fs;

njhlh;gpy; fUj;J njhptpf;fg;glyhk;. gpujpthjpahd gfpuq;f mjpfhurig jfty;

ntspaplg;gLjiy kWj;jikf;F tpjptpyf;F fhuzk; cz;L vd;gij jdJ vjph;thjkhf

Fwpg;gpl;lJ. mt;thwhapd; mjid ep&gpf;f Ntz;ba flg;ghL gfpuq;f mjpfhurigf;Nf

,Ue;jJ vd Mizf;FO epahag;gLj;jpaJ. tof;F epYitapYs;sJ vd rhjuzkhf

Fwpg;gpLtJ kl;Lk; ep&gpf;f Ntz;ba flg;ghl;bypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F NghJkhdjhf

mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mJ rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fj;ij jLj;JtpLk;.

3. kd;wha;T vd;w fUj;Jk;> mJ ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapd;

ghugl;rk; vd;gtw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlh;Gk;

kd;wha;T vd;w tpjpapd; %yk; vjph;ghf;fg;gLtJ vd;d? mJ “ePjpkd;w eltbf;ifAld; njhlh;Gila ntspg;gLj;Jjy;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;iw kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU

tpjpahFk;”. epYitapYs;s ePjpkd;w eltbf;ifahdJ gpujpthjpapdhy; mjDila

80 Mizapd; gf;fk; 10.

47

Copah;fSf;F vjpuhf njhLf;fg;gl;l rl;leltbf;ifahFk;. mjDld; njhlh;Gilajhd

ve;jnthU fUj;Jk; nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Ug;gpd; mjid jLf;f Ntz;baJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

tplakhFk;. Mdhy;> vt;thW jdpahh; MNyhrfh;fis itj;jpUj;jy; njhlh;ghd jfty;

nghJepjpia ifahs;tJld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ vd;gJld; mJ vt;thW nrytopf;fg;gl;l

njhif kd;wha;T tpjpapDs; tUk; vd;gJld; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;

ePjpj;Jiwapd; ghugl;rkpd;ik vd;gdtw;iw ghjpf;Fk;?

,jd; tpisthf ,uz;L epahahjpf;f mjpfhurigfs; mjhtJ Nkw;$wg;gl;l

ntspapLjYf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; fl;lis kw;Wk; jdf;F Kd;dhYs;s tof;fpid

jPh;khdpj;J mjid nfhz;Lnry;Yk; ePjpj;Jiw Mfpad ntt;Ntwhdit. mt;thwhapd;

“ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G” vd;gjDs; Fwpj;j nfhs;if cl;gl;lJ vd vt;thW gfpuq;f

mjpfhurig thjpl;bUf;f KbAk;?

2.4 ,izahd epahahjpf;fq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; topfhl;Ljy;fs;

Mizf;FOthdJ mjdJ Muk;gg;gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ Kd;Ndhbahd

,e;jpahtpypUe;J topfhl;Ljy;fis ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd;

gphpT (8)(1)(1) MdJ vq;fsJ jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; ghpT 5(1)(x) I xj;j jd;ikahd

tplaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Sh. PD Bansal v Food Corporation of India (Case No.

CIC/LS/A/2009/000937) vd;w ,e;jpa tof;fpy; ntspapLjYf;fhd tpjptpyf;Fg; gphpthd

8(1)(M) ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjpy; Fwpj;j jfty; ve;jnthU ePjpkd;wj;jhNyh

my;yJ epaharigapdhNyh my;yJ ntspapLjy; %yNkh ntspaplg;gLjy;

ntspg;gilahf jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh mJ ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G Fw;wj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;

nry;yTk; $Lk;.81

“ NtW VNjDk; vOj;jpyhd rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F Kuzhf vJTk; ,y;iy”

Mizf;FOthdJ jPh;khdj;jpw;F tUtjw;F> rl;lj;jpy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW

nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sjd; gb Nkw;nrhd;d gphptpid cjtpf;F mioj;J ghh;j;jJ.

me;j mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW ehd; tphpthf fUj;J njhptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

“Kbf;Fhpa rpwg;Ghpik”> “murpw;Fhpa rpwg;Ghpik” kw;Wk; “nghJeyDf;Fhpa rpwg;Ghpik”

81 ,yf;fk; 15 ,y; nrhy;yg;gl;l Mizf;FOtpd; fl;lisapd; gf;fk; 10.

48

Nkw;$wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; tuyhw;W hPjpahd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jlkwpe;J Nehf;fpdhy;>82

Mizf;FOthdJ rhd;Wf;fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; (gy jpUj;jq;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ>) gphpT 123

kw;Wk; 124 nfhz;Ls;s vOj;jpyhd rl;lq;fis Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.(Fwpj;j gphpT epajpr;rl;lg; Gj;jfj;jpy; ,d;Dk; vQ;rpAs;sJ).83 eph;thfk;

jftiy toq;fhky; itj;jpUg;gjw;F muRf;Fhpa rpwg;Ghpikia ehLk; NghJ mjid

kWf;Fk; ve;jnthU Kaw;rpiaAk; ePjpkd;wk; vLj;jpUf;f $lhJ vd cah;ePjpkd;wk;

me;jrkaj;jpy; cWjpahf njhptpj;jJ. Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;lthW ,Uf;ifapy;> ePjpkd;w

jPh;khdq;fs; rl;lk; vd;w gjj;jpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lk; vd;w gjj;jpw;F

tphpthd mh;j;jk; toq;fg;gLtjhf ,Ue;jjhy; murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;;jpd; cWg;Giu 170

,y; vOj;jpyhd rl;lk; vd rhj;jpakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.5 Mizf;FOtpd; epahahjpf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; - mjd; tpsf;f ciufs;

Mizf;FOtpw;F jdJ jPh;khdj;ij Mjhpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ mJNghy rl;lj;jpd;

gy;NtW gphpTfs; nfhz;Ls;s mjdJ epahahjpf;fj;ij Mjhpg;gjw;Nfh jftYf;fhd

rl;lj;jpd; gphT 4 I ehlNtz;b Njitg;ghL ,y;iy. rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 4 gpd;tUkhW

$Wfpd;wJ:

“,r;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;> NtNwNjDk; vOj;jpyhd rl;lj;jpy; Kuzhf vJ

vt;thwpUg;gpDk; gaDWtjhy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mjw;fpzq;f> ,r;rl;lj;jpdJk;

mj;jifa NtW vOj;jpyhd rl;lj;jpdJk; Vw;ghLfspilNa VNjDk; xt;thik

my;yJ Kuz;ghL cs;s tplaj;jpy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; NkNyhq;fp epw;wYk;

Ntz;Lk;.”

MapDk; mJ $wg;gl Ntz;baJ mjhtJ> Nkw;$wg;gl;l “ vJ vt;thwpUg;gpDk;…..” vd;w gjj;jpd; njhlh;GilikahdJ Fwpj;j rl;lg;gphpit cauj;jpy; itj;Js;sJ.

mjw;F fhuzk; mjD}lhf mjpfsthd vr;rhpf;ifia nra;jpUf;fyhk;. “nghJeyd;

NkNyhq;Fk;” vd;w mZDkhdj;jpdbg;gilapy; re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp Mizf;FOtpw;F

epahahjpf;fk; ifaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. Nfhug;gl;l jftiy ntspapl kWj;jikahdJ epahag;gLj;jg;glf;$bajhapUe;jjh?

82 jp my;nka;lh Fduj;d, ‘Public Interest Privilege – A Comparative Study, , Master’s Thesis (nfhOk;G

gy;fiyf;fofk;) 1984. 83 Vol 1 Legislative Enactments of Sri Lanka (LESL) 1980 (Revised Cap 21).

49

rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5(1)(v) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjd;gb rl;lj;juzp kw;Wk;

jpwj;jtUf;fpilapyhd ek;gf cwT ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ cah;njhopy; rpwg;Ghpik

vd;gjw;Fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nfhug;gl;l jftiy ntspapl

kWj;jikahdJ epahag;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jjh?

3.1 Mizf;FOtpd; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l jPh;khdk;

ek;gfkhd cwTKiw vd;d tiuaiwfis nfhz;Ls;sJ vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;s

Mizf;FO $wpa fhuzk>; “gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l epWtd hPjpahd

jPh;khdk;”; njhlh;gpNyNa ,e;j tof;fpy; gpur;rpidAs;sJ. mjdbg;gilapy; Mizf;FO

Fwpj;j thjkhdJ ntw;wpfukhdjhf mikatpy;iy vd $wpAs;sJ.84 cah;njhopy;

njhlh;ghly; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mike;j thjj;jpw;Fk; Mizf;FOtpd; ,e;j jPh;khdk;

Vw;GilajhFk;.

mjpYs;s ntspg;ghLfs;

rl;lj;juzpf;Fk; jpwj;jth;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwthdJ xg;ge;j cwTKiwf;F

Kd;khjphpahdJ. mjid nghJthd xU tpjpahf gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapdhy;

vLf;fg;gLk; epWtd hPjpahd jPh;khdj;jpw;F gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ. Mizf;FOthdJ

nghJepjpia ifahy;tJld; njhlh;Ggl;l tof;fhf ,e;j gpur;rpidf;Fhpa tof;if

Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w NghJ Fwpj;j jd;ikia fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. nrytopf;fg;gl;l

epjp njhlh;ghd ntspapLif nghJeyid Ntz;Lfpd;wJ. Fwpj;j rl;lk;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljd; kpf Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fk; mJthFk;.

,d;ndhU Nfhzj;jpy; mjid Nehf;fpdhy;> cjhuzkhf xU jdpahh; jug;G ,d;ndhU

jdpahh; jug;Gld; xg;ge;jk; nra;a miof;fg;gLk; NghJ mJ xUtUila njhpTf;F

mjid toq;Ffpd;wJ. Fwpj;j tptfhuk; jdpahh; mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. Mdhy;

mNjtifahd fhuzq;fis murhq;f mjpfhurigfspd; xg;ge;jq;fSf;F gpuNahfpf;f

KbAkh? ,jw;fhd gjpy; vjph;kiwahdjhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhuzk; gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigahdJ nghJepjpiaifahy;tJld; njhlh;Ggl;lNj jtpu jdpahh; epjpia

ifahy;tJld; my;y. cah;njhopy; njhlh;ghly; vd;gjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

thjj;jpw;Fk; ,Njtplak; Vw;GiljhFk;. Nfs;tpf;Fs;shfpAs;s ,e;j tof;fpw;fhf

rl;lj;juzpahy; Nfhug;gLk; fl;lzk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fwpj;j #o;epiyfs; mq;Fs;s ,Wjp Ngr;Rthh;j;ijAld; Kbtile;Js;sJ.

84 Mizf;FOtpd; Mizapd; gf;fk; 11.

50

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd;; Nkw;$wg;gl;l thjkhdJ Mizf;FOtpd; gue;jfw;if>

cah;ePjkd;wj;jpd; nghUj;jkhd tpjpfSldhd mjDila xd;wiu tUl fhy

,ilntspapy; Muhag;gl;l fle;jfhy Kw;rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd;

gphpT 126 Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikAld; xj;jjhf mikatpy;iy.

3.2. gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fis vt;thW

ntspapLjy;? mth;fs; ntspapLiff;F cl;gl;lth;fsh? mth;fis njhpT nra;a

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil tpjpfs; ntspaplg;gLtjw;F cl;gl;ljh? gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigahdJ jhd; nra;j ,uz;ilAk; kWj;jikia Mizf;FOthdJ

cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

m) epakpf;fg;gl;L itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fs; njhlh;ghd tplak;

jdpAhpikAld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ.

M) Nkw;Fwpj;j rl;lj;juzpfis njhpT nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gilfs;

mjDila epahahjpf;fj;jpw;Fs; tUk; xU tplaky;y.

mjpYs;s tpsf;f ciufs;

Nkw;$wg;gl;l (m) njhlh;gpy; Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ> Nfhug;gl;l jftyhdJ cl;fpilahf

Fwpj;j rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FOthdJ mjid

ntspapl kWj;j epiyia Fwpj;j tplak; ek;gf cwT vd;w fUj;jpDs; kw;Wk; my;yJ

xg;ge;j cwT vd;gjDs; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jpaJ.

3.3.mtrpakhd rkepiyia Mizf;FO vt;thW jLj;jJ?

fl;lzkhf nrYj;jg;gLk; njhif nghJeydpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fl;lzk;

nrYj;jg;gl;l rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fs; NtWgl;l mbg;giliaf; nfhz;lJ. mt;thW

mjd; ntspapLifahdJ jdpAhpik vd;w jdpg;ghijapy; ek;gfcwT kw;Wk; my;yJ

xg;ge;j cwT vd;w fUj;Jf;fSld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ. MfNt jfty; Nfhhpf;ifahsh;

Nkw;Fwpj;j rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fis NfhUtjw;F jtwptpl;ldh;. Mizf;FOthdJ

Fwpj;j jftiy toq;f kWj;jikia rpwe;j Kiwapy; epahag;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

Nfhug;gl;l jfty; ivnjhlh;gpy;

(m) fzf;fhsh; ehafk; kw;Wk;

51

(M) MSeh; kw;Wk; my;yJ kj;jpa tq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;it gzpg;ghsh;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidf;Fhpa tof;fpd; ,Ug;G kw;Wk; mjd; eltbf;if

njhlh;gpy; jfty; njhptpf;fg;gl;ljh?

mjd;kPjhd Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdk;

Nky; m kw;Wk; M $wg;gl;ltw;iw ntspapLkhW Mizf;FO fl;lisapl;lJ.

jPh;khdj;jpYs;s rpy nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs;.

m) Mizf;FOtpDila epahahjpf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; - nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikf;F

vjpuhd ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapd; mbg;gil

jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;G$Wk; jd;ik

vd;gtw;Wf;fhd mbg;gil gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy; ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fSk;

xd;Wld; xd;W Nrh;e;J nry;Yk;. ,e;j ,izTf;F fhuzk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikapd;

vz;zk; nghJthd gfpuq;f nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikahf mikaf;$lhJ. mJ njhlh;gpy;

NtnwhU fUj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

epakpf;fg;gl;L itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lj;juzpfSf;F nrytopf;fg;gl;l njhifapd; msit

ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ntspg;gilahd jd;ik Njhd;Wk;. gfpuq;f mjpfhurig jdJ

rl;lMNyhrfhpd; MNyridapd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l eltbf;ifapYs;s

ngWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikahdJ Mizf;FOtpd; epahahjpf;fj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhFk;.

vd;Dila fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> NtWtifapy; tpthjpg;gjhapd; mjDila jPh;khdk;

Vw;fdNt Muhag;gl;ljd; gb “jdpAhpik” vd;w mbg;gilapy; vjph;f;f $bajhapUf;Fk;.

fzf;fhsh; ehafk; kw;Wk; MSeh; kw;Wk; my;yJ kj;jpa tq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;it

gzpg;ghsh;fSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fis njhptpg;gijtpl

mth;fSf;F nrYj;jg;gl;l fl;lzj;jpd; msit njhptpg;gjd; %yk; vd;d Nehf;fk

vd;gJ mwpag;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk;.mt;thwhapd; Fwpj;j tplak; epr;rakhf <h;f;fg;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. kd;wha;T vd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j thjk; kw;Wk;

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; vd;gtw;iw ghjpf;Fk; vd;w mbg;gilapyhd

thjk; vd;gdtw;iw Mizf;FOthdJ Vw;fdNt epuhfhpj;Jtpl;lJ.

M) nghJeydpd; NkNyhl;lkhd msTNfhy;

52

nghJepjpapy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia vjph;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mq;Nf nryT nra;ag;gLk;

njhifia nghJeyd; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpj;j

xd;Wf;nfhd;W JiztifiaAila “ek;gfkhd cwTKiw” “ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; mjd; ghugl;rkw;w nraw;ghl;bw;Fk;” “kd;wha;T tpjp” kw;Wk;

“cah;njhopy; rpwg;Ghpik” vd;w nfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhdJ vd;gd jftiy ntspapl

kWj;jikf;fhd vjph;thjj;jpd; mbg;gilahftpUe;jJ. mit midj;Jk; nghJeyDf;F

NkNyl;lkhd msTNfhyhFk;.

nghJeydpd; NkNyhl;lkhf msTNfhy; vd Mizf;FOtpdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l %d;W

njhlh;Ggl;l nfhs;iffs;. cs;sd - ,uz;L epiyahd nfhs;iffs;> kw;iwaJ

elgbKiw jd;ik nfhz;lJ

1. epiyahd nfhs;iffs;

ek;gfkhd cwTKiw vd;w nghJthd nfhs;ifahdJ “epWtdj;jpd; jPh;khdk; vd;w

nfhs;if” %yk; jFjp ngw;Ws;sJ.

Kd;ida gFg;gha;T %yk; fUjg;gLtJ – jdpahh; tof;Ffspy;> rl;lj;juzpf;Fk;

jpwj;jth;fSf;Fkpilapy; ek;gfcwTKiw vd;w fUj;J nghJthf gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;.

mjdhy; me;j tof;F cah;njhopy; rpwg;GhpikAld; njhlh;GilaJ. Mdhy;

nghJepjpahdJ gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;juzpfSf;F fl;lzkhf

nrYj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghd tplaj;jpy; mJ Vw;GilajhfhJ. Mizf;FO gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigapd; jPh;khdj;ij khw;wp Mizapl;lJ.

Mizf;FOthdJ ek;gfcwTKiw vd;w fUj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; tiuaiw

vd;gtw;wpw;F fPNo mikaf;$ba nfhs;iffisAk; mJ nghJepjpia ifahYk;

epWtdhPjpahd jPh;khdkhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l mjidAk; mioj;jpUe;jJ.

fl;lzk; vd;w topapy; nrytopf;fg;gl;l gzk; gw;wpa tplak; nghJeyd; vd;w

tuk;Gf;;Fs; tUfpd;wJ. gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lj;juzpfspd;

ngah;fs; jdpAhpik vd;w Ml;rpvy;iyf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfs;

jq;fsJ ngaiu ntspapLtjw;F ,zf;fk; njhptpg;gnjd;gJ NtWgl;lnjhd;whFk;. mJ

epfo;tjw;F rhj;jpakpy;iy vdNtjhd; gfpuq;f mjpfhurig Nkw;Fwpj;j rl;lj;juzpfspd;

ngah;fis ntspapl kWj;jJ.

53

jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fis ntspaplhj gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; jPh;khdj;ij

fz;Lnfhs;shJ> jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfSf;F nrytopf;fg;gl;l njhifia nghJeydpd;

ntspapLk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; flg;ghl;Lf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j fl;lzk; nrYj;jg;gl;l

jdpahh; rl;lj;juzpfspd; ngah;fs; ek;gfkhd cwTKiw vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;l

jdpAhpik vd;gjw;Fs; tUfpd;wJ vd;gjw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;ghliy

Mizf;FOthdJ epWj;jpaJ.

2. elgbKiw hPjpahd nfhs;is – ep&gpg;gjw;fhd nghWg;G

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahdJ kd;wha;T tpjp kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;

ghugl;rkw;w nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; mtkjpg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nfhug;gl;l

jftiy kWg;gjw;fhd tpjptpyf;fpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. mjd; fhuzkhd mjid

ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G gfpuq;f mjpfhurigia rhh;e;jjhFk;. Mdhy; Fwpg;Gf;fspd;gb

gfpuq;f mjpfhurig mjid nra;aj;jtwptpl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf ghjpg;gpd;wp

nghJeyd; NkNyhq;fptpl;lJ.

,) Fwpg;ghf jPh;khdj;jpYs;s Rthu];akhd tplaq;fs;.

fzf;fhsh; ehafk; kw;Wk; kj;jpatq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;it gzpg;ghsh; vd;Nghhpd;

gq;F njhlh;gpy; tpdh vOe;jJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpd; nraw;ghL njhlh;gpy; gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigapd; flg;ghL Mizf;FOtpdhy; czug;gl;Ls;sJ. MdhYk; mJ jdpahh;

rl;lj;juzpfSf;F nrytopf;fg;gl;l nghJepjpapd; msT njhlh;ghd jftiy

ntspapLtjw;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; ,Wjpj; jPh;khdj;ij ghjpf;fhJ. ,ul;ilf;

Nfhhpf;iffshd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik vd;gd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; jftiy ntspapl kWj;jikf;F

typAWj;jpf;$wg;gl;l gy;NtW mbg;gilfis Mizf;FO epuhfhpj;j NghJ mit

mq;Nf re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;ld.

,jd; tpisthf> Mizf;FOtpw;F fzf;fhsh; ehafk; kw;Wk; MSeh; kw;Wk; kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;it gzpg;ghsh; vd;NghUld; njhlh;Ggl;l tplaq;fs; mjdJ

epahahjpf;fj;jpw;F mtrpakw;wjjhf ,Ue;jJ. Fwpj;j tpdhtpw;F gjpyspg;gJ jtwhd

Nfs;tpia Nfl;gJ kw;Wk; mjw;F gjpyspf;f KidtJ vd;gd epahahjpf;fj;ij

jhz;bajhf ,Ue;jJ.85

85 mep];kpdpf; vd;w Mq;fpNya gpuGf;fspd; rig jPu;khdj;jpy;[1983] 2AC237, epWtg;gl;l ,f; nfhs;if ,yq;if cau; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Krh[p[; vjpu; Mu;ju; [2004] 2 Sri LR 1 vd;w jPu;khdj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

54

tpNrl Fwpg;G vd;dntdpy; Mizf;FO ,e;j jPh;khdj;jpw;F tUtjw;F rpy

rl;lf;fUtpfis gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ. (m) NtW epahahjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

jftiy mZFtjw;fhf chpik gw;wpa fUj;jpd; nghUs;Nfhly; (M) mjDila

Kd;ida Mizfis ghprPypj;jy; (,) Mizf;FOtpdhy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l ,yq;if

ePjpj;Jiwapd; Kw;rhd;Wfs; vd;gdthFk;.

2. ,yq;if tpkhdNrit tpkhdpfs; rq;fk; vjph; ,yq;if tpkhd Nrit vd;w

Nkd;KiwaPl;bYs;s tpsf;f ciufs;

jfty; chpik Mizf;FOtpw;fhd Nkd;KiwaPl;L ,y. 99/2017 Mizf;FOtpd; KO mkh;tpd; Kd;dpiyapy;

tpsf;fk; Nfl;fg;gl;l jpfjpfs;:13.11.2017> 08.01.2018> 06.02.2018> 23.03.2018> 24.04.2018 kw;Wk;

09.05.2018 jpfjpfspy; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ.

jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ: 12.06.2018

3.1 RUf;fkhd epfo;Tg;gpz;zdp

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsh; gue;jsthd jftiy NfhhpapUe;jhh;. eltbf;ifKiwapd; Muk;gj;jpy;

gpujpthjpahdth; Fwpj;j Nkd;KiwaPl;il tprhhpg;gjw;F Mizf;FOtpw;F epahahjpf;fk;

,y;iy vd;w Muk;g Ml;Nrgidia vOg;gpapUe;jhh;. Fwpj;j tplak; Mizf;FOtpdhy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> jpwj;jth;fs; Fwpj;j Ml;Nrgid njhlh;gpy; mth;fsJ

rkh;g;gzj;jpid (tha;nkhop %yk; kw;Wk; vOj;J %yk;) nra;tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

3.2. epahahjpf;f Ml;Nrgidapd; mbg;gil

gpujpthjpahd ,yq;if tpkhd Nritfs; MdJ Mizf;FOtpw;F mjd; Kd;dpiyapy;

rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nkd;KiwaPl;bid tprhhpg;gjw;Fk; mjid jPh;khdpg;gjw;Fk;

epahahjpf;fk; ,y;iy vd;w tpjptpyf;fpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

1979k; Mz;lstpy; $l;bidf;fg;gl;l vahh; yq;fh ypkpl;ll; vd;w ngah; nfhz;l fk;gdp

xd;W cs;sJ. 1982k; Mz;bd; 17k; ,yf;f fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

jpUj;jj;jpd; gb vahh; yq;fh ypkpl;ll; mjdJ ngaiu 1999k; Mz;L = yq;fh vahh;

iyd;]; ypkpl;ll; vd khw;wp jd;id kPz;Lk; xU fk;gdpahf gjpT nra;J nfhz;lJ.

jw;Nghija 2007k; Mz;bd; 7k; ,yf;f fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; ntspte;j NghJ mjd; fPOk;

jd;id kPz;Lk; gjpT nra;J nfhz;lJ.

55

Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l rl;lkhw;wq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;l NghjpYk;> gpujpthjpapd; thjkhf

mike;jpUe;jJ vd;dntdpy;> jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 43 MdJ “gfpuq;f

mjpfhurig” vd;gjdhy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLtJ vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mjpy;

2007k; Mz;bd; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;lbizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,f;fk;gdp $l;bizf;fg;gltpy;iy.

mjdhy; mJ jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpw;Fk; Mizf;FO mjd; Kd;dpiyapYs;s

Nkd;KiwaPl;il tprhhpf;Fk; epahahjpf;fj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhFk;.

gpujpthjpapd; thjj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; thjpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;dntdpy;

epajpr;rl;l khw;wj;jpd; fPo; fk;gdp xd;W $l;bizf;fg;gLtJ Gjpa $l;lizg;G

vd;gjw;Fs; mlq;fhJ. Mdhy; mJ Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j fk;gdpapd; njhlh;r;rpahd

,Ug;ghFk;.

Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdk;

2007k; Mz;bd; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp XVII nfhz;Ls;s gphpTfspd; jiyg;ig

Nehf;Fk; NghJ mJ “Vw;fdNt cs;s fk;gdpfSf;fhd gpuNahfk;” vd mike;Js;sJ.

Fwpg;ghf gphpT 485(6)> me;jgphptpid gpuNahfpg;gJ njhlh;gpy; Mizf;FO $wp fhuzk;

mjhtJ “….. fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 485(6),d; fPo; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

fk;gdpfSf;fhd $l;bizg;Gr; rhd;wpjohdJ ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;L gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Kd;dNu cs;s fk;gdpfSf;Fk; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mizf;FOthdJ fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 529 I ftdj;jpw; nfhz;lJ. mJ fk;gdp

vd;gJ ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpaJ. mJ

jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 43(c) tpy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpAs;s gfpuq;f

mjpfhurig vd;gJld; njhlh;Ggl;Ls;sJ.

Mizf;FOtpd; jPh;khdj;Jld; njhlh;Gila rpy mk;rq;fs;

Mizf;FOtpd; rpe;jidapypUe;J ntspte;j kpfg;nghpa nfhs;if> gpujpthjpapd; thjk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jhy; mjd;tpisthd fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; kPs;

gjpTnra;ag;gl;l gy;NtW fk;gdpfs; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; Mjpf;ftuk;Gf;F mg;ghy;

,Uf;Fk;.

56

rl;lthf;frigapd; Nehf;fk; 2007k; Mz;bd; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;Jld;

Nrh;j;J thrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wtifapy; ,Ue;jjh? Vw;fdNt cs;s fk;gdpfs; kPs;gjpT

nra;ag;gl;likf;Fk; 2007k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpfSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ij tiutjw;F vd;d fhuzk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ? Fwpj;j

tpj;jpahrj;ij tiuaWf;ftpy;iy vd;why; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpy; mjd; ePbg;G

mtrpakw;wjh? gpujpthjpapd; thjk; tpj;jpahrk; ,d;wp NtWghl;il tiutjw;fhd

nraw;ghl;il Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iyah?

2007k; Mz;bd; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 485 – 487 ,y; cs;s gphpTfs; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd kPs; gjpTld; njhlh;Ggl;lit. Fwpj;j gphpTfs;

fl;lakhd gphpTfshFk; mtw;Wld; ,zq;fpnahOf Ntz;;Lk;. gpujpthjp xU rl;lhPjpahd

eguh ?

Mizf;FO Fwpj;j tpdhf;fSf;F epajpr;rl;l nghUs;Nfhliy gad;gLj;jp

xl;Lnkhj;jkhf jdJ Mizapy; gjpyspj;Js;sJ.

Mizf;FO jdJ jPh;khdj;jpw;Fk; fhuzq;fSf;Fk; tUtjw;F topfhl;Ljy;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l epajpr;rl;l nghUs;Nfhly; epajpfs;

me;j epajpr;rl;l nghUs;Nfhly; epajpfis Mizf;FOtpd; Mizapd; gf;fk; 5 – 6 tiuapyhdjpy; fhzyhk;

1. epajpr;rl;lq;fs; epahakhd mh;j;jj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJ jhd;

rl;lthf;fj;jpd; vz;zj;jpw;F tpisitf; nfhLf;Fk;. mJ epahakw;w kw;Wk;

ngUj;jkpy;yhj KbTfisj; jLf;Fk;

2. xt;nthU Kaw;rpAk; Fwpj;j mh;j;jj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;tjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

mJ jPq;Ffis jLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mJ Nkyjpfkhd jPh;thFk;.

3. epajpr;rl;lkhdJ “utresmagisvaleatquampereat”vd;w nfhs;iff;F tpisT kw;Wk;

nray;tpisT nfhLg;gjhf mikaf;$lhJ. mJ $WtJ vd;dntdpy;> ,uz;L

nghUs;Nfhly; njhpTfs; ,Ue;jhy; FWfpa mh;j;jj;ijf; nfhz;l nghUs;Nfhly;

rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij miltjpy; jtwptpLk;. gue;j nghUs;Nfhliy

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mJ rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij Fiwg;gjhf mikahJ.

57

Kbthf ehd; $WtJ vd;dntdpy;> Mizf;FOthdJ jdJ Mizapy; mjdJ

epahahjpf;fk; njhlh;ghd Ml;Nrgidia tprhuizapy; ngwg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisf;

nfhz;L xJf;fpjs;sptpl;lJ.

3.3. jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; jPh;khdq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;jy;86

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsuhy; gue;jstpyhd jfty; Nfhug;gl;bUe;jJ. me;j jftyhdJ gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigahy; kWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ehd; Nfhug;gl;l jftypd; xt;nthU tifAlDk;

njhlh;Ggl;l Mizapd; rpy mk;rq;fis MNyhrpf;fg;Nghfpd;Nwd;.

Nfhug;gl;l jftypd; jd;ik(1) – Nfs;tpf;Fhpa mjpfhhpfSf;F nrYj;jg;gl;l Cjpak;>

nfhLg;gdT kw;Wk; rYiffs;.

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigadJ jdpAhpik kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd cwT Kiw vd;w

fUj;Jg;gbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5 ,d; fPo; ghJfhg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhz;L

jfty; tpz;zg;gj;ij epuhfhpj;jJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j thh;j;ijfshdJ (rhf;Fg;Nghf;F

thh;j;ijfs;) “jdpahh; Ntiy xg;ge;jq;fs;” cld; njhlh;Ggl;l ,e;jpahtpd;

Kw;rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;glf;$bajhapUe;jJ.87

Mizf;FO Fwpj;Jf;fhl;baJ> vg;gbapUe;jNghjpYk; xOq;Ftpjp 20 (1) (ii) (2)88 I

rl;lj;jpd; Kd;DiuAld; Nrh;j;J thrpf;fpd;w NghJ mJ ey;yhl;rp murhq;fj;jpy; kf;fs;

gq;Fgw;Wk; tplaq;fSld; njhlh;Gila ntspg;gilahd jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk;

jd;ik vd;w fyhrhuj;ij Nkw;gLj;Jtij njspthf fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Nfhug;gl;l jftiy

toq;f kWj;J Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyfhpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l jPh;khdj;ij

Mizf;FOthdJ jaf;fkpd;wp khw;wpaikj;jpUe;jJ. ngahplg;gl;l mjpfhhpfSf;F

nrYj;jg;gl;l rk;gsk;> Cjpak; Nghd;wd nghJkf;fspd; gzg;igAlDk; thp

nrYj;Jgth;fspd; gzj;JlDk; njhlh;Ggl;lJ. mjid nghJkf;fs; Nkw;Fwpj;j jftiy

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd chpikAld; Nrh;j;J KjypLfpd;whh;fs;. mjdbg;gilapy;

nghJeyd; vd;gJ NkNyhq;Ffpd;wJ. jdpAhpik kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd cwTKiw vd;gjid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l vjph;thjkhdJ ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy.

86 18.06.2018e; jpfjpa Miz. 87 Nkw;$wg;gl;l Mizapd; gf;fk; 7 – 8. 88 Nkw;$wg;gl;l Mizapd; gf;fk; 6.

58

nghJkf;fspd; gzg;igAld; njhlh;GgLfpd;w epWtd hPjpahd jfty;fis gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigahdJ ntspapLtjw;fhd Kd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid Mizf;FOtpdJ MizahdJ epidTgLj;jpAs;sJ. mt;thW

nra;ahtpbd; mjd; Kd;dpiyapy; Nkd;KiwaPL jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk; mjpfhuk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ Fwpj;j jftiy ntspapLkhW Miz gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ

,jpypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ.

Fwpj;j ntspapLifapd; %yk; vd;d Nehf;fk; milag;ngWfpd;wJ? re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp>

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; mYtyh;fSf;F nrYj;jg;gLk; rk;gsk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jtjw;F nghJkf;fs; epiyahd chpik vjidAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

mJ murhq;f nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPh;khdj;jpw;Fl;gl;l tplakhf mike;jpUf;Fk;.

vt;thwhapDk; ,J xU nghJkf;fspd; chpikahFk;. mjhtJ gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigaplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nritapd; juk; gw;wp kf;fspd; vz;zj;ij

kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F me;j jfty;fs; mtrpakhFk; (,jw;F cjhuzk;> Njrpa tpkhd

Nritfs;). NtWtifapy; $Wtjhapd;> gzkhdJ rk;gskhf nrytspf;fg;gl;L

mjpfhhpfSf;F nrYj;jg;gl;lhy; mjw;F <lhd juKs;s Nrit kf;fSf;F

tp];jhpf;fg;gl;L mth;fs; mjid ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhh;fsh vd;gjid kf;fs; kjpg;gPL

nra;af;$bajhapUf;Fk;. ntspapLjYf;fhd Mizapd; Nehf;fk; ,J jhd; vd;gJ

vd;Dila vz;zkhFk;> MdhYk; Mizf;FO mjid jdJ Mizapy; gy

nrhw;fshy; $wtpy;iy.

mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU tplak; fl;lhak; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd;

Kd;Diuapd; ngWkjpahdJ mjdJ tuyhw;Wj; Njhw;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;l

nghUs;NfhlYf;F cWJizahdJ. ,J xU epiyahd rl;lthf;f nraw;ghlhFk;.

Kd;DiuahdJ epajpr;rl;lj;jpd; gFjpfis nghUs;Nfhly; nra;tjw;fhd Kiwahd

Jizahf ghh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.89 vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j nray;KiwahdJ

Fiwtile;Js;sJ> ,J njhlh;gpy; gpuGf;fs; rigahdJ tUj;jj;ij

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.90

,yq;ifapd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lkhdJ nghJeytha epajpr;rl;lkhf juKah;e;Js;sJ.

rl;lj;jpYs;s gphpTfis nghUs;Nfhly; nra;a rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Diuia gad;gLj;Jk;

Mizf;FOtpd; mZFKiwahdJ mjDila nrhe;j mZFKiwahFk;. Mifahy;

mJ tuNtw;fj;jf;fjhFk;. ,J epajpr;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Diuf;F Kf;fpakspj;J Gj;Japh;

89 Sussex Peerage Claim (1844) 11 CI & f 85. 90 Per Lord Alverston in L.C.C v B.B.Co, Ltd (1911) 1 LB 455.

59

mspj;Js;sJ. ,J ,yq;ifapd; jfty; chpikia NfhUNthh;fSf;F kpfg;nghpa

m$ykhFk;.

Mizf;FOthdJ mjDila KbTf;F tUtjw;F gy;NtW ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw

Kd;NdhbfspypUe;J cjtpfis ngw;Ws;sJ.

(i) “jdpahh; njhopy; xg;ge;jq;fs;” (gpujpthjpapd; thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;ly;y) njhlh;Gila fUj;Jf;fs;.

(ii) nghJkf;fspd; Mjpf;f vy;iyf;Fs; tUfpd;w tplakhd nghJ mjpfhhpfSf;F

nrYj;jg;gLk; rk;gsj;Jld; njhlh;Gila ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw vz;zq;fis Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lJ.91

jfty; Nfhhpf;if ,uz;lhtjpd; ,ay;ghd jd;ik – “tpkhdk; nfhs;tdT

nra;ag;gl;lJld; njhlh;Gila xg;ge;jk;.”

Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapYs;s eltbf;ifKiwfspd; Nfhg;gpypUe;J

gpd;tUtdtw;Wld; njhlh;Gila jfty;fis NfhhpapUe;jJ vd;gJ ntspg;gl;lJ:

A. Memorandum of Understanding (SL Airline & PIA) B. Wet Lease Agreement (SL Airline & PIA) C. Wet lease extension Agreement (SL Airline & PIA)

Nfhug;gl;l jftyhdJ gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspdbg;gilapy; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy;

kWf;fg;gl;lJ:

1) Nkw;Fwpj;j xg;ge;jk; njhlh;gpyhd ntspapLifahdJ Vida muRfSldhd

,yq;ifapd; cwTfs;/ xg;ge;jq;fs;/ flg;ghLfs; kPJ ghuJ}ukhd ghjfj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk;92

2) ghhpa nghJkf;fs; mf;fiw mj;jifa jftypd; ntspapLifia

mDkjpf;fpd;wnjd gfpuq;f mjpfhurig jpUg;gjpg;gl;lhnyhopa> 2003k; Mz;bd;

36k; ,yf;f Gyikr; nrhj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; th;j;jf me;juq;fk;>

tpahghu ,ufrpak; my;yJ Gyikr; nrhj;J cl;gl jftypd; ntspapLifahdJ

91 18.06.2018 e; jpfjpa Mizf;FOtpd; Mizapd; gf;fk; 6 – 9. 92 rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5(1)(M)(ii) ,d; mbg;gilapy;.

60

%d;whk; jpwj;jtnuhUthpd; Nghl;b epiyf;F jPq;Ftpistpf;Fkhf Fwpj;j jfty;

cs;sJ.93

3) Wet Lease Agreement MdJ me;juq;fkhd gphpTfspd; mbg;gilapy;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.94

PIA cldhd gpujpthjpapd; tzpf eltbf;ifahdJ ,uz;L jug;gpduJk; Kiwaw;w

eltbf;if kw;Wk; ,uz;L jug;gpduJk; gue;jstpyhd el;lj;jpd; tpisthy; Vw;gl;l

,yQ;r Coy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; nghJkf;fspd; thjj;jpw;Fs; Mo;e;jpUe;jJ.

Muk;gj;jpy;> Mizf;FOthdJ ,uz;L gpujhd gphpTfSf;Fs; tUfpd;w Nfhug;gl;l

jfty; njhlh;ghd gpujpthjpapd; nraw;ghLfis milahsg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.

1) MOU kPJ fhyq;fle;j xg;ge;jq;fspypUe;J ve;jnthU rl;lhPjpahd my;yJ epjp

hPjpahd flg;ghLfSk; vOe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.

2) PIAcld; eilKiwapYs;s xg;ge;jq;fs;

3.4. Kbtile;j xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlh;gpy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;

mWjpAiufs;

Transnet Ltd. and Another v. SA Metal Machinery Co (PTY) Ltd (tof;fpyf;fk; njd;dhgphpf;f

cah; ePjpkd;wk;)95 kw;Wk; Public & Private Development Centre v Power Holding Company of

Nigeria&The Honorable Attorney- General of the Federation (FHC/ABJ/CS/582/2012, ,

Federal High Court of Nigeria)96 Mfpa Kd;NdhbfspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

Jizahf;fq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; me;j epahahjpf;f rl;lthf;fq;fSf;Fk; ,yq;ifapy; jfty;

chpikr; rl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ve;jnthU NtWghLk; ,y;iy. mtw;wpypUe;J

Mizf;FOthdJ gpd;tUk; nfhs;ifis cUthf;fpapUe;jJ:

93 rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5(1)(<) ,d; mbg;gilapy;. 94 gphpT 24.3 (Mizf;FOtpd; Mizapd; gf;fk; 10 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ls;sJ.). 95 lud;];nel; ypkpl;ll; kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; v];.v nkly; nkrpdup fk;gdp ypkpll; Transnet Ltd. and Another v. SA Metal Machinery Co (PTY) Ltd ((tof;F ,y. 147/05, 29 etk;gu; 2005.

96 gfpuq;f kw;Wk; jdpahu; mgptpUj;jp epiyak; vjpu; gtu; Nfhy;bq; fk;gdp ie[Pupah kw;Wk; kjpg;gpw;Fupa $l;lhr;rpKiwapd; rl;lkhmjpgu; (FHC/ABJ/CS/582/2012).

