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Management information systemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage

themselves efficiently and effectively.[1]

Managementinformation systemsare typically computer systems used

for managing five primary components: 1.) Hardware, 2.) Software, 3.) Data (information for decision making),

4.) Procedures (design,development and documentation), and 5.) People (individuals, groups, or

organizations).Managementinformation systems are distinct from otherinformation systems, in that they are

used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities.[2]

Academically, the term is commonly used to

refer to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and

utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including

systems termeddecision support systems,expert systems, andexecutive information systems.[2]

Most

business schools (or colleges of business administration within universities) have an MIS department,

alongside departments ofaccounting,finance,management,marketing, and sometimes others, and grant

degrees (atundergrad,masters, andPhDlevels) in MIS.

Contents

[hide]

1 Overview

2 History

3 Types and Terminology

4 Advantages

5 Enterprise applications

6 Developing Information Systems

7 See also

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ien-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_information_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-obrien-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TONEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Management_information_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edit

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8 References

9 External links

Overview[edit]This section does notciteanyreferences

or sources. Please help improve this

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challenged andremoved.(May 2013)

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Statements consisting only of original

research may be removed. (November 2012)

A management information system gives the business managers the information that they need to make

decisions. Early business computers were used for simple operations such as tracking inventory, billing, sales,

or payroll data, with little detail or structure[3]

(seeEDP). Over time, thesecomputer applicationsbecame more

complex,hardwarestorage capacitiesgrew, and technologies improved for connecting previouslyisolated

applications. As more data was stored and linked, managers sought greater abstraction as well as greater

detail with the aim of creating significant management reports from the raw, stored data. Originally, the term

"MIS" described applications providing managers with information about sales, inventories, and other data that

would help in managing the enterprise. Over time, the term broadened to include:decision support

systems,resource managementandhuman resource management,enterprise resource

planning(ERP),enterprise performance management(EPM),supply chain management(SCM),customer

relationship management(CRM),project managementand database retrieval applications.

History[edit]

Kenneth and Jane Laudon identify five eras of MIS evolution corresponding to the five phases in the

development ofcomputingtechnology: 1) mainframe and minicomputer computing, 2) personal computers, 3)

client/server networks, 4) enterprise computing, and 5) cloud computing.[4]

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The first era (mainframe and minicomputer) was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers; these computers

would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them - IBM supplied the hardware and the software.

As technology advanced, these computers were able to handle greater capacities and therefore reduce their

cost. Smaller, more affordable minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their own computing centers in-

house.

The second era (personal computer) began in 1965 as microprocessors started to compete with mainframes

and minicomputers and accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power from large data centers to

smaller offices. In the late 1970s minicomputer technology gave way to personal computers and relatively low

cost computers were becoming mass market commodities, allowing businesses to provide their employees

access to computing power that ten years before would have cost tens of thousands of dollars. This

proliferation of computers created a ready market for interconnecting networks and the popularization of the

Internet.

As technological complexity increased and costs decreased, the need to share information within an enterprise

also grewgiving rise to the third era (client/server), in which computers on a common network access shared

information on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data simultaneously.

The fourth era (enterprise) enabled by high speed networks, tied all aspects of the business enterprise together

offering rich information access encompassing the complete management structure.

The fifth era (cloud computing) is the latest and employs networking technology to deliver applications as well

as data storage independent of the configuration, location or nature of the hardware. This, along with high

speedcellphoneandwifinetworks, led to new levels of mobility in which managers access the MIS remotely

with laptops, tablet PCs, and smartphones.

Types and Terminology

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