61

1. xU gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahdJ jdJ nraw;jpl;lq;fis ntspg;gilahfTk;

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikAlDk; nra;tjw;F flg;ghLilaJ.97

2. xg;ge;jk; toq;fg;gl;l(KbTWj;jg;gl;l) gpd;dh; me;juq;fkhd tplaq;fis nfhz;l

gphpTfs; Vyk; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtij ghJfhf;f KbahJ.98

3. Nfs;tpf;Fs;shfpAs;s ghpkhw;wkhw;wj;Jld; njhlh;Gila jfty;fis kWg;gjhapd;

Fwpj;j ghpkhw;wkhdJ Ngr;Rthh;j;ij (Ngug;Ngr;R) vd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.99

4. ntspg;Lj;jf; NfhUk; jftyhdJ %d;whk; jug;gpdUldhd xg;ge;jj;Jld; my;yJ

NtW Ngr;Rthh;j;ijAld; jiyaPL nra;tjhf epahakhf vjph;ghh;f;f $bajhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.100

5. jw;NghJ ie[Phpa jfty; rl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l xg;ge;j Ngr;Rthh;j;ijAld;

njhlh;Gila gphpTfis xg;gPl;L ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mit ,yq;ifr; rl;lj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. th;j;jf me;juq;k; kw;Wk; Nghl;bj;jd;ik101 vd;gdtw;Wf;F

jPq;F Vw;gLk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; jfty;fs; kWf;fg;gLk; NghJ Fwpj;j

jPq;fhdJ rhjhuzkhf rhj;jpak; vd;w mbg;gilapy; my;yhJ epfof;$baJ

vd;gjid fhl;l Ntz;Lk;; ePz;l mKyhf;fk; nfhz;litahf ,y;yhjpUe;jhy;

xg;ge;jq;fs; my;yJ gpur;rpidf;Fhpa Nfs;tpfshf mit epiwtiljYf;F

cl;gl KbahjpUe;jpUf;Fk;. rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij nghJeyd; NkNyhq;Fk;

vd;w thjj;jpdbg;gilapy; Fwpj;j tplaj;ij epiyepWj;j Ntz;ba nghWg;G

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigia rhh;e;jjhFk;. (gphpT 5(1)(<) I gpupT 5(4) cld; Nrh;j;J

thrpj;jy;) ,J tof;fpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;T mzptFg;ghFk;.

gpujpthjpahdth; Fwpj;j jftiy ntspapLjyhdJ ghhpastpyhd jPq;if

Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjpypUe;J tpLgl;bUf;ftpy;iy.

3.5. fhyq;fle;j xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwapYs;s xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpw;F

,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;

eilKiwapYs;s xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghd jftiy ntspapLtij tpl Kbtile;j

xg;ge;jk; gw;wpa jftiy ntspapLjy; ngUj;jkhdjhapUe;jJ. mjd; mbg;gil

97 lud;];nel; ypkpl;ll; kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; v];.v nkly; nkrpdup fk;gdp ypkpll; Transnet Ltd. and Another v. SA Metal Machinery Co (PTY) Ltd ((tof;F ,y. 147/05, 29 etk;gu; 2005. 98 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljpYs;sJ. 99 gfpuq;f kw;Wk; jdpahu; mgptpUj;jp epiyak; vjpu; gtu; Nfhy;bq; fk;gdp ie[Pupah kw;Wk; kjpg;gpw;Fupa

$l;lhr;rpKiwapd; rl;lkhmjpgu; (FHC/ABJ/CS/582/2012). 100 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ljpYs;sJ. 101 rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5[1][<]gpujpthjpapdhy; tof;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

62

vd;dntdpy; Fwpj;j jftiy ntspapLjyhdJ me;j xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlh;gpy; ele;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspy; vjph;jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.

vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> vd;Dila fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;dntdpy;> mjhtJ mjid xU

nghJthd nfhs;ifahf nfhs;sKbahJ Mdhy; tof;fpw;F tof;F nghJeyd;

NkNyhq;Fk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;syhk;. nghUj;jkhd tof;nfhd;wpy;

eilKiwapYs;s xg;ge;jj;Jld; njhlh;Gila jftyhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigapd; elj;ijAld; njhlh;Gila ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk;

jd;ik kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp vd;w mbg;gilapyhd jfty; chpikahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

mj;jfty; ntspaplg;glNtz;bajhapUf;Fk;.

4. jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; #oypy; tsh;e;J tUk; ePjpghpghyzk;

mjDila FWfpa nraw;ghl;Lf;fhyj;jpy;> Mizf;FOthdJ jd;id fhfpjg;Gyp Nghy;

epUgpf;fhky; jfty; chpikr; rl;lj;ij Kiwahf mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F jz;liz

tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L mikg;ghf nraw;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mizf;FOthdJ epajpr;rl;l Gj;jfj;jpy; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljw;fhd rl;lthf;f

flg;ghLfis Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; Kd;Ndhf;fp nraw;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; jfty;

Nfhhpf;ifahsh; kw;Wk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurig vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; rkepiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;

xU gq;fpidAk; nra;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; ehl;bd; mjpfhuj;Jt fyhrhuj;jpy; khw;wk;

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. NkNyhl;lkhd msTNfhyhf ,Ug;gJ nghJeyd; NkNyhq;FjyhFk;.

ehd; epidf;fpNwd; NkNy Kd; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;l rhpahd jd;ikia toq;fpapUe;j

Mizf;FOtpd; ,uz;L fl;lisfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jhd; ,J njhpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FO Kl;bNkhjp ifahz;l gue;jnghJthd tpjkhFk;.

Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;dhy; tUk; Vida Nkd;KiwaPLfs; nghJthd tplaj;Jld;

nry;tjhf mike;jpUe;jJ.

,Wjpahd gFg;gha;T> ,e;j gFg;gha;T vd;d mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Mizf;FOthdJ tsh;e;J tUk; fl;likg;Gf;Fk; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; epiyahd

ePjpghpghyzj;jpw;Fk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ ,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd rl;lj;jpd;

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; epajpr;rl;lj;jpd; gq;fpd; KOikf;Fk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhapUf;Fk; vd

tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

63

$l;Lj;jhgd kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; Jiwfspy; jftYf;fhd cupik `u;~ gu;dhd;Nlh*

1. jftYf;fhd cupik

jftYf;fhd cupikahdJ mbg;gilapy; gpui[fSf;F jftiy mZFtjw;fhd

cupikapid toq;Ffpd;wJ. rl;lthf;Fdupd; vz;zkhdJ 2016 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk;

,yf;fj; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; ghapuj;jpy; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Coiy vjpu;g;gjD}lhf kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpapid

Nkk;gLj;JtjD}lhf ,yq;ifapd; gpui[fs; gfpuq;f tho;f;ifapy; KOikahfg;

gq;Fgw;wf;$ba xU rKjhaj;jpidj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;fhfNt jftYf;fhd cupik

toq;fg;gl;Ls;snjd ghapuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J “jftYf;fhd cupikapid” Ml;rp vd;w gug;gpw;Fs; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd cupikahdJ (cWg;Giu 14 m) murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil

cupikfs; mj;jpahak; III ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gjD}lhf mbg;gil

cupiknahd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;jpahak; iii ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rpy mbg;gil

cupikfs; (cjhuzkhf cWg;Giu 10 kw;Wk; 11 ,d; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cupikfs;)

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhjitahf my;yJ KOikahditahf fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis

Vida cupikfs; cWg;Giu 15 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLkstpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. 14 m

,id mwpKfg;gLj;jpa 19tJ jpUj;jkhdJ cWg;Giu 14 m ,id cl;Nru;f;Fk;nghUl;L

cWg;Giu 15 ,id jpUj;jtpy;iy. khwhf> kl;Lg;ghLfs; cWg;Giu 14 m ,NyNa

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. cWg;Giu 14 m ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L ntspg;gilahd

kl;Lg;ghLfshf: (1) jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd cupik gpui[fSf;F khj;jpuNk

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; (2) mt;Tupik “rl;lj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wjd;gb”> me;jstpw;F khj;jpuNk toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

Kjdpiy rl;lkhf jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; fhzg;gLtJld; jfty;fspd;

ntspapLifapid Fwpg;ghf kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w Vida rl;lq;fSk; ,q;F

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;w tifg;ghl;bw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLtjhfg; nghUl;Nfhly;

nra;ag;gl ,aYk;.

jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd

cupikahdJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspd; cilikapy;> fhtypy; kw;Wk;

*E}yhrpupaupd; jdpg;gl;luPjpapyhd Nehf;F mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;J;ld; ve;j ];jhgdj;jpidNah jdpg;gl;l egupidNa gpujpgypf;ftpy;iy. Fwpg;Gfs; Vw;fdNt jfty; mwpAk; Mizf;FO rhu;gpy; E}yhrpupauhy; jhahupf;fg;gl;lJ.(E}yhrpupaupid njhlu;g;G nfhs;sf;$ba kpd;dQ;ry;

Kftup [email protected]).

64

fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;sj; jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjiy toq;f Ntz;ba xj;jpirthd rl;lf;

flg;ghnlhd;wpid gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfSf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. jftypid kWg;gJ

tpjptpyf;fhFk;. gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; itj;jpUf;fpd;w jfty;fis mZFfpd;w

,yq;ifapd; mZFKiwapy; ,J xU mbg;gil khw;wkhf mike;Js;sJ. jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F tUtjw;F Kd;du;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs;

itj;jpUf;Fk; jfty;fis ntspapLtjid gy;NtW rl;lq;fSk; jhgd tpjpf;

NfhitAk;102 kl;Lg;gLj;jpd.103 rl;lj;jpdhy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb jfty;fis

ntspapLfpd;w mYtyu;fSf;F jftYf;fhd cupikahdJ rl;l ghJfhg;gpid

toq;Ffpd;wJ.104

2. Coy; vjpu;g;G> nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp

Coy; vjpu;g;G> nghWg;Gf; $Wjy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp vd;gd xd;Wlndhd;W

njhlu;Gw;Ws;sd vd;gJld; fUj;Njw;Gf;fs; vd;w uPjpapy; mit

NtWgLj;jg;glf;$bait. Coy; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l eyd;fSf;fhf mjpfhuj;jpid

J];gpuNahfk; nra;jyhFk;. ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; vd;gd ,yq;ifapy; Fw;wq;fshFk;105

vd;gJld; ,tw;Wf;F Fw;wtpay; jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ,tw;iw rupahd Kiwapy;

jPu;f;fhtpl;lhy;> mit ehl;bw;Fk; mjd; kf;fSf;Fk; ghuJ}ukhd kw;Wk;

njhiyNehf;Fila nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; tpisTfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; vd;gJ xU epWtdk; my;yJ xU jdpegu; mjd; my;yJ mtuJ

nraw;ghLfSf;F nghWg;ghtjw;fhd> mtw;Wf;fhd nghWg;Gilikapid

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; mj;jifa jPu;khdq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kiwapid

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd (ntspg;gilj;jd;ik) flg;ghlhFk;. jPu;khdnkLg;gtu;fspd; kw;Wk;

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; elj;ij vd;gd nghJ ed;ikf;fhdit>

mjd; gpujpgyd;fs; epiyahdit kw;Wk; mit tpidj;jpwdhd kw;Wk; nraY}f;fkhd

Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjidg; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

mjpfhupfspdhy; mjpfhuk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w xU Kiwahf Ml;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjpfhukhdJ gaDwpj;jhspfspd; gq;Fgw;Wif kw;Wk; ,zf;fj;Jld;> epiyahd kdpj

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ePz;lfhy %Nyhgha Nehf;Fld;> nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk;

102cjhuzkhf ghfk; XLVIIcld; xg;gply; ];jhgdr;rl;lj;jpd; ge;jp 6. 103 jz;lizr; rl;lf;Nfhitapd; gpupT 19 nghWg;gpid Rkj;Jfpd;wJ ‘Fw;wk; gw;wpa jftypid’ ‘gfpuq;f mYtyfu;’ mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. 104rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 30 kw;Wk; 40. 105jpUj;jg;gl;ljw;F mika ,y.8 1973 Mk; Mz;bd; ,yQ;r Coy; rl;lg;gpupT gpupT 70.

65

epahaj;jd;ikAld; rl;lf;fl;likg;gpw;Fs;shf newpKiwj;jd;ikahd Kiwapy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ mq;F ey;yhl;rp Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.

NkNy $wg;gl;ljw;F> jfty;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;sik kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpahdJ jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjiy toq;Ffpd;wJ kw;Wk;

xOq;fikf;fpd;wJ. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s “cupikapd;” jd;ikapidg; gw;wp RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. “jfty;”:nghUs;

nghUshjhu mwptpy;106> “jfty;” ghupa cgNahfg; ngWkjpapidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mg;gpd;dzpapy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJk;> jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpahdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

cs;shw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.107

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; nghUl;Nfhly; gpupthdJ108 “jftYf;fhd” cs;shd

(KOikahdjd;W) tiutpyf;fznkhd;iw mspg;gJld;> mJ gjpNtLfs;> Mtzq;fs;>

Fwpg;Gfs;> kpd;dQ;ry;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> kjpAiufs;> gj;jphpif ntspaPLfs;>

Rw;WepUgq;fs; > fl;lisfs;> rk;gtj;jpul;Lfs;> xg;ge;jq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> gj;jphpiffs;>

khjphpfs;> cUg;gbtk;> fbjj;njhlh;G> Fwpg;gwpf;if> tpiuTr;rl;lthf;fk;> Gj;jfk;>

jpl;ltiuG> tiuT> tiuglk;> gl my;yJ tiugl Ntiy> Gifg;glk;> jpiug;glk;>

FWk;glk;> xypg;gjpT> xspehlh> ,ae;jpuk; %yk; thrpf;ff; $ba gjpTfs;>

fzzpg;gjpTfs; kw;Wk; NtW Mtz nghUs;> cs;slq;fyhf mjdJ ngsjPf gbtk;

my;yJ gz;G nghUs;gLj;jhky; VNjDk; gbtj;jpyhd VNjDk; nghUs; kw;Wk; mjd;

VNjDk; gpujp vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

gpui[nahUtu; jdJ cupikfis epr;rag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F kw;Wk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;;Ls;s ghapuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mstpw;F jdJ ,iwikapidg;

gpuNahfpg;gjw;F ,t;tiutpyf;fzk; mtrpakhFk;. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpid

murpayikg;gpd; cWg;giu 14 m cld; ,izj;J thrpf;fpd;wNghJ mJ> gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfs; itj;jpUf;fpd;w midj;J jfty;fSk; ,iwik kpf;f kf;fSf;F

nrhe;jkhdJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

106 ‘nghUshjhu mwpT’ mwpT vd;gJ ngWkjpapd; ,aq;fp kw;Wk; jutpid nghUs;Nfhly; nra;tjd; mu;j;jj;jpid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ jftypw;F vjpuhdJ mJ %y juthFk;. 107 cjhzkhf gpupT 7(3) ,d; fPo; Njitg;gLj;Jk; vy;yh jfty;fs; vd;gJ rl;lk; epyTfpd;w jpfjpapypUe;jhdJk; 10 tUlq;fSf;F ghJfhf;fg;gljhdJk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gljw;F 12 tUlq;fSf;F gpw;ghljhdijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. 108 ,y.12 2006 Mk; Mz;L jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; gpupT 43.

66

,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ> “jdpahu; mikg;nghd;wplkpUe;J gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigfspdhy; ngwg;gl;l mj;jifaj; jfty;fis nghJ kf;fSf;F

fpilf;ff;$bajhf;FtNj rl;lthf;Fdupd; vz;zkhf mike;Js;sJ…Ngr;R Rje;jpuk;

vd;w fUj;Njw;gpypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik

KOikahdjhf ,y;yhjNghjpYk; $l gfpuq;f ghJfhg;gpy; vt;tpj gpur;ridapidAk;

vt;tstpYk; Vw;gLj;jhj gupkhw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ,ufrpak; Ngzg;gLfpd;wNghJ mJ

vr;rupf;ifAld; ifahsg;gl Ntz;ba xU fhuzpahf mikAk;”109vd $wpaJ.

,J gy;NtW gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; kw;Wk; ru;tNjrj;jpd; jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpapypUe;J

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mwptpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd;

jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpapYk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

4. epjp kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fs;

$l;Lj;jhgd kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; Jiwfs; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; gpui[fspd;

eyDf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdit MFk;. $l;Lj;jhgd kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; epWtdq;fSf;Fk;

gfpuq;f tho;f;ifapy; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd> Coiy vjpug;gjw;fhd kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd newpKiwj;jd;ikahd

cupikAk; (kw;Wk; flikAk;) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. epjp kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; epWtdq;fs;

njhlu;ghfg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,uz;L tpdhf;fs; vOfpd;wd (1) ,e;epWtdq;fs;

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd cupikapidf;

nfhz;Ls;sdth kw;Wk; (2) jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; jfty;fis

toq;Ftjw;fhd flik ,e;epWtdq;fSf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gdNt mt;tpuz;L

tpdhf;fSkhFk;.

4.1 $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd cupik

$l;Lj;jhgd kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; epWtdq;fs; jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rp njhlu;gpy;

nfhz;Ls;s ,izg;gpidg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> KjyhtJk; kw;Wk; Kjd;ikahdJkhd

tplakhf miktJ ahnjdpy;> rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 3(1) xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; ,t;

cupikapid toq;Ftjdhy; $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fSf;F mg;gpuptpd;gb jfty;fis

109uprt; tq;fp ,e;jpah kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; n[ad;byhy; kw;Wk; VidNahu; A.I.R 1982 SC149;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tiyj;jyk;:<http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=43192>.

67

mZFtjw;fhd cupik fhzg;gLkh vd;gNj MFk;. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;

gpupT 43 MdJ> “$l;bizf;fg;gl;l” (cjhuzk;: fk;gdpfs;) kw;Wk; “$l;bizf;fg;glhj”

(cjhuzk;. xU rq;fk;) Mfpa ,uz;bidAk; cs;slf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; “gpui[“ vd;gjid tiuaWf;fpd;wJ. $l;bizf;fg;gl;l my;yJ $l;bizf;fg;glhj

mikg;Gf;fspy; 75% Md mq;fj;jtu;fs; gpui[fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

khj;jpuNk cWg;Giu 14 m ,d;fPo; toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w cupikapidg; gpuNahfpf;f

KbAk; vd;gJ Njitg;ghnlhd;whf mike;Js;sJ. jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjiy

toq;Ftjw;F Kd;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;l $l;bizf;fg;gl;l my;yJ $l;bizf;fg;glhj

mikg;ghdJ 75% mq;fj;jtu; Njitg;ghl;bid G+u;j;jp nra;Js;sJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpy;

jpUg;jpAWfpd;w cupik gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F cz;L.

4.2 $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd flg;ghL

2007 Mk; Mz;L 7 Mk; ,yf;f fk;gdpfs; rl;lkhdJ tUlhe;j tptuj;jhf;fy;> jzpf;if

mwpf;iffs;> epjp mwpf;iffs; Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; jfty;fspd; ntspapLifapid

Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.110 MfNt> ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;> jdpahu; JiwahdJ

Vw;fdNt jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F cl;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tq;fpapay;

epWtdq;fs; 1988 Mk; Mz;L tq;fpapay; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Jiw xOq;fikg;ghsuhf

tpsq;Ffpd;w ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s topfhl;bfspd; fPOk;

,jw;fhd Nkyjpfj; Njitg;ghLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

4.3 xU $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdk;> “gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig” MFk;

jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mZFtjw;fhd cupikahdJ

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; itj;jpUf;Fk; jfty;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lit

MFk;. tq;fpapay; kw;Wk; $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fs; “gfpuq;f mjpfhurig” vd;w

tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLkhapd;> mit jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;F

gpzpf;fg;gl;litahFk;. xU fk;gdpapy; 25% Md my;yJ mjw;F mjpfsthd nrhe;jk;

my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mf;fiw murplk; my;yJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigaplk;

fhzg;gLkhapd; mj;jifa fk;gdp jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

“gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahff;” fUjg;gLk;.

110 ,y.7 2007 Mk; Mz;L fk;gdpr; rl;lk;; ghfk; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; epu;thfk.;

68

ghuk;gupakhf gfpuq;f epWtdq;fspdhy; Kd;ndLj;J tug;gl;l gfpuq;f gzpfs; kw;Wk;

Nritfs; vd;gd jdpahu;kakhf;fy;> Gw xg;gilg;G kw;Wk; nghJ/jdpahu; jpl;lq;fs;

vd;gtw;wpD}lhf jdpahu; Jiwf;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wikNa jw;fhy Nghf;fhf

mike;Js;sJ. jdpahu; Jiw epWtdq;fs; NtWgl;l tifapyhdg; “gfpuq;f gzpfis” Kd;ndLf;fpd;wNghJk;> mit nghJthf %d;W mk;rq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd:

tpepNahf mghaj;Jld; $ba tifapy; gfpuq;f gzpfis jdpahu; epWtdq;fSf;F

khw;Wjy;; tpepNahf];jiuj; njupT nra;tjw;F re;ij ghzpapyhd Nghl;bKiwapidg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;; mile;J nfhs;sy;fs; kw;Wk; gyd;fSf;fhd nrad;Kiwia

ftdj;jpnyLj;J nray;jpwid kjpg;gpLtjpy; khw;wk;. cs;sf re;ijfs;> Rfhjhuk;

kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;w mbg;gil nghJ NritfSf;fhd Vw;ghLfSf;Fs;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd> “nfhs;tdthsu;fs;” kw;Wk; “toq;Fdu;fs;” MfpNahUf;fpilapyhd gpupg;gpid xOq;FgLj;jpAs;sd kw;Wk; mit mjpetPd tu;j;jf

xg;ge;jq;fspdhy; MSif nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.111 nghJthf> murhq;fj;jpd;

tfpghfj;jpDila khWgLfpd;wj; jd;ikapidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpd;wNghJ> gfpuq;f

gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w gy $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fis jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpg;

gug;gpw;Fs; nfhz;L tuf;$ba tifapy; “gfpuq;f gzpfs;” vd;gjw;F gue;jsthd

tiutpyf;fzk; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.112 fPOs;s gFg;gha;T vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjidg;

Nghd;W> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ ghuk;gupakhf Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb>

jdpahu; kw;Wk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfSf;fpilapy; jpl;ltl;lkhd tiuaiwapidf;

nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. ru;g[pj; Nuha; vjpu;. nly;yp kpd;rhu xOq;fikg;G Mizf;FO113 vd;w ,e;jpa tof;fpy; ,e;jpa kj;jpa jfty; Mizf;FOthdJ

jdpahu;kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghJ gad;ghl;L fk;gdpfs; mtw;wpd; jdpahu;kaj;jpidg;

nghUl;gLj;jhJ njhlu;r;rpahf ,e;jpa jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpw;F

cl;gl;ldthfNt fhzg;gLk; vd $wpaJ.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapid tiuaWg;gjw;F

rl;luPjpahd mZFKiwapid tpl njhopw;ghl;L uPjpahd mZFKiwapidNa114

111 KNu `d;l;,“Constitutionalism and Contractualisation of Government in the United Kingdom, in the province of administrative Law” (Michael Taggart ed., Hart 1997). 112ghu;f;f it vy; vjpu; Ngu;kpq;fhk; efu rig[2007]UKHL27,[2008]1A.C.95,[86].113tpz;zg;g ,yf;fk;::CIC/WB/A/2006/00011(jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT-19).2006.

114njhopw;ghl;L mZFKiw gpd;tUk; tof;fpypUw;J fuprid nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mu; vjpu; gdy; xd; Nlf;

Xtu;]; kw;Wk; Nk[u;]; vf;];ghnlNllhgpd; (R. v. Panel on Take Overs and Mergers exparte Datafin) (1987)

69

mjpfstpy; ifahSfpd;wJ. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w “gfpuq;f

mjpfhurig” vDk; fUj;Njw;ghdJ me;epWtdj;jpd; nrhe;jk;> fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk;

nghJj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ. rl;lj;jpd;

gpupT 43 ,y; (nghUl;Nfhly; gpupT) tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; “gfpuq;f mjpfhurig” MdJ

12 tifahd epWtdq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; 12 tifahd epWtd

tifg;ghl;bw;Fs; VNjDk; xd;wpd; fPo; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w epWtdk; “gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rignahd;whff;” fUjg;gLk;. murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fSk;

(RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fs; Nghd;wit) gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfshff; fUjg;gLk;.115

,t; tiutpyf;fzkhdJ murhq;fk; gq;Fjhuu;fshf cs;s $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk;

tq;fpapay; epWtdq;fs; my;yJ Xu; xg;ge;jk;> gq;Filik> cld;ghL my;yJ murhq;fk;

my;yJ mjd; VNjDk; epWtdq;fs; my;yJ cs;@uhl;rp rigfsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l Xu; mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; fPo; epajpr;rl;l my;yJ gfpuq;fg; gzpnahd;wpid

Kd;ndLf;fpd;w epWtdq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;.116

4.4 “fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mf;fiw”

Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpy;> 2007 Mk; Mz;L 7 Mk; ,yf;f fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;wpy; muR my;yJ nghJ $l;Lj;jhgdk; ,Ugj;ije;J

tPjk; my;yJ mjw;fjpfkhdg; gq;Ffis itj;jpUf;fpd;wNghJ my;yJ muR kw;Wk;

nghJ $l;Lj;jhgdk; vd;gd midj;J ,Ugj;ije;J tPjk; my;yJ mjw;fjpfkhdg;

gq;Ffis itj;jpUf;fpd;wNghJ my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mf;fiwapidf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghJ mJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahff; fUjg;gLnkd;w

tiutpyf;fzkhdJ gue;jJ MFk;. gpd;ida re;ju;g;gkhdJ (mjhtJ> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w

mf;fiwfs;) vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l jug;G fk;gdpapd; tptfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj;jf;fsT

NghJkhd thf;fspg;G gq;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;s re;ju;g;gj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.117 xU

Q.B. 815 ,j;jifa mZFKiwahdJ nghUj;jkhd njhopw;ghl;LuPjpapyhd flik Gupgtupdhy;

njhopw;ghLfs; nraw;gLj;jg;Lfpd;w ‘cz;ikahd jd;ikapid’ mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. 115,e;jpa tof;fhd gPfhu; gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FO vjpu; rapl; Fird; up];tp kw;Wk; VidNahu; (2012)13 SCC 61 ,t;tof;fpy; jPu;f;fg;gl;l tplak; ahnjdpy; murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l my;yJ epWtg;gl;l mq;fk; my;yJ ];jhgdk; fl;lhak; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahfNt ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jfty; gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FtplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. fpilf;fg;ngwg;glf;$ba tiyj;jsk;:

<http://www.supremecourtcases.com/index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=99999999&do_pdf=1&id=45279>. 116 gpupT 43 ,y.12 2006Mk; Mz;L jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk;. 117ghu;f;f ,yq;if tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J rpNu~;;lKfhikj;Jtj;jpd Cjpaj;jpid jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;l Mizf;FO ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. fpilf;fg;ngwg;gl $ba tiyj;jsk;

<http://www.sundaytimes.lk/180617/news/rti-commission-orders-srilankan-to-disclose-vip-salaries-298673.html> - 14 xf;Nlhgu; 2018 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

70

jpwj;jtu; 50% gq;FfSld; Nkyjpfkhf xU gq;fpidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghJ mtUf;F

“fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mf;fiw” cs;sJ vd;gNj nghJthd tpjpahFk;. vt;thnwdpDk;>

50% thf;fspg;G gq;FfSld; Nkyjpfkhf xU thf;fspg;G gq;fpw;fhd Neubahdnrhe;jk;

fhzg;glhj re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; rl;lk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mf;fiw ,Ug;gjhf

mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. fk;gdpfs; rl;lkhdJ gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gq;Ffis118 tpepNahfpg;gjid mDkjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJld; mtw;Wf;fhd cupikfisAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.119

“fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mf;fiwfSf;fhd” Nrhjid ,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;>

fk;gdp mftpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fkhapd;> jpiwNrupapd; nrayhsu; “jq;fg;gq;F” vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w tpNrl tifg; gq;nfhd;wpid itj;jpUg;gjid

rhj;jpag;gLj;JtjD}lhf mtUf;F xU tpNrl ftdpg;gpid fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;

mspf;fpd;wJ. jq;fg;gq;F vd;w fUj;Njw;G ahnjdpy; mJ gq;Fjhuu;fspd; $l;lj;jpy;

mspf;fg;gLfpd;w midj;J thf;FfSf;Fk; vjpuhfj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;w thf;fpid mspf;fpd;w

mjpfhuk; jq;fg; gq;fpidf; nfhz;bUg;gtUf;F fhzg;gLk; vd;gjhFk;. fk;gdpfs;

rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 139(2) ,w;F mikthf> jpiwNrupapd; nrayhsu; xU fk;gdpapy; jq;fg;

gq;nfhd;wpid itj;jpUf;fpd;wNghJ> tpNrl thf;fspg;G rpwg;Gupikfis mDgtpg;ghu;.120

murhq;fkhdJ Copau; Nrkyhg epjpapidg; gad;gLj;jp gq;Ffis nfhs;tdT

nra;Js;s gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpfspy; murhq;fkhdJ NghJkhdsT gq;Ffisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghJ kw;Wk; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bidg; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wNghJ mJ

“gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahf” fUjg;gl KbAkh vd;gJ ,q;F vOfpd;w xU

gpur;ridahFk;. murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; njhlu;gpyhd jfty;fis fpilf;ff;$bajhfr;;

nra;tjD}lhf mjd; nraw;ghLfis ntspr;rk;Nghl;L fhl;LjNy jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhshf mikfpd;wJ vd;gjdhy;> murhq;fkhdJ epajpr;rl;l

tuk;ngy;iyahd 25 % ,id tpQ;Rfpd;w me;j nehb my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bid

gpuNahfpf;fpd;wNghJ mj;jUzk; Kjy; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

Copau; Nrkyhg epjpahdJ epajpr;rl;luPjpahf Xa;Tfhyj;jpw;fhd epjpahf

cs;sikapdhy; kw;Wk; mJ epajpr;rl;luPjpahf kj;jpa tq;fp vd;w kw;WnkhU

118 gpupT 49(2) ,y.7 2007 Mk; Mz;L fk;gdpr; rl;lk.;; 119 gpupT 198 ,y.7 2007 Mk; Mz;L fk;gdpr; rl;lk;;. 120fk;gdpr;rl;;lj;jpy; vJ vt;thW fhzg;gbDk; jpiwNrpapd; nrayhsu; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; nghw;gq;if

itj;jpUg;gtuhf ,Uf;Fkplj;JjpiwNrupapd; nrayhsu; mjd; nghw;gq;Fjhuuhf xNuNtisapy; jdJ gjpypfshf r%fkspg;gjw;F %d;Wf;F Nkw;glhjNtW Ml;fis epakpf;f cupj;Jilatu;.

71

epajpr;rl;l mikg;gpw;F ghug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikapdhy; mJ jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpid <u;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

4.5 $l;Lj;jhgd epWtdq;fs; murhq;fj;Jld; xg;ge;jq;fis nra;J nfhs;sy;

mNjNghy> cg ge;jpahd (v) MdJ xg;ge;jk;> nghJ jdpahu; gq;Filik

cs;slq;fyhd gq;Filik> cld;ghL my;yJ murhq;fk; my;yJ mjd; VNjDk;

epWtdq;fs; my;yJ cs;@uhl;rp rigfsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Xu;

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; vd;gdtw;wpd; fPo; epajpr;rl;l my;yJ gfpuq;fg; gzpnahd;wpid

Kd;ndLf;fpd;w jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; mit epajpr;rl;l

my;yJ gfpuq;f gzp my;yJ Nritapid nra;fpd;w mt;tstpw;F gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigfshff; fUjg;gLk; vd $Wfpd;wJ. ,J nghJ Nritfs; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspdhy;

toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

4.6 mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; fPohd tq;fpapay; epWtdq;fs;

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; tq;fpapay; rl;lj;jpd;121 fPo; mspf;fg;gl;l mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; fPo;

njhopw;gLfpd;wikapdhy; jdpahu; tq;fpfs; (mjhtJ muR 25 % gq;Fupj;jpid my;yJ

fl;Lg;ghl;L mf;fiwapidf; nfhz;buhjit) gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfshff; fUjg;gLkh

vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ. tq;fpfs; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Fwg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd

,ufrpakhd kw;Wk; $Uzu;jpwd; kpf;f jfty;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gJld; mtw;iw

rl;lq;fspy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYs;s ,ufrpa Vw;ghLfspD}lhf kw;Wk; tu;j;jf kw;Wk;

tpNrlkag;gLj;jg;gl;l tq;fpfSf;F Vw;Gilajhfpd;w xOq;FtpjpfspD}lhf ntspapLjy;

jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.122 jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjiy toq;Ffpd;w flg;ghl;bid

tu;j;jf tq;fpfs; njhlu;gpy; ePf;Ftjw;F gpujhdkhf ,uz;L thjq;fs;

Kd;itf;fg;glyhk;; (1) mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; tq;fpfs;

epajpr;rl;l gzpnahd;wpid my;yJ gfpuq;fg; gzpnahd;wpid Mw;wtpy;iy. tq;fpfspd;

njhopw;ghlhdJ jdpahu; epWtdkhf tsu;r;rpaile;J tUtJld; mJ ehl;bd;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lsthdj; jhf;fq;fspid Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mJ

murpd; xOq;FtpjpfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ; kw;Wk; (2) tq;fpfs;

itj;jpUf;fpd;w Kf;fpakhdj; jfty;fs; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5 ,y;

121 jpUj;jg;gl;ljw;F mika ,y.30 1998 Mk; Mz;L tq;fp;r;rl;lk;. 122cjhuzkhf gFjp IVA tq;fpr;rl;lj;jpw;F mika tq;fpf; fzf;fpd; cupikahsupid fzf;fpyf;fk; nfhz;L milahsk; fhz;gJ Kw;WKOjhf kPwg;glf;$lhjjhf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

72

$wg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb mt;tpjptpyf;fpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;. xU jdpegUila tq;fpj;

jfty;fisf; NfhupapUe;j jfty; Nfhupf;ifahdJ> %d;whe; jpwj;jtu;fshff;

fUjg;glf;$ba tq;fpapd; thbf;ifahsu;fSila fzf;Ffs; njhlu;ghd ,ufrpaj;

jd;ikapid Ngz Ntz;ba flg;ghL tq;fpf;F cz;L vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa

kj;jpa jfty; Mizf;FOtpdhy; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.123 NkYk;> mj;jftiy mZFtjpYs;s

ey;nyz;zj;jpyhd gfpuq;f mf;fiwapid my;yJ mf;fk;gdpAld; mtUf;F ,Ue;j

VNjDk; njhlu;gpid my;yJ tpahghu cwTKiwapid ];jhgpf;fj; jtwpAs;shu; vd;Wk;

kj;jpa jfty; Mizf;FO Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

jw;NghJ vQ;rpapUf;fpd;w kw;WnkhU gpur;rpid ahnjdpy;> ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lq;fspD}lhf

];jhgpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; $l;izf;fg;gl;l mur tq;fpfs;124 gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfshff;

fUjg;gl KbAkh vd;gjhFk;. ,j;jifa tq;fpfs;> murpdhy; “murhq;fj;jpw;F cupj;jhd

tpahghug;gzp epWtdq;fs;”125 vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mit jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;jpid <u;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

NkYk;> ,j;jifa tq;fpfspd; gzpg;ghsu;fs; Fohkpd; gzpg;ghsu;fs; mikr;ru;fspd;

nraw;ghl;bD}lhf epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.126 ,J murhq;fq;fs; mj;jifa tq;fpfis

nrhe;jq; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gjid

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. MfNt ,it jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 43 ,d; fPo; gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rig vd;gjd; tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;Fs; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thnwdpDk;>

tq;fpapy; jdpg;gl;l fzf;nfhd;wpidg; NgZfpd;w gfpuq;f mYtynuhUtUila

(cjhuzk;: xU mikr;ru;) jftiy mZFtjw;fhd Nfhupf;ifapid jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(m) ,d; fPo; kWf;f ,aYk;. mj;jifa jftypd;

ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ “ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiwapid” nfhz;buhJ vd;w mbg;gilapy;

mj;jfty; kWf;fg;glyhk;.

5 cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fs;

fy;tpahdJ murpd; jdpg; nghWg;Gilikahf mika Ntz;Lkh vd;w Nfs;tpf;Fupa

gjpy; vjpu;kiwahdjhfNt mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. rl;lk; njhlu;ghd Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mz;ika jPu;g;ghdJ (cr;r rPjpkd;wj;jpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ)>

123v.gP rpq;f; vjpu; gQ;rhg; Njrpa tq;fp <Appeal No. 12/IC(A)/2006, dated 14.3.2006 available at:

http://www.excisesurat1.nic.in/Trade%20Notice/RTI/Rajan_Madhav_v._SBI.pdf>.124cjhuzkhf ,yq;iftq;fp> kf;fs;tq;fp> Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp ,yq;fhg;Gu mgptpUj;jptq;fp. 125 epjpaikr;rpd; tUlhe;j mwpf;if [2017] ,yq;if tq;fpapd; kf;fs; Kaw;rpahz;ik jpizf;fsj;jpd.; 126 gpupT 6(1) kf;fs; tq;fpapd; fl;lisr;rl;lk; (ghfk; 302).

73

fy;tpf;fhd cupik vd;gJ ,ytrf; fy;tpf;fhd cupik vd;W mu;j;jg;glhJ vd;w

nfhs;if Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;jJ.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 43 ,y; $wg;gl;Ls;s gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig

vd;gjd; tiutpyf;fzkhdJ cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

vt;thnwdpDk;> ,J cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;Fk; (VNjDk; vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;l> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l my;yJ murpdhy;

my;yJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rignahd;wpdhy; KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy;

epjpaspf;fg;gLfpd;w jdpahu; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhu; epWtdq;fs;

cs;slq;fyhf) jdpahu; fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;Fk;; (VNjDk; vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;l> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l my;yJ murpdhy;

my;yJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rignahd;wpdhy; KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy;

epjpaspf;fg;gLfpd;w njhopw;gapw;rp my;yJ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpapid mspf;fpd;w

epWtdq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf) ,ilapyhd NtWghl;bid toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J xU

cs;shd tiutpyf;fzkhf cs;sikapdhy; jdpahupdhy; nrhe;jq; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w

fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; ,jw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thnwdpDk;> xU epWtdk;

VNjDk; vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;fPo; “];jhgpf;fg;gl;L> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L my;yJ

mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; khj;jpuNk” jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

“VNjDk; vOjg;gl;lr; rl;lk;” vd;gJ fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpid cs;slf;Fkh vd;gJ

kw;WnkhU re;NjfkhFk;. fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;

jdpahf cg gpupthd (c) ,d; fPo; ifahsg;gLtjdhy;> ,t; cggpuptpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s “VNjDk; vOjg;gl;l rl;lk;” vd;gJ gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rl;lk; Nghd;W

Fwpg;ghf fy;tp/cau;fy;tp Jiw njhlu;gpy; Vw;Gilajhfpd;w rl;lq;fisNa

mu;j;jg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. epajpr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;127 my;yJ epajpr;rl;l mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW njhopw;rhu; epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it njhlu;gpy;

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; Vw;GilajhFk;.

6 xOq;fikg;ghsu;fs;;jfty;fspd; itg;Gf;fs;

gfpuq;f kw;Wk; jdpahu; gug;GfSf;F ,ilapy; itf;fj;jf;f kw;WnkhU tifahd

epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit RahjPd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

vd;w tbtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ij xOq;fikg;G mikg;Gf;fshFk;. ed;fwpag;gl;l

127 cjhuzkhf ,y. 34 1974 Mk; Mz;L gl;laf; fzf;fhzu; ];jhgd cUthf;fr;rl;lk;.

74

xOq;fikg;ghsu;fshf ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp> gpizaq;fs; kw;Wk; guptu;j;jidfs;

Mizf;FO> njhiynjhlu;G xOq;fikg;G Mizf;FO> ,yq;if fhg;GWjp rig>

fk;gdpfs; gjpthsu; kw;Wk; jdpahu; Rfhjhu Nritfs; xOq;fikg;G rig vd;gdtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,e;epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd; rl;l Mizapd; fhuzkhf kw;Wk; mtw;wpdhy;

xOq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;w epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghupastpyhd jfty;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sikapdhy;> re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk;. tpNrlkhf

,j;jifa epWtdq;fspd; gpd;dzpapy;> xOq;fikg;gtupdhy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;

xOq;fikf;fg;gLgtu;fspd; jfty;fs; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpw;Fs;

cs;slf;fg;gl ,aYkh vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT

5 ,d; fPo; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy;

,jw;fhd gjpy; Neu;kiwahdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

7 “cilik> fhty; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghL”

gpupT 3 ,d; fPohd jftYf;fhd cupikahdJ mj;jfty; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapd;

“cilikapy;> fhtypy; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by;” fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuNk

mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cilik> fhty; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd nrhe;jj;jpd; gz;Gfshf

fhzg;gLfpd;wNghjpYk; $l> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ jftiy nrhe;jq;

nfhz;bUf;fj; Njitapy;iy. cilik vd;gJ xU egu; xd;iw cilik nfhs;s

Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zj;Jld; mjd;kPJ gpuNahfpf;fpd;w fl;Lg;ghlhFk;. fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ

xU tplaj;jpd;kPJ mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;bUj;jyhFk;. fhty; vd;gJ xd;wpd; kPJ

ghJfhg;ghd mf;fiwapidf; nfhz;bUj;jyhFk;.

Fwpg;gpl;lj; jfty; Vw;fdNt gfpuq;f gug;gpy; fhzg;gLkhapd;> mj;jfty; Fwpg;gpl;l

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapd; “cilikapy;> fhtypy; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by;” fhzg;gLtjhff; fUjg;gl KbahJ. Fwpg;gpl;l jftyhdJ NtW ahuplKk; fhzg;glhJ

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigaplk; khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nly;yp Nky; ePjpkd;wkhdJ gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ:

jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w “itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;” my;yJ

“VNjDk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;” Nghd;w nrhw; gpuNahfq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l jftyhdJ NtW ahuplKkd;wp Fwpg;gpl;l gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapdhy;

mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid mu;j;jg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mJ Vw;fdNt gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis

75

cs;slf;fhJ> mjhtJ> nghJthf gpui[fSld; gfpug;gl;Ls;sj; jfty;fis

cs;slf;fhJ. mj;Jld;> Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s elgbKiwapD}lhf kw;Wk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjD}lhf gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigaplkpUe;J Fwpg;gpl;lj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd epajpr;rl;l

nghwpKiwnahd;W fhzg;gLkplj;J> mj;jfty;fSk; ,jw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.

mt;thwhapd;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;F epajpr;rl;l uPjpahff;

flg;gl;Ls;s mj;jifaj; jfty;fis gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig “itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ”

my;yJ “fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ” vd $w ,ayhJ…128

8 mZFtjw;fhd cupikapd; tpjptpyf;F:gpupT5

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp I ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nghJthd tpjpf;Fupa

tpjptpyf;F> mjhtJ jfty;fis kWg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilfs; gFjp II ,y; cs;sJ.

gpupT 5 ,d; fPo; cg ge;jp 5(1) ,d; (m) – (q) tiuAs;s tplaq;fspd; fPo;

cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w jfty;fis kWg;gjw;fhd Miz gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.129 ,J jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ gpupT 5(1) ,d; fPo;

tiuaWf;fpd;wjw;fika jfty;fis ghJfhg;gJ njhlu;gpy; topg;Gld; cs;sikapid

vLj;Jf; fhl;LFd;wJ. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(2) – 5(4) vd;gd Nkyjpf jFjpg;ghLfis $Wfpd;wd. ,t;thf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf me;juq;fk; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf

,ufrpaq;fs; vd;w ,uz;L tpjptpyf;Ffs; tpgukhf Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

8.1 me;juq;fk;

jdpg;gl;l tho;f;iff;fhd cupik vd;gJ ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpy; ed;F

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lnjhd;whFk;. jdpg;gl;l Ra mjpfhuk;> jdpg;gl;l tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Vida

kdpj capu;fs; kw;Wk; cyfj;Jld; cwtpid ];jhgpj;J nfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; mjid

tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd cupik vd;gtw;Wf;fhd mj;jpahtrpakhd Kd; epge;jidahf

,t;Tupik Njit vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,J gue;jstpy; nghUl;Nfhly; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(m) MdJ> ve;jnthU gfpuq;f nraw;ghL

my;yJ mf;fiwAld; njhlu;gw;w my;yJ ghupastpyhd gfpuq;f mf;fiw

128fk;gdp gjpthsu; kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; ju;Nke;jpu Fkhu; ( W.P.(C) 11271/2009) fpilf;ff;$ba tiyj;jsk;:

<http://www.supremecourtcases.com/index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=99999999&do_pdf=1&id=45279>. 129 gpupT5(1) ghtpf;fg;gLk; thu;j;ij Ntz;Lk; vd;w thu;j;ij kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

76

ntspapLifapid epahag;gLj;jhj NghJ my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l egu; ntspapLiff;fhd

jdJ rk;kjj;jpid vOj;jpy; toq;fpapuhjNghJ jdpegnuhUtupd; me;juq;fj;jpy;

Njitaw;w jiyaPLfisr; nra;fpd;w jdpg;gl;l jfty;fSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffis

epuhfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

ehk; mtjhdpf;fpd;wjw;fika> ,g;gpupthdJ mftaj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ. mjhtJ

jPu;khdnkLg;gtu; xt;nthU Nfhupf;ifapdJk; re;ju;g;g #o;epiyfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L jdJ jPu;khdj;jpid vLg;gjw;fhd jw;JzpG toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giu 14m

(2) MdJ me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd cupik jftYf;fhd cupikapid tpQ;rp epw;gjhf

mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. cz;ikapy;> mt; cWg;Giuapd; trd mikg;ghdJ “…rdehaf

r%fnkhd;wpy; mtrpakhff;$bathwhf rl;lj;jpdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLk; mj;jifa

kl;Lg;ghLfs; jtpu;e;j> eyd; fUjp….me;juq;fj;jd;ik…”. ,J me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd

cupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; [dehaf r%fnkhd;wpy; mJ Kf;fpa Mf;ff;$W

vd;gjidAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

“me;juq;fk;” vd;gJ kdpj nfsutj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mbg;gilahf

tpsq;FtJld; mJ jdpegu;fs; fUj;Jf;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjidAk; cwTKiwfis

];jhgpg;gjidAk; ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ.130 me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd cupik gw;wp

vLj;jpak;gpa ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mz;ikaj; jPu;g;ghdJ> jdpahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd

cupikahdJ> kdpju;fs; jiyaPLfspd;wp Rje;jpukhf tho;tjw;F kpf mtrpakhd>

“kPwg;glhj jdpj;jd;ik” vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd $wpaJ.131

me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd cupik vd;gJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghnlhd;whff;

fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; $l> Vida gy ehLfisg; NghyNt ,yq;ifapYk;

me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd cupikia ghJfhg;gjw;F jdpahd rl;lk; ,y;iy.132 1910 Mk;

Mz;bw;F Kw;gl;l fhye;njhl;Nl ePjpkd;wq;fs; me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd cupikapid

130N[hd; ];LNthl; kpy; mtupd; gl;lakhd Rje;jpuj;jpy; vd;gjpy; jdpAupik vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jhu;. rKjhaj;jpw;F mtu; VNjDk; xU tpjkhd elj;ijf;F xNu xU gFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. ,J kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,j;jifa gFjpahdJ mtupd; Rje;jpukhdJ G+uzkhd cupikahf

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mtupd; kdjhYk; clyhYk; jdpg;gl;l ,iwahz;ik nfhz;ltu;.…” 131ePjpauru; Nf.v]; Gj;jRthkp kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; ,e;jpad; A+dpad; kw;Wk; VidNahu;

fpilf;fg;ngwf;$ba tiyj;jsk;:

<http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/pdf/LU/ALL%20WP(C)%20No.494%20of%202012%20Right%20to%20Privacy.pdf>.132ngu;dhz;Nl vjpu; ,yq;if xspgug;G $l;Lj;jhgdk; kw;Wk; Vidatu;fs;; 1996 1 SLR 157 at page 176 /

,ul;ehaf;f kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; nkbNtf kw;Wk; VidNah;u20051SLR323atp.335/.

77

mq;fPfupj;Js;sd.133 “me;juq;fk;” vtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghf

Jy;ypakhd rl;l tiutpyf;fzk; ,y;iy. gue;jstpy; $WNthkhapd;> me;juq;fk; vd;gJ

jdpj;J ,Uf;ftplg;gLtjw;fhd cupik my;yJ jiyaPLfspypUe;jhd Rje;jpuk; vd

$wyhk;. jfty; me;juq;fk; vdg;gLtJ cq;fSila jdpg;gl;l jfty;fs; vt;thW

Nrfupf;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; fl;Lg;ghl;bidf;

nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd cupik MFk;. Vidatu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s mtrpakw;w

tplaq;fshf mj;jifaj; jfty;fis fUjtpaYk;.

jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;ifapid kWf;fpd;wNghJ gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f gy;NtW Nrhjidfis

gpupT 5(1) (m) MdJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

Kjyhtjhf> mJ xU “jdpg;gl;l jftyh?” “jdpg;gl;l jfty;” vd;gjw;F cyfshtpa

uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tiuaiw ,y;yhjNghjpYk; $l> mJ milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jdpegnuhUtupd; my;yJ epahakhf milahsg;gLj;jg;glf;$ba xU jdpegupd; jfty;

my;yJ mgpg;gpuhak; vd fUjg;glyhk;.134 ,J xU jdpegupd; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FLk;gk;> njhopy; cs;slq;fyhf mtUila r%f cwTfs; rhu;e;j jfty;fs; vd

nghUs;gLfpd;wJ. mit murpay; mgpg;gpuhak;> ghypd mgpg;gpuhak;> jdpg;gl;l

cwTKiwfs;> FLk;g tpguq;fs; Nghd;w $Uzu;jpwd; kpf;f jfty;fis cs;slf;fyhk;.

NkYk;> mJ cly;epiy gw;wpaj; jfty;fs;> nrytopf;Fk; Kiw njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;>

fld; jfty;fs;> tq;fp mwpf;iffs;> njhopyhsu; mwpf;iffs; Nghd;w jfty;fisAk;

cs;slf;Fk;. “jdpg;gl;l jfty;fs;: vd;w tiuaiwf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;glf;$ba

midj;J tpjkhd jfty;fisAk; nfhz;l xU KOikahd gl;baiy cUthf;FtJ

rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. mJ xt;nthU epfo;tpdJk; re;ju;g;g #o;epiyfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L khw;wkilAk;. gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nghJthd tpjp ahnjdpy;> Fwpg;gpl;lj;

jfty; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l jdpegu; rhu;ghdnjdpy; my;yJ milahsg;gLj;jf;$ba

jdpegnuhUtu; rhu;ghdnjdpy; mJ jdpg;gl;l jftyhff; fUjg;gLk; vd;gjhFk;.135

1975 Mk; Mz;L 1 Mk; ,yf;f nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;

(jpUj;jg;gl;lthW) nra;ag;gLfpd;w gpufldq;fspYs;s jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; xU

gpur;rid vOfpd;wJ. gpupT 5(3) MdJ> “ve;jnthU egUk;” ve;jnthU gpufldj;jpidAk; Nfhup ghu;itapl ,aYk; vd $WtJld;> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lzj;jpidr;

133rpd;dg;gh vjpu; fdfu;l;;13NLR157.

134,y.119 1988 Mk; Mz;L jdpg;gl;l rl;lk; mT];Nuypah ghfk; II tFjp I - nghJthd tiutpyf;fzk;.

135Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

78

nrYj;JtjD}lhf mg;gpufldj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w cupikapidf; nfhz;bUg;ghu;

vd $Wfpd;w NghjpYk;$l> mJ gpupT 8 ,y; tpQ;rpepw;fpd;w ,ufrpak; njhlu;ghd

Vw;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. gpupT 8 ,w;F mikthf> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs;

gpufldr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5 ,d;gb mj;jifa gpufldnkhd;wpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w

ve;jnthU egUk; mjid ,ufrpakhf itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mt;

,ufrpaj;ij fhg;Ngd; vd cWjpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. me; egu; mg;gpufldj;jpid

,yQ;rk;> kJtup> guptu;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L ,iwtup Nghd;w

rl;lq;fspd; fPo; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l elgbKiwfisad;wp NtW ve;elgbKiwfspYk;

ntspg;gLj;jf;$lhJ. ,ufrpak; njhlu;ghd ,f;flg;ghl;bw;F Kuzhf elj;jy; Fw;wtpay;

jz;lidapid tpisthf;Fk;.136 ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;fs; gpufldr; rl;lkhdJ gpufldq;fis “jdpg;gl;l jfty;fshf” fUj

vj;jdpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid epahakhf Cfpf;f ,aYk;. ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl>

nrhj;Jf;fs; gpufldj;jpy;> gpufldg;gLj;Jgtu;fs;> mtu;fSila tho;f;ifj;Jizfs;

kw;Wk; gps;isfspd; jfty;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

,uz;lhtjhf> mj;jifa jftypd; ntspg;gLj;Jif VNjDk; gfpuq;f nraw;ghL my;yJ

mf;fiwAld; njhlu;Gilajh? mjhtJ ,J Fwpg;gpl;l jftyhdJ VNjDnkhU gfpuq;f

nraw;ghL my;yJ gfpuq;f mf;fiwAld; njhlu;GWfpd;wjh vd;gjid tpdTfpd;wJ.

“gfpuq;f nraw;ghL my;yJ mf;fiw” vd;w njhluhdJ gue;jjhFk;. gfpuq;f nraw;ghL vd;gjd; %yk; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahnjd mjd; nrhy;yikg;gpd;gb ghu;g;gpd; nghJ

kf;fSld; njhlu;Gila ve;jnthU nraw;ghlhfTk; mJ mikayhk;.137

“gfpuq;f mf;fiw” vd;gJ gpui[fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghJthd mf;fiwahf

my;yJ nghJkf;fs; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w gpur;ridahf my;yJ nghJ kf;fSf;F

nghJthf my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU FOtpw;F khj;jpuk; nghUj;jkhdjhfTs;s xU

tplakhff; fUjg;glyhk;. mJ gfpuq;f mikg;Gf;fspd; tptfhuq;fSld;

njhlu;Gw;witahf ,Uf;fyhk;. mJ ntWk; Mu;tj;ij khj;jpuk; mu;j;jg;gLj;jf;$lhJ>

khwhf mJ murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; eyd; vd;gtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gw;witahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.138 jftypd; cgNahfg; ngWkjpahdJ gfpuq;f

nraw;ghL my;yJ mf;fiwahff; fUjg;gLtjw;F mJ tuk;ngy;iyapidj;

136gpupT-8[4] nrhj;Jtg;gpufldk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gilikr; rl;lk.; 137cjhuzkhf mwf;fl;lis mikg;gpd; ek;gpf;ifg;nghWg;ghsu; gw;wpa Fw;wtpay; mwpf;if my;yJ

mtupd; Nritapid nghJkf;fSf;F mjpfstpy; toq;Fk; jdpahu; tFg;G Mrpupaupd; fy;tpj; jfik kw;Wk; gy.138 mfuhjpapypUe;J Vw;fg;gl;lJ. fpilf;fg;ngwg;gl;l tiyj;js Kftup <https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Public+Interest>.

79

jhz;bapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> ntWkNd Mu;tj;jpw;fhf my;yJ jdpg;gl;l

fhuzq;fSf;fhf Nfl;fg;gLfpd;w jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; rhu;ghd jd;ikapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhJ.

,g; gpd;dzpapy;> murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 14 m Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cWg;Giu 14 m MdJ “….xt;nthU gpui[Ak; gpui[nahUtupd; cupikfisg;

gpuNahfpg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gjw;F Njitg;gLj;jg;gLtJkhdj; jftiy> rl;lj;jpdhy;

Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lthwhf mZtjw;fhd cupikapidf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;….” ntWk; Mu;tj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tpz;zg;gq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gltpy;iy

vd;gjid ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gpui[fSila cupik Neubahditahf>

kiwKfkhditahf mNjNghy topj;Njhd;wy; cupikfshff; fhzg;glyhk;.139 cupikfs;

,t;tpupthd gug;ghdJ cWg;Giu 14 m ,d; fPo; Vw;Gilajhfpd;w cupikfis jhdhf

mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. jftYf;fhd cupik vd;gJ xU cupikahf tpsq;Ftjdhy;>

“…gpui[nahUtupd; cupikfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gjw;F

Njitg;gLj;jg;gLtJkhdj; jftiy…” vd;w cWg;giu 14 m ,d; nrhw;njhlu;

FWfyhf nghUl;Nfhly; nra;ag;glhJ gue;jstpy; nghUl;Nfhly; nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gy;NtW tof;Ffspy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sjidg; Nghd;W> gfpuq;f

mf;fiwapid xU topfhl;bahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jd;NghJ> ,t;tiutpyf;fzkhdJ

Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w cs;shu;e;j msTUf;fis kdjpy; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ>

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; my;yJ FO tWik> Mjutpd;ik my;yJ clw;FiwghL my;yJ

r%f uPjpahf my;yJ nghUshjhu uPjpahf ghjfkhd epiyapy; fhzg;gLjy; Nghd;w

VNjDnkhU fhuzj;jpdhy; ePjpkd;wj;ij ehb epthuzk; ngw ,ayhJs;sNghJ>

murhq;f epWtdq;fs; gfpuq;f mf;fiwf;F Kuzhd tifapy; rl;lq;fis kPWtjidj;

jLf;Fk; nghUl;L ePjpkd;wq;fs; gfpuq;f mf;fiw topf;fhl;Ljy;fis mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

%d;whtjhf> mt; ntspapLifapid ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiw epahag;gLj;jhj tiu mJ

me;juq;fj;jpy; Njitaw;w jiyaPLfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wjh vd;gjhFk;. 2017 Mk; Mz;by;

toq;fg;gl;l xU jPu;g;gpy;> ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ140 me;juq;fk; njhlu;gpy;

KOikahff; ifahz;lJld; Kbthf me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd cupikapid mq;fPfupj;jJ.

139kw;iwa cupikfs; Vida cupikfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl mj;jpahtrpakhdJ.140ePjpauru; Nf.v]; Gj;jRthkp kw;Wk; VidNahu; vjpu; ,e;jpad; A+dpad; kw;Wk; VidNahu;

fpilf;fg;ngwf’$ba tiyj;jsk;: <http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/pdf/LU/ALL%20WP(C)%20No.494%20of%202012%20Right%20to%20Privacy.pdf>.

80

Vidatw;Wf;F kj;jpapy;> mj;jPu;g;ghdJ me;juq;fj;jpd; ehd;F mbg;gil epiyfis

Fwpj;J fhl;baJ141; (i) jdpik – jdpegnuhUtu; “kdk; kw;Wk; kdrhl;rpf;F ,ilapyhd

cs; fye;Jiuahlypy;” <LgLfpd;w kpf KOikahd me;juq;f epiy; (ii) neUf;f epiy - ,J ntWkNd tho;f;ifj;JizfSf;fpilapy; cs;s neUf;fkhd cwtpid

kl;Lky;yhJ FLk;gk;> ez;gu;fs; kw;Wk; rf Copau;fSf;fpilapyhd cwtpidAk;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ; (iii) njupag;gLj;j tpUk;ghj epiy – jdpegnuhUtu; gfpuq;f gug;gpy;

,Ug;gjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ milahsg;gLj;jg;gLjypypUe;J tpLghl;bidj;

NjLjy;kw;Wk; (iv) xJq;fpapUf;fpd;w epiy – vkJ rpy tpguq;fs; kpfTk; jdpg;gl;litahf kw;Wk; Gdpjkhditahf ,Uf;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; my;yJ ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

mgrhukhdjhf my;yJ ntl;fj;jpw;Fupajhf cs;s fhuzj;jpdhy; mtw;iw

VidNahUf;F ntspg;gLj;jhkypUg;gjw;fhd Njitapid Fwpf;fpd;wJ.;

8.2 tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; tzpf ,ufrpaq;fs;

gpupT 5(1)(<) MdJ tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if> tzpf ,ufrpaq;fs; my;yJ Gyikr;rhu; nrhj;J

cs;slq;fyhf 2003 Mk; Mz;L 13 Mk; ,yf;f Gyikr; nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis mtw;wpd; ntspapLif %d;whe; jpwj;jtupd; Nghl;b

epiyf;F Cwpid Vw;gLj;Jkhapd; mj; jfty;fspd; ntspapLifapy; ghupa gfpuq;f

mf;fiw jq;fpAs;sJ vd gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig jpUg;jpAwhj tiuapy; mj;jfty;fspd;

ntspapLifapid tpyf;fspf;fpd;wJ.

tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fs; toq;fg;gl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk;

gfpug;glyhk;> Mdhy; %d;whe; jpwj;jtu;fsplk; gfpuf;$lhJ. jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpy; tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if gw;wp tpupthd topfhl;Ljypd;ikapdhy;> jfty; mYtyu;fs;

re;ju;g;gq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdnkLf;f Ntz;batu;fshfpd;wdu;. vt;thnwdpDk;>

gpupT 5(1)(<) MdJ> ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiw fhzg;gLkhapd; mq;F tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if

fhzg;gbDk; $l jfty; ntspaplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigahdJ tu;j;jf ek;gpf;ifapid gfpuq;f mf;fiwAld; rkepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Fapd;];yhe;jpd; jftYf;fhd Mizf;FOthdJ vj;jfty;fs; “tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if” vd;w tifg;ghl;bw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; vd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F Ie;J fl;lis tpjpfis

141 Nguhrpupau;.Myd; Ngku; nt];bd; My; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l. (1929 – 2013).

81

toq;Ffpd;wJ142 vd;gJld; mt; Ie;J fl;lis tpjpfisAk; g+u;j;jp nra;fpd;w gl;rj;jpy;

kl;Lk;jhd; Fwpg;gpl;l jfty; tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if vd;w mbg;gilapy;

ntspaplg;gLtjpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fg;gLk;.

murhq;f xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf ek;gpf;if

Fwpg;gpl;l jftyhdJ midj;J fl;lis tpjpfisAk; G+u;j;jp nra;a Kbahky;

Nghfpd;wNghJk;> mj;jifa ntspaPl;bw;nfjpuhf mJ gfpuq;f mf;fiw fhuzpfis

Kd;itf;f ,aYk;. ntspapLtjpYs;s gfpuq;f mf;fiwia ntspaplhkypUg;gjw;fhd

gfpuq;f mf;fiw tpQ;rp epw;Fkhapd; mj;jftiy ntspapLjy; gfpuq;f mf;fiwf;F

Kuzhf mikAk;. murhq;fk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fis nra;fpd;wNghJ

mtw;Ws; ek;gfj;jd;ik thrfq;fs; fhzg;gLk; vd;gjid mq;fPfupf;fpd;w

Fapd;];yhe;jpd; jftYf;fhd Mizf;FOthdJ mtw;iw jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk;

tpQ;ryhk; vd $Wfpd;wJ. ,Njtplak; kpd;dQ;ry; tpyf;fspg;G njhlu;gpYk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;NghJ jftypd; ek;gfj;jd;ikf;F kjpg;gspj;jypD}lhf

Nghl;bapid Cf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapid ];jhgpj;jy; vd;gdTk; gfpuq;f

mf;fiwfshff; fUjg;gLnkd;gJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

murhq;f xg;ge;jq;fspy;> Fwpg;ghf ntspahl;fspd; Nritapid ehLfpd;w xg;ge;jq;fspy;

gfpuq;f mf;fiw vd;w Mf;ff;$whdJ> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> Coy;-vjpu;;;g;G>

nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp Nghd;w jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpapd;

mbg;ilfSld; jtpu;f;f Kbahj tpjj;jpy; ,ize;Js;sJ. gpupj;jhdpatpYs;s Njrpa

jzpf;if mYtfkhdJ143 “…xg;ge;jk; nra;gtu;fSs; vtUk; gpur;ridfis kiwf;f

KbahJ kw;Wk; xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fs; jq;fSila thbf;ifahsu;fspd; (murhq;fj;jpd;)

Njitfis ikag;gLj;JtNj mtu;fSila tu;j;jf mf;fiwahf mikfpd;wJ

vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kpf mtrpakhFk;. ,J

thbf;ifahsUf;F mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;w Kjd;ik nrayhf;ff; fhl;bfis tpl Nkyjpf

nraw;ghLfisj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> mJ gfpuq;f mwpf;ifaply;> gfpuq;f

kPsha;tpw;fhf jpwe;jpUj;jy;> gzpahsu;fs; tpepNahf rq;fpypapYs;s gpur;ridfis

mwpf;ifapLtjw;F mtu;fis Cf;fg;Lj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ghtidahsu; gpd;D}l;lk;

142,ufrpa jd;ik vd;why; vd;d? %d;whk; egu;fs; kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gjhuupw;fhd mwpKfk;’ (jfty; Mizahsupd; mYtyfk; Fapd;];yhe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ <https://www.oic.qld.gov.au/guidelines/for-community-members/information-sheets-access-and-amendment/what-is-confidentiality>. 143If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;: Njrpa jzpf;if mYtyfk;; “gfpuq;f Nritapid toq;Ftjpy; xg;ge;jfhuu;fspd; gpujhd tfpgq;F” ; fhu;j;jpif 2013;; <https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10296-001-BOOK-ES.pdf>.

82

Nghd;wdtw;iw Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. MfNt> ,jD}lhf tu;j;jf ek;gpf;ifapidf;

fhl;bYk; ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiwNa mjpfstpy; tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.”

Gyikr; nrhj;J rhu; guprPyidfs;

tzpf ,ufrpankd;gJ tzpfj;jpy; my;yJ mj;njhopw;Wiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;s xUtu;

mtu;fSila ed;ikf;fhf mj;jftiy gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fnkd;gjhy; ,J

ek;gfj;jd;ikahd jftypypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ. jftYf;fhd Rje;jpu rl;l%ykhdJ

(];nfhl;yhe;J) ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ> mjid Kd;nkhope;j

mikr;ru;> “…tu;j;jf ,ufrpak; vd;gJ tpahghuj;jpd; xU nrhj;jhff; fUjg;glyhk;-

ngUk;ghYk; kpfTk; ngWkjpkpf;f nrhj;jhff; fUjg;glf;$bajhFk;. Drambuie kw;Wk;

IrnBru vd;gtw;Wf;fhd nra;Kiw Fwpg;Gf;fs; tu;j;jf mf;fiwapypUe;J NtWgl;l

Fzhk;rq;fis cilait vd kf;fshy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l tu;j;jf ,ufrpaq;fSf;fhd

cjhuzq;fshFk;. rpy rkaq;fspy; tu;j;jf ,ufrpaq;fs; fhg;Gupik> gjpg;Gupik Nghd;w

rl;l ghJfhg;gpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;> Mdhy; ngUk;ghYk; mjd; xNunahU ghJfhg;ghf

miktJ mtu;fspd; ,ufrpaj;ijg; NgZjyhFk;…..”144

9 “ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiw”;fhg;G thrfj;jpw;fhd fhg;G thfrk;

tpQ;rp epw;fpd;w gfpuq;f mf;fiwahdJ jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd cupikapid

kPl;lspf;Fk;. 2016 Mk; Mz;bd; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 4 MdJ “,jd; Vw;ghLfs; NtW vt; vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpy; Kuzhf $wpapUg;gpDk; $l mjidg;

nghUl;gLj;jhJ tYtpypUf;Fk; vd;gJld; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;Fk; NtW VNjDk;

vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghL vOfpd;wNghJ ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;

NkNyhq;Fk;” vd $Wfpd;wJ. ,jidg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ gpupT 5 ,w;F cl;gl;L ghupa

gfpuq;f mf;fiwAila jfty;fspd; ntspg;gLj;Jiff;F rhu;ghfNt rl;lthf;Fdupd;

vz;zk; mike;jpUg;gjhf fUj ,aYk;. “ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiw” vd;gjw;F epajpr;rl;l tiutpyf;fznkhd;W ,d;ikapdhy; mJ xt;nthU epfo;tpdJk; re;ju;g;gq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. “gfpuq;f ghupa mf;fiw” vd;w

144 If;fpa ,uhr;rpa jfty; Mizf;FOtpd; jPu;khd Fwpg;G Nuhay; Nkapy; F&g; MdJ jd;Dila Kftupaplg;glhj gupkhw;wg;gl;l kpd;dQ;ry;fspid nfhz;l jw;Nghija cld;gbf;iffis ntspg;gLj;j

NfhupaJ. fpilf;fg;ngw $ba tiyj;jyk; <https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10296-001-BOOK-ES.pdf> <https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/decision-notices/2011/600180/fs_50313967.pdf> (15 xf;Nlhgu; 2018 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ).

83

nrhw;njhluhdJ ntWk; “gfpuq;f mf;fiw” vd;gJld; xg;gpl;L ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ cau;

tuk;ngy;iyapidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

10 jfty; cupikf;fhd Ml;rp kw;Wk; $l;Lj;jhgd Jiw

ey;yhl;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L murhq;fj;jpd; nkhj;j nraw;ghl;bYk; gpui[fs;

gq;F gw;Wtjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rp

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpahdJ> gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigfsplkpUe;J jfty;fis NfhUtjw;fhd cupikapidj; njspthfTk; cWjpahfTk;

];jhgpj;Js;sJ vd;gJld; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspD}lhf jdpahu; Jiwapd;

jfty;fis mZFtjw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ. cyfkakhjy;> jdpahu;kakhjy;>

fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; nghJ cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; NritfSf;F ghuk;gupakw;w epjp

Kiwikfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; gfpuq;f gzpfis

Mw;wf;$ba tifapy; jdJ gug;gpid tp];jupj;jy; njhlu;r;rpahf ,lk;ngWk;. Coyw;w

Ml;rpapid cWjp nra;tjw;F ntspg;gilj;jd;ik gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.

MfNt> jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rp kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw vd;gd xd;iwnahd;W Neuhf

re;jpj;J nfhs;fpd;wNghJ mit nghJ Nrit kw;Wk; Ml;rp vd;gd gfpuq;f

epWtdq;fspdhyh my;yJ jdpahu; epWtdq;fspdhyh Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid

nghUl;gLj;jhJ> Coiy vjpu;j;J kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpapid

Nkk;gLj;JtjD}lhf gfpuq;f tho;tpy; gpui[fspd; gq;Fgw;wiy cWjp nra;af;$ba

xU Kd;Ndw;wfukhd eltbf;ifahfg; ghu;f;fg;gLjy; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

84

Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fs; jftYf;fhd cupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Kiwik:

jftYf;fhd cupik mur nghWg;Gf;$Wjiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wik njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPl;L Nrhjid145

m~;tpdp eNlrd; kw;Wk; Mjpy; ehjdp

1. mwpKfk;

1966 Mk; Mz;L Fbapapy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfSf;fhd ru;tNjr rkthaj;jpd;

(,yq;ifapdhy; 1980 Mk; Mz;L Vw;wq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ) cWg;Giu 19 MdJ gpd;tUkhW

$Wfpd;wJ:

“xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mgpg;gpuhaj;jpw;fhd kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd Rje;jpuk;

cz;L. mt; cupikahdJ vt;tpj ,ilA+WfSkpd;wp mgpg;gpuhaj;jpidf;

nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jfty;fis kw;Wk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis mjd;

vy;iyfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ VNjDk; Clfnkhd;wpD}lhf ehLtjw;fhd kw;Wk;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; gupkhw;Wjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; vd;gdtw;iw

cs;slf;Fk;” (mOj;jk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

jftiy mZFtjw;fhd cupikahdJ cWg;Giu 14m ,D}lhf mbg;gil

cupiknahd;whf ,yq;if murpayikg;gpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2016 Mk; Mz;bd;

12 Mk; ,yf;f jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ (jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk;)

,e;ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpy; Iaj;Jf;fplkw;wtifapy; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jnthd;whff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cr;rgl;r ntspg;gLj;Jifapid Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w mjd; Jy;ypakhd

Vw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; ntFthf tuNtw;fg;gLfpd;wJ

vd;gJld; mJ njd;dhrpatpYs;s rpwe;j rl;lq;fSs; xd;whfj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.146

145,t; Mf;fj;jpid vOJtjw;F Mjutspj;j kw;Wk; ngWkjpkpf;f cs;slf;fq;fis toq;fpa jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Mizahsu; fp~hyp gpd;Nuh [atu;jdtpw;F fl;Liuahrpupau;fs; jkJ cs;shu;e;j ed;wpapidj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. jd;id jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpy;

gzpahw;Wtjw;F Cf;fg;gLj;jpa kw;Wk; mjid ,aYkhdjhf;fpa fyhepjp. R[pj; Nrtpau; (Windsor Law, Canada) ,w;F Mjpy; ejdp jdJ ed;wpapidj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whu;. ,e;jpahtpy; Nkhjy;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fspy; jd;Dila epWtdk; jftYupik gzpfspy; <Lgl;lik njhlu;ghd jfty;fis toq;fpa [k;K> fh~;kPupd; jftYupikf;fhd mikg;gpidr; Nru;e;j fyhepjp uh[h K]gu; gl; mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;G ghuhl;Ljw;FupaJ. 146‘Global Right to Information Rating: By Country’ <https://www.rti-rating.org/country-data/>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

85

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; jpwe;j murhq;fj;jpd; juTfs; fpilf;Fk;jd;ik

Nghd;wtw;wpd; ed;ikfs; gue;jstpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd147 vd;gJld; mtw;iw

tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Njitg;ghL kpf mupjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifahdJ gjl;lkhd

kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j rptpy; Aj;jj;jpidf; fle;J te;jpUf;fpd;w

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> jftYf;fhd cupikahdJ Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s my;yJ Nkhjy;fspdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s my;yJ gpd;jq;fpa rKjhaq;fspdhy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

vd;gjid Muha;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk;

eilKiwf;Fte;J ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; fle;Js;s epiyapy;> jftYf;fhd cupikapd;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapid epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd tpidj;jpwdhd fUtpahfg;

gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Fwpg;ghf tlf;F> fpof;F kw;Wk; njw;fpYs;s rpy gpuNjrq;fspYs;s

gpui[fspdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f;fl;Liuapd; KjyhtJ gFjp> ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpaypUe;J gjpag;gl;l jfty;

Nfhupf;iffspypUe;J vOe;j Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FO (Mizf;FO) toq;fpa Fwpg;gpl;l rpy Mizfspd;kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> ,uz;lhtJ gFjpahdJ gpw epahahjpf;fq;fisf;

fye;JiuahLfpd;w xg;gPl;L mZFKiwahf mike;Js;sJ. ,Wjpahf> KbTg; gFjpapy;

fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kPjhd rpy gpujhd rpe;jidfs; gFg;gha;T

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

2. tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nkd;KiwaPLfs; kPjhd

Mizf;FOtpd; Mizfs;

fPNo fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;s vl;L MizfspYk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G> Coy;> ghuhSkd;w

rpwg;Gupikfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sd. vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; kw;Wk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jfty;

Nfhupf;iffspidf; ifahSfpd;wNghJ gad;gLj;jj;jF jukhd topfhl;ly;fis

mikj;Js;s tof;Ffs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; fl;Liuahrpupau;fspdhy; njupT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

147 vk;. ehfuh[; vjpu;. ,e;jpa A+dpad; (2006) 8 SCC 212 vd;w tof;fpy; ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ> Rje;jpukhd Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd cupikapD}lhf cl;fpilahf ngwg;gLfpd;w mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikapd; Neub ngWNgwhf ntspg;gilahd murhq;fk; mikfpd;wJ vd;w fUj;Njw;gpd; mbg;gilapy; jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd cupikapid Cfpj;jJ. upyad;]; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy;]; ypkpnll;

vjpu;. ,e;jpad; Kk;ig vf;];gpu]; epA+];Nggu;]; gpiutl; ypkpnll; (1988) 4 SCC 592 vd;w tof;fpy; ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wkhdJ> njhopw;Jiwrhu; tplaq;fspy; kw;Wk; [dehaf tho;tpd; tpUj;jpapy; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;Wk;nghUl;L mtu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikapid ghupastpy; nfhz;Ls;shu;fs; vd $wpaJ.

86

vt;thnwdpDk;> ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;s tpNrl tof;FfSf;F mg;ghy;> Fwpg;ghf

fpof;fpypUe;J fhzp cupikfs;> rKjha gpupTfs; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfSld;

njhlu;Gilaj; jfty;fisf; Nfhup gy;NtW jfty; Nfhupf;iffSf;fhd Nkd;KiwaPLfs;

Mizf;FOtpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.148 ,r; re;ju;g;gq;fs; rpq;fs> jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk;

rKjhaq;fs; kpf neUf;fkhf tho;fpd;w ,lq;fspy; rKjhaq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w

mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;w gjl;lq;fis mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wd. MfNt>

,e;j Nkd;KiwaPLfspd; gpd;dzp fpof;fpy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> kf;fs;

mjpfsthf ,lk;ngau;e;j Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzp vy;iyfs;

njhlu;gpy; vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; #o;e;Js;s re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vt;thW rKjhaj;jpid

fl;bnaOg;g ,aYk; vd mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjtp nra;Ak;.

NkYk;> ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fspdhy; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; rhu;ghf rKjha

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspdhy; Kuz;ghl;bw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzpfspd; cupj;jpid njspT

gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F kw;Wk; milahs Mtzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w

tplaq;fSf;F jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNghjpYk;$l>149 ,J

njhlu;ghd Nkd;KiwaPLfs; Mizf;FOtpy; gjpag;gltpy;iy. jfty; NfhUgtu;fs;

Nkd;KiwaPl;L nrad;Kiwapid Ntz;Ltjw;F jaf;fKilatu;fshf fhzg;gl;ljdhy;

Nkd;KiwaPLfs; gjpag;glhjpUf;fyhk; vd;gjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wNghjpYk;>

Fwpg;gpl;l murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; cs;s gfpuq;f mYtyu;fs; jfty;

Nfhupf;iffSf;F jpUg;jpahf gjpyspj;jikapdhy; Nkd;KiwaPLfs;

gjpag;gltpy;iynad Cfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.150

,yq;ifapy; Nkhjy; fhyq;fspd;NghJ ‘fhzhkw;;Nghd’ egu;fs; njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fis toq;FkhW mur epWtdq;fisf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy;NtW Kaw;rpfs;

vLf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk; $l> fhzhky;Nghdtu;fspd; FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; ,uhZtk;>

148gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fisg; ghu;f;f Nf. ghu;j;jPgd; vjpu; gpuNjr nrayfk;- tTdpah jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpd; Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf)/286/2018 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-286-2018/rtic-286-2018-en-14102018.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ my;yJ V. v];. vk; rjfhj; vjpu; gpuNjr nrayfk;> rha;e;jkUJ jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf)/71/2017 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/120502018/sadaaqath.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 149kNdhup tpN[Nrfu, ‘Sri Lankans Use New RTI Law to Access Land Information Following War in North’ (Global Press Journal, 5 khu;r; 2017) <https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/sri_lanka/sri-lankans-use-new-rti-law-access-land-information-following-war-north/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ; ~puhd; ,y;yd;ngUk, ‘Sri Lankan Youth are Using RTI to Help War-Affected Families’ (Roar Media, 23 February 2017) <https://roar.media/english/life/reports/sri-lankan-youth-are-using-rti-to-help-war-affected-families/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ; ‘RTI in Sri Lanka - The Dawn of a Fish Bowl Regime’ (The Social Architects) <http://www.thesocialarchitects.org/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 1502018 bnrk;gupy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpYs;s gpuNjr nrayfq;fspd; mYtyu;fSld; ,lk;ngw;w tpupthd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

87

Gydha;Tj;Jiw> nghyp]; kw;Wk; Vida rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfspdhy;

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLthu;fs; vd;w gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,it epiyj;jpUf;ftpy;iy.

cz;ikapy;> ,f;fl;Liuapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xU Nkd;KiwaPl;by; jftYf;fhd

tpz;zg;gq;fisg; gjpT nra;j xU ClftpayhsUf;F vjpuhf ,uhZt Gydha;T

mwpf;iffs; Nfhug;gl;Ls;sikapid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ ([p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;

ghJfhg;G mikr;R RTIC 70/2018) vd;gJld; ,g;gak; gutyhff; fhzg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

mNjNtis> 2018 ,y; xU Rthu];akhd Kd;Ndw;wk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mJ ahnjdpy;>

,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpYs;s kd;dhiur; Nru;e;j ngz;fs; FOnthd;W

‘,yq;if If;fpa ehLfs; rig kdpj cupikfs; Nguitapy; jPu;khdk; 30/1 ,D}lhf

nra;tjhf cld;gl;Lf; nfhz;l fPo;tUk; cld;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd Kd;nkhopTfs; kw;Wk;

/my;yJ rl;lthf;f tiuGfs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ fUj;Njw;G Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ

Mtzq;fspd; gpujpfis’ jUkhW gpujku; mYtyfj;jpy; jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jfty; Nfhupf;ifnahd;wpidg; gjpT nra;jpUe;jJ;

m. fhzhky; NghNdhUf;fhd mYtyfj;ij ];jhgpj;jy;

M. cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpfpd;w nghwpKiwia ];jhgpj;jy;

,. tpNrl tof;FiuQUldhd ePjp nghwpKiwia ];jhgpj;jy;

<. cz;ik> ePjp> ,og;gPLfs; my;yJ kPs epfohikf;fhd cj;juthjq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw toq;Ffpd;w Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf NtW VNjDk; nghwpKiwapid

];jhgpj;jy;

mj;Jld; Nkw;$wpadtw;iw ];jhgpg;gJ njhlu;ghdj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; ehl;bdhy; kw;Wk;

/my;yJ ru;tNjr MNyhrfu;fspdhy; kw;Wk; /my;yJ epGzu;fspdhy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

Kd;nkhopTfs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ rl;lthf;f tiuGfs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ fUj;Njw;G

Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ Mtzq;fs; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kPsha;Tfs;

kw;Wk; /my;yJ fbjj;njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ Mtzq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; gpujpfs;

vd;gdTk; Nfhug;gl;ld.151 Muk;gj;jpy; mur epWtdq;fs; gy fhuzq;fis

Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;b ,j;jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;F kWj;jNghjpYk;> Mizf;FOtpw;F

Kd;dpiyapy; ,k;Nkd;KiwaPL Nfl;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf> mjd; gzpg;gpd;Ngupy;> rl;lkh

mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ,og;gPLfSf;fhd rl;l%yk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Mizf;FO

mjd;NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw mOj;jkhff; $wpapUe;jJ;

151~;uPd; ]&u; vjpu; gpujku; mYtyfk;

<RTICAppeal/01/2018<http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-001-2018/rtic-01-2018-en-08092018.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

88

‘,j;jfty; Nfhupf;ifapD}lhff; Nfhug;gl;Ls;sj; jfty;fs; ,yq;ifapd;

epiykhWfhy ePjp nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;Gilait MFk;. mjdhy; mJ

gfpuq;f mf;fiwf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf> rl;lq;fspd; tiuG njhlu;ghfg;

ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> Nfhk]; vjpu; r%f tYt+l;ly;> eyd;Gup kw;Wk; fz;bad;

kuGupik mikr;R ((RTIC Appeal /51 /2018, 27.02.2018 md;W jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpd; epfo;Tf; Fwpg;gpidg; ghu;f;f) vd;w tof;fpy; $wpajid kPs

vLj;Jiuj;jJ. mjhtJ> “gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mNjNghy cyfshtpauPjpapYs;s gy

ehLfspy; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; cs;slf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fsplk; gpd;D}l;lq;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjD}lhf rl;lthf;fj;jpd; fl;likg;G njhlu;gpy; kf;fspd;

,zf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w xU gadhd nrad;Kiwapidf;

ifahSk;nghUl;L rl;l tiuGfs; Kd;$l;bNa kw;Wk; tu;j;jkhdpapy;

,lg;gLtjw;F Kd;djhf kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd

Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd…gpupT 43 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jftYf;fhd

tiutpyf;fzkhdJ ntspg;glilahfNt ‘rl;lthf;f tiugpid’ jd;Dila

gug;gpw;Fs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjid $Wfpd;w gpd;dzpapy;

Mizf;FOtpdhy; ,t; mtjhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.’152

Nkw;$wg;gl;l mt; Muk;g rpe;jidfis kdjpy; ,Uj;jpf;nfhz;L> tlf;F kw;Wk;

fpof;fpYs;s gpui[fspdhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s rpy jftYf;fhd

Nkd;KiwaPLfisg; ghu;g;Nghk;. ,it nghJf; Nfhl;ghLfshfpa jfty; ntspapLif>

murhq;fj;jpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; murpd; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; vd;gdtw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gdtw;iw typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

2.1 [p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. tl khfhz rig nrayfk;153

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; tlf;F khfhzj;jpd; 33 khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fspd; (mikr;ru;fs;

jtpu;e;J) ,uz;L Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyf cjtpahsu;fspd; ngau;

152 15.05.2018 md;W jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; epfo;T Fwpg;G. 153RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL /17/2017, <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/recent_orders_in_appeal/dileep-amuthan-rti-assembly.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

89

kw;Wk; tpyhrq;fisf; NfhupapUe;jhu;. ,f;Nfhupf;ifapid> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ>

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(X) ,id Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b kWj;jJ.154

[p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. tl khfhz rig nrayfj;jpd; gFg;gha;T

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(X) ,d; fPohd

tpjptpyf;fpid Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;bapUe;jNghjpYk;> mjid epahag;gLj;jpapUf;ftpy;iy.

ep&gpg;jw;fhd Rikapid gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig kPJ Rkj;Jfpd;w jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 32(4) ,iz Mizf;FO gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F Rl;bf;fhl;baJld;

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ rupahd mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fkspf;fhJ jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5 ,id Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b ntWkNd jftiy kWf;fKbahJ

vdj; jPu;khdpj;jJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> epakdq;fs; / gjtp ntw;wplq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; mit epue;jukhditahf ,Ug;gpDk; ,y;yhtpbDk; ntspapLiff;F cl;gLtdthff;

fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf> “,g;gjtpfSf;fhd rk;gsq;fs; nghJ kf;fs;

epjpapdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjdhy; mit njhlu;ghd jfty;fis mwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik xU gpui[f;F cz;L” vd;w Mizf;FOtpd; mtjhdk; nghJ

kf;fSila gzj;jpd; gad;ghL vg;NghJk; mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jj;jf;fJ vd;gjid

typAWj;JtJld; mJ Vida gpui[fs; jfty;fis ehLtjid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd

mbg;gilahf mikAk;.

2.2 [p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. MSeu; nrayfk;> tl khfhzk;155

tl khfhz rigapd; 33 khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; 5 mikr;ru;fspd;

ntspehl;L gpuahz tpguq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; Nfhug;gl;lNghJ mj;jfty;fs;

MSeUila rk;kjj;Jld; toq;fg;gl;ld.

gfpuq;f mf;fiw kw;Wk; nghJ epjp cs;thq;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; mYtyu;fspdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zf;ifapyhd ntspehl;L tp[aq;fs; njhlu;gpy;

ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Mizf;FO Mizapl;lJ.156

154 Fwpg;gpl;l mg;gpupthdJ> “mj;jifaj; jfty;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

my;yJ khfhz rigapd; rpwg;Gupikfis kPWk;” vd $Wfpd;wJ. 155[p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. MSdu; nrayfk;> tl khfhzk;, RTIC Appeal/35/2017 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/dileep-amuthan-governors-secy.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ. 156ntupNj upru;r; (gpiutl;) ypkpnll; vjpu;. ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp (jw;NghJ ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ)> RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL/ (Neubahf)/25/2018 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-026-2018/verite-research-v-central-bank-sri-lanka-si-21072018.pdf)> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ; ~;uPd; ]&u; vjpu;

90

2.3 [p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. tptrha mikr;R> tl khfhz rig157

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,k;Nkd;KiwaPlhdhJ “tlkuhl;rp fpof;F kzw;fhL

gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rTf;F kuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd” epjp njhlu;gpyhd jfty;fis

ntspapLkhW Njitg;gLj;jpaJ. gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpy; <LghL

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd jfty; mYtyu; gjpyspj;jhu;. Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyUf;F

Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lNghJ> Kjyikr;rupd; mikr;R ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l mikr;rpidf;

iff;nfhz;Ls;sikapdhy; Nkyjpf Neuk; Njit vdg;gl;lJ. mikr;R Rakhfj;jhd;

nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; Mizf;FOtpid

mZfpdhu;. Mizf;FOtpd; Mizapd;Ngupy; Nfhug;gl;lj; jfty;fis gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rig toq;fpaJ.

2.4 [p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. tl khfhz rig 158

,k;Nkd;KiwaPl;by;> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw efu rigapd; tprhuiz mwpf;ifapidj;

jftyhf NfhupapUe;jhu;. Fwpg;gpl;l mr;rig fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig

mt;twpf;ifapd; xU gf;f RUf;fj;ij Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F toq;fpaJ.

Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyUf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lNghJ> KO mwpf;ifapidAk;

ntspapLjyhdJ jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(X) ,d; fPo; khfhz rig

cWg;gpdu;fSila rpwg;Gupikfisg; ghjpf;Fk;nkd Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.159 gpupT 5 (1)(X) ,id khfhz rigapYs;s jdp cWg;gpdu;fs;

njhlu;gpy; jfty; Nfhug;gLfpd;w xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; jftiy kWg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jKbahJ vd Mizf;FO jPu;j;jJ. vt;thnwdpDk;> ,t; Coy; tprhuizapy;

%d;whe;jpwj;jtu;fshf 10 mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; gpupT

gpujku; mYtyfk;> RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf)/01/2018 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/18052018/shreen-saroor-appeal.pdf)> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ; J~;ae;jp #u;angUk vjpu;. ,yq;if kUj;Jt rig RTIC/36/2017) <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/16062018/suriyapperuma-v-slmc.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ. 157 RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL/140/2017<http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/dileep-amuthan-v-min-of-agri.pdf>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 158RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf)/21/2017<http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-021-2017/rtic-021-2017-en-06122018-2.pdf>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 159 gpupT 5(1)(X) gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ: “mj;jifa jftypd; ntsptpLifahdJ> rl;lj;jpdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lthwhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; my;yJ khfhzrignahd;wpd; rpwg;Ghpikfspd; kPwyhf cs;stplj;J

mj;jifa jftiy kWf;fyhk;.”

91

5(1)(i)160 ,iz rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 29 cld; ,izj;J thrpj;J mjd; fPo;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpjptpyf;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO $wpaJ.

gpupT 29 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fl;lha elgbKiwfSf;F mikthf> Fwpg;gpl;l

mk;%d;whe; jpwj;jtu;fs; mtu;fSila rhd;Wiffs; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F

rk;kjpg;ghu;fsh vd;gjid mwpAkhW Mizf;FO gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F gzpj;jJ.

Mizf;FOtpd; ,g;gzpg;gpidj; njhlu;e;J> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig tprhuiz

mwpf;ifapid ntspapl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk;> efu rigapd; mYtyu; xUtupdhy;>

mjhtJ ,t;tprhuiz ,lk;ngWtjw;F mbg;gil fhuzkhf mike;j Kiwg;ghl;ilr;

nra;j mt; mYtyupdhy;> ek;gfj;jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaj;jpidf;

nfhz;l mwpf;ifapd; xU gFjpapid gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig ntspapltpy;iy.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(m) ,d; fPohd me;juq;fk; njhlu;ghd

mf;fiwapid Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;ba Mizf;FO mr; rhl;rpak; ntspaplg;gl Njitapy;iy

vd gzpj;jJ.161 mr; rhl;rpaj;jpid ntspapLtjpy; ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiw ,y;iy

vd;Wk; efu rigapDs; ,lk;ngw;w Coy; njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifapd; Vida gFjpfis

ntspapLjyhdJ ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpapid fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

jfty;fs; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,yf;fpid jpUg;jp nra;tjhf mikAk; vd;Wk;

$wg;gl;lJ.

[p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. tl khfhz rigapd; gFg;gha;T

mt; Mizapy;> jtWfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w mYtyu;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk; jftYupik

nfhz;Ls;s mNj tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd Mizf;FO

Rl;bf;fhl;baJ;

“nghWg;Gilik kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;fhfg; NghuhLjy; vd;gd gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfspd; jtWfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lgtu;fs; (whistleblowers) kw;Wk;

jftYf;fhd cupikg; gug;G vd;gdtw;wpd; nray;fSf;fpilapyhd nghJ

160 jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1) (I) MdJ gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ: “29(2)(,) vd;Dk; gpuptpd; Vw;ghLfSf;fikthf> jftyhdJ> %d;whk; jug;gpduhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gfpuq;f mjpfhurigf;F me;juq;fkhf toq;fg;gl;bUe;J mj;Jld; mk;%d;whk; jug;G mjid ntsptpLtjw;Fr;

rk;kjkspf;fhjtplj;J mj;jfty; kWf;fg;glyhk;.” 161 gpupT 5 (1)(m) MdJ gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ: ,uz;lhk; cl;gphptpd; Vw;ghLfSf;fikthf> jftyhdJ> ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiw mj;jifa jftypd; ntsptpLifia ePjpKiwg;gLj;jpdhnyhopa my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ms; mj;jifa ntsptpLiff;F vOj;jpy; rk;kjkspj;jpUe;jhnyhopa> VNjDk; gfpuq;f njhopw;ghL my;yJ mf;fiwf;F njhlu;gy;yhjjhfTs;s my;yJ jdpahspd; me;juq;fj; jd;ikapd; mDkjpf;fg;glhj tuk;GkPwiyr; nra;af;$ba jdpg;gl;l jftypd; ntsptpLifAld; njhlu;GWfpd;wtplj;J mj;jfty; kWf;fg;glyhk;.”

92

mk;rkhFk;. mj;jifa gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspd; jtWfis

Rl;bf;fhl;Lgtu;fisg; ghJfhf;fpd;w jdpahd xU rl;lk; ,Ug;gpy;

,y;yhikapdhy;> ,bj;Jiug;ghsu;fshfr; nraw;gl;Ls;s mj;jifa gfpuq;f

mYtyu;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F Cwpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jfty;fspd; ntsptpLifj;

njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wNghJ kpfTk; ftdkhf nraw;gl Ntz;ba flikapid

,t; Mizf;FO nfhz;Ls;sJ.”162

mt;thW mYtyfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w jtWfisj; ijupakhf Rl;bf; fhl;Lgtu;fs;

kw;Wk; mtu;fSila FLk;gq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rl;lj;jpid ,yq;if

eilKiwf;F nfhz;LtUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd Mizf;FO tpje;Jiuj;jJ.

2.4[p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. ghJfhg;G mikr;R163

,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpduhy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; elhj;jg;gLfpd;w filfs;> rpw;Wz;br;

rhiyfs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ czT tpLjpfs; cs;slq;fyhd tpahghu epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;

,uhZt gzpg;ghsu; Fohkpdiu topelj;Jfpd;w tpjpfs;> elgbKiwfs;> topfhl;ly;

tpjpfs; kw;Wk; /my;yJ nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; 2007 ,y; `a;bapy; mikjp fhg;ghsu;fshf

gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jNghJ `a;bad; gpui[fs; kPJ ghypay; Fw;wq;fs; Gupe;jjhf

Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l ,uhZtj;jpdu; njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fs; ghJfhg;G mikr;rplkpUe;Jk;

(gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig)> ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jplkpUe;Jk; Nfhug;gl;ld. flw;gil kw;Wk;

,yq;if tpkhdg;gil vd;gd mtu;fshy;; elhj;jg;gLfpd;w tpUe;Njhk;gy; epWtdq;fs;

njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fis ntspapl;lNghjpYk;> ,yq;if ,uhZtkhdJ Nfhug;gl;lj;

jfty;fis toq;fhJ Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; jdJ gpu[hTupikapid ];jhgpg;jw;fhd

milahsj;ij epWTjy; Ntz;Lk; vd Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsiu Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ.

Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; Nkd;KiwaPL vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lNghJ>

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsupd; gpu[hTupik njhlu;gpy; re;Njfq; nfhs;tjw;fhd Gwta fhuzq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy; khj;jpuNk Njrpa milahs ml;ilia rku;g;gpf;fr;

nrhy;Yjy; Nghd;w Nkyjpf tpguq;fis gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig NfhUtjw;F ,aYk;

vd;gJ mOj;jkhff; $wg;gl;lJ.164 Fwpg;ghf> b.I.v];.vy; vjpu; gpujku; mYtyfk;>

162RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf) /21/2017, p4. 163RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf) /70/2018<http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-70-2018/rtic-70-2018-en-25082018-2.pdf>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 164Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ, ,j;jPu;khdk; 23 khu;r; 2018 md;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

93

[dhjpgjp nrayfk;165 vd;gJ Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;lJ> mtw;wpy; ‘kpf mupjhd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy;jhd;’ kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l jfty; NfhUdupd; gpu[hTupik njhlu;gpy; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F ey;nyz;z mbg;gilapyhd re;Njfk; fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

khj;jpuk;jhd; jfty; Nfhupf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fs; gpu[hTupikf;fhd rhd;wpid

toq;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ.166

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsupd; gpd;dzp njhlu;ghd guprPyidnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigahdJ> Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; xU Clftpayhsuhf ,Ug;gjhdhy; mtu;

,j;jfty;fis ntspehLfspy; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F mgfPu;j;jp Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f

tifapy; gad;gLj;j ,aYk; vd $wpaJ. Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; Kuz;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jp

ehl;bw;F kw;Wk; Njrpa ghJfhg;gpw;F vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jnkd gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rig thjpl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk;> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 24 (5)(<)

,y; $wg;gl;Ls;sjw;fika Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsupd; gpd;dzp kw;Wk; jftiy

NfhUtjw;fhd mtu;fSila Nehf;fk; vd;gd jftYupik gug;gpy; jftiy

epuhfupg;gjw;fhd my;yJ jftiy toq;Ftjw;fhd tpjptpyf;Ffshff; fUjg;gl

KbahJ167 vd Mizf;FO $wpaJ. NkYk;> xU egu; jftYf;fhd

Nfhupf;ifnahd;wpidg; gjpT nra;Js;shu; vd;w xNu xU fhuzj;jpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L me;egu; njhlu;ghd gpd;dzp mwpf;ifapid (,uhZt Gydha;T mwpf;ifapid)

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig ngw;Wf; nfhs;Skhapd;> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;

mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gLk; vd Mizf;FO cWjpahff; $wpaJ.

,uhZtj;jpduhy; elhj;jg;gLfpd;w tpUe;Njhk;gy; epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fSf;F

gjpypWf;fpd;wNghJ ,uhZt eyd;Gup r%f epjpaj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLfpd;w

me;epWtdq;fs; nghJ epjpapdhy; elhj;jg;gLgit my;y vd;w Ml;Nrgid

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lNghJ> “nghJ epjp” vd;w gjk; tpupthfg; nghUl;Nfhly; nra;ag;gLjy;

Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO $wpaJ.168 ,yq;ifapd; mikjp fhg;ghsu;fspdhy; `a;bapy;

ghypay; Fw;wq;fs; Gupag;gl;lik njhlu;ghf $Wfpd;wNghJ> Nfhug;gl;lj; jfty;fspd;

RUf;fk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

[p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. ghJfhg;G mikr;rpd; gFg;gha;T169

165RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL /05/2017 & RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL /06/201, RTIC epfo;T Fwpg;Gf;fs;- 23.02.2018. 166ghu;f;f: = ghyfpU~;z gps;is vjpu;. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> ,y; CIC/OK/C/2008/00016, ,e;jpa kj;jpa jfty; Mizf;FOtpd; epfo;T Fwpg;Gf;fs;- 26 Nk 2008. 167 RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf) /70/2018, p 14-15. 168Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ, p15. 169 ,g;gFjpapy; xg;gPl;L rl;lj; jPu;khdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ehk; rl;lj;juzp R~;kpjh jahde;jdpd; Mjutpidg; ngw;wpUe;Njhk;.

94

jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fsplk; mtu;fSila milahsj;ij

toq;fr; nrhy;tjhdJ jftiyf; NfhUgtu;fis mr;rKwr; nra;fpd;w cghankhd;whf

kw;Wk; jfty;fis jhkjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapd; cghankhd;whfg;

ghu;f;fg;gl ,aYk;. “Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; gpui[nahUtu; my;y vd ek;Gtjw;F jFe;j

fhuzq;fspd;wp gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig mtiu Nkyjpfkhf Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j

Kbahnjd;gJ” njhlu;gpy; Mizf;FO fLikahd Nghf;fpid gpd;gw;wpaJ. “Gwta fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; khj;jpuNk gpu[hTupikapid ep&gpg;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

Nfhug;glyhk;.”170 NkYk;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig tpz;zg;gjhuu; xU Clftpayhsu; vd

mwpe;jpUf;fpd;w rkaj;jpy; milahsk; kw;Wk; gpu[hTupikf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; Gwta

fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOe;jitay;y vd;gJ njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ.

jftiy mZFtjw;F tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;w ve;jnthU jilAk; nkhj;j jftYupikf;fhd

gug;gpidAk; kOq;fbj;J tpLnkd;gjhy; jfty;fis NfhUgtu;fis mr;RWj;jhjpUg;gjd;

kw;Wk; mtu;fis mOj;jj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jhjpUg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Mizf;FO

mOj;jpf; $wpaJ. NkYk;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; njhlu;gpy;

gpd;dzp Nrhjid eltbf;ifnahd;wpidAk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,J gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigahdJ jd;Dila mjpfhuj;ij kPwp nraw;gl;l xU tplakhf fUjg;gLtJld; ,J

njhlu;r;rpahf mur ,ufrpa fyhrhuj;jpid rpj;jupf;fpd;w xd;whfTk;> ntspapLifapidj;

jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w topnahd;whfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mizf;FOthdJ fPo;tUk;

njhdpapy; jdJ fLikahd vr;rupf;ifapid ,J njhlu;ghf tpLj;jpUe;jJ;

“nfhs;ifuPjpahfg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

jftywpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; newpKiwahdJk; rl;luPjpahdJkhd

jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;ifnahd;wpid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu; vd;w xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhf>

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ xU gpui[ njhlu;gpy; ,uhZt csTj;Jiw

mwpf;ifapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s vj;jzpj;jyhdJ rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil

Fwpf;Nfhs;fisj; Njhw;fbg;gjhf mikAk;.”171

Mizf;FO ,J njhlu;ghd vt;tpj nghUl;Nfhly;fSf;Fk; ,lkspf;ftpy;iy kw;Wk;

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; vy;iyfSf;F cl;gl;L

nrayhw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd xU Kf;fpakhd Qhgfg;gLj;jyhf ,J

mike;Js;sJ.

170RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf)/70/2018, p6. 171Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ, p14.

95

jfty; NfhUgtu;fis mr;RWj;Jy; my;yJ njhy;iy nra;jy; vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy;

kl;Lk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w tpNrlkhd gpur;rpidnahd;W my;y. NtW epahahjpf;fq;fspy;

jftYf;fhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Ug;gJ njhlu;gpy; mtjhdpj;jy;

,q;F nghUj;jKilajhf mikAk;. nghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; Kd;ndLg;gpw;F

mika> ,e;jpahtpy; 2005 kw;Wk; 2016 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; 56 jftYupik

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd Kiwapy; kuzpj;Js;sdu;. Fwpg;gpl;l mNj

fhyg;gFjpapy;> jftYf;fhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fis jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;

njhlu;ghf 130 tof;Ffs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.172 ,g;gpur;ridf;F N[h`pe;ju; jh`pah

vjpu; uhN[~; fz;zh> khefu rig $l;Lj;jhgdk;> nly;yp173 vd;w tof;fpy; gjpypWj;j

,e;jpa kj;jpa jfty; Mizf;FOthdJ> “jftYupikapd; gad;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F

tpLf;fg;gLfpd;w mr;RWj;jy; njhlu;gpy; Mizf;FO jPtpu mtjhdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ” vd Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tof;fpy; jfty;fis jhkjkhf toq;Fjy;$l xU

tifahd njhy;iyahfNt fzpf;fg;gLk; vd ,e;jpa kj;jpa jfty; Mizf;FO

jPu;j;jJ.

,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; jPu;khdj;jpy; “nghJ epjp” apd; gug;G Fwpj;Jk; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> midj;J

gpuNjrq;fspYKs;s murhq;f epWtdq;fspy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik fhzg;glNtz;Lk;>

Fwpg;ghf nghJ kf;fSila epjpahd tupg;gzk; njhlu;GWfpd;w tplaq;fspy;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. Fiwe;j gl;rk;> gpui[fSf;F

mtu;fSila gzk; vq;F kw;Wk; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid mwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigahdJ tpUe;Njhk;gy; epWtdq;fs; ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l epjpapdhy;jhd;

elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk; mit gfpuq;f epjpapdhy; elhj;jg;gLtd my;y vd;Wk;

thjpl;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;l tpUe;Njhk;gy; epWtdq;fs; jdpg;gl;l epjpapdhy;

epjpaspf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;> mit nghJkf;fspd; epjpapid Cjpakhfg; ngWfpd;w gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigapd; Copau;fspdhy;jhd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd

kw;Wk; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid Mizf;FO Fwpj;J fhl;baJ. MfNt> ,t;

mbg;gilapy; Nfhug;gl;lj; jfty;fspd; ntspapLifapid mDkjpj;jjD}lhf

172Express News Service, ‘Stop RTI proceedings if applicant dies, proposes government’ (Express News Service, 4 Vg;gpuy; 2017) <https://indianexpress.com/article/india/stop-rti-proceedings-if-applicant-dies-proposes-government-4598339/>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 173CIC jPu;khdk; ,y. CIC/SG/A/2012/000557/18356<http://rtiactivist.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/MCD.pdf>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

96

Mizf;FO “nghJ epjp” vd;gjid tpupthfg; nghUl;Nfhly; nra;jpUe;jJ. jFe;j

fhuzq;fspd;wp gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jftiy kWg;gjid vjpu;f;fpd;w xU

Kd;Ndw;wfukhd nghUl;Nfhlyhf ,J mike;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy;> jPu;g;Gr;rl;lq;fs; nghJ epjp vd;gjw;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;jpid Mf;fpAs;sd.

jyg;gyk; Nrit $l;Lj;jhgd tq;fp ypkpnll; vjpu; A+dpad; xg; ,e;jpah174 vd;w

tof;fpy; Nfus Nky; ePjpkd;wkhdJ> “murhq;fk; ifahSfpd;w epjpahdJ nghJ epjp

vd tifg;gLj;jj;jf;fJ vd;gJld; Njrpa tsk; njhlu;gpy; vg;NghJk; gpui[fspd;

$l;lhd Njrpa mf;fiw njhlu;GWk;” vd Fwpg;gpl;lJ. nly;yp ,d;lu;fpNull; kyb

nkhnly; buhd;]pl; rp];nlk; ypkpnll; vjpu; uhNf~; m`u;thy;,175 vd;w tof;fhdJ

nghUj;jkhd epjp Nrhjidnahd;wpid ];jhgpj;jJ. mr; Nrhjidapd;gb>

murhq;fnkhd;W xU mikg;gpw;F epjpaspf;fpd;wNghJ> mq;F nghJ kf;fSila epjp

gad;ghl;bYs;sJ vd;gJld; mjd; epjp eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

murplkpUe;J NfhUtjw;fhd mf;fiw kw;Wk; cupikapid nghJ kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdu;

vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

nehu;jd; f;&a;ru; fk;gdp vjpu; Mu;;176 vd;w fNdba tof;fpy; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOf;fspd; epiyg;ghl;bid kPs typAWj;jpaJ. nehu;jd;

f;&a;ru; vd;w tof;fpy; murhq;fk; nrytspf;fpd;w epjp njhlu;ghd vj;jfty;fSk;

Kfj;Njhw;wstpy; murhq;fj; jfty;fshfNt fUjg;gLk; vdg;gl;lJ. Kfj;Njhw;wstpy;

murhq;fj; jfty;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;w jfty;fspd; ntspapLiff;fhd tpjptpyf;Ffs;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghdit MFk;. murhq;fj; jfty;fspd; ntspaPl;bw;fhd

tpjptpyf;Ffis mDkjpj;jyhdJ ve;jnthU jftYf;fhd cupik my;yJ jftiy

mZFtjw;fhd cupikf;F vjpuhfj; njhopw;gLnkd;gjhy; ,J mwpTg+u;tkhdjhFk;.

NkYk;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ ,j;jfty;fspd; ntspapLif “ehl;bd;; ghJfhg;ig”

kw;Wk; /my;yJ “Njrpa ghJfhg;ig” kOq;fbf;Fk; kw;Wk; mt;ntspapLif ru;tNjr

cwTfspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;w tpjptpyf;Ffspd;fPo; (jftYf;fhd cupikr;

174jyg;gyk; Nrit $l;Lj;jhgd tq;fp ypkpnll; vjpu; A+dpad; xg; ,e;jpah (UOI)(2009),WP(C) No 18175 of 2006 (L)<https://indiankanoon.org/doc/322018/>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 175nly;yp ,d;lu;fpNull; kyb nkhnly; buhd;]pl; rp];nlk; ypkpnll; vjpu; uhNf~; m`u;thy;, WP(C) 2380-81/2010 <https://indiankanoon.org/doc/48920981/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 176nehu;jd; f;&a;ru; fk;gdp vjpu; Mu; (Nothern Cruiser Company v R)[1991] 47 FTR 192 [FCTD].

97

rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5 (1) (M) (i) kw;Wk; (ii)177) Nfhug;gl;lj; jfty;fis kWg;gjw;F

vj;jzpdpj;jpUe;jJ. gpupT 5 (1) (M) (ii) njhlu;ghd Mizf;FOtpd; mtjhdk;

Iaq;fSf;F ,lkspf;fhjtpjj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jJ:

“ru;tNjr cld;ghnlhd;wpd; kPJ jq;fpapUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l jftiy kWf;f

Ntz;Lkhapd; mj;jfty; ,ufrpakhfg; ngwg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ

jug;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mJ VNjDk; muRldhd my;yJ

ru;tNjrr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs; my;yJ flg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy;

,yq;ifapd; cwTfSf;F ghuJ}ukhf ghjfkhftpUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt

,t;tpjptpyf;fpid El;gkw;w my;yJ nghJthd Kiwapy; ru;tNjr

cld;ghLfSld; njhlu;Gila midj;J jfty;fSf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;ftpayhJ.”

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; fz;bg;ghd Kiwapy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapdhy; Gjpa jftYupikg; gug;gpd;NghJ rpy rpf;fy; epiyikfs;

Njhw;wk;ngwyhk; vd;gjid ,k;Nkd;KiwaPL vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wNghJk;> Mizf;FO

cau; juj;jpyhd kPsha;tpidg; Ngzp tUtjdhy; jfty;fs; mw;g fhuzq;fSf;fhf

kWf;fg;gl KbahJ. NkYk;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jfty; NfhUgtu;fis

mr;RWj;Jfpd;wik> njhy;iy nra;fpd;wik my;yJ NtW tifapy; mtu;fSf;F

njhe;juT tpistpf;fpd;wikapypUe;J mtu;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba Njitapid

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;w cjhuz Nkd;KiwaPlhf ,J mike;Js;sJ.

2.5 epg;uh]; kd;#u; vjpu; fy;Kid khefu rig178

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; ,uz;L Nkd;KiwaPLfisg; gjpT nra;jpUe;jhu;. KjyhtJ

Nkd;KiwaPlhdJ> fy;KidapYs;s rhe;jd;Nfzp tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpd; tp];jPuzk;>

mjd; epy msitj;jpl;lk;> mt;tplk; njhlu;ghd rl;lKuzhz mgfupg;Gf;fs;

fhzg;gl;ldth vd;gJ njhlu;ghd tpguk;> ,J njhlu;ghd VNjDk; Kiwg;ghl;Lf;Fs;

gjpag;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gJ njhlu;ghd tpguk; kw;Wk; ,Jtiuapy; ,J njhlu;ghf

177 gpupT 5 (M)(i) gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ: “mj;jifa jftypd; ntsptpLifahdJ murpd; ghJfhg;ig

my;yJ mjd; Ms;Gy ,iwikia my;yJ Njrpa ge;Njhg];ij ghjpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fkplj;J” gpupT 5(M)(ii) gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ: “mj;jifa jftypd; ntsptpLifahdJ mj;jifa jfty; ,ufrpakhfj; jug;gl;L my;yJ mjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;L cs;stplj;J> VNjDk; muRldhd my;yJ ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs; my;yJ flg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; ,yq;ifapd; cwTfSf;F ghuJ}ukhf

ghjfkhftpUf;Fkplj;J my;yJ mt;thwpUf;Fk; rhj;jpaKs;stplj;J.” 178RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL/46/2017 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/nibras-mansoor-new-31-10.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

98

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w tplaq;fisf; NfhupapUe;jJ. epyj;jpd;

tp];jPuzk; njhlu;ghd jftiyj; jtpu Vida midj;jpw;Fk; “njupahJ” vd;w gjpNy mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. Nkd;KiwaPl;bd;NghJ> ,j;jfty; ntspaplg;gl;lJld;>

Mizf;FOtpd; Kd;dpiyapy; khefurig Mizahsu; > mgfupg;ghsu;fis ntspNaw;wp

Kiwahf fhzpapd; vy;iyfis tiuaWg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if cldbahf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd $wpdhu;.

,uz;lhtJ Nkd;KiwaPLk; mNj gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;F vjpuhdjhFk;. jdpahu;

fk;gdpnahd;wpw;F MW khjj;jpw;F Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;Ls;s khefu rigapd;

,lnkhd;wpw;fhd Fj;jif xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpujp kw;Wk; mjpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w

tUkhdk; vd;gdtw;iwf; NfhupapUe;jJ. Fj;jif kw;Wk; mjpypUe;J ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l ,yhgk; vd;gtw;wpy; nghJ epjp cs;thq;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; mJ njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; NfhupapUe;jhu;. Fj;jif xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpujp

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsUf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO gzpj;jJ.

epg;uh]; kd;#u; vjpu; fy;Kid khefu rigapd; gFg;gha;T

,t;tof;fpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhzp njhlu;ghd jfty; Fwpj;J fhzg;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfs;>

nghJthf “tof;fkhd ntspg;gLj;jy;fshf” ghu;f;fg;glf;$ba tplaq;fspy;$l

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; Mw;Wfpd;w gpujhd tfpgq;fpid vLj;J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

jftYupikf;fhd gug;ghdJ gad; kpf;fjhf mika Ntz;Lnkdpy;> murhq;f

epWtdq;fs; Jbg;ghf Kd;$l;bNa jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpankd;gJld;>

tpjptpyf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; jtpu;e;j nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jftYf;fhd

Nfhupf;iffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lTld; jfty;fis ntspapLjy; mtrpakhFk;. gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfspd; ,g; gpd;dilthd Nghf;F nghJthd Nghf;fhf ntspg;gLkhapd; mJ

,yq;ifapd; jftYupikg; gug;gpd; tpUj;jpapid Iaj;Jfplkw;w tifapy; Klf;Fk;.

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfsplkpUe;J gpui[fSf;F jfty;fs; ntspaplg;gLjyhdJ

ngWNgWfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd gbKiwahf kw;Wk; [dehaf

r%fj;jpd; rpwg;ghd nrayhw;Wiff;F Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf> ,t;tof;fpy;> gpui[fs; Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fspd; ngau;fs; kw;Wk; tpyhrq;fs;

njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; (2005 Mk; Mz;L njhFf;fg;gl;l

gl;baypd;gb). vt;thnwdpDk;> nghWg;Gtha;e;j vt; murhq;f mjpfhupAk; ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l

epWtdj;jpd; nrayw;wj;jd;ik njhlu;gpy; vt;tpj eltbf;iffisAk;

Nkw;nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. NtWgl;l murhq;f epWtdq;fs; nghWg;gpid Vidatw;wpd; kPJ

99

Rkj;Jfpd;wikapdhy; jpl;ltl;lkhd KbTfisg; ngw KbahJs;sJ. ,r;

nrad;Kiwapid khw;Wtjw;fhd xU fUtpapid jftYf;fhd cupikg; gug;G

gpui[fSf;F toq;fpAs;sJld; mJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfis nghWg;Gf;$wj;jf;fjhf

khw;wpAs;sJ.

2.6 v.vk;. m`kl; vjpu;. khe;ij Nkw;F gpuNjr nrayfk;179

Nkd;KiwaPl;lhsu; mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fshy; Fwpg;gpl;l egu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l

mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fisf; NfhupapUe;jhu;. gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapd;

jfty; mYtyu; Fwpg;gpl;l mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; %d;whe; jpwj;jtu;fSf;F

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikapdhy; jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(m) ,y; jq;fpapUe;J %d;whe; jpwj;jtu;fs; njhlu;ghd tpjptpyf;fpid Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b jftiy

kWj;jpUe;jhu;.180 ,e;epfo;Tfis mtjhdkhf Muha;e;j Mizf;FOthdJ> gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigf;F ek;gfj; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;buhjj; jfty;fs;

njhlu;gpy; %d;whe; jpwj;jtu; njhlu;ghd tpjptpyf;F Vw;GilajhfhJ vd jPu;j;jJ.

v.vk;. m`kl; vjpu;. khe;ij Nkw;F gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; gFg;gha;T

epg;uh]; kd;#u; (NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;sJ) ,y; Nghd;W ,t;tof;fpYk;> fhzp Kuz;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; Coy; vd;gd njhlu;Gw;Ws;sd. tpjptpyf;Ffspy; jq;fpapUg;gjD}lhf jfty;fis

ntspapLtjw;fhd gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapd; jaf;fj;jpid ,q;F njspthf mtjhdpf;f

Kbfpd;wJ. murhq;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;Gf;fs; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifapidf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jfty;fis ntspapLjy; njhlu;gpy;

tpUg;gj;Jld; nrayhw;w Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy;

njhlu;ghd Fwpg;gpl;l kl;lq;fSf;F mit nghWg;ghditahff; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,J nghJ kf;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifapid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mbj;jskhf mikAk;.

2.7 [p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. [dhjpgjp nrayfk; 181

179RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL/287/2018 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-287-2018/rtic-287-2018-en-19122018.pdf>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 180 jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1) (I) MdJ gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ: “29(2)(,) vd;Dk; gpuptpd; Vw;ghLfSf;fikthf> jftyhdJ> %d;whk; jug;gpduhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gfpuq;f mjpfhurigf;F me;juq;fkhf toq;fg;gl;bUe;J mj;Jld; mk;%d;whk; jug;G mjid ntsptpLtjw;Fr;

rk;kjkspf;fhjtplj;J mj;jfty; kWf;fg;glyhk;.” 181 RTIC Nkd;KiwaPL (Neubahf)/114/2017 <http://www.rticommission.lk/web/images/pdf/rticappeal-114-2017/rtic-114-2017-en-06122018.pdf>1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

100

,j;jfty; Nfhupf;ifahdJ ,yq;ifapd; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;~ 2010- 7

[dtup 2015 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupghy

rpwpNrd 08 [dtup 2015 Kjy; 10 khu;r; 2017 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd;

tlf;F khfhzj;jpw;F nra;j tp[aq;fs;; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tp[aq;fs; njhlu;ghdjhFk;. Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjpapd; gpuahz tpguq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty; Nfhupf;iff;F

gjpypWf;fpd;wNghJ> mj;jfty;fs; jk;kplkpy;iynad gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig Muk;gj;jpy;

$wpaJ. jw;Nghija [dhjpgjpapd; gpuahz tpguq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty; Nfhupf;iff;F

gjpypWf;fpd;wNghJ> Njrpa ghJfhg;G (gpupT 5(1)(M)> ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Gupik (gpupT

5(1)(X)182 kw;Wk; me;juq;fk; gpupT 5(1)(m) cs;slq;fyhf gy;NtW tpjptpyf;Ffs;

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigapdhy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;ld. Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;lg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l

tpjptyf;FfSf;F rhu;ghf mikahj Mizf;FOtpd; mZFKiwf;F gjpypWf;Fk;

tpjkhf gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigahdJ Nfhug;gl;lj; jfty;fs; mjd; “cilik> fhty;

kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;by;” ,y;iy vd;w gpupT 3 ,id Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b mjpy; jq;fpapUe;jJ.

gpuahz tpguq;fs; kw;Wk; jpfjpfs; vd;gd nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; NtW

Clfq;fspd; thapyhf rhjhuzkhf gfpuq;fg; gug;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w jfty;fs;

vd;gjdhy; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(1)(M)(i) (Njrpa ghJfhg;G) MdJ

,q;F Vw;GilajhfhJ vd Mizf;FO jPu;j;jJ. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT

5(1)(m) njhlu;ghf ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> [dhjpgjpapd; gpuahz tpguj;jpid mtUila

jdpg;gl;lj; jftyhff; fUj KbahJ vd;gjdhy; mj;jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; me;juq;fk;

njhlu;ghd tpjptpyf;F Vw;GilajhfhJ vd $wpaJ. ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Gupik vd;w

tpjptpyf;F njhlu;ghd rku;g;gpg;Gf;fs; gw;wp $Wfpd;wNghJ> [dhjpgjpapd; mj;jifa

rpwg;Gupikfs; ‘mtu; mg;gzpapid epiwNtw;Wfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;jhd;

(ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F tp[ak; nra;fpd;w)’ Vw;GilajhFk; vd;gjid Mizf;FO

typAWj;jpaJ. NkYk;> gpuahz Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; nghJ kf;fSila gzk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mj;jifa gzj;jpid gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; ghuhSkd;w

cWg;gpdu;fs; nghWg;Gilatu;fshff; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l gpuahz

tpguq;fs; ,yq;if [dhjpgjpapd; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhikapdhy;

Fwpg;gpl;l jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;ifapid gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fspd;

cilik> fhty; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;w mbg;gilapy;

g+u;j;jp nra;a ,ayhJ Nghfpd;wJ vd;gjid ,q;F Fwpj;J nfhs;Sjy;

nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. 182“mj;jifa jftypd; ntsptpLifahdJ> rl;lj;jpdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lthwhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

my;yJ khfhzrignahd;wpd; rpwg;Ghpikfspd; kPwyhf cs;stplj;J mj;jifa jftiy kWf;fyhk;” vd mg;gpupT $Wfpd;wJ.

101

[p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;. [dhjpgjp nrayfj;jpd; gFg;gha;T

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tof;fpy; Mizf;FO gpd;tUkhW jdJ mtjhdj;jpid

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ;

“,yq;if [dhjpgjp kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s xU gfpuq;f mjpfhup vd;gJld;

mtu; [dhjpgjp vd;w gjtp uPjpahd jifikapy; gzpahw;Wfpd;wNghJ

gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd nghJ epjp ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;glL;s;sJ. nghJ kf;fs; epjp nryT

nra;ag;gLfpd;wik njhlu;gpy; gfpuq;f ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapidg; Ngz Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

,yq;if jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf> cz;ikapy; midj;J

rl;lq;fspdJk; mbg;gil mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ”

“…..Fwpg;gpl;l gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; ,j;jifar; nryTfisj; jzpf;if nra;tjw;F

nghUj;jkhd nghwpKiwfis mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

mjd; %ykhf midj;J nryTfSf;Fkhd nghWg;Gilik Ngzg;gLk;…”

murpd; jiytu;fSila gpuahzr; nryTfs; tof;fkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

cyfshtpa Nghf;fpid epA+rpyhe;J> fdlh kw;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfis

Rl;bf;fhl;b Mizf;FO xg;gpl;bUe;jJ. fdlhtpd; gpukju; kw;Wk; gy;NtW murhq;f

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; gpuahz kw;Wk; tpUe;Njhk;gw; nryTfs; njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fs;

mtu;fSila cj;jpNahfg+u;t tiyj;jsj;jpy; gjpNtw;wg;gl;L mtw;Wf;fhd nghJ

kf;fSila mZFjy; rhj;jpakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.183 mNjNghy> epA+rpyhe;jpd; gpujku;

jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; midj;J mikr;ruit gpujhdpfspdJk; gpuahzk; cs;slq;fshd

midj;J nryTfSk; mtu;fSila murhq;fj; juT tiyj;jsj;jpy; gjpNtw;wk;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.184 mNjNghy> If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk; jfty;fSf;fhd Rje;jpur;

rl;lj;jpd;fPo; [dhjpgjpfspd; gpuahz nryTfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; ngw;Wf;

183‘Travel and Hospitality Expense Reports’ <http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/di/expense_list.asp?cat=1&clientDeptID=1370&dept=65&year=2018&lang=eng> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ. 184‘Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Chief Executive Expenses’ <https://catalogue.data.govt.nz/dataset/department-of-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-chief-executive-expenses> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

102

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.185Mizf;FOtpd; Kbthd

mtjhdq;fs; gpujhd gfpuq;f egu;fspd; gpuahz tpguq;fs; Vd; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;

my;yJ Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis fPo;tUkhW vLj;Jf; fhl;baJ:

“gfpuq;f mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gilikapid cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nghJ

epjpapd; ghtidahdJ ,t;thW EZf;fkhf fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

mNjNtis> njupT nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; cau; mjpfhupfspd; gaz

tpguq;fs; njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fspd; KOikahd kw;Wk; capu;g;ghd

ntspg;gLj;Jif njhlu;ghf gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr gug;Gf;fs; mile;Js;s

Kd;N;dw;wj;jpw;F ,irthd Kiwapy; ,yq;ifAk; gazpj;jy; nray;jpwk;

tha;e;jnjhd;whf mikAk;. Vnddpy;> ,JNt jftYupik Ml;rpapd;

xOf;ftpay;GfSf;fhd mbg;gilahf mikAk;.”

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wjypid eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w jftYf;fhd

cupikapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisj; jOtpa Mizf;FOtpd; mt; mtjhdj;jpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig ([dhjpgjpapd;

mYtyfk;) jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; Njitg;ghLfis kdjpy; ,Uj;jp

mj;jifaj; jd;ikAila jfty;fs; njhlu;ghd gjpTfisg; Ngz Ntz;ba

flg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mNjNtis> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rignahd;W mJ Fwpg;gpl;l

Nfhg;Gf;fis NgZtjpy;iy kw;Wk; / my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;lj; jfty;fs; mjd; cilikapy;>

fhtypy; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,y;iy vd $Wfpd;wNghJ jftYupikf;fhd

nrad;Kiw kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjidAk; ,k;Nkd;KiwaPL vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd caupa gfpuq;f ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ xU tpidj;jpwdhd

khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf jftYupikapid khw;Wk; vd;gJld;

eilKiwapypUf;fpd;w Kiwikapy; cau; mstpyhd ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;$Wjiy cUthf;Fk; vd;gJld; mur nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; njhlu;ghff;

fhzg;gLfpd;;w tpidj;jpwdw;w eilKiwfis khw;Wtjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

3. xg;gPl;L gFg;gha;T: ,e;jpah> nkf;rpNfh kw;Wk; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; jftYupikapd;

ntw;wpfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fs;

3.1Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l /gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; jftYupikapd; gad;ghL 185Judicial Watch v. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security (No. 1:17-cv-01007); (Judicial Watch v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (No. 1:15-cv-01983); (Judicial Watch v. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security (No. 1:17-cv-01341).

103

NtW gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;> Fwpg;ghf Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ NtW gpd;jq;fpa

rKjhaq;fspy; jftYupikapd; gad;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;w tpjj;jpid mwptjD}lhf

mtw;wpd; gbg;gpidfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fis ,yq;ifapd; gpd;dzpapy;

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s ,aYk;. ,t; xg;gPl;L mZFKiwahdJ> ,e;jpah> nkf;rpNfh kw;Wk;

njd;dhgpupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfis ikag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

1) ,e;jpah

k];J}u; fp]hd; rf;jp rq;`lhd; (Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan (MKSS)) vd;w

uh[];jhdpy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w mbkl;l xOq;fikg;nghd;wpd; gzpjhd; ,e;jpahtpd;

jftYupik nraw;ghl;bw;fhd gyk; kpF mbj;jskhf mike;jJ. ,t; xOq;fikg;ghdJ

Fiwthd Cjpaj;jpidg; ngWfpd;w Copau;fs; gzpg;gl;baypy; ,lg;gLfpd;w jtwhd

gjpTfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhf NghuhbaJ.186 Muk;gj;jpy;> ,t;

Mtzq;fs; ,ufrpakhdit vd mjpfhupfspdhy; kWf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;$l> mtu;fs;

mjid ntw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;jpahtpd; jftYupikr; nraw;ghLfshdit KOikahd

kPsha;T kw;Wk; gFg;gha;tpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sNghJk;> [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPupy; 2000 Mk;

Mz;L [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPu; rl;lj;jpD}lhd jftYupik gad;ghL Fiwe;jstpNyNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;Liuapd; Mrpupau;fs; cs;slq;fyhf gy;NtW

fy;tpapayhsu;fspdhy; gutyhff; Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;lg;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

fh~;kPupy; epyTfpd;w kdpj cupikfs; epiyg;ghL njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifahdJ,187 gy;NtW jftYf;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fspdhy; fpilf;fg;ngw;wj; jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jpNa

Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPupy; gjpag;gl;l jftYupikf;fhd

tpz;zg;gnkhd;W khu;r; 2016 kw;Wk; Mf];l; 2017 vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilg;gl;l

fhyg;gFjpapy; 1000 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd egu;fs; [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPu; nghJ kf;fs;

ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd;fPo; milj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu; vd;w tplaj;ij njuptpj;jJ.

186[];tu;ah nlg;> gpupj;tp~; Nuha; rTlup xU jrhg;jj;jpd; 2005 Mk; Mz;L jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd

rl;lk;- rl;lj;jpd; gug;ngy;iy kw;Wk; jhf;fk; gw;wpa tpku;rd Ma;T CNLU LJ (6) [2016-17] 200. 187[f;fpaehLfs;,kdpjcupikfs;, cau; Mizahsupd; mYtyfk;> fh~;kPupy; kdpjcupikfspd; epiy gw;wpa mwpf;if> ,e;jpa muRfshd [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPu; khepyj;jpy; 2016 [Pd; Kjy; 2018 Vg;uy; tiuahd mgptpUj;jpfs;> mrhl;> [k;K> fh~;kPu; kw;Wk; fpy;[Pl; ghy;bd; vd;gdtw;wpy; nghJ kdpj cupik

fupridfs; (2018) <https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IN/DevelopmentsInKashmirJune2016ToApril2018.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ [fh~;kPu; mwpf;if].

104

vdpDk;> [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPupy; Gjpa rl;lthf;fk; mKypw;F te;J gj;J tUlq;fs;

fle;Js;s epiyapYk;> gfpuq;f mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyu;fs; jftYf;fhd cupikr;

rl;lj;jpid KOikahfg; Gupe;J nfhz;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy.188 = Fuhk; ghu;Nt]; vjpu;

gp.I.X N`hk; bghu;l;nkd;l;>189 vd;w tof;fpy; jfty; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fs; ntspapLtjw;F fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s jfty;fs; vd;w

gug;gpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F $wg;gl;lJ. Fuhk; ghu;Nt];

vjpu; gp.I.X Nrhdy; nghyp]; jiyikafk; [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPu; vd;w tof;fpy; jfty;

mYtyu; vt;tpj tpsf;fKkspf;fhJ xU tpjptpyf;fpd;fPo; jftiy epuhfupj;jpUe;jhu;.190 Culq;F rl;lq;fs;> Nrhjidr; rhtbfs;> fbdkhd epyg;gug;G kw;Wk; gzuPjpahd

kl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; fhuzkhf gpui[fshy; ehL KOtJk; Rje;jpukhf nry;y

KbahJs;sJ.191 NkYk;> fy;tpawptpy;yhj kf;fSf;F jftYf;fhd Ml;rpg;gug;gpd; fPo;

jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd Mjutpid toq;Fjy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikapdhy;192

mJ mj;jifa egu;fis Mjutw;wtu;fshf khw;wpAs;sJ.193 [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPupd;

jftYupik Kiwikapid gpui[fs; mjpfstpy; mZff; $banjhd;whf

khw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSf;F gy;NtW rpf;fy;fs; jil tpjpf;fpd;wd.194

2) nkf;rpNfh

nkf;rpNfhtpd; jftYupikf;fhd rl;lthf;fkhdJ mjd; rpwg;ghd Vw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf

ntFthfg; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ.195 2002 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; me;ehl;by; jftYupikf;fhd rl;lk;

fhzg;gl;L tUtJld; 2015 Mk; Mz;L mJ nghJ ntspg;gilj;jd;ikr; rl;lj;jpidAk;

188 uh[h Krhtu; ghl; ‘fhzp ,og;gPl;L jftypid kWj;jy;’[Denying Land Compensation Information’(3 [dtup 2019)<http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/denying-land-compensation-information/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ. 189 J&K mur jfty; Mizf;FO, jPu;khd,y. SIC/ CO/SA/263/2015/801. 190 J&K , mur jfty; Mizf;FO jPu;khd,y. SIC/ CO/SA/265/2015/788. 191uh[h Krhtu; ghl; “jfYupikf;fhd Nkd;KiwaPLfs; kw;Wk; Kiwg;ghLfs;” fpNul;lu; fh~;kPu; Raja (16 Dec 2014) <https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/hearing-rti-appeals-complaints/182415.html> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 192Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 193Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 194 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. For instance, Dr. Bhat attempted to use video conferencing for a hearing he was unable to attend but was instead told to record his statement. 195‘Congratulations Mexico for the world’s best right to information law’<https://www.law-democracy.org/live/congratulations-mexico-for-the-worlds-best-right-to-information-law/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ; ‘Global Right to Information Rating’<https://www.rti-rating.org/country-data/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

105

,aw;wpaJ.196 mjd; jftYupikf;fhd gug;ghdJ mjd; nghJ Nehf;fkhd jftiy

mZFjy; vd;gjidAk; jhz;b gy khepyq;fs; jftYf;fhd cupikapidg;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mu;g;gzpg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;s nraw;jpl;lq;fis tbtikj;jy;

vd;wstpy; gy;NtW ntw;wpfukhd gyd;fisf; fz;Ls;sJ.197 Clftpayhsu;fs; ,g;Gjpa

rl;lj;jpid nghJ kf;fSila gzk; nrytplg;gLfpd;wik njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

Nrfupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;.198 NkYk;> nghJ kf;fs; mOj;jj;jpw;F

gjpypWf;fpd;wtifapy; nkf;rpNfh murhdJ jfty; Nfhupf;iffisg; gjpT nta;tjw;fhd

xU tiyj;jsj;jpid cUthf;fpAs;sJ.199 Freedom Info vd;gJ “nkf;rpNfhtpd; ,yj;jpuzpaw; jfty; gupkhw;wkhdJ mjid mur ,ufrpak; vd;gjpypUe;J murpay;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik vd;gjhf khw;wkilar; nra;tjpy; xU Kf;fpa tfpgq;fhw;Wk;” vd

$Wfpd;wJ.200

vt;thnwdpDk;> murhq;f epWtdq;fs; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w nrad;Kiwapid

Xustpw;F mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wd. jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;fpd;w

jdpegu;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; jq;fSila jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; 90% Md msT

kWf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.201 NkYk;> gjpy; fpilg;gjw;F ngUk;ghYk; 40

ehl;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd> nghJthf jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs;

Clftpayhsu;fspdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU tplak; njhlu;ghd nghJ kf;fs; tpopg;Gzu;tpid

cldbahf Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; gjpag;gLtjdhy; 40 ehl;fs; fhy

vy;iyahdJ Nfhupf;iffspd; Nehf;fj;jpidj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;tjhf

mikfpd;wJ.202 cz;ikapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lkhdJ nghJthf tprhuiz nra;fpd;w

ghq;Fs;s Clftpayhsu;fspdhy;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjdhy;203 ,g; Gjpa

196Adriana Garcia, ‘Transparency in Mexico: An overview of access to information regulations and their effectiveness at the federal and state level’ (2016) Wilson Center, <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/transparency_in_mexico_an_overview_of_access_to_information_regulations_and_their_effectiveness_at_the_federal_and_state_level.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 197Office of the Information Commissioner of Canada, ‘Conference Proceedings: Transparency for the 21st Century’ (2017) <http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/conference-transparence-21e-siecle_transparency-21st-century-conference.aspx> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 198Rje;jpu jfty;> nkf;rpf;Nfh> jftYf;fhd Rje;jpuk;: Xu; NkNyhl;lk; <http://www.freedominfo.org/regions/latin-america/mexico/mexico2/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 199Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 200Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 201‘nkf;]pf;Nfhtpw;F jfty; Rje;jpuk; Gjpa rfhg;jk;’ nkf;]pf;Nfh ePA]; nla;yp (6 November 2015)<https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/information-freedom-new-era-for-mexico/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W

mZfg;gl;lJ [Mexico News Daily]. 202Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 203Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

106

rl;lkhdJ jftYupikapid Fiwj;Js;snjd rpy vOj;jhrpupau;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.204

NkYk;> 75% ,w;Fk; Nkyhd jfty; Nfhupf;iffs; fy;Y{up gl;ljhupfspdhy; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.205 murhq;fkhdJk; ,d;Dk; Kd;$l;bNa jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;ba

mjd; flg;ghLld; ,zq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.206

3) njd;dhgpupf;fh

njd;dhgpupf;fhthdJ mjd; ,dntwp Ml;rp Kbtile;J MW tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;

jfty;fis mZFjiy Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rl;lj;jpid 2000 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wpaJ.

jftYf;fhd cupikahdJ Nkhrbf;F vjpuhf kw;Wk; mjidf; fl;ltpo;g;gjw;F kfj;jhd

mstpy; gad;gl;lJ.207 Mdhy; ,dntwp Ml;rpapy; epiyj;jpUe;j jPtpu ,ufrpak; Nghd;w

nfhs;iffs; ,dntwp Ml;rpf;F gpd;dUk; njhlu;e;jpUf;ff;$ba Nghf;F fhzg;gl;lJ.

McKinley vd;gtu; jftYf;fhd rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L %d;W tUlq;fspd; gpd;dUk; gy

ghuJ}ukhd gpur;rpidfs; epyTtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.208 cz;ik kw;Wk;

ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; gjpTfs; mNjNghy nghyp];> ghJfhg;G gil

kw;Wk; mikr;ruit FOf;fspd; gjpTfs; vd;gd vt;thW mZf Kbahjdthf cs;sd

vd;gjid mtu; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.209 NkYk;> mtu; 2003 Mk; Mz;lstpy; 50% Md

gfpuq;f mYtyu;fs; jfty;fis mZFjiy Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rl;lk; gw;wp

gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;buhikapdhy; mJ gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd $Wfpd;whu;.210

murhq;f epWtdq;fs; ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia NgZtjw;F rhu;ghf ele;J nfhs;fpd;wd

vd;gjid jPu;g;Gr; rl;lq;fs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.211 xt;nthU mikr;Rk; Fwpg;gpl;l

jftiy ,ufrpakhdjh ,y;iyah vd tifg;gLj;jf;$ba mjpfhuj;jpidf;

204Mexico News Daily, 201,y; Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. 205Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 206Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 207Karyn Maughan, ‘Exclusive: Officials looted millions in land reform scam’ Business Live (24 January 2019) <https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-01-24-officials-looted-millions-in-land-reform-scam/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 208Nly; nkf;fpd;yp ‘njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; jfty; mZFk; khepyk;’[2003] (2003) td;Kiw kw;Wk;

kPs;GzUj;jhdj;jpw;fhd fw;if epiyak;><http://www.csvr.org.za/docs/trc/stateofaccess.pdf> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ. 209Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 210Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 211 2017 Mk; Mz;L njd;dhgpupf;fhtpw;fhd fw;ifr; Rw;Wyhtpid Nkw;nfhz;l ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Mizahsu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly.;

107

nfhz;Ls;sikahdJ gpur;ridf;Fupanjhd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.212 kw;WnkhU

re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; tuyhw;W fhg;gfj;jpdhy; cz;ik kw;Wk;

ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; njhlu;ghd

juTj;jsnkhd;wpid Mf;Ftjw;F cjtpaspf;fpd;w jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf gjpag;gl;l

Nfhupf;if> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ,og;gPLfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;nghUl;L jk; rhu;e;j

jfty;fis gfpuq;fg; gug;gpy; ntspapLtjw;fhd jq;fSila Vf kdjhd

,zf;fj;jpid toq;fpapUe;jNghjpYk; $l>213 Fwpg;gpl;lj; jfty;fs; %d;whe;

jpwj;jtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghdJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.214

,Wjpapy; mt; Mtzq;fs; gad;gLj;j ,ayhj Kiwapy; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; tuyhw;W

fhg;gfj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJld; mjid gad;gLj;jj; jf;fjhf;Ftjw;F

njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; tuyhw;W fhg;gfj;jpw;F gj;J tUlq;fs; Njitg;gl;lJ.215

NkYk;> mq;F gfpuq;f gjpNtLfs; njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;ghf ,dntwp murhq;fj;jdp;Nghjhd

Mtzq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftpy; jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.216 cz;ik kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; gy tuyhw;W gjpTfs; murpdhy;

mopf;fg;gl;likahdJ ey;ypzf;fr; nrad;Kiwapid ,ilepWj;jpaJld; mJ jftiy

mZFtjw;fhd cupikf;Fk; jilahf mike;jJ.217 njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy;

jftYupikapid jil nra;fpd;w gpujhd fhuzpahf miktJ> mr;rl;lj;jpid

rhj;jpakhf;Ftjw;fhd mikg;nghd;W fhzg;glhJ218 mr;RikAk; kdpj cupikfs;

Mizf;FOtpw;Nf toq;fg;gLtjdhyhFk;. 2016 ,y;> mr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L 16

tUlq;fSf;F gpd;du;> mjpfsthd jfty; Nfhupf;iffspd; mZFjiy

rhj;jpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU xOq;fikg;G ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.220

4. ,Wjp gFg;gha;T

fle;j ,uz;L tUl fhy jftYupik njhlu;ghd jPu;khdnkLj;jy; gw;wpa kPsha;T>

Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; kw;Wk; ntspapLif njhlu;ghd

mZFKiw rhu;ghdjhfNt cs;sJ. ,yq;if buhd;];gud;]p ,d;lu;ne~dypd;

Gs;sptpguq;fspd;gb ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; mKYf;F te;J xU

212Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 213Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 214Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 215Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 216vk;.rP.fpd;Ny , 208 ,y; Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 217Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 218Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ . 220Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

108

tUl epiwtpd; ,Wjpapy;> Mizf;FOthdJ gjpag;gl;l tof;Ffspy; 84 tPjkhd

tof;Ffspy; jfty;fs; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd gzpj;Js;sJ vd;gJ

njspthfpd;wJ.221 ,J jftYupikapid gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSf;F Neu;kiwahd xU

rkpf;iQapid toq;FtJld;> jq;fSila jfty; Nfhupf;iffs; Muk;gj;jpy;

epuhfupf;g;gl;lhYk; ,Wjpahf mit khw;wg;gLk; vd;w mwpTld; jfty; Nfhupf;iffis

gjpT nra;tjw;F Cf;fkspf;fpd;wJ.

,f;fl;LiuahdJ tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpypUe;J gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rpy Fwpg;ghd

Nkd;KiwaPLfis Muha;e;Js;s mNjNtis> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpypUe;J gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l Nkd;KiwaPLfSf;Fk;> ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfspypUe;J Coy; kw;Wk;

jtwhd epu;thfk; vd;gd njhlu;ghfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;;Ls;s jftYf;fhd

Nkd;KiwaPLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jF NtWghL ahnjdpy;>

tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpypUe;J jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;iffisg; gjpT nra;gtu;fs; ,uhZt

kag;gLj;jg;gl;l #oypd; jhf;fj;ij fhz;gpf;fpd;wdu;.,J [p. jpyPg; mKjd; vjpu;

ghJfhg;G mikr;R vd;w tof;fpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. (RTIC 70/2018) ,f;fl;Liuf;fhd mwpKfg; ge;jpfspy; vk;khy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ljd;gb> jftYupikapidg;

gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSf;F> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; khj;jpuky;yhJ> ehL KOtjpYKs;s

jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSf;F ghJfhg;ghd #o;epiyapid mikj;Jf;

nfhLj;jyhdJ ntw;wpfukhd jftYupik Ml;rpapid mikf;f kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd

kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wj;jF murhq;fj;jpid mikg;gjw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf mikAk;.

jftYupikapidg; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fis mr;RWj;Jtjw;fhd KAw;rpfs; cWjpahd

rhj;jpakhd vjpu;g;gpD}lhf ,y;yhJ nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpah> nkf;rpNfh kw;Wk;

njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fspy;

tho;fpd;w rhjhuz egu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w gpur;rpidfs; ,yq;iff;fhd gbg;gpidfshf

mikaf;$bad. jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO gfpuq;fg; gug;gpYs;s kw;Wk; rptpy;

r%fq;fspYs;s jftYupikapd; ntw;wpahsu;fSld; ,ize;J ,g;gpur;ridfisj;

jPu;g;gjw;F gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.

mNjNtis> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspd; xj;Jiog;G> gpui[fspd; capu;g;ghd

gq;Fgw;Wjy; kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;fs; vd;gdTk;

Kf;fpakhditahFk;. jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,jw;fhd Rik

epajpr;rl;luPjpahf ];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nkd;KiwaPl;L mikg;gpd; kPJ ,Ug;gpDk;

221Nty;lu; Ntj;kd; “jftywpAk; cupik> nla;yp ePArpy; xU tUlk;’ Walter Wuthmann, ‘RTI, One year on’ Daily News (16 February 2016) <http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/02/16/features/142984/rti-one-year> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

109

(Mizf;FO) Kd;Ndhf;fp rpe;jpg;gjhAk;> mjpfgl;r ntspg;gLj;Jifapid

Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;w cau; juj;jpid ];jhgpg;gjhAk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba mNjNtis> mur

epWtdq;fs; Fwpg;ghf nghWg;Gf;$wjy; kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik Mfpa ,yf;Ffis

capu;g;Gld; tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ve;jnthU jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lKk; mjd;

ghtidahsu;fs; mjid Ntz;Lfpd;w tpjj;jpy; jhd; tYkpf;fjhf mikAk;.222 ,t; Qhgfg;gLj;jy;fs; jftYupik Clhf fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; fpilj;j gad;fs;

,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhditahFk;.

jd;dpr;irahf Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL: jfty; chpikapd;

eptu;j;jp nra;ag;glhj flg;ghLfs;

222‘VyNt Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;ljidg; Nghd;W> mj;jifa ngUk;ghd;ikahd Nkd;;KiwaPLfs; rhjhuz kf;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;litahFk;. mit fpuhkg;Gw gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J kw;Wk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; xOq;Ftpjpfs; njhlu;ghf rpwe;j tpsf;fKila gpui[fspdhy; gjpag;gl;lit MFk;. cz;ikapy;> ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;W gzk; kw;Wk; fhyk; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; tpuakhf;Ffpd;w tplaq;fs;

njhlu;gpy; jftYf;fhd cupikapid gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;”, fp~hyp gpd;Nuh [atu;jd, ‘Challenges for Sri Lanka’s RTI for the future’ (Colombo Telegraph, 29 September 2018) <https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/challenges-for-sri-lankas-rti-for-the-future/> 1 ngg;utup 2019 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ.

110

tp[ahde;j [atPu

murpayikg;gpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l 19tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lj;Jld;> gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigfsplkpUe;J jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd chpikahdJ ,yq;ifg;

gpui[fspd; murpayikg;G hPjpahd chpikahf khwpaJ. 2016k; Mz;bd; 12k; ,yf;f

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s mur kw;Wk; gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigfSk; ,e;j chpikapd; nghWg;ghsh;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. vdNt>

jilapd;wp ,e;j chpikia itj;jpUg;gth;fshd gpui[fSf;F cjTtJ mth;fspd;

rl;lg+h;tkhd flikahFk;.

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfsplk; cs;s jfty;fis nghJkf;fs; ,uz;L topKiwfs; %yk;

mZf KbAk;. KjyhtJ> gpui[fs; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigf;F Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;

Nfhhpf;ifia rkh;g;gpj;J mjw;F gjpyhf jftiy ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. ,uz;lhtJ> Fwpj;j

jfty; Nfhhpf;iff;F khwhf jfty;fs; eilKiwhPjpapy; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfshy;

ntspaplg;gl;lit. KjyhtJ vjph;tpid ntspg;ghlhf mwpag;gLfpd;w mNjNtis>

nghJ mjpfhurig jhdhfNt Kd;te;J jfty; ntspaplg;gLjy; jd;dpr;irahd

Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

vq;fSila jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lkhdJ jftypd; vjph;tpid ntspg;ghl;il

mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; kpfTk; gykhf cs;sJ. jftiy ehLtjw;fhd rhpahd

eilKiwfs;> ,zf;fj;jpw;fhd fhytiuaiwfs;> vd;d jfty;fs;

tpjptpyf;fpw;Fl;gl;lit (nghJeyd; NkNyhq;Ftjhy; epahag;gLj;jg;gLgit jtph;e;jit)>

gpzf;Ffis jPh;g;gjw;fhd ePjpKiwg;nghwpKiw kw;Wk; ,zq;fj;jtwpaikf;fhd

jz;lid Nghd;w tplaq;fs; mjpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vjph;tpidahd

ntspg;ghl;bd; kPjhd ,e;j tYthd ftdk; gpui[fSf;fhd nghJthd tpjp

mth;fSila jftYf;fhd chpikia NfhUjy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; jdpg;gl;l

Nfhhpf;iffspd; kPJ jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd ngUk;ghyhd gq;Fjhuh;fs;

Cfpg;gij Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

vq;fSila rl;lj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; ,e;jpahtpd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lkhdJ

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;by; gykhf cs;sJ. vq;fSila

rl;lkhdJ gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; Mz;Lf;F ,UKiw jfty; chpik

eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; mwpf;iffs; ntspaplg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk; kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fs;

jq;fSila Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkjpAila nraw;jpl;lq;fspd; tpguq;fis mjdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gLgth;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; khj;jpuNk Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jid

111

jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk; Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;gLj;Jiff;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd

vq;fSila jfty; chpikr; rl;lj;jpy; Fp;g;gplg;gltpy;iy.

,jw;F khwhf> ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 4 MdJ xt;nthU gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfSk;

jd;dpr;irahf Kd;$l;bNa ntspapl Ntz;ba jfty;fis tifg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

mth;fs; epWtdhPjpahd ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; ,e;jpa

rl;lkhdJ Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jifia epiwNtw;Wtjw;F 120 ehl;fs; vd;w

NeutiuigAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vq;fSila rl;lj;jpy; tYthd Kd;$l;ba

ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd fl;lisfs; ,y;yhjjd; mtrpak; czug;gl;L gfpuq;f

mjpfhurig Kd;$l;bNa jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd Mff;Fiwe;j

Njitg;ghLfis nfhz;bUf;fpd;w tifapy; xOq;F tpjpfs; ,y 20 I kPs

th;j;jkhdpapy; mKy;gLj;JtJld; njhlh;Gila mikr;rUf;F MNyhrid

toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j xOq;F tpjpahdJ 3e; jpfjp ngg;uthp khjk; 2017k; Mz;L

mKYf;F te;jJ223. jfty; chpikf;fhd Mizf;FothdJ jdf;F gphpT 15(<) ,d; fPo;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp mikr;rh; Fwpj;j ,e;j xOq;F tpjpia

tpepNahfpf;Fk; tifapy; gfpuq;f mjpfhurig Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; jfty;fis

toq;Ftjw;F newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Kd;$l;bNa jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtij

mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F murhq;fj;jpd; cj;jpfis tiuaiw nra;tjw;fhd mtrpaj;ij

ehq;fs; ghPl;rpf;Fk; NghJ ehq;fs; xOq;Ftpjp 20 My; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;

tifg;ghLfis MuhaNtz;Lk;.

vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 4 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rl;lhPjpahd

flg;ghLfspd; kj;jpapYk;> jfty; chpikr;rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpd;dUk; $l

Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL vd;gJ gytPdkhf ,Ug;gjhfNt ,e;jpa mDgtk;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. 2011k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; murhq;fj;jhy; Kd;$l;ba ntspg;ghLfis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xU nrayzp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ “rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 4 ,d;

gytPdkhd eilKiw ,e;j gFjpapd; rpy tpjpKiwfis KOikahf tpghpf;ftpy;iy

vd;gjw;F fhuzkhFk;. kw;Wk; gphpT 4 ,d; Njitg;ghLfs; KOikahf ,Ug;gij cWjp

nra;tjw;fhd xU ,zf;f Kiwikia mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd rpe;jpj;jJ”224. xOq;F

tpjp ,yf;fk; 20 ,y; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fiwe;jsthd Njitg;ghLfis

re;jpj;jhYk; $l> nghJ %Nyhghak; kw;Wk; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;j rhj;jpakhd

223 ,yq;if Fbaurpd; tu;j;jkhdp ,y. No. 2004/66 – nts;spf;fpoik 03 ngg;utup 2017. 224 2005 Mk; Mz;L jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT-04 fpo; nraw;gL;k; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd gzpfs; Kd;$l;bNa tYg;gLj;Jk; gupe;Jiufs; %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gly;– mikr;ruitapypUe;J FOtpd; nrayhsu;fSf;fhd Fwpg;G jpfjp 10 [{iy 2012.

112

nghwpKiwapd;wp mNdfkhd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;by;

mth;fSila rl;lf; flg;ghLfis kpfTk; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa re;jpf;fpd;wd.

Kf;fpakhf> jdpg;gl;l egh;fspd; Nfhhpf;ifapD}lhf gpui[fs; jfty;fis ngWtjw;fhf

fhj;jpUf;fhky; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; jhq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk; midj;J

jfty;fisAk; nghJkf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jy; jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba

ntspg;gLj;Jif vdg; nghUs;gLk;. vdNt> mjpfgl;r rhj;jpakhd jd;dpr;irahd

Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;gLj;Jif gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik

kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpy; mjd; nrhe;j cWjpg;ghl;lil Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,J ekJ jfty; chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij tpsf;Fk; Kd;Diuapy;

cah;j;jpf;fhl;lg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l tpisTfshFk;. jfty; chpikf;fhd

rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;dh; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; nghJkf;fSf;F ntspg;gilahf

,Ug;gjw;fhd nghwpKiwia cz;ikapy; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk>; njhlh;r;rpahf

jpUg;jpg;gLj;jg;gl;l vjph;tpidahd ntspg;gLj;Jifia ekJ rl;lk; kpfTk; gykhd

Kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;jpapUg;gjid tpl ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzh;T

Mfpatw;wpw;fhd epWtd cWjpnkhopfspy; nghJkf;fs; ek;gpf;ifahdJ jftypd;

Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jifia mjpfhpf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.

gpui[fspd; jftYf;fhd chpikia KOikg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs;

jftiy ntspg;gLj;jyhFk; khwhf Nfhhpf;iftpLg;gth;fSf;F khj;jpuk; ntspapLtjy;y.

,e;jpahtpd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lj;ijg; Nghy; my;yhJ> vq;fspd; jfty;

chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; th;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gl;l xOq;Ftpjp ,y 20 MdJ

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;gLj;JifAld; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs;

,zq;fpr; nry;tjw;fhd fhy vy;iyia nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk>; gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigfs; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;F mjdJ cz;ikahd cWjpg;ghl;il

mjpfhpf;fTk; mjd;%yk; nraw;jpwid mjpfhpf;fTk; xOq;Ftpjp ,y 20 ,y;

gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s jfty; Njitg;ghLfs; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy;>

murhq;fkhdJ murJiwahd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfsplkpUe;J epahakhd fhyj;jpw;Fs;

jpUg;jpfukhd tpisit miltjw;F xOq;Ftpjp 20 cld; KOikahd ,zq;fpr;

nry;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU %Nyhgha mZFKiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jp

mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;bw;F mjpf

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,y;iy vd;whYk; gpui[fSk; mth;fSila mikg;Gf;fSk;

vjph;tpidahd jfty; ntspg;ghl;il Mjhpf;Fk; nraypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. murhq;fKk;

kf;fSk; jftYf;fhd chpikapd; Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;w tpjpia

cUthf;Ftjw;F mjpf Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gy Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.

113

gu];gukhd ed;ikfs;

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ gfpuq;f mjpfhurig gy;NtWgl;l

Nritfis toq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; mtw;iw vt;thW mZfyhk; vd;gjidAk;

gpui[fSf;F murhq;fk; mwptpg;gjw;F ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J kf;fSf;F Nrit

nra;tjw;F murhq;fk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;s gbKiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ftjw;F murhq;fj;ij

mDkjpg;gNjhL Fwpj;j Nritapd; %ykhd ed;ikfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij xg;GuT

hPjpahf mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; kf;fis ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ.

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghlhdJ murhq;fj;jpDs;Sk; kw;Wk;

gy;NtWgl;l gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfSf;fpilapYk; jfty; Xl;lj;jpid mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.

murhq;f mikr;Rf;fs;> jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; Kfth;fspd; fplq;fpy; gy;NtW gaDs;s

jfty;fs; cs;sd. mikg;Gf;fspd; ,izaj;jsk; Clhf Ngzp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s vy;yh

Kf;fpakhd jfty;fisAk; ntspg;gilahf gfph;tjw;fhd tha;g;ghdJ xt;nthU

mikg;Gf;fspdJk; tfpgq;fpidAk; nghJkf;fSf;F mth;fs; toq;f

Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NritapidAk; kpfTk; ey;y Kiwapy; tpsf;Ftjw;F xj;Jiog;G

toq;Ffpd;wJ. nghJkf;fSld; jfty;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;SjyhdJ gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigfs; mth;fSila Njhw;wj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;Fk; mth;fSila tfpgq;F

njhlh;ghd nghJkf;fspd; fUj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ.

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL MdJ gy;NtWgl;l jhgdq;fSk;

mth;fSila Copah;Sk; xUtUf;nfhUth; ,yFthf njhlh;GgLtjw;Fk; mth;fSila

Nritia gaDs;s tifapy; mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd nghJthd mbg;gilia

fz;Lnfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ. gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfSf;F jpwe;j jfty;

mikg;G ,y;yhj NghJ murhq;f tzpfj;jpd; ghpth;j;jid nryTfs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.

,jd; %yk; mth;fs; jq;fSila epWtdj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhJ mjDld; njhlh;Gila

jfty;fis kw;wth;fsplKk; vspjhf mZf KbAk;. xt;nthU mikg;Gk; mjd;

vy;iyf;;Fs; cs;s mtw;wpd; mikg;gpd; ,Ug;igAk; mth;fSila tfpgq;fpidAk;

epahag;gLj;j Njitahd jftiy ntspg;gilahf gfpUk; tiu murhq;f mikr;rpd;

xU ek;gfkhd tiuglj;ij ngw gpui[fSf;F fbdkhf cs;sJ.

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l murhq;fq;fs; jq;fs; nray;fSf;Fk; mJNghy jq;fs;

nrytpdq;fSf;Fk; ngWg;Gf;$Wk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. murhq;f nrytpdq;fisg;

gw;wpa jfty;fis jhdhf ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; rhh;gpy; kiwg;gjw;F

vJTk; ,y;iy vd;w jd;ikia Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nghJkf;fs; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;

nrytpdk;> nfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; murhq;f xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd midj;J

jfty;fisAk; itj;jyhdJ Coiy jLg;gNjhL mjpfhurigfs; Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fspd;

114

eyd; rhh;e;jpUg;gjw;F gjpyhf Gwepiyrhh;e;J jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F J}z;Lfpd;wJ.

nfhs;Kjypy; cs;s ntspg;gilj;jd;ik Nghl;bj;jd;ikia cUthf;FtNjhL vd;d

nrytopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mjdhy; vd;d tpisT vd;gtw;iw

xt;nthUtUk; rhpghh;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F ,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ.

xt;nthU jfty; Nfhhpf;iffSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa gjpyspj;jyhdJ fzprkhd

Neuj;ijAk; nrtytPdj;ijAk; jfty; Nfhhpf;ifahsUf;Fk; mjid

toq;Fgth;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mNjNeuj;jpy; jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba

ntspg;ghL jdpg;gl;l jfty; Nfhhpf;ifapd; nrayhf;fj;jpy; nrytopj;j Neuj;ijAk;

tsq;fisAk; tpidjpwDld; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. nghJkf;fspd; Ml;rp vy;iyapy; Vw;fdNt

Njitahd jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;w NghJ jdpg;gl;l Nfhhpf;iffis jhf;fy; nra;tjw;F

gpui[fs; Neuj;ij nrytpLtjpy;iy. jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghlhdJ

rhjhuzkhf Nfhhpf;ifahsh;fshf ,Ug;gth;fSf;F khj;jpuky;yhJ xt;nthUtUk;

jftiy mZFtjw;F Vw;ghL nra;tNjhL vy;yh gpui[fSk; rkj;Jtkhd Kiwapy;

jftiy mZFtjid cWjp nra;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhhpf;ifapd;wp kf;fs; jftiy

mZFtjw;fhd jpwdhdJ re;Njfq;fis Fiwg;gNjhL murhq;fj;jpd; kPjhd

ek;gpf;ifia mjfhpf;fpd;wJ.

Mifahy;> jfty; ngWk; nghUl;L mbf;fb jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;ij

nghJkf;fs; ehLfpd;w Njitia Fiwg;gjw;F gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs;

ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba midj;J jfty;fisAk; ntspapLtjw;F Kaw;rp nra;aNtz;Lk;.

xU epWtd fyhrhukhf Copah;fspilNa jd;dpr;irahd ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigapd; nraw;jpwid mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd xU Kf;fpa Njitg;ghlhFk;.

nfhs;iffis tbtikg;gjpy; gpui[fspd; jfty; njhlh;G

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghlhdJ murhq;fk;> gpui[fs; kw;Wk;

th;j;jfj;jpw;fpilapy; njhlh;ghliy gutr;nra;tNjhL nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpYk;

gq;fspg;G nra;fpwJ. nghJf;nfhs;if tbtikg;gjpy; Fbkf;fspd; <Lghl;bw;F rl;lq;fs;

kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfspd; kPjhd cldb mZfiyAk; jw;Nghija cj;jpfs; kw;Wk;

nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpsf;fq;fSk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mj;jifa nra;jpfs;

,izj;js nra;jpkly;fs;, kd;wq;fs;> r%f tiyj;jsq;fs;> FWQ;nra;jpfs;>

kpd;dQ;ry; jpwe;j juT %yk; my;yJ epWtd tiyj;jsj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s

midj;J kw;iwa Nritfs; %yKk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk;. nfhs;if MNyhrid

jpwk;glTk; gq;Fjhuh;fs; tpisit ek;Gtjw;Fk; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;Jk; Vida

gq;Fjhuh;fsplkpUe;Jk; gjpyhf fUj;Jf;fisAk; xg;Gjy;fisAk; ngWtJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

115

cjhuzkhf> nfhs;if tFg;ghsh;fs; gy;NtW gq;Fjhuh;fspd; epiyfis RUf;fkhfTk;

Kd;Ndhf;fp topelj;Jtjd; %yk; Fbkf;fSldhd ciuahlypd; tpisT gw;wp

mwpf;if nra;ayhk;. njhlh;Gila tiyj;jskhdJ fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gf;fs;> Ma;Tfs;>

mul;il miwfs;> tiyg;gjpTfs;> r%f tiyj;jsq;fs;> FWQ;nra;jp> kpd;dQ;ry;>

jpwe;j juT kw;Wk; cah;e;jstpy; <Lghl;bw;F trjpNaw;gLj;Jk; Vida Nritfs;

vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;f $bajhAs;sJ. nfhs;if tplak; njhlh;gpy; ,yj;jpudpay;

kDf;fis rku;g;gpg;gjw;F gpui[ FOf;fis mDkjpg;gjd; %yk; mth;fSila

tiyaj;js MNyhrid njhlh;gpy; gy;NtWgl;l gq;Fjhuh;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fis

ntspf;nfhz;LtuKbAk;. mjw;F gjpyhf> gpui[fs; FOf;fs; nghJf;nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfis cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ jpUj;Jjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy;

mth;fSila nrhe;j Kd;nkhopit mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F tiyj;jsj;ij gad;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. mJ njhpTnra;ag;gl;l jiyth;fshy; my;yJ murhq;f mjpfhuhPjpahf

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glf;$bajhapUf;Fk;.

,e;jpahtpy; jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;il rPh;jpUj;Jtjw;F

epakpf;fg;gl;l nrayzpahdJ ve;jnthU rl;lKk; Kd;nkhopag;gLk; NghJ my;yJ

jpUj;jg;gLk; NghJ kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf nghJkf;fis Neubahf ghjpf;f $ba Rfhjhuk;>

fy;tp> r%f eyd;fs;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; Nghd;wd njhlh;ghd kpfg;nghpa Njrpa

nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; jPh;;khdq;fis vLf;Fk; NghJk; ,izj;js hPjpahd

nghJkf;fs; MNyhridia ngw Ntz;Lk; vd ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.225

murhq;f jfty; mjpfhpj;J xU cl;fl;likg;G tbtkhf khwptUfpd;wJ. vq;fs; fy;tp

kw;Wk; Rfhjhu mikg;Gf;fs;> rhiyfs;, kpd;fl;likg;G my;yJ ePh; trjp mikg;Gf;fs;

vd;gtw;iw Nghy ekJ rkfhy tho;f;iff;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. jftypd;

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba ntspaPl;il mjpfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; murhq;f jfty;fis

cz;ikahd nghJ gad;ghlhf Mf;Fjy; Nghd;wd ve;jnthU [dehaf

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpakhd flikahFk;. mJ Kiwahf mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fis

vLf;Fk; gpui[fspd; jpwidg;nghWj;jJ.

kPsg;gad;gLj;Jk; jftypd; GJik

225 2005 Mk; Mz;L jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT-04 fpo; nraw;gL;k; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd gzpfs; Kd;$l;bNa tYg;gLj;Jk; gupe;Jiufs; %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gly; . – mikr;ruitapypUe;J FOtpd; nrayhsu;fSf;fhd Fwpg;G jpfjp 10 [{iy 2012.

116

nghJj;Jiwapy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzh;T Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;

Nghd;w r%f ,yf;Ffs; %yk; nghJj;Jiwapy; jfty;fis mZFjyhdJ ce;Jjy;

ngw;Ws;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL

Jizg;nghUshjhu eyd;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf kWgad;ghl;Lf;fhd

nghJj;Jiw jfty; fpilg;gJ> GJikahd njhopy; KidNthh; nghJJiw

jfty;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l gaDs;s mwpTjahhpg;Gf;fis jahhpf;f Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

Gs;sptpgu Kfth;> fyhrhu epWtdq;fs;> gy;NtWgl;l fhg;gfq;fs; cs;spl;l nghJj;Jiw

mikg;Gf;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ elj;jg;gl;l my;yJ cs;slf;fg;gl;l jfty;

kw;Wk; cs;slf;fk;> mjd; nghJ nray;ghLfspd; xU gFjpahf xU nghJ

mjpfhurigahy; jahhpf;fg;;gl;l kw;Wk; my;yJ Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU jftYk;

nghJj;Jiw jftyhf fUjg;gLk;. nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; thdpiy Ma;Tj;juTfspy;

,Ue;J fuyg;gilg;Gf;fs;> tuyhw;W Mtzq;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tUk; jfty;fs;>

gy;NtW fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhrhu Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd njhopy; KidNthh; GJg;gpj;jyhfTk;

gue;j kf;fs;njhiff;F fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhrhu mwptpd; Kf;fpa MjhukhfTk; cs;sJ.

jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; ntspaplg;gLk; ve;jnthU

jftYk; xOq;F tpjpKiw 19 ,d; gb gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapdhy; ntspaplg;gLk;

VNjDk; jfty; kPs; gad;ghl;bw;fhf Ntj;Jupikaw;wpUj;jy;[royalty-free] ,ilawhjjhf

,Uj;jy;[perpetual] gpuj;jpNahfkw;w cupikapid nfhz;bUj;jy;[Non-Exclusive License]

Mfpatw;wpw;F mikthdjhFk;.226

ntspapLk; Kiwikfs;

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; tiyj;jsj;jpd; Clhf ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaPL nra;ag;gLk;

ntspaPLfs;> mwptpj;jy; gyiff;fhd th;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy;fs;> thndhyp kw;Wk;

njhiyf;fhl;rpfSf;fhd mwptpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW topfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU

gfpuq;f mjpfhurig jd;dpr;irahf Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;jiy milaKbAk;.

,izaj;jpd; %yk; mjpfsT jfty;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Kd;ndg;gNghJk;

,y;yhj tifapyhd tha;g;Gf;fs;; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j tUl ,Wjpapy; ,yq;ifapd;

rdj;njhifapy; Kg;gJ rjtPjkhNdhh; epiyahd kw;Wk; ifalf;f njhiyNgrp

tiyaikg;G trjpfspD}lhf ,izaj;jsj;ij mZff;$bajhf ,Ue;jdu;;. NkYk;

226 mur mr;rfk; (2017) ,yq;if Fbaurpd; tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy; ,yf;fk;. 2004/66 – nts;spf;fpoik 3 khrp 2017 nfhOk;G.

117

xt;nthU 100 kf;fSf;Fk; 131 ifj;njhiyNgrp re;jh ,Ue;jJ.227 ,yq;ifapd; gpuhjd

nraw;ghl;lhsh;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; midj;J Kw;gzk; nrYj;jpa rpk; ml;ilfspYk; juT

(Data) nrayhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 4Gtiyaikg;G thbf;ifahsh;fis ftUtjw;fhf toq;Fdh;fshy; jPtpukhf tphpTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy;> juTj;jFjp tha;e;j

ifalf;fnjhiyNgrpia nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ve;j gpui[Ak; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

juTj;jpl;lj;jpw;F re;jh ,y;yhky; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

ngUk;ghyhd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; mth;fSf;nfd nrhe;jkhf ,izaj;jsj;ijf;

nfhz;Ls;sdh;. mjid gad;gLj;jp mth;fs; jq;fSila epfo;TfSld; njhlh;Gila

jfty;fis ntspapLfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;bw;F jfty;

chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; xOq;Ftpjpfspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjd;gb ,jid ve;j mstpw;F mth;fs;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs; vd;gJ NtWgLk;. 2017k; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; Verité

Research vd;w mikg;gpdhy; 55 gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfsplk; Kd;$l;ba

jfty;ntspg;ghl;bd; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;j elhj;jpa fzf;nfLg;gpy; ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;gLj;jiy jfty; chpikf;fhd

xOq;Ftpjpfspy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW eilKiwg;gLj;jy; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf jfty;

tifg;ghl;lhYk; gfpuq;f mikg;Gf;fshYk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;228.

,izaj;jsk; xU epWtdj;jpd; nghJthd KfkhFk;. xU njhopy;Kiw> gaDs;s>

nraw;ghl;L> Njjptiu kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; el;G tiyj;jsk; vd;gd nghJ jftiy

Ngzp itf;;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; tpUg;gj;ijNa gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. gadhspfs; jkf;F

tpUk;gpa nkhopapy; epWtdj;jpd; tiyj;jsj;jpy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s mNdfkhd

jfty;fis mZff; $bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mofpay; KiwaPL> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l

jukhd Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l cs;slf;fj;jpd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpd; njspT kw;Wk;

gadhspfSf;F mjd; ntspg;ghl;il epahag;gLj;jy; vd;gd gadhspfs;

,izaj;jsj;jpw;F jpUk;Gtjw;F rhj;jpakhd fhuzq;fshFk;. fpuhgpf;];> mdpNk~d;

kw;Wk; tPbNah kw;Wk; MbNah Nghd;w ky;bkPbah Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf ,izaj;jsj;jpd;

cs;slf;fj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;tij vspjhf Nkk;gLj;jyhk;. rh;th;(surfer) xUq;fpizg;G

nray;Kiwfs;> gadhsp FOf;fs;> tiyaj;js mul;ilfs; vd;gtw;wpy; gq;Nfw;Fk;

rhj;jpaq;fs; Mfpatw;iw fth;e;jpOg;gijAk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigahy; ifahsg;gLk;

tplak; njhlh;ghd kpd;dQ;ry;fis ngw;W mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw cWjp

nra;a Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

227 <http://www.trc.gov.lk/images/pdf/statis_q2201824082018.pdf>. 228 ntupNl Ma;T (2017) jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Kd;ida Md;iyd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fs; : fz;fhzpg;G jpl;lk; kw;Wk; mbg;gil kjPg;gPL ,Wjpawpf;if cyf tq;fp nfhOk;G.

118

RUf;f FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; RUf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;jpAk; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk;

Nfs;tpfis kf;fSf;F gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;gpy; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;f gad;gLj;Jtjd;

%yKk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; ,izaj;jskhdJ ,yFgLj;jg;glyhk;. cs;slf;f

kjpg;gPl;L mikg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk; gadhsh;fSf;fhd fUj;J

tpUg;gq;fis jpl;lkpLtJ gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; Kf;fpakhd

epfo;Tfis Neubahf ];hPkpq;(streaming); %yk; tphpTgLj;jyhk;. NkYk; ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

Gjpa Nkk;gLj;jy;fs; ntspaplg;gLk; xt;nthU KiwAk; Clftpayhsh;fSf;F

tpopg;g+l;ly;fis mDg;Gtjw;F tiyj;jsq;fis jhdpaq;FgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf> gpujhd Clfq;fs; jq;fs; nra;jp mwpf;ifapd; Mjhukhf

tiyj;jsq;fis mjpfsT gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

xU nghJthd cj;jpia Nehf;Fjy;

xU gpui[apDila chpikia KOikg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ gpui[fs; jq;fSila

chpikia jpUg;jpfukhd Kiwapy; mDgtpg;gjw;fhd nfhs;iffs;> eilKiwfs;

kw;Wk; tsq;fis itg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis flg;ghl;lhsh;fs; vLj;jyhFk;. ,J

midj;J gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfspD}lhf Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;il

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU xl;Lnkhj;j murhq;f %Nyhghaj;ij tsh;g;gjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jJ. jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;JtjpypUe;J vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa

KbTfshd ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik Nghd;wd Kd;$l;ba

jfty; ntspaPl;il Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F ed;F ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s rhj;jpakhd

murhq;fj;jpd; %Nyhghaj;jpd; Njitia epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd;

gphpT 8 kw;Wk; 9 kw;Wk; mjDila xOq;Ftpjp ,y 20 vd;gd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs;

Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;bw;fhd Njitg;ghLfis KOikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w

flg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xOq;fikg;G tpjp ,y 20 MdJ 16 jfty; tifg;ghLfis

gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfs; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r Kd;$l;ba jfty;

Njitg;ghLfshf Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

,Ug;gpDk;> midj;J gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfSk; jq;fs; %j;j Nkyhsh;fshy; jpir

jpUg;gp fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;L xU nghJthd mZFKiwia filg;gpbf;fhtpbd;

xl;Lnkhj;j topfhl;Ljy;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; gy;NtW gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfspd;

xd;iyd; ,Ug;Gepiy khWghL vd;gtw;wpd; mZFKiwfspd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikiaf;

nfhLf;Fk; Kd;$l;ba jftypd; ntspg;ghl;il xUth; vt;thW mstplg; Nghfpwhh;?

ed;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l ntspaPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l tphpthd Kd;$l;ba

ntspg;ghl;Lj; Njitfis kPsg;ngWjy; kw;Wk; %j;j Kfhikahsh;fs; gfpuq;f

mjpfhurigfs; mth;fSila Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghl;bd; flg;ghLfis xU ey;y

njhlf;fg;Gs;spapypUe;J ngWtjw;fhd xU nghJthd tbtkhf ,Uf;FkhW gad;gLj;j

119

Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdh;. jftYf;fhd chpikia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ey;y

ghijapYs;s gy ehLfs; ,NjNghd;w ntspaPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp

eilKiwapy; ntspapLtJ vd;d vd;gjid xOq;fikj;J tpsf;f cjtpAs;sJ.

,zf;fj;jpd; rpf;fy;fs;

ntspg;gilahd murhq;f mikg;Gf;fis epWTtjw;F xU Kf;fpa Kd;Kaw;rpahf

jftypd; jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;ghl;il czu mjd; cah; jiyth;fs;

jahuhf ,Uf;fhtpl;lhy;> murhq;fk; ntspg;gilahfTk; nghWg;Gzh;TlDk; ,Uf;f

KbahJ. murpay; tpUg;gkpd;ikahdJ nghJkf;fs; fz;fhzpg;gpd; gak;: mur jpl;lq;fs;

kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Njhy;tpapy; ntspg;gLk; gak;: jdpg;gl;l eyd;fSf;F

mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ murpay; vjph;ghh;g;ghsh;fSf;F mjpfkhd ghjpg;G vd;git Nghd;w

gy vz;zpf;ifapyhd fhuzpfshy; ce;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mj;jifa

mr;rq;fis Fiwg;gjhdJ gpui[fs; vjph;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa rthy;fisg;gw;wpg;

NgRtjw;fhd ntspg;gilahd ciuahlypy; gpui[fSld; cz;ikahf <LgLtjw;fhd

jiyth;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij rhh;e;Nj ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Kd;$l;ba jfty; ghpkhw;wkhdJ

mikepiyahd ciuahlypy; <LgLtjw;F murhq;fk; kw;Wk; gpui[fSf;fpilapyhd

ek;gpf;ifia fl;bnaOg;g cjTfpwJ. ,J nghJthd rthy;fis vjph;Nehf;fp mtw;iw

ed;F mwpe;j nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gu];gu Ghpjiy cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

jiyth;fspd; nrhe;j Nkd;ikiaAk; czug;gl;l Qhdj;ijAk; Kw;wpYk; ek;Gtjw;F

gjpyhf> jiyth;fs; nghJkf;fspd; MNyhridfisAk; kw;Wk; gpui[fis

Kd;khjphpahf elj;Jk; NghJ khj;jpuNk murhq;fj;jpd; jpwe;j mikg;Gf;fs;

rhj;jpakhFk;.

rpy epWtdq;fs; jdpg;gl;l Nfhhpf;iffSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;F kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ug;gjhf

$Wk; mNjNtis jw;Nghija eilKiwapypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;r Kaw;rpfNshL jq;fs;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia mjpfhpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wd. Fiwe;jsthd [dehaf Ml;rpapy;

Ntiy nra;j mDgt mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ gy mjpfhuth;f;fq;fs;

ntspg;gLj;jhikia mth;fSila mjpfhurigapd; xU ey;y mwpFwpahf ek;Gfpd;wdu;.;.

mth;fspd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; fz;fhzpg;G vd;gd mth;fSila

mjpfhuj;ijAk; nry;thf;fpidAk; gytPdg;gLj;Jk; vd fUJfpd;wd. fl;lhakhd

ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;fhd gapw;rp epfo;r;rpahdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; cs;s

epiwNtw;W juj;jpYs;s mYtyh;fs; Fwpj;j eltbf;ifis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

tha;g;gpid toq;Ftjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

120

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzh;T Mfpatw;wpd; fyhrhuj;ij tsh;g;gjw;fhd

NtfkhdJ chpikia nfhz;bUg;gth;fsplkpUe;Jk; flikia

nfhz;bUg;gth;fsplkpUe;Jk; tuNtz;Lk;. murhq;f jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fs;:

%j;j kw;Wk; kj;jpa ju nghJ mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fk; Mfpa %tUk; ,q;F

Kf;fpakhdth;fs;. ,e;j %thpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;j ,zf;fk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wjy;

,y;yhtpbd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik vd;gtw;Wf;fhd

topahdJ vq;fSila jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW

ntWk; nrhw;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL Vd; kpfTk; gaDs;sJ vd;gjid

murpay; jiyth;fSk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfSk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;. me;j

KbTf;F> xl;Lnkhj;j cj;jpfisAk; cUthf;fp> epWtdq;fspd; jw;Nghija ntspaPl;L

gof;fk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J jfty; ngWk; tha;g;G Mfpatw;iw fzf;fpy;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,zf;fk; gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J

ajhh;j;jkhdjhf Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gl;lhy; mJ $Ljyhd Mjhuq;fis

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzh;T Nghd;w jftYf;fhd

chpikapy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l tpisTfis g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F cz;ikahf tpUk;Gtij

tpl xOq;fikg;G tpjp 20 ,d; %yk; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njitg;ghLfis g+h;j;jp

nra;tjw;F Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r flikfis kw;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf epiwNtw;WtJ

NkNyhl;lkhd KbTf;F mjpfkhf toptFf;Fk;.

jftYf;fhd chpikr;rl;lj;jpd;gb rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; kw;Wk; mjd; xOq;Ftpjpfs;

Mfpatw;iw nraw;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghWg;G ntF[d

Clfj;Jld; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mikr;rhpd; mikr;RlNdNa rhh;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Kbthf>

Kftuhz;ikahy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd cj;juthjkhdJ>

murhq;f jhgdq;fSf;fhd gpuNahrkhd ,zf;fkhf gad;ghLilajhapUf;Fk;. Fiwe;jJ

nghJntspaPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij gpd;gw;WjyhdJ> jftYf;fhd chpikr;rl;lk; kw;Wk;

mjDila xOq;Ftpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd vy;yh

Njitg;ghLfSlDk; ,zq;fpr; nry;tjd; kPJ nehly; Kfth; mbg;gilahd

cj;juthjj;ij toq;fpapUf;f KbAk;. Fwpj;j cj;juthjkhdJ ];jhgdj;jpd;

,izaj;jsj;jpy; gfpuq;fkhf ntspaplg;gl;bUf;f KbAk;. nehly; Kftuhz;ikahdJ

fz;fhzpg;G eilKiw %yk; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;l vy;yh ];jhgdq;fspdJk;

,zf;fj;jpw;fhd juj;jpid ntspapl KbAk;. mJ ];jhgdq;fs; kf;fSf;F

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; tifapy; ,Ug;gjw;F cjtKbAk;. ,jdhy;> Kd;$l;ba jfty;

ntspg;ghl;bd; jd;ik kw;Wk; msT vd;gd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigapd; rpwe;j nraw;jpwdpd;

Kf;fpa milahskhf ,Uf;Fk;.

121

vjph;tpid ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l Nfhhpf;ifahsh;fspd; Nfhhpf;iff;F gjpyhf

jftiy ntspg;gLj;jyhFk;. mJ jfty; chpikia gFjpastpy; g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F

,aYkhdjhf;Ffpd;wJ. vq;fSila jfty; chpikapd; rpwe;j xU tpjpahf

jd;dpr;irahd Kd;$l;ba jfty; ntspg;ghL tUfpd;w NghJ jhd; gpui[fs;

mth;fSila jfty; chpikia KOikahf mZgtpf;f $bajhapUf;Fk;.

122

xg;gPl;L Nehf;fpy; ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd rl;lg; gug;G

Nlhgp nkd;nly;

1. mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapd;> 2016 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ

(jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk;)> 2016 Mf];l; 4 Mk; jpfjp mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;L mjw;F

MW khjq;fspd; gpd;du; 2017 ngg;utup 4 Mk; jpfjpad;W mKYf;F te;jJ.229 mJ

mKYf;F te;jTld;> mjhtJ xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F

Kd;du;> mJ jftYupikf;fhd; rl;lq;fspd; gyj;jpid kjpg;gpLfpd;w ngupJk;

kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w cyfshtpa nray;Kiwapayhd jftYupikf;fhd; jug;gLj;jypy; 121

Gs;spfisg; ngw;W,230 mg;Nghija jug;gLj;jypd;NghJ cyfshtpa uPjpapYs;s

jftYupikf;fhd rl;lq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; xd;gjhtJ ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. 2017

Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;du;,231 mJ 131 Gs;spfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJld;> cyfshtpa uPjpapy; %d;whtJ epiyf;Fk;>

njw;fhrpahtpYk;;> cz;ikapy; Mrpahtpy;> KjyhtJ epiyf;Fk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.232

njw;fhrpahtpy; ,Wjpahf jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ehLfspy;

xd;whd,233 kw;Wk; gy jrhg;jq;fshf ,r;rl;lj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Nghuhba ehlhd ,yq;ifapy; ,J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU rhjidahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. 2001 bnrk;gu; Kjy;

2004 Vg;uy; tiu ,yq;ifapid Ml;rp nra;j uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;ftpd; murhq;fkhdJ

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; efy; tiugpid Mf;fpaNghJk;> mJ rl;lkhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJld;> gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j

murhq;fkhdJ ,J njhlu;gpy; Fiwe;jstpyhd mf;fiwapidNa fhz;gpj;jJ. 2015 Mk;

Mz;L [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupghy rpwpNrd njupT nra;ag;gl;L uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f kPz;Lk;

gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wtiuapy; ,t; mf;fiwaw;w Nghf;Nf epiyj;jpUe;jJ.

229 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; cj;jpNahfg+u;t tu;j;jkhdp tbtj;jpid Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,q;F ghu;f;f: <http://www.news.lk/images/pdf/RTI-Act-Sri-Lanka_E.pdf.>. 230 ghu;f;f: <www.RTI-Rating.org>. 231xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; jftYupikapd; tpjpfspd; Kjw; gFjp (fl;lzk; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPL elgbKiw)

3 ngg;utup 2017 md;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ghu;f;f: <https://www.rti.gov.lk/images/resources/2004-66_E_feb.pdf>. 232 2018 Nk khjk; Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; rpwg;ghd kw;Wk; cWjpahd Gjpa jftYupikf;fhd; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljidj; njhlu;e;J mJ cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ehd;fhk; epiyf;Fk; Mrpahtpy; ,uz;lhtJ epiyf;Fk;

js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghu;f;f: <https://www.rti-rating.org/country-data/>. 233 ,yq;if jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lNghJ G+l;lhidj; jtpu njw;fhrpahtpYs;s midj;J ehLfSk; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpid Vw;wpUe;jd vd;gJld; jw;NghJ mj;jifa xU rl;lk; fhzg;glhj xNu ehlhf G+l;lhd; khj;jpuNk cs;sJ.

123

,t;Tupikf;fhd murpayikg;G cj;juthjq;fs; 2015 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; mjw;fhd rl;lkhdJ xU tUlk; fopj;J 2016 Mk; Mz;L

Mf];l; khj ,Wjpapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpid kjpg;gpLtjw;F ,d;Dk; mJ Kjpu;r;rp

ngwtpy;iynadpDk;> Muk;g fhl;bfs; mJ gy topfspy; cWjpahf cs;sikapid

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; rhjhuz gpui[fsplkpUe;J mNjNghy

cau;FbfsplkpUe;J ehL KOtjpYkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. jfty;

Nfhupf;iffspd; tplag; nghUl;fSk; NtWgl;litahfNt cs;sd. mtw;Ws; gy gfpuq;f

mf;fiw nfhz;ldthAk; rpy jdpg;gl;l jd;ikapidAiladthfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,Wjpahf> rl;lj;jpw;fhd RahjPdkhd fz;fhzpg;G mikg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;w

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpy; gy Nkd;KiwaPLfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.234

,f;fl;LiuahdJ ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w jftYf;fhd cupikapd; rl;lf; fl;likg;G

kw;Wk;> Fwpg;ghf> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdk; vd;gdtw;iw

Muha;fpd;wJ. KjyhtJ gFjp rl;lj;jpd; gyq;fis Muha;fpd;w mNjNtis>

,uz;lhtJ gFjp xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; vd;gd rl;lj;jpid tpUj;jp

nra;Js;sthw;iw Muha;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpuz;L gFjpfSk; jftYupik jug;gLj;jiy xU

gpujhd tskhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;litahf cs;sd. %d;whtJ gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy;

jftYupikf;fhd rl;lg;gug;gpYs;s Gj;jhf;f mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;J> Fwpg;ghf> jftYupik

jug;gLj;jypy; Gs;spfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ khj;jpuky;yhky; xU gpur;rpidiaj;

jPu;g;gjw;fhd Gjpa kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghd tpidj;jpwdhd topKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;s

mZFKiwfs; Fwpj;J Muha;fpd;wJ. ,Wjpahf> ehd;fhtJ gFjp ,yq;ifapd; jfty;

cupikf;fhd rl;lf; fl;likg;G NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;glf;$ba rpy topKiwfis

Muha;fpd;wJ.

2. ,yq;if jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gyq;fs;

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gyq;fis rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F mJ

jftYf;fhd cupikj; jug;gLj;jypy; ngw;w Gs;spfis Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lyhk;.

jftYf;fhd cupikj; jug;gLj;jyhdJ nkhj;jkhf VO gpujhd gpupTfshf

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> mjpy; jug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd 61 jdpahd fhl;bfs; mike;Js;sd

(ml;ltiz 1 ,idg; ghu;f;f). jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpdhy;

234 ,g;ge;jpapYs;s gy jfty;fs; 28 nrg;nuk;gu; 2018 md;W Clf Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; r%f nghWg;G njhlu;ghd nfhOk;G gpufldj;jpd; 20 MtJ Mz;L epiwit (1998-2018) Kd;dpl;L elhj;jg;gl;l khehl;by; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; jiytu; k`pe;j fk;kk;gpytpdhy; Mw;wg;gl;l ciuapidj; jOtpait MFk;.

124

cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w jfty; kw;Wk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspd;

tprhyj;jd;ikapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> kpfr; rpwe;j kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;Ws;s

tifg;ghlhf ‘gug;G’ mike;Js;sJ. ,J jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;

tpidj;jpwdhd mKyhf;fj;jpw;F Mjutspf;fpd;w Cf;Ftpg;G eltbf;iffs;> NtWgl;l

mk;rq;fspd; Nru;f;if kw;Wk; ,r;rl;lj;jpw;fhd epu;thff; fz;fhzpg;G mikg;ghf

tpsq;Ffpd;w jfty; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; RahjPdj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;

vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Nkd;KiwaPLfs; vd;gdtw;why; NkYk; tYg;ngWfpwJ.

mt;Tupikapd; murpayikg;G cj;juthjk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpy; mt;Tupik njhlu;gpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;w njspthd epiyg;ghL vd;gdtw;iw gpujpgypf;fpd;w mZFtjw;fhd

cupik mLj;jjhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 1:jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; kPjhd jftYf;fhd cupikj; jug;gLj;jy;

Gs;spfs;

gpupT

mjpfgl;r

Gs;spfs;

Gs;sp rjtPjk; epiy

1. mZFtjw;fhd cupik 6 5 83 15

2. gug;G 30 27 90 44

3. NfhUtjw;fhd elgbKiwfs; 30

22 73 16

4. tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kWg;Gf;fs; 30

23 77 14

5. Nkd;KiwaPLfs; 30 26 87 10

6. jz;lidfs; kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;Gf;fs; 8 4 50 32

7. Cf;Ftpg;G

eltbf;iffs; 16 14 88 12

nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 150 121 81 9

vt;thnwdpDk;> ,jid xg;gPl;L fz;nfhz;L ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> mjhtJ ,yq;if

ngw;Ws;s Gs;spfspd; epiyg;ghl;bid Vida ehLfSld; njhlu;GWj;jp ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ

,J khw;wkilAk;.

125

vt;thnwdpDk;> ,J mjpfstpy; Gwepiy kjpg;gPnlhd;whfNt mikAk;. Vnddpy;>

nghJthf ehLfs; xU tifg;ghl;by; my;yJ NtnwhU tifg;ghl;by; rpwg;ghfr;

nraw;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,yq;ifAk; mJ njhlu;gpy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpu;ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F vOe;Js;s tpaf;fj;jF khw;wk; ahnjdpy;> Kd;du; rpwg;ghfr;

nraw;gl;Ls;sjhff; fzpf;fg;gl;l gug;G vd;w tifg;ghlhdJ cyfshtpa uPjpapy; kpfTk;

fPo;kl;lj;jpw;F> 44 tJ epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nghJthf ehLfs;

,t;tifg;ghL njhlu;gpy; cau; Gs;spfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd vd;gjid

gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Kd;du; %d;whtJ epiyapypUe;j Nkd;KiwaPLfs; cyfshtpa uPjpapy;

cau; kl;lj;jpw;F nrd;W 10 tJ epiyapid mile;Js;s mNjNtis tpjptpyf;Ffs;

kw;Wk; kWg;Gf;fs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; ,uz;L epiyfs; mjpfupj;Js;sd.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gyq;fis kpfTk; EZf;fkhf Muha;fpd;wNghJ> mJ

vt;tpj Fwpg;gpl;l tpjptpyf;FfSkpd;wp midj;J gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfisAk;

cs;sPu;f;ff;$ba kpf gue;jstpyhd Nehf;nfy;iyapidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J Gydha;T

mikg;Gf;fis tpyf;fspf;fpd;w ,e;jpah Nghd;w gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Vida rl;lq;fspypUe;J

NtWgl;ljhfTs;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ gfpuq;fg; gzpfis

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w my;yJ nghJ epjpapD}lhf njhopw;gLfpd;w murpdhy; nrhe;jq;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahu; mikg;Gf;fisAk; cs;sPu;f;fpd;wJ.

rl;lkhdJ Nfhupf;iffisg; gjpT nra;tJ njhlu;gpy; cau; juj;jpyhd

elgbKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJld; mt;tplak; ,j;jug;gLj;jy; fhl;bfspy; KO

Gs;spfisAk; jd;trkhf;fpAs;sJ. Nfhupf;iffSf;F gjpypWg;gjw;fhd elgbKiwfs;>

NfhUtjw;fhd elgbKiwfs;; vd;w tifg;ghl;bYs;s Vida gFjpfspy; rpy

Kf;fpakhd ,ilntspfs; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; $l> ,tw;Ws; gy ,t;tplaq;fs;

njhlu;gpy; tpjpfis ,aw;Wtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf Mizf;FOtpw;F

toq;fg;gl;bUe;jikapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;bUe;jJld;> 2017 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk;

Mizf;FOtpdhy; xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; Mf;fg;gl;ljw;F gpd;du;

,t;tifg;ghl;bw;fhd Gs;sp mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ.

tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ rl;lj;jpd; gpujhd

gyq;fSs; xd;whf miktJ ahnjdpy;> rl;lkhdJ Kuz;ghlhfTs;s Vida

rl;lthf;fq;fspidtpl mit Kuz;gLfpd;w mstpw;F NkNyhq;Fk; vd;w tplakhFk;.

jw;Nghija jftYf;fhd cupikj; jug;gLj;jypy; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;s 123 ehLfspy; 26

Vida ehLfs; khj;jpuNk ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l fhl;b njhlu;gpy; KO Gs;spfisg; ngw;Wf;

126

nfhz;Ls;sd. Fwpg;gpl;l jfty; Nfhupf;if vt;tifapy; epuhfupf;fg;gbDk; mjd;

ntspapLifahdJ ghupa gfpuq;f mf;fiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fkhapd; mjid

ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw gfpuq;f mf;fiw tpQ;rp epw;fpd;w Vw;ghL> %d;whe;

jpwj;jtu;fis fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; njhlu;ghd rpwg;ghd tpjpfs;> Ntwhf;Fjy; njhlu;ghd

tpjp kw;Wk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; Nfhupf;iffis epuhfupf;fpd;wNghJ gpd;gw;w

Ntz;ba cWjpahd mwptpj;jy; Njitg;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;iw Vida gyq;fshf Rl;bf;

fhl;ltpaYk;.

Nkd;KiwaPLfs; njhlu;ghd tifg;ghl;bidg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> jftYupikapid

fz;fhzpf;fpd;w mikg;Gf;fspd; ntw;wpf;F mbj;jskhf cs;s gpujhd mk;rkhfpa

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO RahjPdj;jd;ikapid nfhz;bUj;jy; kw;Wk; mJ

cWjpahd mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Nghd;w fhl;bfs; njhlu;gpy; rl;lkhdJ

KOikahdg; Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. %d;W mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L

Kiwik-mjhtJ Kjypy; cs;sf Nkd;KiwaPL-gpd;du; jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpy; gjpag;gLfpd;w Nkd;KiwaPL-mjidaLj;J ,Wjpahf Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gjpag;gLfpd;w Nkd;KiwaPL kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;bidg; gjpT

nra;tjw;fhdg; gue;jsthd mbg;gilfs; vd;gd Nkd;KiwaPL njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w

Vida rhjfkhd mk;rq;fshFk;. Kf;fpakhf> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig rl;lj;jpw;F

mikthf ele;J nfhz;lJ vd;gjid ep&gpg;gjw;fhd Rik gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigf;Nf

mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapd; rl;lj;jpy; rjtPj mbg;gilapy; jz;lidfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf;fs; vd;gd

gytPdkhd tifg;ghlhf cs;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk;> mJ jftYf;fhd mZFjiyj;

jilnra;fpd;w gue;jstpyhd eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffis xOq;F

nra;Js;sJld; gy eltbf;iffis Fw;wtpay; Fw;wq;fshf;fpAs;sJ. NkYk;> mJ

rl;lj;jpid mKyhf;Ftjw;fhf ey;nyz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLfpd;w

mYtyu;fSf;fhdg; ghJfhg;gpid mspf;fpd;wJ. jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjd;

fhuzkhf jhk; VNjDk; mghafukhd gjpy; tpidfSf;F Kfq; nfhLf;f Ntz;bapuhJ

vd;w ek;gpf;ifapid mYtyu;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.

,Wjpahf> ,r;rl;lkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kf;fpakhd Cf;Ftpg;G

Vw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. midj;J gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspYk; jfty;

mYtyu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Njitg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mg;gfpuq;f

mjpfhupfSf;F gapw;rp toq;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F

toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,r;rl;lk; njhlu;ghd nghJ kf;fs; mwpit mjpfupg;gJ njhlu;gpy;

127

Mizf;FOtpw;Fk; mikr;ru;fSf;Fk; gue;jstpyhd tfpghfkhfspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

mNjNtis> midj;J gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfSk; kjpg;gspj;J gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba

gjpNtLfs; Kfhikj;Jtj; juk; njhlu;ghd Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

njhlu;gpy; Mizf;FO jiyikj;Jtj;jpid Vw;Ws;sJ. rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fk;

njhlu;gpy; jk;khy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J tUlhe;j mwpf;iffspidr;

rku;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; kw;Wk; Mizf;FO vd;gd

Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. xOq;FtpjpfSk; tpjpfSk; jftYf;fhd cupik Ml;rpg; gug;gpid NkYk; tpUj;jp

nra;Js;s ghq;F

2017 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; xOq;F tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; vd;gd

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljidj; njhlu;e;J ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd KiwikahdJ 10

KO Gs;spfisg; ngw;W 131 Gs;spfSf;F Kd;NdwpaJ. xt;nthU tifg;ghl;bw;Fkhd

Gjpa Gs;sp tpguq;fs; ml;ltiz 2 ,y; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mZFtjw;fhd

cupik> tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; jz;lidfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf;fs;

Nghd;w %d;W tifg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; vt;tpj khw;wKk; Vw;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,J

vjpu;ghu;j;jpuhj xU tplaky;y. ,it rl;lg; gug;Gf;fshFk; vd;gJld; ,tw;iwj; Jiz

epiy rl;lthf;fq;fspdhy; khw;wpaikj;jy; fbdkhFk;. cjhuzkhf> ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; newpKiwahdjhf mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj mf;fiwnahd;wpw;F tpjptpyf;nfhd;W

ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;wNghJ my;yJ mj;jifa mf;fiw ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;

Cnwhd;wpid vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLnkd;w epge;jidg; ghJfhg;gpid mspf;fj;

jtWfpd;wNghJ> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfshy; mtw;iw khw;w KbahJ. mNjNghy>

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w KiwNfLfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w

egu;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;gpidr; rl;lk; mspf;fhjNghJ> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfshy;

mjid khw;w KbahJ.

128

ml;ltiz 2: xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd;du; jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lk; kPjhd jftYf;fhd cupikj; jug;gLj;jy; Gs;spfs;

gpupT

mjpfgl;r

Gs;spfs;

Gs;sp rjtPjk; khw;wk;

(%)

epiy

1. mZFtjw;fhd

cupik 6 5 83 0 15

2. gug;G 30 28 93 3 32

3. NfhUtjw;fhd elgbKiwfs; 30

26 87 14 3

4. tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kWg;Gf;fs; 30

23 77 0 14

5. Nkd;KiwaPLfs; 30 29 97 10 1

6. jz;lidfs; kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;Gf;fs; 8 4 50 0 32

7. Cf;Ftpg;G

eltbf;iffs; 16 16 100 12 1

nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 150 131 87 6 4

mNjNghy> NfhUtjw;fhd elgbKiwfs; mjpfstpy; mjhtJ ehd;F Gs;spfspdhy;

my;yJ 14% ,dhy; mjpfupj;Js;sikahdJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glhjnjhd;wy;y. rl;lkhdJ

ntspg;gilahf gy tplaq;fis mit Jizepiy rl;lthf;fq;fspdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl

Ntz;bad vd itj;jpUe;jJ vd;gJld; ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; epiyahd

jd;ikAila rl;lj;jpd; fUg;nghUl;fistpl ,j;jifa elgbKiwfis ,t;thW

tpjpfspD}lhf khw;wpaikj;jy; VJthdjhf mikAk;. ,uz;lhtjhf mjpfsthd Gs;sp

mjpfupg;gpidj; jk;trg;gLj;jpa tifg;ghlhf> Fwpg;ghf %d;W Gs;spfSldhd mjpfupg;G

nfhz;l tifg;ghlhf Nkd;KiwaPLfs; mike;jikAk; Mr;rupag;glj;jF

tplankhd;wy;y. Vnddpy;> rl;lthf;f tbtikg;gpdhy; kw;Wk; mjd; vspa cs;shu;e;j

jd;ikapdhy; ,t;tplak; Fwpg;ghfj; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd;

mjpfhug;gug;gpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w xU tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

129

,jid xg;gPl;Lf; fz;nfhz;L ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> kWgbAk; kw;Wk; mNj fhuzq;fSf;fhf

gug;G kPjhd cau; Gs;spfs;> Vida ehLfSf;fpilapy; mjid xU cWjpahd

epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;ytpy;iy. ,yq;ifapd; 93% Gs;spfs; (%d;whtJ cau; Gs;sp)

mjid 32 tJ epiyapNyNa epWj;jpaJ (Vida NtWgl;l tifg;ghLfSf;fpilapy;

filrpahdjhff; fhzg;gl;l jz;lidfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf;fSf;F rkkhd

epiyapidNa ngw;Ws;sJ). Cf;Ftpg;G eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPLfs; vd;gd

rjtPjk; kw;Wk; epiy Mfpa ,uz;bYk; cau; kl;lj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ld

(Cf;Ftpg;G eltbf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> mJ G+uzkhd Gs;spfis

RtPfupj;J nfhz;likapdhy; jhdhf Kjyhk; epiyapidg; ngw;Ws;sJ). ,tw;iwj;jtpu

NtW gy tifg;ghLfspy; rjtPjk; kw;Wk; xg;gPl;L epiy Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapy; Njhuha

rkepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;banjhU tplak;

ahnjdpy;> tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kWg;Gf;fs; vd;gd rjtPj mbg;gilapy; MwhtJ

epiyapidg; ngw;Ws;s mNjNtis xg;gPl;L epiyahf ehd;fpid mile;Js;sJ.

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l 10 Gs;spfspy;> MW xOq;FtpjpfisAk; ehd;F tpjpfisAk;

jOtpajhf mike;Js;sd. xOq;Ftpjpfshdit jfty; NfhUgtu;fs; jfty; kw;Wk;

Fwpg;ghd Mtzq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;bidAk; mZFtjw;fhd cupikapidf;

nfhz;Ls;sdu; kw;Wk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jfty;fis nfhz;buhjNghJ Fwpg;gpl;l

jfty;Nfhupf;iffis cupa ,lj;jpw;F mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w njspT

gLj;jy;fisAk;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig itj;Js;s midj;J Mtzq;fspdJk;

gl;baiy ntspapl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mjd; gzpahsu;fSf;F gapw;rp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;

Nghd;w gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfSf;fhd eP;bf;fg;gl;Ls;s flg;ghLfisAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnthd;whf rl;lj;jpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jftiy ,ytrkhf kPs gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjid rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;w xOq;Ftpjp ,y.

19 ,idf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

tpjpfSld; ,ize;j ,uz;L tplaq;fSk; fl;lzq;fs; gw;wpajhFk;. Fwpg;ghf

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO Kd;dpiyapy; Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPLfisg;

gjpT nra;jy; ,ytrkhdJ vd;gjid njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. tpjp 27 MdJ kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjpahdJ> mKyhf;fj;jpd; nghUl;L gjpNtl;L

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid tpUj;jp nra;jy; my;yJ gzpahsu;fSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy; Nghd;w

fl;likg;Grhu; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfisg; gzpf;Fk;

mjpfhuk; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F cz;L vd $Wfpd;wJ. mj;jifa xU

130

Kf;fpakhd khw;wj;jpid ‘ntWkNd’ xU tpjpapD}lhf Mf;Fjy; nghUj;jkhdjh vd

xUtu; rpe;jpf;fyhk;.

4. jftYupikf;fhd ,yq;ifapd; rl;lg; gug;gpy; vOe;Js;s rpy gpujhd Gj;jhf;f

tplaq;fs;

jftYupikapd; jug;gLj;jy; fhl;bfspdhy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa mk;rq;fSf;F

mg;ghw;nrd;W Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ> jftYupikf;fhd ,yq;ifapd; rl;lg;gug;ghdJ NtW

rl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gl Kbahj my;yJ kpf mupjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w Fwpg;ghd rpy

Gj;jhf;f mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fSs; xd;whf

miktJ ahnjdpy;> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb tYthd RahjPd mikg;ghf

tpsq;Ffpd;w jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F kpf cWjpahd tfpghfk;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik MFk;.

nghJthd Kiwapy;> rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 14 MdJ> Nkd;KiwaPLfis Nfl;gjw;F mg;ghy;

gy tifg;gl;l eltbf;iffspid Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba kpf gue;jsthd Mizapid

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F toq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk;> eltbf;iffis

Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd ,g;gue;jsthd Neu;kiw Mizf;F Nkyjpfkhf> fPo;tUtd

cs;slq;fyhf Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd Fwpg;ghd gzpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;Jk;

mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gd jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd:

• tpjptpyf;Ffspd; gpuNahfk; njhlu;gpy; jfty; mYtyu;fs; jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridapid ehlyhk; vd;gJ mt;thNyhrid 14 ehl;fSf;Fs;

toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; (rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5(5)).

• gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; ,zq;fp gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gjpNtl;L Kfhikj;Jt juk;

njhlu;ghd tpjpfis jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO Mf;fyhk; (rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 7(2)).

• jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOthdJ capu;g;ghd ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd

“tbtj;jpid” jPu;khdpf;fyhk; (rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 8(1)).

• nraw;jpl;lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila jfty;fis ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpfis jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO Mf;fyhk;

(rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 9(1)(M)).

• jftiy mZFtjw;fhd fl;lzq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd ((rl;lj;jpd; gpupT

14(,)-(c)) kw;Wk; jfty; rupahd Neuj;jpy; toq;fg;glhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rig ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fl;lzj;jpid kPs nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd

gzpg;gjw;fhd (rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 15(v) kw;Wk; tpjp 12) gue;jsthd Miz

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jftiyf; NfhUgtu;

131

Nkd;KiwaPl;by; ntw;wpailfpd;wNghJ mtu; fl;lzj;jpid nrYj;j Ntz;ba

mtrpakpy;iy (tpjp 11).

• jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOthdJ nghUj;jkhd mjpfhu rigfSf;F

xOf;fhw;W tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwptpf;fyhk; vd;gJld; mjw;F gjpypWf;Fk;

tifapy; mt; mjpfhu rigfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;if Fwpj;J

Mizf;FOtpw;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; (rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 38).

• rl;lj;jpd; fPohd Fw;wtpay; Fw;wq;fSf;fhd tof;Fj; njhLg;Gf;fs;

jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; (rl;lj;jpd;

gpupT 39(4)).

• capu;g;ghd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jif njhlu;gpy; jkf;fpUf;Fk; flg;ghLfis

gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; ruptu epiwNtw;wtpy;iy vd fz;lwpfpd;w jdpegu;fs;

mJ njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghl;bid mt; mjpfhu rigapd; jiytUf;F

Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJld; mjd; gpd;du; mk; Kiwghl;bid jftYupikf;fhd

Mizf;FOtpy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,JNt> jftYupikf;fhd rl;lq;fspd;

nghJthd gpur;ridahfTs;s> Fwpg;ghf capu;g;ghd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jif

njhlu;ghd flg;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jj; jtWfpd;wikapid jPu;f;fpd;wJ

(xOq;Ftpjp 20(4)).

,tw;iw xd;wpizj;J ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,J <u;f;ff;$ba nghWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

mjpfhuq;fspd; njhFg;ghf mikfpd;wJ vd;gJld; ,it cyfpYs;s mjpfhuk; kpf;f

Mizf;FOf;fSs; xd;whf ,yq;if jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpidAk;

jug;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkNy nghJthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb> jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd;

ntw;wpf;F gq;fspf;fpd;w gpujhd mk;rq;fSs; xd;whf xU RahjPdkhd fz;fhzpg;G

mikg;G mikfpd;wJ. ,yq;if ,J njhlu;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

NkYk;> ,yq;ifahdJ jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO Kd;dpiyapYs;s

Nkd;KiwaPLfisf; ifahs;tjw;fhd cau; mstpyhd eilKiwrhu;

Kiwiknahd;wpidAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tpjp 18(1) ,w;F mikthf> ,J Vd;

nra;ag;glf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fhz;gpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;nghd;wpid

jpwj;jtu;fSf;F toq;fpa gpd;du;> jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOthdJ RUf;f Kiwapy;

Nkd;KiwaPnlhd;wpidj; js;Sgb nra;ayhk;. mt;thwpd;Nwy;> tpjp 18 (3) MdJ>

Nkd;KiwaPLfs; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; jw;Wzpgpd;Ngupy; xd;wpy; “Mtz

elgbKiw” %ykhf my;yJ “Neubahd tpsf;fq;fs;” %ykhf ,lk;ngwyhk; vd

$Wfpd;w mNjNtis> tpjp 19 kw;Wk; 20 vd;gd ,t;ntht;nthU tifahd

Kiwf;Fkhd jdpj;jdpahd elgbKiwfis $Wfpd;wd. ,J nghJthf> VNjDnkhU

132

Kiwapy; khj;jpuk; Nkd;KiwaPLfisf; ifahSfpd;w nghJthd KiwapypUe;J

gpwo;tilfpd;w xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; mZFKiw mu;j;jKs;sjhf

mikfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghz;ikahd Nkd;KiwaPLfs; nkypjhdMtzr; nrad;KiwapD}lhf

ifahsg;gl KbAnkd;gJld;> rpy Neubahd tpsf;fq;fspD}lhff; ifahsg;gl KbAk;.

fz;fhzpg;G mikg;Gf;fs;; tpUk;Gfpd;w Kiwapidj; njupT nra;tjw;F mit

,aYkhditahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,J NtW gy cWjpahd epWtduPjpahd Vw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. gpupT 2

,w;F mikthf> rl;lj;jpd; “tpidj;jpwdhd mKyhf;fj;jpid cWjp nra;tjw;fhd” nghWg;G Fwpg;gpl;l mikr;rUf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J nghJthf fhzg;gLfpd;w xd;W

vd;wNghjpYk;> mj;jifa nghWg;gpid Fwpg;ghf xJf;fpaspj;jpUg;gJ jftYupikapd;

cWjpahd mKyhf;fj;jpw;F Mjuthf mikAk;. capu;g;ghd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jif

njhlu;gpy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> gpupT 8(1) ,d;gb tpjpfs; rupahd Kiwapy;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjid cWjp nra;fpd;w nghWg;ghdJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspd;

jiytUf;F kl;Lky;yhJ Fwpg;gpl;l gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfSf;F nghWg;ghd

mikr;rUf;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J kpfTk;

ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; cau; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l xU

,lj;jpid cUthf;FtJld; ,J eilKiwg;gLj;jiy ,yFthf;Fk; vd

Cfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

gy;NtW ehLfspy; eilKiwapYSs;jidg; Nghd;W> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; jfty;

mYtyu;fis epakpg;gjw;F Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd (gpupT 23(1)(m)) kw;Wk;> mt;thW

nra;ag;glhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjpfhu rigapd; jiytNu jfty; mYtyuhff;

fUjg;gLthu; (gpupT 23(1)(M)). jfty; mYtyu;fSf;F jfty; Nfhupf;iffis

ifahSfpd;w nghWg;G khj;jpuk; ghug;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy> khwhf> kpfTk; gue;jstpyhd

nghWg;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; nghJthf ,tu;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Kiwahd

mKyhf;fj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (xOq;Ftpjp 21(2)). mjw;fg;ghy;> mjpfhu

rigfs; jfty; mYtyu;fis Kiwahf (vOj;J%ykhf) epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJld; mtu;fSf;F mtu;fSila nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd “nghUj;jkhd

Neuk; kw;Wk; MjuT” vd;gd toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mjw;fhf mtu;fSf;F

cupa gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; (xOq;Ftpjp 21(2)> (5) kw;Wk; (6)). ,it

midj;Jk; rpwe;j eilKiw mZFKiwfshFk;. Mdhy; Vida ehLfSf;fpilapy;

,yq;if khj;jpuNk mtw;iw ,k;Kiwapy; Kiwg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jfty; mYtyu;

cjtpapid ehLfpd;wNghJ Vida mYtyu;fs; mtUf;F Njitahd cjtpapid

toq;f Ntz;Lnkd Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu; (gpupT 23(3)). ,J nghJthd

133

tplankhd;Nw vd;wNghjpYk;> rl;lk; Mf;fpAs;s kw;WnkhU Rthu];akhd GJik

ahnjdpy; mt;thW Vida mYtyu;fs; mt;thW cjtp toq;f kWf;fpd;wNghJ mJ

rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fw;wtpay; Fw;wnkhd;whfpd;wJ (gpupT 39(2)).

NkYk;> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs;> cs;sf Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhupg;gjw;fhd

mu;g;gzpg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;s xUtiu “Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyuhf” epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;

vdTk; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,J cs;sf Nkd;KiwaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapid

Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTk; vd;gJld; mk;Nkd;KiwaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw mZfj;jf;fjhf

kw;Wk; Kiwahd Nkd;KiwaPl;L kl;lj;jpid gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ (mjhtJ> mbf;fb

epfo;tjidg; Nghd;W Nkd;KiwaPLfs; kPsTk; jfty; mYtyiur; nrd;wilahJ

mt;tjpfhu rigapYs;s xU rpNu~;l jdpegiur; nrd;wilfpd;wJ vd;gjid

cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjD}lhf) vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F cjTk;. midj;J

jfty; mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l mYtyu;fspd; xU gjpNtl;bid njhFj;J

itj;jpUf;Fk;gb nghWg;ghd mikr;ru; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whu; (xOq;Ftpjp 18).

,k;KiwikahdJ Nehf;f vy;iy njhlu;ghf rpy Rthu];akhd mZFKiwfis

cl;Nru;f;fpd;wJ. gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; 25% my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhd nrhe;jj;jpid

nfhz;Ls;s ve;jnthU epWtdKk; gfpuq;f mjpfhu rignahd;whfNt fUjg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk; (gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfspdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w epWtdq;fSf;F

Nkyjpfkhf). ,t;tplak; rl;lj;jpd; gug;G njhlu;ghd njspTgLj;jiy toq;Ftjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ. xOq;Ftpjp 4(7) ,w;F mikthf> jfty; vd;gJ gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigfspdhy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; gjpNtLfspypUe;J epahakhd Kaw;rpAld;

njhFf;fg;glf;$ba cs;slf;fq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. gy ehLfspYs;s mjpfhu

rigfs; jfty;fis njhFg;gjw;fhd mj;jifa Kaw;rpapid mbf;fb

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wNghJk;> mjid xU nghWg;ghf Kiwg;gLj;jyhdJ ,J njhlu;ghd

kw;WnkhU Kd;Ndw;wg;gbahf mikfpd;wJ. xOq;Ftpjp 19 MdJ jfty;fis kPs

gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil tpjpapid $Wfpd;wJ. ,J gaDs;sjhf

cs;sNghjpYk;> mjid nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf tpidj;jpwdhf;Ftjw;F mJ ,d;Dk;

tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,j;jifa epWtdk;rhu; eltbf;iffSf;F mg;ghy;> ,k;KiwikahdJ jfty;fs; rupahf

nghJkf;fis te;jiltjid rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;w rpy eilKiw mZFKiwfisAk;

,k;Kiwik cl;Nru;j;Js;sJ. mj;jifa rpy Gj;jhf;fkhd kw;Wk; jdpj;Jtkhd

nghwpKiwfSs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd:

134

• gpupT 5(2) ,w;F mikthf> rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; 10 tUlq;fSf;F gpd;du;

Vw;GilajhfhJ. Vida gy rl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;wNghJ ,g;gj;J tUl

fhyg;gFjp kpfTk; Fiwthdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• capu;g;ghd Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jif njhlu;ghd nghJthd tpjpfSf;F

Nkyjpfkhf> caupa ngWkjpAs;s nraw;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd gue;jstpyhd

jfty;fis nghJkf;fSf;F kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf mr;nraw;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

egu;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd (gpupT 9).

• gpupT 24(4) MdJ Nfhupf;iffSf;fhd “cldb gjpypWg;gpid” ntspg;gilahf

Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gy rl;lq;fs; Nfhupf;iffs; “KbAkhdsT tpiuthfg;” g+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> cldb

gjpypWg;G vd;gjd; cl;Nru;f;ifahdJ Rthu];akhd Gj;jhf;fnkhd;whf

mikfpd;wJ.

• gpupT 26 (1) ,w;F mikthf> jfty; mYtyupd; njhlu;G tpguq;fis (,J

nghJthdJ) khj;jpuky;yhJ Nfhupf;iffSf;fhd fl;lz tpguq;fisAk; gfpuq;f

mjpfhu rigfs; jkJ tiyj;jsj;jpy; kw;Wk; jkJ mYtyfj;jpYs;s ghu;itf;F

gLfpd;w ,lj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

• jftiyf; NfhUgtu; tpUk;Gfpd;w tbtj;jpy; jftiy toq;f KbahjNghJ> jfty;

mYtyu; nghUj;jkhd tbtnkhd;wpidj; njupAk;nghUl;L jfty; NfhUgtUld;

fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (,J gy rl;lq;fspy; jfty; mYtyu; NtW xU

tbtj;jpy; jftiy toq;fyhk; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mZFKiwapypUe;J

NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ)(gpupT 27(2)). ,J tpjp 8 ,dhy; NkYk;

tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjpapd;gb> jftYf;fhd ngupa Nfhupf;iffisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wNghJ> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba NtWgl;l tbtq;fs;

kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;Fupa fl;lzq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw jfty; NfhUgtUf;F mwptpj;J>

mt; mwptpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jfty; NfhUgtu; jPu;khdnkLg;gjid

rhj;jpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd jfty; mYtyu;fs; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

5. tpUj;jpf;fhd gFjpfs;

,yq;ifapy; jftYupikf;fhd rl;lg;gug;G <u;f;ff;$ba tifapy; cWjpahdjhff;

fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; $l> mJ NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd topKiwfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;giu 14 m (1) MdJ gpd;tUkhW jftYf;fhd

cupikapid cj;juthjg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ:

135

“xt;nthU gpui[Ak; mg;gpui[apd; cupikfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F my;yJ

ghJfhg;gjw;F Njitg;gLfpd;w ve;jnthU jftiyAk; rl;lj;jpdhy; Vw;ghL

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sthwhf ngw mZFtjw;fhd cupikapidf; nfhz;Ls;shu;….”

,t;Tupikf;fhd murpayikg;G cj;juthjnkhd;wpidf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;baJ

mtrpakhf cs;s mNjNtis> ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l cUthf;fj;jpy; njspthd gytPdq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> mJ ,uz;L topfspy; Gupe;Jnfhs;sj;jf;fjhf

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ xd;wpy; mJ “ve;jnthU jftiyAk;” mZFtjw;fhd

cupikapid Mf;Ffpd;wJ vd Gupe;J nfhs;sg;glyhk; my;yJ “gpui[apd;

cupikfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F my;yJ ghJfhg;gjw;F Njitg;gLfpd;w jftiy”

khj;jpuk; mZFtjw;fhd cupikapid Mf;Ffpd;wJ vd Gupe;J nfhs;sg;glyhk;. gpd;idaJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf mikAk;.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ Kuz;gLfpd;w mstpw;F Vida rl;lq;fis tpl

NkNyhq;Ffpd;wJ (gpupT 4). vt;thnwdpDk;> mj;jifa vy;yh Vw;ghLfspD}lhfTk; ,J

xU gpd;Ndhf;fpa KiwahfTk;> gpd;Ndhf;fp gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;fjhfTNk mikfpd;wJ.

NtW tifapy; $WNthkhapd;> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;

cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy;jhd; mJ NkNyhq;Fk;. Vnddpy;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpid NkNyhq;Ffpd;w NtW rl;lq;fis

murpayikg;gpw;Fl;gl;L Mf;Ftjw;F ghuhSkd;wk; cupj;Jilajhf cs;sJ. ,J Njrpa

jzpf;ifr; rl;l%yk; njhlu;gpy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;fdNt ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.235 ,jd; gpupT 9(1) MdJ mr;rl;lj;jpw;F fPo; jzpf;if Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;

jq;fSila flikfs; njhlu;ghf ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lk; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd $Wfpd;wJ. mr;rl;l%ykhdJ

murpayikg;Gf;F VJthdjh vd Muhag;gl;lNghJ> ,t;tpyf;fspg;ghdJ midj;ijAk;

cs;slf;Ftdthf fhzg;gl;lij kw;Wk; mt;tpyf;fspg;gpd; gug;gpid $Uzu;jpwd; kpF

jfty;fSf;F kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ve;j Kaw;rpfSk; rl;lthf;Fdu;fspdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;g;glhjij nghUl;gLj;jhJ> mr;rl;l%yk; murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 14 m

,w;F Kuzhf mikatpy;iy vd cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPu;khdpj;jJ.236 ,t; Vw;ghL

khw;wg;glhkNyNa mr;rl;l%yk; jw;NghJ rl;lkhf tYTf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ.237

23516 khu;r; 2018 md;W tu;j;jkhdpapyplg;gl;lJ. 236buhd;];gud;]p ,d;lu;ne~dy; =yq;fh vjpu;. rl;lkh mjpgu;, SD 14/2-18. 2372018 Mk; Mz;L 19 Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa jzpf;ifr; rl;lk;.

136

,J ,dp vjpu;fhyj;jpy; vt;thW NkYk; tpUj;jpailag;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gjid fhz

Ntz;bAs;s mNjNtis> jftYupikf;fhd Mgj;J njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ.

jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; ghapukhdJ nghWg;Gf;$Wjy;> gq;Fgw;Wjy;> Coiy

vjpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp vd mjd; gy ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;LtJ

cz;ikapy; gaDs;sjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk;> ,r;rl;lj;jpid nghUl;Nfhly; nra;gtu;fs;

,j;jifa ed;ikfSf;F tY Nru;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mjid nghUl;Nfhly; nra;a

Ntz;Lnkd ,r;rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fkhapd; mJ tuNtw;fj;jf;fjhf

mike;jpUf;Fk;.

njw;fhrpahtpYs;s midj;J rl;lq;fspYk; nghJthff; fhzg;gLtjidg; Nghd;W>

,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lKk; jftYf;fhd Nfhupf;iffis nra;Ak;

cupikapid gpui[fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,yq;if ];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

gpuhe;jpa Nfhl;ghl;bidg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ngUk;ghYk;

Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;glf;$banjhd;whfNt cs;sNghJk;> mJ Jujp~;ltrkhdnjhd;whf

cs;sJ. ,Jtiuapy; jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; Kd; Njhd;wpAs;s

gpur;rpidfisg; ghuf;fpd;wNghJ> Nfhupf;iffs; cz;ikapy; gpui[fspdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;$l mj;jifa xU tpjp vt;tsT

Jujp~;ltrkhdjhf cs;sJ vd;gjidg; ghu;f;f Kbfpd;wJ.238 vt;thnwdpDk;>

Nfhupf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikapypUe;J gpui[fs; my;yhNjhiu

tpyf;fspg;gJ Jujp~;ltrlkhdjhFk;. mj;jifa ngUk;ghd;ikahd Nfhupf;iffs;

,uz;L gpujhd tifg;ghLfSf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk;: ,yq;ifapy; KjyPL nra;tjpy;

Mu;tkhAs;s tpahghu egu;fs;; kw;Wk; Ma;thsu;fs; my;yJ ,yq;if njhlu;gpy; Ma;T

nra;gtu;fs;. ,t;tpuz;L re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;> jfty;fSf;fhd mZFjiy

rhj;jpag;gLj;Jtjpy; njspthd Njrpa gfpuq;f mf;fiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; rl;lj;jpYs;s jdpj;jd;ikfSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> mJ

Nfhupf;iffSf;F gjpypWg;gjw;F gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfSf;F 14 ehl;fis toq;fpa

gpd;du;> jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf kPz;LnkhU 14 ehl;fis mtu;fSf;F

toq;Ffpd;wJ (gpupT 25(2)). ,J Njitaw;wnjhd;whFk;. mjpfhu rigfs;

Nfhupf;iffSf;F gjpypWf;Fk; nghUl;L (14 ehl;fSf;Fs;) Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fis

njhFj;jpUf;Fk; vd Cfpg;gjw;F ,aYk;. MfNt> Nfhupf;iffSf;F gjpypWj;j clNd

jfty;fs; toq;fg;gl KbAk;. ,JNt gy jftYupikf;fhd rl;lq;fspd; nghJthd

238ghu;f;f.buhd;];gud;]p ,d;lu;ne~dy; =yq;fh vjpu;. gpujku; mYtyfk; [dhjpgjp/ nrayfk;> jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FO Nkd;KiwaPL 5/2017&6/2017.

137

Nghf;fhf cs;sJ. NkYk;> 14 ehs; fhy mtfhrk; vd;gJ xg;gPl;L ,Wjpapy;

,Wf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> gj;J ehs; my;yJ mij tpl Fiwthd fhy

mtfhrj;jpw;Nf ,f;fhl;b njhlu;gpy; g+uz Gs;spfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. jw;NghJ

jftYupikf;fhd jug;gLj;jYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l 123 ehLfspy; 51 ehLfs; ,f;fhl;b

njhlu;gpy; G+uz Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sikahdJ mJ kpifahd FWfpa fhy vy;iy

md;W vd;gjid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ..

nkhj;jkhfg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> ,yq;ifapd; fl;lzj;jpw;fhd KiwikahdJ

guPl;rakhdjhf cs;s mNjNtis fl;lzq;fs; rhjhuzkhditahf cs;sd. ,q;F

fhzg;gLfpd;w rpW FiwghL ahnjdpy;> tpjp 6(1) MdJ> ehd;F gf;fq;fNs ,ytrkhf

toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd $Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd gf;fq;fisf;

nfhz;l jfty;fs; mjhtJ gj;J my;yJ ,UgJ mstpyhd gf;fq;fspidf; nfhz;l

jfty;fs; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gNj rpwg;ghd eilKiwahf cs;sJ.

mj;Jld; tWikf;Nfhl;by; tho;gtu;fs; jfty;fis NfhUfpd;wNghJ gzk;

mwtplg;glf;$lhJ vd;gJ rpwg;ghd eilKiwahf cs;s mNjNtis ,it

,yq;ifapYk; eilKiwapy; nfhz;L tug;glyhk;.

,yq;ifapd; rl;lkhdJ tpjptpyf;Ffspd; gz;G njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;lsthd Gs;spfis

,oe;Js;sJ. njhopw;rhu; gz;ghl;lhsu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ghly;> ghuhSkd;w

rpwg;Gupik kw;Wk; tu;j;jf xg;ge;jq;fs; Mfpa %d;Wk; Kjy; epiyapy;

newpKiwj;jd;ikahditahff; fUjg;glhjit MFk;. ,it $Uzu;jpwd;

jd;ikAiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ> mit Vw;fdNt me;juq;fk; kw;Wk; Vida

ehLfSldhd njhlu;G Nghd;w gpw tpjptpyf;Ffspdhy; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;whe;

jpwj;jtu; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G kw;Wk; mikr;ruit Fwpg;ghizfs;

Mfpa %d;Wk; CW njhlu;ghd Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy (mjhtJ>

mj;jfty;fspd; ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ newpKiwj;jd;ikahd mf;fiwf;F

Mgj;njhd;wpid Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid tpjpf;fg;gltpy;iy).

gpupT 5(2) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gj;J tUl fhy vy;iyahdJ gpukpf;fj;jf;f tifapy;

FWfpajhff; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;$l> Jujp~;ltrkhf mJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs;

njhlu;gpy; kl;LNk Vw;Gilajhfpd;wJ. ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghd rpwg;ghd eilKiw

ahnjdpy;> gfpuq;f mf;fiwfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;nghUl;L midj;J tpjptpyf;Ffs;

njhlu;gpYk; fhy vy;iy Vw;GilajhFjyhFk;.

138

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjd;gb> jftYupikf;fhd Mizf;FOthdJ kpf gue;jsthd

MizapidAk; mt; Mizapidg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd gue;jsthd mjpfhuq;fisAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk;> mjw;F gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfisg; guprPyid nra;fpd;w

mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,t;tjpfhuk; mbf;fb gpuNahfpf;fg;glhtpbDk;$l ,J xU

Kf;fpakhd mjpfhukhff; fhzg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs;

jq;fsplk; jfty;fs; ,y;iy vd NfhUfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mizf;FO mjid

ek;ghj jUzq;fspy; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd mjpfhukhff; fhzg;glyhk;.

jftYf;fhd mZFjiyj; jil nra;fpd;w jdpegu;fSf;F vjpuhd xOf;fhw;W kw;Wk;

Fw;wtpay; jz;lidfis toq;Ftjw;fhd xU gykhd Kiwikapid jftYf;fhd

cupikr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ls;s mNjNtis> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rigfs; rl;lj;jpid

Kiwahf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F jpl;lkpl;luPjpapy; jtWfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy;$l mtw;wpd;

kPJ jz;lidfis tpjpf;fj; jtwpAs;sJ. eilKiwapy;> jfty; toq;fg;glhJs;sNghJ>

mJ jdpegnuhUtupd; jtnwd;gjidg; NghyNt mJ mjpfhu rigapdJk;

jtnwhd;whFk;. ,jidj; jPu;g;gjw;F> gfpuq;f mjpfhu rig kPJ jz;lidfis

tpjpg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfis mDkjpj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

mNjNghy> jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lkhdJ mjd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthf

jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jgtu;fis ghJfhf;fpd;w mNjNtis> gfpuq;f mjpfhu

rigfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w jtWfs; njhlu;ghdj; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w

egu;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;gpid toq;fj; jtwpAs;sJ. gy ehLfspy;> mj;jifa ghJfhg;G

jdpahd rl;lnkhd;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

KbT

,f;fl;Liuapd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahdJ ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikapd; rl;lg;gug;gpid tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd topKiwfs; gw;wp fye;jhNyhrpj;Js;sNghJk;> mit ,jd; Kjy; %d;W

gFjpfspy; mOj;jkhff; $wg;gl;l tplaq;fis> mjhtJ ,yq;ifapd; jftYupikf;fhd

rl;lf; fl;likg;ghdJ cyfpYs;s rpwe;j fl;likg;Gf;fSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ

vd;gjd; mOj;jj;jpid Fiwg;gjhff; fzpf;fg;glf;$lhJ. mJ Fwpg;gpl;l jftYupikj;

jug;gLj;jypy; cau; kl;lj;jpy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ khj;jpuky;yhky; mJ ,yq;ifapd;

Fwpg;ghd Njitfs; kw;Wk; gpd;dzpf;F mtrpakhd kw;Wk; jftYupikf;fhd rl;lg;

ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd cyfshtpa Nghf;fpidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w gy Gj;jhf;f mk;rq;fis

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

139

mjd; gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fSf;F kj;jpapy;> jftYupikf;fhdr; rl;lkhdJ mjd;

mKyhf;fk; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;ghfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wnjd mjd; Muk;g rkpf;iQfs; vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd. jftYupikr; rl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpd; Muk;g ehl;fspy; ,j;jifa

NjdpyT #o;epiy vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glyhk; vd;fpd;w mNjNtis> mJ ve;Neuj;jpYk;

khw;wkiltjw;F gpzpf;fg;ggl;Ls;sjhFk; vd;gjdhy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ.

jftYupikj; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j eilKiwfis epWtdkag;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd

Kd;Ndw;wq;fis ,yq;if ,j;NjdpyT fhyg;gFjpapy; Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjD}lhf

gpw;fhyg;gFjpapy; epWtdq;fs; jftYupikAld; ,zq;fhjpUg;gjid fbdkhdjhf;fyhk;.

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; jfty; chpikapd; Ml;rp: xg;gpl;L eydpd; gpujhd

mk;rq;fs; ;

hpr;ru;l; fyd;l;

1. mwpKfk; : xU Nghl;baplg;gl;l ,lk;

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jfty; chpikf;fhd gazkhdJ rpfuq;fs; kw;Wk; njhl;bfs;

kPjhd Vw;w ,wf;f rthhp Nghd;wpUe;jJ. ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ murpay; hPjpapy;

Nghl;baplg;gl;l ,lkhFk; vd;gJ jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whFk;. epyTfpd;w #oy;

Kf;fpakhdJ. MfNt ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G njd;dhgphpf;fhthdJ

,d xJf;fPl;Lf;nfhs;ifapypUe;J murpayikg;G [dehafk; vd;w murpay; khw;wj;jpw;F

ftdkhf topelj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ milahsg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf>

1990fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij %ykhd jPh;tpypUe;J ntspg;gl;l

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; [dehaf xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhykhdJ murpayikg;G

xOq;fikg;G njhlh;gpy; fLikahd rthy;fis vjph;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

gpujhdkhf> 2009k; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; rPh;jpUj;jthjp rpwpy; ukNghrhthy;>

[dhjpgjp gjtpapypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; tiu N[f;fg; [{kh jiyikapy; “muirf;

ifg;gw;Wjy;” vd;w nraw;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

njd;dhgphpf;fhthtpd; jfty; chpikahdJ ,e;j eilKiwapd; rpy $Wfspd;

gadhspahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ mNjNtis rpy Neuq;fspy; ,iz Nrjj;jhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. [{kh rfhg;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; ,Wjpapy; murpayikg;gpidg;

Nghy njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jftYf;fhd chpik rl;lKk; mOj;jkhf Nrhjid

140

nra;ag;gl;L ehl;bd; Gjpa [dehaf xOq;fikg;gpy; jtph;f;fKbahj rf;fukhf

ntspte;Js;sJ. xU xg;gPl;L rl;l gj;jphpifapd; rkPgj;jpa fl;Liuapy;: ehd;

“mjd; kpfTk; ghuhl;lj;jf;f murpayikg;gpy; nghjpe;Js;s jftiy

mZFtjw;fhd chpikahdJ rl;lthf;fj;ij ,af;Fk; gpujhd gadhspfSf;F

xU ngWkjpahd fUtp vd;gjid ep&gpj;Js;sJ. 2000k; Mz;bd; jfty;

mZFtjid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lkhdJ gj;jphpifahsh;fs; my;yJ

vjph;f;fl;rpapdh; Nghd;Nwhh; mjpfhuj;jpYs;sth;fis rthYf;Fl;gLj;Jtjw;F

Vw;wjhaike;Js;sJ. njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; jftiy mZFtjw;fhd rl;lj;ij

gad;gLj;Jk; egh;fspd; rhd;W ghpe;Jiu nra;tjhtJ> mJ Sisyphus gzpahf

Kd;itf;fg;glyhk;. mjd;tpisT murpay; hPjpahfTk; rl;lhPjpahfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jdhy; Neuj;ijAk; tsq;fisAk; KjyPL nra;tjid

epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.239” vd fUj;J njhptpj;jpUe;Njd;.

,e;j fl;LiuahdJ gug;ngy;iyapd; tp];jpuk;;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;

mKyhf;fk; vd;w fl;likg;gpd; fPo; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jfty; chpik tuyhw;wpd;

gpuhjhd mk;rq;fs; gw;wp Muha;fpd;wJ.

2. rl;lj;jpd; gug;ngy;iy

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jfty; chpikr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; jftiy mZFtjid

Nkk;gLj;Jk; rl;lk; vd;gd 1994k; Mz;bd; mjd; [dehaf khw;wj;jpd; tpisthf

murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpahf ntspg;gl;lJ. njd;dhgphpf;fhthdJ ,d xJf;fPl;Lf;

nfhs;ifapd;NghJ,ufrpaj;jd;ik vd;gJ rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpahsh;fspd; iffspy; xU

MAjkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ murpayikg;G Ngr;Rthh;j;ijapd; NghJ

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdNt> Gjpa [dehaf Ml;rpKiwf;fhd fz;fhzpg;G

thh;j;ijfshf ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; jpwe;jjd;ik vd;gd mike;Js;sd.

vdNt ,Wjp murpayikg;gpd; Muk;g thrfj;jpy; ,e;j ntspg;ghl;il fhzyhk;:

gphpT xd;W MdJ “taJ te;jth;fSf;fhd cyfyhtpa thf;Fhpik> Njrpa

239 hpr;rhl; fyd;l;, mZfg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;s $baJ-jfty; kw;Wk; murpayikg;GuPjpapyhd

$l;Lg;nghWg;Gilik: gwf;Fk;; Row;Wk; rpwFfs;, njd;dhgpupf;fh:rpwg;G gjpg;G:jftYf;fhd cupikahdJ

VRU murpayikg;G kw;Wk; ntspehl;L rl;lq;fs; [njd;dhgpupf;fh> Mrpah kw;Wk; ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhtpd;

rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpay;] 2017 gf;fk; 367 – 389.

141

nghJ thf;Fhpik> tof;fkhd Njh;jy; Kiwik kw;Wk; [dehaf murhq;fj;jpd;

gyfl;rpKiwik> jpwe;jjd;ik kWnkhop gfpu;jy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk;

jd;ik”(vd;Dila typAWj;jy;mOj;jk;) vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w

ngWkjpkpf;f tplaq;fisg; ikag;gLj;jpa ehl;bid NgRfpd;wJ. 1996k; Mz;bd;

,Wjp murpayikg;gpd; gphpT 32 MdJ jftiy mZFtjw;fhd chpikia

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

(1) xt;nthUtUk; gpd;tUk; jftiy mZFtjw;F chpj;Jilath;fs; (m)

murplk; ,Uf;Fk; ve;jnthU jfty; (M) Vida egh;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;

jfty;fs;, mJ ve;jnthU chpikiaAk; ghJfhf;f my;yJ gad;gLj;j

Njitahd jfty;fshf ,Ug;gpd;.

(2) ,e;j chpikf;F tpisT nfhLg;gjw;F Njrpa hPjpahd rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; murhq;fj;jpd; eph;thf kw;Wk; epjp Rikiaj; jzpf;f

epahakhd eltbf;iffis toq;fyhk;.

gphpT32(2) ,d; gb murpayikg;gpd; ml;ltizapy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sthW

%d;W tUl fhy vy;iyapy; ePz;l fhy nray;Kiwapd; gpd;dh; ghuhSkd;w

rl;l tiugpy; 2000k; Mz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; PAIA cUthf;fg;gl;lJ240.

ghuhSkd;wj;ij jpul;Lk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jpwe;j [dehaf

gpur;rhuf;FOthd r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gpur;rhuf;FOtpy; ehd;

cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;Njd;. Fwpj;j gpur;rhu FOthdJ th;j;jf rq;f mikg;gpd;

gpujpepjpfisAk; (COSATU) Kf;fpakhd Njthya FOf;fisAk; IDASA Nghd;w kdpj chpikfSf;fhd mikg;Gf;fisAk; cl;nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;gJ

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik vg;gb Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjid fhz;gpj;jJ. NkYk; mJ

PAIA newpKiwj;jd;ikia nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjidAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.

nghJkf;fs; xg;ge;jk;> MNyhrid kw;Wk; fUj;Jiuf;F Vuhskhd tha;g;gpidf;

nfhz;Ls;s xU ftdk; nrYj;jpa rl;l g+h;tkhd [dehaf nray;Kiwahf mJ

,Ue;jJ.

240 rl;l%yj;jpd;tiuag;gl;l tuyhW [];bd; itl;bd; jpwe;j [dehafk; \ %lg;gl;l tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd xU [d;dy;> kdpj chpikfSf;fhd njd;dhgphpf;f rQ;rpif 14 (1998) ,y; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

142

,Wjpapy; vd;;d ntspte;jnjdpy; rl;l hPjpahf gykhd rpy tpjq;fspy; tpthjpf;ff;$ba

/Njitaw;w kbg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l rl;lkhFk;. 2000k; Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd;dh; $l nkhj;jkhf 100

ehLfisr; Nrh;j;j tifapy; gy ehLfspy; jfty; chpikr;rl;lj;jpd; mjpNtf

tsh;r;rpia ehq;fs; fz;Nlhk.;241

2003k; Mz;bypUe;J xU Ma;T Fwpg;gpl;lJ vd;dntdpy; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd;

murpayikg;ig NghyNt PAIA ck; cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; gutyhf Gfo;

ngw;wJ. ,J rh;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; gb xU jPtpukhd rl;lk; my;yJ xU

fhg;ghsh; ,jid jq;f juhjuk; (the golden standard) (`up];, 2003M)242vd

mioj;Js;shu;. jdpahu; ifahSk; jftiy ngWtjw;fhd Nehf;f vy;iy

tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lik kpfTk; Mh;tkpf;fjhapUe;jJ. myh];lh; uhgh;l;]; Nghd;w

jfty; chpikf;fhd fy;tpayhsh;fs; nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahh; mjpfhuq;fSf;Fk;

nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd vy;iyfs; kq;fshFk; re;ju;g;gq;fis murpd;

etPd gd;Kfj;jd;ikahd fl;likg;G vd miof;fpd;wdu;.243,jid mq;fPfupj;J

njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSk; rptpy; rKjha gpur;rhu FOTk;

murpayikg;G chpikfspd; vy;iyfis tphpTgLj;Jk; mG+u;tkhd(mf;

fhyfl;lj;jpy;) gbKiwfis vLj;J, ,jd; %yk;; Njrpa rl;lq;fs;

jdpahhplKs;s jfty;fis cs;slf;fpd;wd.

PAIA ,y; cs;s kpfg;nghpa FiwghL, mjhtJ kypthd, tpiuthd kw;Wk;

rpwg;ghd mKyhf;f mikg;gpd; FiwghL tpiutpy; ntspg;gl;lJ— ,f; fl;Liu

,g;gpur;rpidnjhlu;ghfkPz;Lk;Ma;Tnra;Ak;. jfty;; Nfhupf;if kWf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wNghJ

Nfhhpf;ifahsh; fbdkhd njupit vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;. Fwpj;j tplaj;ij

iftpLtjh my;yJ Nky; ePjpkd;wpy; Nkyjpf eltbf;ifia njhlh;tjh -

nkJthd> nryT $ba kw;Wk; epGzj;Jtky;yhj njhpT.

3. mKyhf;fk;

241 xUMa;TMtJvz;zpf;ifia123Mffhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. ‘The RTI Rating’ ghu;f;f <https://www.rti-rating.org/> (,Wjpahf ngwg;gl;lJ 22 fhu;j;jpif 2018). 242 <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.560.1016&rep=rep1&type=pdf> vd;gjw;fhf lhNy kf;fpd;yp vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l> njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; jftiy mZFtjpd; juk.; 243 myh];lh; v];.uhgh;l;]; ,d; gd;Kfj;jd;ikahd fl;likg;G kw;Wk; jftYf;fhd chpik (21k; jpfjp

a+iy khjk; 2001). nlhud;Nlh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rl;l rQ;rpif ghfk; 51> ,y.3> gf;fk; 243 – 271> a+iy 2001. SSRN ,y;; fpilf;fg;ngWk;: <https://ssrn.com/abstract=1305423>.

143

mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dh;> njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; fij kpfTk; cr;rkhd

fyitahFk;. ehd; ,J gw;wp tpgukhf NtW ,lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwd;244 ehd;

Kd;Fwpg;gpl;lthW PAIA kw;Wk; mjd; fPohd murpayikg;G chpikfs; vd;gd

tprhuiz Clftpayhsh;fSf;Fk; vjph;f;fl;rpapdh; kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd kdpj

chpikfSf;fhd mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd r%f gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; Kd;ddp kdpj chpikfSf;fhd rl;lj;juzp vl;bNad;

KNudpf; 1990 fspy; murpayikg;G Ngr;Rthh;j;ijapd; NghJ ‘mjpfhuj;jpy;

,Ug;Nghupd; “,wFfis Row;Wtjw;Fk;” ; mjd; %yk; epahag;gLj;Jk; xU Gjpa

fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ’ vd tpthpf;f tpUk;gpathW

nraw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

jfty; chpik rl;lj;jpd; tpisthf gy Kf;fpakhd ntw;wpfs;

fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjp N[fg; [_kh

mth;fspd; Ml;rpapd; Coiy ep&gpf;f ele;j Kaw;rpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

njd;dhgphp;f;fhtpd; nghJ rl;lthjp (xk;Gl;) rl;l hPjpaw;w tifapy; [{kh

[dhjpgjp mth;fshy; mtuJ jdpg;gl;l tjptplj;jpw;F(efz;lyh) ghJfhg;G vd;w

mbg;gilapy; nrytpl;l 60 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;f nlhyh; njhlh;gpy; tprhuiz

nra;jhh;. nghJ tof;fwpQu; jdf;F murpayikg;G hPjpahf cs;s mjpfhuj;jpd;gb

[dhjpgjp [_kh mth;fs; jdf;Fk; jdJ FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; rl;l hPjpaw;w tifapy;

nryT nra;j gzj;ij epahakhd mbg;gilapy; kPsr;nrYj;Jtjw;fhd epthuz

eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;245.

,uz;L tUlq;fspw;F Nkyhf [{kh mth;fs; mjid nra;tjw;F kWj;J te;jhh;.

mNj Neuk; [{khtpd; Mjuthsh;fSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNaAk; nghJ

tof;fwpQiu mr;RWj;jp gpur;rpidfis Fog;gpabj;J te;jhh;fs;. Mdhy; 31 khh;r;

2016e; jpfjp nghJ tof;fwpQhpd; mwpf;ifia Vw;W gzj;ij kPsr; nrYj;Jtij

244 fyz;l; 2017. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ. 245 njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; murpayikg;gpd; gphpT 182(1)(,) MdJ nghJ tof;fwpQh;fs; epthuz

eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. – murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; cWjpg;gLj;jp xU mjpfhukhdJ ePjpkd;w kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. nghUshjhu Rje;jpu

Nghuhspfs; vjpu; Njrpa rigapd; rghehafu; kw;Wk; VidNahu;;;;; [dehaf $l;lzp vjpu; Njrpa rigapd; rghehafu; kw;Wk; VidNahu;[Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly and Others;DemocraticAlliancevSpeakeroftheNationalAssemblyandOthers][2016]ZACC11.

144

kWg;gjhf [{khtpd; nraw;ghLfs; ,Ug;gij mtjhdpj;j murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

[{kh murpayikg;ig ghJfhj;J kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w flikia kPwAs;shh; vd

fz;lwpe;jJ.246 mtUf;F 600>000 mnkhpf;f nlhyh;fis (R8m) nghJr; nryTf;F

nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jfty; chpikia mZFtjw;fhd rl;lj;ij Kw;jPh;g;ghf

gad;gLj;jpaJ. 2009k; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 4k; jpfjp nkapy; md;l; fhh;bad;

gj;jphpifapy; Nkandlatpd; Coy; mk;gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ247. gj;jphpifahdJ

Mtzq;fis mZfp ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jfty;

mZFjYf;fhd rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. mJ tof;F kw;Wk; fijfis

cUthf;Ftjw;F Gyd;tprhuiz gj;jphpifahsh; FOtpw;F cjtpaJ.

NkYk; ,J njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; r%f nghUshjhu chpikfSf;F xU

JizahdJ vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epahakhd tPl;bw;F mZFtjw;fhd

chpik Nghd;w r%f nghUshjhu chpikfs; jftYf;fhd chpik ,d;wp

toq;fg;gLtJ fbdk; vd;gJ gy tof;Ffspy; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jftYf;fhd

chpikahdJ kpfTk; gyKs;s chpikahf ghh;f;f $bajhAs;sJ. mJ Vida

chpikfis NfhUtjw;F gaDs;s cgfuzkhAs;sJ248.

,e;j #o;epiyapy; uh[];jhdpy; MKSS ,d; mDgtk; kpfTk; nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;wJ. MKSS MdJ uh[];jhdpy; jfty; chpikf;fhd rl;lk;

,aw;wg;gLtjw;fhd gpur;rhuj;ij kl;Lk; topelj;jtpy;iy khwhf nghJr;Nrit

toq;fy; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jpl;lq;fis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;jp jpl;lq;fis mgptpUj;jp; nra;J xU

r%f nrtpGyj; jpwid tsu;j;jdu;. 249. njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; Kd;ddp rptpy;

r%fj;jpw;fhd rl;lj;juzp myprd; by;yp gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;:

246 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 247 nkapy; md;l; fhh;bad;, Zumas’s R65m Nkandla splurge, http://mg.co.za/article/2009-12-04-zumas-r65m-nkandla-splurge (,Wjpahf ngwg;gl;lJ 30 Vg;uy;; 2016). 248 ru]; [f;td;j;> jfYf;fhd cupik vd;gJ fUt+y cupik: hpr;rhl; Nfhyd;/myprd; by;Ny> mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik> tho;tjw;fhd cupik: jftypid mZFjy;; kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu ePjp>

N`g;lTd; 2002 gf;f vz; 3-16. . 249 jftypid mZFjy; kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu cupikfs; kPjhd ru;tNjr ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Muk;g

gq;fspg;G. kw;Wk; MKSS ,d; r%f jzpf;if mZFKiwapd; Nfhl;ghl;L fUj;jpay;> ghu;f;f Nuhg;

n[d;fpd;];/mNd kup N`l;];> fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; $l;Lg;nghWg;Gilik> ,e;jpahtpy; jtYf;fhd cupik

jhf;f nraw;ghLfs;> %d;whk; cyf fhyhz;L 20 (1999), gf;f vz;. 603–22.

145

“MKSS kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. me;j Ntiyiag; gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;tNjhL>

me;jtifahd mZFKiw Neubahf kf;fSila nghUshjhu

epiyikfis vg;gb khw;wptpLk; vd;gij czh;e;J nfhs;fpwJ. ,J xU

rf;jp tha;e;j thjk;. Mdhy; mJ je;jpNuhghakhf ,Ue;jJ Vnddpy;

jftiy mZFjy; nts;sj;jpw;F thapy;fis jpwg;gJ Nghy xU

jilahf mike;J murhq;fj;jpd; Nritfis toq;Ftij jLf;ff;$Lk;.

mjdhy; 1990fspy; murhq;fj;jpd; kWrPuikg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

Ntiyj;jpl;lk; nghUshjhu khw;wk; vd;gtw;wpw;F vt;thW Mjutspf;f KbAk;

vd;gjid fhl;l vq;fSf;F xU vjph;thjk; NjitahapUe;jJ.”250

Mdhy; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; jftYf;fhd chpikia gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

ngwg;gl;l ed;ikfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ehl;bd; ,df;fytuk; ,ufrpaj;jpd;

jd;dpr;irahd fyhrhuj;jhy; jpUg;gg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd tpthjpf;f KbahJ.

rhd;Wfspd;gb cz;ikapy; nghJ gjpTfis mZFjy; vd;gJ vspjhd xU

tplaky;y.tof;fkhf mjw;F rptpy; r%f rl;l ikak; Nghd;w ,ilepiy

mikg;gpd; jiyaPL my;yJ MjuT Njitg;gLk;;.251 rptpy; r%f mikg;gpdhy;

elj;jg;gl;l jftiy mZFtjw;fhd kpfTk; gaDs;s fw;ifnewp xd;whd

jftiy mZFjYf;fhd tiyaikg;G jkJ 2016 epoy; mwpf;ifapy;

gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. “jftiy mZFjYf;fhd chpikahdJ

murpayikg;G hPjpahf Ngzg;gl;Ls;s chpikahf ,Ue;Jk; PAIA MdJ 2001k;

Mz;bypUe;Nj eilKiwf;F te;jjpUe;jhYk; ATI tiyaikg;gpYs;s

cWg;gpdh;fs; jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJ mikg;Gf;fsplkpUe;J jftiy mZfp

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; ,d;dKk; rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;fpd;wdh.;252 xU tUl

fhyj;jpy; Fwpj;j tiyaikg;gpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; PAIA gb jfty;fis

mZtjw;fhf 369 Nfhhpf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mtw;wpy; 46 tPjkhdit

nghUj;jkhd gfpuq;f mjpfhurigfshy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;wpy; 58

tPjkhditAk; epuhfhpf;fg;glf; $bajhAs;sJ. mjhtJ Fwpj;j Nfhhpf;iffs;

250 fyz;l; 2017> Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 251fpup];bdh ngd;l;Ny/hpr;rhl; Nfhyd;l>jfty; mZfg;ngwg;gl;lJ> eilKiwapyhd khw;wk; xU Nfhl;ghL> nky;Nfhk;> yf;Nghl;> ngd; frpd;];> [f;fp Lfhl; kw;Wk; brpg;Ngh kl;ypd;Nfhrp> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahd cj;jpfs;> rpd;dq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; N`k;gpup[; 2014. 252 jftiy mZFtjw;fhd tiyaikg;G> epoy; mwpf;if> 2016. https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CER-Shadow-Report-Final.pdf (22 nehntk;gu; 2018 md;W mZfg;gl;lJ).

146

Kiwahf kWf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; mtw;Wf;F rhjhuzkhf gjpy; vJTk;

toq;fg;glhkYs;sJ.

Nfhhpf;iffis epuhfhpf;Fk; nrayhdJ njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jftYf;fhd

chpikapd; gazj;jpy; ftiyaspf;Fk; xU tplakhfTs;sJ. 2006k; Mz;bw;F

gpd;dh; ePjpapd; Muk;gj;jpw;fhd jpwe;j r%f mikak;[Open Society Foundation

Justice Initiative] My; elj;jg;gl;l cyfyhtpa Ma;tpy; njd;dhgphpf;fh cl;gl

gjpdhd;F ehLfspd; nraw;jpwid Ma;T nra;jjpy; “mikjpahd kWg;G” vd;w mwpf;ifapy; njd;dhgphpf;fh Kjyplj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.253

,ufrpa fyhrhuj;Jld; njhlh;ghd xU cjhuzk;> murpd; ghJfhg;G mikr;rh;

rpNahNghfh rpy;Nyapd; “jfty; ghpkhw;wk;” njhlh;ghd gtu;ga;d;l;

tpsf;ff;fhl;rpapd;(powerpoint presentation) fhfpjg;gpujpia Nfhhp nra;ag;gl;l

Nfhhpf;if epuhfhpf;fg;gl;likia njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; gpujhd vjph;fl;rp

Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;baJ.254 ,t; tpsf;fhl;rp Clfq;fSld; $ba jpwe;j ghuSkd;w

$l;lj;jpNyNa jftiy ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rl;l%yk; kPjhd jdpg;gl;l

nraw;FOtplk; fhl;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. $l;lk; Kbtile;j gpd;dh; Fwpj;j Mtzq;fs;

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;w mbg;gilapy; Fwpj;j tpsf;f Fwpg;G njhlh;ghd

fhfpjg;gpujpia cWg;gpdh;fSf;F toq;f mikr;rh; kWj;Jtpl;lhh;. Fwpj;j jfty;

ghpkhw;wk; njhlh;ghd $l;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fq;fs; Clfq;fspy; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;L

NkYk; $l;leltbf;ifr; RUf;f Fwpg;Gf;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fz;fhzpg;G

FOtpd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;bUe;jJ.255 PAIAtpdJ Nfhhpf;if

“Fbaurpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F jPq;if Vw;gLj;Jk; vdTk; kw;iwa muR rhh;ghf my;yJ

rh;tNjr mikg;G rhh;ghf ek;gpf;ifAld; toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

vdTk; epahakhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ” vd;w mbg;gilapy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

“Row;Wk; rpwFfs;” [‘Ruffling Feathers’] vd;w fl;Liuf;fhd vdJ Neh;fhzypy;

ntspg;gl;lthW256 vd;dntdpy; jilahd murhq;fj;Jld; mth;fs;

Vkhw;wkile;jpUe;jhYk; vjph;fl;rpahdJ Cadre“Cadre Deployment” p gw;wp

253 ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mikjp. OSF Justice Initiative. 2006. 254 fyz;l; 2017> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ. 255 ghuhSkd;w fz;fhzpg;G FO www.pmg.org.za (,Wjpahf mZfg;ngwg;gl;lJ 26 fhu;j;jpif 2017). 256 fyz;l; 2017> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

147

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F PAIA I gad;gLj;jpaJ. ANC ,d; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F jhd; ;

eilKiwapy; murhq;fj;jpd; Ntiyfs; nry;Yk;257 ANC MdJ cg

xg;ge;jf;fhuhfSld; njhlh;ig nfhz;bUe;jJ258. N[h`d;d];;ghh;f; kw;Wk;

gphpl;Nlhhpahtpy; mike;Js;s njhopw;Jiwapd; ikag;gFjpahd nfsnjq;fpd;

khfhzj;jpy; cs;s rh;r;irf;Fhpa kpd;,izg;Gld; njhlh;Gila xg;ge;j gjpTfs;

Nfhug;gl;bUe;jd259. NkYk; fl;rpahdJ th;j;jf kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw

mikr;rpdJk;260 mJ Nghy njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa gh;kh J}JthpdJk;

N`hl;ly; fl;lzq;fs; njhlh;ghd tpguq;fisAk; NfhpapUe;jJ261. NkYk; Fw;wr;

nray;fs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; vjph;fl;rpahdJ kf;fs; njhifapd; tpfpjKk;

nghyP]hh; vd;w tpfpjhrhuj;ijAk; NfhhpapUe;jJ262. ,Wjpahf PAIA MdJ

jpwdw;wjhf ,Uf;f KbAk;. NkYk; mjw;F nghWik kw;Wk; gpbthjKk; Njit.

ngUk;ghYk; xU epGzhpd; cjtp mtrpakhFk;. gfpuq;f mjpfhurig

tpz;zg;gq;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy; vd;gJ jtph;f;f KbahjjhFk;. NkYk;

jftYf;fhd chpikahdJ ,aq;ff;$baJ, gad;gLj;jf;$baJ. jpUg;gjpfukhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. rpy Ntisfspy; rf;jptha;e;jjhfTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4. eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

ve;jnthU jftYf;fhd chpikf;F jpl;lKiwikiaAk; mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F

rhj;jpag;ghLk; kw;Wk; mJNghy ek;gfj;jd;ikAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. chpikia

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtw;fhd gykhd jpl;lk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mJ kpfTk; kOq;fyhd

257 vjph;f;fl;rpahdJ Neh;KfNjh;Tld; njhlh;Gila mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; nuNgl; kf;gpiul; vd;gth; nghyp]pd; Rje;jpu tprhuizapd; nghWg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l eltbf;ifKiwik gw;wpa mwpf;ifiaAk; Kiwahf Nfhhp tpz;zg;gpj;jpUe;jJ. 258 vjph;f;fl;rpahdJ muRf;F nrhe;jkhd epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l Jiz xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd Mtzq;fis NfhhpapUe;jJ. 259 jftypid mZfg;ngWjy;: ‘nghwpKiw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ: 20-30 tiuahd gjpTfspd; ngl;bfs;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.” 260 Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nfhhpf;if epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. 261 rh;tNjr cwTfs; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;Gf;fhd jpizf;fsk; gh;khtpd; J}Jth; njhlh;ghd Mjhur; rhd;Wfis Fwpj;j jfty;fs; toq;f kWj;Jtpl;lJ. tpz;zg;gkhdJ 2007 a+d; - 2008 ngg;uthpf;fpilapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. MyintNaung ,d; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;j fhyg;gFjpapy; gh;kh ,uhZtj;jpdh; ml;lfhrkhd epahakw;w nraw;ghLfis nra;jdh;. mjhtJ ,lk;ngah;e;j kf;fis jhf;fpdh;> kf;fs; kiwe;jpUe;j ,lq;fis jhf;fpdh;> ghlrhiyfis mopj;jdh;> czTfs;> cilfs; kw;Wk; Nghh;itfis #iuahbdh;. 262 vjph;f;fl;rpahdJ xt;nthU nghyp]; epiyaj;jpYk; cs;s kf;fSf;fhd nghyp]hhpd; tpfpjhrhuj;ij NfhhpapUe;jJ. Fwpj;j Nfhhpf;ifahdJ vjph;f;fl;rpapd; ghuhSkd;w Nfs;tpf;F mikr;rh; gjpyspf;f jtwpa gpd;dNu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

148

xU fUtpahf ep&gpf;fg;gLk;. re;jh;g;gtrkhf njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; rl;lthl;rpahdJ

nefpOk; jd;ikAilajhfTk; mjDila ePjpkd;wq;fSk; ePjpgjpfSk;

Rje;jpukhdth;fshsTk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jfty; chpik njhlh;gpy; Nky;

ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J tUk; gy vz;zpf;ifapyhd jPh;g;Gf;fs; kpfTk;

gaDilaJ vd ep&gpj;Js;sNjhL Gjpa ntspg;gilj;jd;ikahd fyhrhuj;ij

cl;GFj;Jtjw;fhd rl;l,ay; rhh;e;j epthuzkhfTk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzkhf> xU tof;fpy; ePjpgjp rd;by; eNfhNgh (Sandile Ncgobo) mth;fs;

(gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpujk ePjpauruhdhh;) jfty; kWg;Gf;F vjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPL

nra;tjw;fhd 30 ehs; fhy vy;iyahdJ 32k; gphptpd; fPOs;s jftiy

mZFjYf;fhd chpikf;F kl;Lky;y khwhf 34k; gphptpd; fPOs;sthW

ePjpkd;wj;ij mZFtjw;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk; vd jPh;g;gspj;jhh;. njd;dhgphpf;f

tuyhw;W fhg;gfk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cjtpGhpdupd; mDgtj;ij tof;fpy; Rl;bf;fhl;b, ePjpgjp eNfhNgh mth;fs; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

“mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk; jdpegh; Nfhhpf;ifahsh;fSf;Fk; vkJ

[dehaf murhq;fk; nghWg;G$wf;$baJ> ntspg;gilj;jd;ikahdJ

vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wdh;.

murpayikg;ghdJ nghJ eph;thfj;Jiw nghWg;G$wf;$bajhapUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ntspg;gilahd> Neubahd>

mZff;$ba kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd jftiy kf;fSf;F toq;Ftjd;

%yk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.263

ePjpgjp eNfhNgh mth;fs; 30 ehs; fhy vy;iy vd;gJ 180 ehl;fshf

tphpTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fl;lisapl;lhh;. kw;WnkhU tof;fpy; ePjpkd;wkhdJ

gy tof;Ffspy; mZfy; Nfhhp;f;ifapd; gjpTfis ePjpj;Jiw fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sy; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Vw;GilajhapUf;Fk; vd fPo; ePjpkd;wk; toq;fpa

jPh;g;gpid murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ264. ,Ug;gpDk; cjTk;

tifapyhd ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyaPlhdJ jftYf;fhd chpikahdJ

263 GUk;ku; vjpu; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mikr;ru; kw;Wk; VidNahu; [Brümmer v Minister for Social Development and Others] (CCT 25/09) [2009] ZACC 21; 2009 (6) SA 323 (CC); 2009 (11) BCLR 1075 (CC) (13 Mtzp 2009). 264 President of the Republic of South Africa and Others vjpu; M & G Media Limited (998/2013) [2014] ZASCA 124; 2015 (1) SA 92 (SCA); [2014] 4 All SA 319 (SCA) (19 Gul;lhjp 2014).

149

murhq;fj;jpd; eph;thf fyhrhuj;jpd; Njitaw;w gytPdq;fshy;

ghjpf;fg;glhjpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nkd;KiwaPl;L mikg;gpy; jfty;

Mizahsh; Nghd;w epGzj;Jt ,ilaPl;lhsh; mw;wJk; kpfg;nghpa gytPdkhf

ep&gpf;fg;gl;L NkYk; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jfty; chpikapd;

tpisthe;jd;ikiaAk; fbdkhf;fpd;wJ.

2013k; Mz;bd; jdpegh;fspd; jfty;fis ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; gb jfty;

xOq;FgLj;Jdh; vd;w Gjpa mikg;G NtW xU gpur;rpid Vw;gl;ljd; fhuzk;

jhd; toptFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; jftYf;fhd chpikf;fhd

xU khw;W mgptpUj;jpahapUf;Fk; Vnddpy; Fwpj;j jfty; xOq;FgLj;Jdh; PAIA ,Ue;J kWf;fg;gLk; tpz;zg;gq;fspd; Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhhpg;gjw;fhd

mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUg;ghh;. 2016k; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; Ie;J

cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l Njrpa muRg; Nguit epakpf;fg;gl;lij njhlh;e;J ,e;j

mYtyfk; 2107k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,e;j fl;Liuia vOJk;

NghJ (2018k fhu;j;jpif ;) tiuf;Fk; mJ eltbf;iff;fhf jpwf;fg;gltpy;iy.

NkYk; jfty; xOq;fikg;ghsUld; njhlh;Gila POPI ,d; gFjpfs; ,d;dKk;

tpisthe;jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy Vnddpy; Gjpa mikg;ig

cUthf;Ftjw;F nghUj;jkhd gzj;njhifia toq;FtJ njhlh;gpy; nghJepjp

Kfhikj;Jt mjpfhurig kpfTk; nkJthf nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

rptpy; rKjha mikg;Gf;fs;> tof;fwpQh; gd;rp yFyh (Pansy Tlakula) mth;fspd;

epakdj;jpd; %yk; cw;rhfkile;jpUe;jd. mth; Mgpf;fhtpw;fhd> jfty;

mZFjy; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;wpd; Kd;dhy; rpwg;G

mwpf;ifahsUk; jfty; xOq;fikg;gpd; jiytUk; ATI ,d; xU ek;gfkhd

MjuthsUkhthh;. Mdhy; jfty; xOq;fikg;ghsh; vt;tsT tpj;jpahrj;ijf;

nfhz;LtUthu; vd;gjid njhptpg;gJ Muk;gkhFk;265. ntspg;gilahd tof;fwpQh;

Kfydp bk;ghthy; $wg;gl;lgb “rhjhuz J}z;Ljiyf;nfhz;l xU mikg;ghf

my;yhky; gykhd mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;l xU epWtdj;ijNa ehq;fs;

Ntz;Lfpd;Nwhk;. NkYk; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; juT ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpy;

265 fyz;l;> 2017 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

150

nfhLf;fg;gl;l chpikfs; kPwg;gLtjw;F vjpuhf ijhpakhf gzpahw;Wk; xU

epWtdj;ijNa ehq;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;.”266

5. KbTiu

njd;dhgphpf;fh kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;j rl;lthl;rpia nfhz;Ls;sJ. jftYf;fhd

chpik murpayikg;G hPjpahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L Njrpa rl;lj;jhy; tpisT

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; tYthd MSik kw;Wk; xU Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw

Mfpatw;wpd; MjuTld; gue;j kw;Wk; Mokhd Nehf;Fld; jfty; chpik kPjhd

ePjpj;Jiw Kw;Nghf;F kw;Wk; chpikapd; kjpg;ig Mjhpg;gJld; ntspg;gilahd

xU Gjpa fyhrhuj;ijAk; Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdpDk; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd;

jpwikaw;w fyhrhuk;; kw;Wk; nghJr;NritapYs;s ,ufrpaj;jd;ikAk; jfty;

chpikia Fiwkjpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jpAs;sJld; vjph;kiwahd murpay;

jiyth;fSld; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; murpyikg;G

kw;Wk; rl;lthl;rpiag;Nghy jftYf;fhd chpikAk; epiyj;jpUg;gjid

cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jw;NghJ Gjpa Kiwahd eltbf;ifAld; $ba mKyhf;f

mikg;ig epWTtjw;F Gjpa tha;g;Gs;sJ. jfty; xOq;fikg;ghsh; vt;thW

mikf;fg;gl;L mJ nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjpy; kpf mtjhdkhf ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mJ tpiuthf nraw;gLjy; thf;fhsh;fSf;Fk;>

gadhspfSf;Fk;> njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;.

mjdJ jpl;lk; kw;Wk; mikg;G vd;gtw;iw cUthf;Fk; NghJ jfty;

xOq;fikg;ghsh; kw;wth;fsplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;s $Lk;;. mjhtJ xg;gplf;$ba

mikg;Gf;fs; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;ilj;jd;ikia nfhz;Ls;s ehLfspypUe;J

fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; (mjhtJ N[u;kdp [g;ghd; If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;). NkYk;

,Njtifahd murpay; r%f nghUshjhu rhty;fis vjph;nfhs;Sk; ,yq;if

Nghd;w ehLfspYs;s mikg;Gf;fSld; gq;fhsuhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2662018k; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 23k; jpfjp [Mail & Guardian newspaper]nkapy; kw;Wk; `bad; ,y; ntspte;j hpr;rhl; fyz;l; kw;Wk; myprd; by;ypapd; njd;dhgphpf;fh jfty; xOq;fikg;ghsUf;F fhj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

151

njhFg;ghsu; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;ghsu;fs; gw;wpa tpguk;

fp~hyp gpd;Nuh–[atu;jd jftYf;fhd cupikr; rl;lj;ijaPl;ba 2003/2015 mur tiuG

FOf;fspy; cWg;gpduhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. 1995 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof

rl;lg;gPlj;jpd; nfsut gl;lk; ngw;w ,tu;> 1997 Kjy; 2007 tiu nghJ rl;lj;jpy;

Nritahw;wpdhu;. NkYk; I.eh rig kdpj cupikfs; FOtpd; Kd;Dk; gu;dhz;Nlh vjpu;

muR (,y.1189/2003/, 2005) Nghd;w tof;Ffspy; Njhd;wpAs;shu;. rl;lj;juzpfs;

rq;fj;jpd; ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;gpw;fhd 2005k; Mz;L rl;l tiugpid ,aw;wTk;

cjtpAs;shu;. rz;Nl ilk;]; gj;jpupf;ifapd; njhFg;G (rl;l) MNyhrfuhf> ePz;l

fhykhf nra;jpj;jhs;-gj;jpf;F gq;fspf;fpd;whu;. nghJeytha fy;tpf;fhd epiyak;

(Institute of Commonwealth Studies), yz;ld; gy;fiyfofk;, mgptpUj;jpf; fy;tpf;fhd

epiyak; (Institute of Development Studies), rnrf;]; gy;fiyfofk,; the Dignity Institute,

Denmark kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lty;Ydu; Mizak; (the International Commission of Jurists)

Mfpa epWtdq;fspy; mtu; xU %j;j rl;l MNyhrfu; Mthu;. Rule of Law in Decline (the

Dignity Institute, 2009), Still Seeking Justice (ICJ, 2010),Embattled Media (,izj;

njhFg;ghsu;fs; Nltpl; Ng[; kw;Wk;; tpy;ypak;; fpNuht;yp, Sage, 2015) kw;Wk; The Search for

Justice; The Sri Lanka Papers (,izj; njhFg;ghsu; Fkhup [atu;jd Zubaan, 2016) Mfpa

E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. 2013 Bellagio Visiting Delegate, Rockefeller Foundation, Italy;

Scholar of Peace, WISCOMP, New Delhi, 2002; Salzburg Fellow, 2000 NkYk; 2013d;

Nkd;ikjq;fpa tUifahu; , Mrpa gRgpf;fpw;fhd Ma;Tf; fy;Yhup, mT];Nuypa Njrpa

gy;fiyfofk; (ANU), Mfpatw;iw cs;slq;fyhf gy rf Ma;thsu; epiyfisAk;

tpUJfisAk; ngw;Ws;shu;.

152

mUshde;jk; ru;Nt];tud; KJepiy rl;l tphpTiuahsuhf nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf; fof

rl;l gPlj;jpy; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;whH. ,tH nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf; fofKk; ePjp mikr;Rk;

,ize;J elhj;Jk; rl;l Ma;T epiyaj;jpd; gzpg;ghsuhfTk; cs;shH. ,tH nfhOk;Gg;

gy;fiyf; fofj;jpypUe;J njhopw; rl;lj;jpy; rl;l jj;Jtkhzpg; gl;lj;ijAk; If;fpa

ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; rkhjhdf; fw;iffSf;fhd gy;fiyf; fofj;jpypUe;J rHtNjr

rkhjhd fw;iffspy; KJkhzpg; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;shH. ,tH ,yq;if kdpj

chpikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; rl;l kWrPuikg;G fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; MNyhrfuhfTk;

gzpahw;wpAs;shH. rHtNjr njhopy; jhgdj;jpd; fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; ntspaf

tsthsuhfTk; ,tH ,Ue;Js;shH. ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd;

rl;l Mizf;FOtpd; mq;fj;jtuhfTk; ,tH cs;shH. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ

Rw;whlw; rl;l Kd;Ndhb tpUjpid ,tUf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. [g;ghdpa rHtNjr ,y;yKk;

[g;ghd; epWtfKk; ,ize;J ,tUf;F Mrpa jiyikj;Jt tpUjpidAk; toq;fpAs;sJ.

,tH nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf; fof gl;lNkw;gbg;G gPlk;> nkhwl;Litg; gy;fiyf; fofk;>

aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf; fofk;> ,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf; fofk;> ,yq;if rl;lf;

fy;Y}hp cl;gl gy;NtW fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; tUifjU tphpTiuahsuhfTk; gzpahw;wp

tUfpd;whH.

gpurhe;jp k`pe;jul;d Julius & Creasy epWtdj;jpd; xU rl;l MNyhrfu;. 2017

eLg;gFjpapy; jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtptpd; %j;j rl;l MNyhrfuhf

gzpGupe;jhu;. I.eh. ru;tNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nghu;f;Fw;wq;fSf;F vjpuhf

tof;F njhlu;e;j tof;fupQuhd Kjy; ,yq;if ngz;kzp ,tu; rhuh[pNthtpy; ele;j

Fw;wq;fs;> lg;Nuhtpf; Fz;LtPr;rp> fpNuhpahtpd; ele;j ,d mopg;G> ru;gpahtpd; Kd;dhy;

[dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhd tof;F Nghd;w cau; kl;l Nghu;f;Fw;wq;fSf;F vjpuhf thjhbdhu;.

I.eh tpw;F Kjy; ,yq;ifapd; rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpd; mur MNyhridahf

gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;NghJ> fpuprhe;jp FkhuRthkp apd; fw;gopg;Gf;F vjpuhd tof;ifAk;

njhlu;e;jhu;.

,ilf;fhy ePjp kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f topKiwfs; gw;wpa murhq;fj;jpd; gzpf;FO

cWg;gpduhd ,tu;> 2016 Mk; Mz;bd; 14 Mk; ,yf;f fhzhkw;Nghd Ml;fs; gw;wpa

mYtyfk; (jhgpj;jYk; epUtfpj;jYk;> gzpfis epiwNtw;WjYk;) rl;lj;ij tiuG

nra;jtu;fSs; ItUk; xUtu;. ,yq;if rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; Kjy; tFg;G nfsutj;Jld;

Kbj;j ,tu;> epA+Nahu;f; gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,uz;L

vy;.vy;.vk; gl;lq;fisAk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jlatpay; kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; bg;sNkh ngw;Ws;shu;. Mf;];Nghu;by; Kd; ePlhd thjpLk; gapw;rpfisAk;

153

ngw;Ws;shu;. ,tu; Mahapola Scholar, a Hauser Global Scholar kw;Wk; British Chevening

Scholar Mthu;.

fyhepjp jPgpfh clfk ,yq;if kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; jw;Nghija jiytu;

kw;Wk; Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Kjd;ik Nguhrpupau;. ru;tNjr uPjpapYk;

murpayikg;G uPjpapYk; kdpj cupik ghJfhg;Gf;F ,ilapyhd ClWg;G mtuJ

Muha;r;rpapd; gpujhd njhdpg;nghUshFk;. kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOtpd;

cWg;gpduhfTk; (2003-2006) ,yq;if rl;l Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhfTk; (2004-2009)>

mur rhu;gw;w kdpj cupikf;fhd epWtdq;fspYk; Nritahw;wpAs;shu;. mj;NjhL I.eh

tpd; cWg;gpduhfTk; (2008-2013)> kdpj cupikfs; Jiwapy; njhopy;El;g

xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd I.ehtpd; jd;dhu;t epjp mwq;fhtyu;fs; FOtpd; jiytuhfTk;> kdpj

cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd I.eh. cg Mizf;FOtpd; ,yq;ifapd; khw;W

cWg;gpduhfTk; (1998-2001) gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. ‘cyfkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs;

kPjhd mjd; jhf;fk;’ vd;w njhdpg;nghUspy; nra;ag;gl;l xU Kd;Ndhb Ma;tpw;F

(Prof. Joe Oloka-Onyango of Uganda cld;) ,iz mwpf;ifahsuhf cg -

Mizf;FOtpdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. I.eh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; Nlhf;Nah> `hd;f;

fhq; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; nly;yp Njrpa rhjh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; fw;gpj;jNjhL>

NkYk; Netherlands Quarterly on Human Rights cl;gl ru;tNjr kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tpj;Jiw

gj;jpupiffspd; Mrpupau; FOf;fspy; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof LLB,

LLM gl;lq;fisAk;> Boalt Hall of Law> fypNghdpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa rl;l mwptpay; Kidtu; gl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

fyhepjp Rrpy; rpuptu;jz (Xa;Tngw;wtu;> ,yq;if epu;thf Nrit> SLAS) ,yq;ifapd; nghJ Nritapy; gy jdpj;Jtkhd gjtpfis tfpj;Js;sJld;> efug;Gw tPLfs; kw;Wk;

FbapUg;Gfs; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; xU nfhs;if jahupg;ghsuhfTk; ,Ue;Js;shu;.

rpd;fh ul;zJq;f rz;Nl ilk;]; gj;jpupf;ifapd; jiyik Mrpupau;> tp[a nra;jpj;jhs;

Ltd ,d; epu;thf ,af;Fdu;> kw;Wk; World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers

(WAN-IFRA) tpd; FOtpy; xUtuhfTk; gzpGupfpd;whu;. ,yq;if gjpg;ghrpupau; rq;fj;jpd;

(The Editors’ Guild of Sri Lanka (TEGOSL) Kd;dhy; jiytUk;> TEGOSLtpd; kw;Wk;

,yq;if gj;jpupif epWtdj;jpd; (SLPI) njhw;WdUk; Mthu;. ,it jftYf;fhd

cupik rl;lj;jpid ,yf;fhf Clf rl;l rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd xU jsj;ij Kd;ndLj;jJ

154

fyhepjp [ae;j b my;nka;lh Fzul;d xU [dhjpgjp MNyhrfu;; gp[p Fbaurpd;

(Republic of Fiji) Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp> ,yq;if rl;l Mizf;FOtpd;

Kd;dhy; cWg;gpdu;> rl;lf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof Kd;dhy;

tpupTiuahsu;; Nkd;KiwaPl;L rl;l Mtzj;jpd; jiyik gjpg;ghrpupau;. murpayikg;G

Rje;jpuk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gy Kf;fpa tof;Ffspy; MNyhrfu;. 1995-1997 fhyg;gFjpapy;

njw;F> Nkw;F kw;Wk; rgufKt khfhzq;fspy; cs;s mfjpfis mfw;Wk; kw;Wk;

fhzhky; Nghdtu;fs; kPjhd [dhjpgjp Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;. mtuJ

ntspaPLfSf;Fs; - The Swiss Constitution: Lessons for Sri Lanka (The Centre for Policy

Research and Analysis, University of Colombo, 1995)> authored (with Kishali Pinto-

Jayawardena) Habeas Corpus in Sri Lanka; Theory and Practice of the Great Writ in

Extraordinary Times, (Law & Society Trust, Colombo, 2011 and (authored with Kishali Pinto-

Jayawardena and Gehan Gunetilleke), The Judicial Mind in Sri Lanka, (Law & Society Trust,

Colombo, January 2014).

`u;~ gu;dhd;Nlh xU tof;fwpQu;> 2017 eLg;gFjpapy; xU %j;j rl;l MNyhrid

MNyhrfuhf jfty; mwpAk; cupikf;fhd gzpMizf;FOtpy; Gupe;jhu;. ,tu; rptpy;>

tu;j;jf kw;Wk; epu;thfr; rl;lk; Mfpatw;wpy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtu;. mtu; Mrpa

mgptpUj;jp tq;fp (ru;tNjr mstpy;)> Njrpa nfhs;Kjy; Mizf;FO (,yq;if)

Mfpatw;wpd; MNyhrfu;. mj;NjhL IOM, UNDP Ml;rpapy;> Coy; vjpu;g;G> nfhs;Kjy;>

nghJ epjp Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; jpl;l epjp / Nkyhz;ikNghd;wtw;wpw;F MNyhrid

toq;fpAs;shu;. mtu; xU %j;j mur MNyhrfu; - rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk;> kj;jpa

tq;fp kw;Wk; njhiyj;njhlu;G xOq;FKiw Mizaj;jpw;F rl;l MNyhrfu;. mtu; xU

gapw;rp ngw;w Ngud; Ngr;rhsu; kw;Wk; kj;jpa];ju;. mj;NjhL rpq;fg;G+u; fly; khw;w

gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F MNyhrfuhfTk; cs;shu;.

,yq;if rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; fw;W (1995) rpq;fg;G+u; Nanyang Technological University,y;

MBA gl;lk;> USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology,y; MIT gl;lk;> yz;ld;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; LLM gl;lk; Mfpatw;iw ngw;Ws;shu;. mtu;> Chevening Scholar (UK)

Nanyang Fellow (Singapore) Mthu;.

m~;tpdp eNlrd; (Master of Laws, International Business Law, (National University of

Singapore); BA, LL.B (Hons), (School of Excellence in Law, Chennai, India) njhopy;El;gk;> Clfk; kw;Wk; njhiyj;njhlu;G rl;lj;jpy; rpwg;G Mu;tKs;s xU rl;l tof;fwpQu;

Mthu;. mtu; LIRNEasia epWtdj;jpy; juT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; me;juq;fk; njhlu;ghd

155

nfhs;if Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU rf muha;r;rpahsu;. mj;NjhL> ,yq;ifapy;

APIIT rl;l fy;Y}upapd; tpupTiuahsu;. mtu; Kd;G ,e;jpahtpy; tof;F kw;Wk;

ngUepWtd rl;l mYtyfq;fspy; gzpGupe;jhu;> NkYk;> nrd;idapy; jfty; cupik

Nfhupf;iffis jhf;fy; nra;tjpYk; <Lgl;Ls;shu;.

Mjpy; ehjdp tpd;l;ru; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rl;l gPlj;jpd; xU Kidtu; tpj;jpahu;j;jp.

2018 Mk; Mz;by; tpd;l;ru; rl;lj;jplkpUe;J Social Justice Fellowship tpUJ ngw;wtu;. 2018 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; Kjy; [_iy khjk; tiu ,yq;if jfty; mwpAk;

cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; rl;l Muha;r;rpahsuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. jdJ rl;l

fw;ifia njhlu;e;J nfhz;Nl> jw;NghJ Kidtu;. md;df;Nf ];kpj;jplk; (Dr. Anneke

Smit - Windsor Law, Canada) Muha;r;rp cjtpahsuhf cs;shu;. gl;lk; ngw;wjpd; gpd;du;>

ru;tjr rl;lk; gapy;tNjhL> cynfq;fpYk; cs;s xJf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fSf;fhd

epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ mtu; vjpu;g;ghu;g;ghFk;.

tp[ahde;j [atPu Xa;Tngw;w ru;tNjr nghJ gzpahsu;. 2011,y; mtuJ Xa;tpd; NghJ>

tpd; njhlu;ghly; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ru;tNjr epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; (IPDC) epu;thf];juhf

,Ue;jhu;. mtu; UNESCOtpy; 1994 Mk; Mz;by; ghup]; mbg;gilapyhd

jiyikafj;jpy; xU epuy; epGzuhf ,ize;jhu;> mjd;gpwF Mrpahtpw;fhd

UNESCOtpd; gpuhe;jpa njhlu;ghly; MNyhrfuhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. jfty; Rje;jpuk;>

Clftpayhsu;> gj;jpupif fy;tp> mwptpay; jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk; Clftpayhsu;

MfpNahUld; UNESCOtpd; cjtpj; jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtu; cWg;gpdu;

ehLfspy; gy UNESCO jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtu; And];Nfhtpd; Clf

Nkk;ghl;L Fwpfhl;bfs; kw;Wk; gj;jpupif fy;tpf;fhd UNESCOtpd; juepiyfis

gutyhf mq;fPfupj;J tsu;g;gjpy; fUtpahf ,Ue;jhu;. Mrpahtpy; Clf mgptpUj;jpf;fhd

mtuJ gq;fspg;ig nfsutg;gLj;jp kzpyhit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Mrpa Clf

kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;G epiyak; (AMIC) mtUf;F AMIC tpUJ toq;fpaJ.

UNESCOtpy; ,iztjw;F Kd;> mtu; =yq;fh xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy; xspg;gjpT

gj;jpupifahsuhf gzpahw;wpdhu;.

2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; jftYf;fhd cupik rl;lj;ij kPsha;T

nra;a epakpf;fg;gl;l FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf gzpahw;Wtjw;fhf mtu; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

mjd; gpd;du;> jfty; Mizf;FOf;F jdJ Kjy; %d;W tUl %Nyhgha mKy;ghl;L

jpl;lj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cjTtjpy; cyf tq;fpf;F MNyhrfuhf

gzpahw;wpdhu;. mtu; Leister gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; (UK) ntF[d jfty;njhlu;Gfspy; xU

156

kh];lu; gl;lk; ngw;Ws;shu;> NkYk; jfty; kw;Wk; Clf mgptpUj;jp gpur;rpidfs;

Rje;jpuk; gw;wp vOJfpwhu;.

Nlhgp nkd;nly; rl;lk; kw;Wk; [dehaf ikankd;w (Centre for Law and Democracy) fdlhit rhu;e;j ru;tNjr kdpj cupikf;fhd mur rhu;gw;w epWtdj;jpd; Njhw;WdUk;

epu;thf ,af;FdUk; Mthu;. ,J jftYf;fhd cupik> fUj;J njuptpg;gjf;fhd

Rje;jpuk;> gq;Nfw;fy; kw;Wk; xd;W $Ltjw;fhd kw;Wk; xUq;F Nru;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

Nghd;wtw;iw fl;bnaSg;Gfpd;w epWtdkhFk;. ,jw;F Kd;du;> 12 tUlq;fshf vDk;

kdpj cupikf;fhd mur rhu;gw;w epWtdj;jpy; %j;j ,af;Fduhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. cyf

tq;fp> UNESCO> I.eh kw;Wk; ntsptptfhu Rje;jpuk;> OSCE kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa fTd;rpy;

kPjhd ru;tNjr mwpf;ifahsu;fs; – cl;gl cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s gy murhq;fq;fs;

kw;Wk; muR rhuh mikg;Gf;fNshL gue;j mstpy; xj;Jioj;Js;shu;. mtuJ Ntiy

rl;l rPu;jpUj;jk;> tof;fhly;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; ntspaPLfs;> gapw;rp> thjpLjy; kw;Wk;

jpwd; fl;bnaOg;gy; Mfpatw;Wld; rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;> jfty; njhlu;G> njhlu;ghly; cupik kw;Wk; mfjp gpur;rpidfs;

Mfpait njhlu;ghf mtu; gy ntspaPLfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu; ARTICLE 19 ,y;

,iztjw;F Kd;> mtu; fdlh Oxfam,y; %j;j kdpj cupikfs; MNyhrfuhfTk;>

fNdba ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (Canadian International Development Agency) ,y; kdpj cupikfs; nfhs;if Ma;thsuhf gzpahw;wpdhu;.

upr;ru;l; fyd;l; Nfg; lTd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; nghJ rl;lj;jpy; ,iz Nguhrpupau; Mthu;;

2001 Mk; Mz;by; mtu; Muk;gpj;j jpwe;j [dehaf mwpTiu ikak; ( Open

Democracy Advice Centre) ikaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpapd; RahjPdkhf

jftiy mZfy; Nky;KiwaPl;L rigapd; cWg;gpdu;.

,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;ij gw;wpa tpsf;f ciufSk ... · i nghUslf;fk; KfTiu iii jtprhsu;...

Documents

Transcript of ,yq;ifapd; jftYf;fhd chpikr; rl;lj;ij gw;wpa tpsf;f ciufSk ... · i nghUslf;fk; KfTiu iii jtprhsu;...