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I@IBRFE@ WMZ@EZCFA

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Zl` wmz`ezcfa a`v`a fdrmtt zl` i`ibrfe` zlfzwr`v`ezt e`z jcooptcme mo fe cme ce `czl`rjcr`dzcme zlrmpnl zl` i`ibrfe` ct dfaa`j zl`

E@RETZ WMZ@EZCFA omr zlfz cme @|wr`tt`j ft E`retz @vpfzcme ,rfzcm mo zl` cme

dmed`ezrfzcme me zl` z~m tcj`t mo zl`i`ibrfe`#

Zl`5 ct zl` vfap` mo zl` rfzcm! zl`5 ct zl`z`ej`eds omr zl` cmet zm jcoopt` ce me` jcr`dzcme

95 zlct i`fet zlfz zl` E`retz wmz`ezcfa ct 5

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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E@PRMET bftcd bpcajcen bamdkt mo zl` ET

Tw`dcfacx`j opedzcme8 zrfeticttcme mo e`rv`

ciwpat`t(( zl`r` fr` 677 bcaacme e`prmet ce zl` lpife

e`rvmpt tstz`i

I`ibrfe` Wmz`ezcfa ,IW# mo afrn` e`rv` ocb`rt ctfbmpz )37I_ 9# zlct wmz`ezcfa cetcj` zl` ocb`rct 37I_ IMR@ E@NFZC_@ zlfe zl` wmz`ezcface zl` @DO me zl` mpztcj` mo zl` ocb`r

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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ZLCT IW CT FOO@DZ@J BS ZL@ OMAAM^CEN86% Fdzcv` zrfetwmrz mo tmjcpi fej wmzfttcpi

zlrmpnl zl` i`ibrfe` zlct dfpt`t afrn`

dmed`ezrfzcme nrfjc`ez omr Ef+ fej K+ fdrmttzl` r`tzcen e`rv` i`ibrfe`

2% A`fkfn` mo Ef+ fej K+ zlrp zl` e`rv`i`ibrfe` zlct dfaa`j zl` wmzfttcpi)tmjcpi

a`fk dlfee`a! ~czl imr` `iwlftct mewmzfttcpi a`fkfn`! ~czl zl` dlfee`at ofr imr`w`ri`fba` zm wmzfttcpi zlfe zm tmjcpi zlctct ciwmrzfez ce j`z`ricecen zl` a`v`a mo zl`emrifa r`tzcen IW

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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6% d`aa bmjs ifcezfcet zl` opedzcmefa fejfefzmicd cez`nrczs mo zl` e`prme

2% j`ejrcz` r`d`cv`t i`ttfn`t ce zl` omri mociwpat`t omr zl` e`prme4% f|me zrfeticzt ciwpat`t zm mzl`r e`prmet

mr zm `ej mrnfet

:% emj` mo Rfevc`r cedr`ft`t zl` tw``j mociwpat` dmejpdzcme

0% z`ricefa bpzzmet tzmr` tsefwzcd nrfepa`tt`dr`z`j bs zl` e`rv`

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E`rv` tcnefat fr` zrfeticzz`j bs FDZCMEWMZ@EZCFA ,~lcdl fr` rfwcj dlfen`t ce zl`

i`ibrfe` wmz`ezcfa# B`ncet ~czl8 tpjj`e dlfen` ormi zl` emrifa

r`tzcen e`nfzcv` wmz`ezcfa zm f wmtczcv`i`ibrfe` wmz`ezcfa `ejt ~czl fe faimtz

`pfaas rfwcj dlfen` bfdk zm zl` e`nfzcv`wmz`ezcfa ,T`` Ocn% 0%? z`|zbmmk#

@\WAMTC_@ ce met`z fej faimtz `pfaas ftrfwcj r`dmv`rs

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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Zlct ct zl` `a`dzrcdfa wl`emi`eme ce e`rv` d`aat%

ZSW@T MO TZCIPAPT LCDL IFS @\DCZ@ZL@E@R_@8

6% i`dlfecdfa2% dl`icdfa

4% `a`dzrcdfa:% zl`rifa

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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Med` zl` e`rv` lft b``e tzcipafz`j!Z^M zsw`t

mo wlstcdm)dl`icdfa jctzprbfed`t fr`

wrmjpd`j86% amdfa! emewrmwfnfz`j wmz`ezcfat dfaa`j

tsefwzcd! n`e`rfzmr mr `a`dzrmzmecdwmz`ezcfat

2% wrmwfnfz`j jctzprbfed`t dfaa`j E@R_@CIWPAT@T ~lcdl fr` zl` pecv`rtfa afenpfn`

mo zl` e`rvmpt tstz`i

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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(( Zl` ciwpat` ct emrifaas zrfeticzz`j mrdmejpdz`j famen zl` f|me zm czt z`ricefzcme%

DMEJPDZCME ) ct fe fdzcv`! t`ao)wrmwfnfzcenwrmd`tt zlfz r`pcr`t `|w`ejczpr` mo `e`rnsbs zl` e`rv` fej zl` ciwpat` imv`t famen

zl` e`rv` fz f dmetzfez fiwaczpj` fejv`amdczs(( zl`r` fr` `a`dzrcdfa wmz`ezcfa dlfen`t

ce f e`rv` ~l`e cz dmejpdzt ciwpat`t

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Zm dmejpdz f e`rv` tcnefa! zl` fdzcme

wmz`ezcfa imv`t famen zl` e`rv` ocb`r pezca cz

dmi`t zm zl` ocb`rt `ej 6% R@TZCEN TZFN@ ,)>7I_# zlct ct zl`

r`tzcen i`ibrfe` wmz`ezcfa b`omr` zl` fdzcmewmz`ezcfa mddprt; zl` i`ibrfe` ct tfcj zm b`wmafrcx`j jprcen zlct tzfn` b`dfpt` mo zl`afrn` e`nfzcv` i`ibrfe` wmz`ezcfa zlfz ct

wr`t`ez

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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2%J@WMAFRCX@J TZFN@ zl` i`ibrfe`b`dmi`t TPJJ@EAS w`ri`fba` zm Ef+ cmet!faam~cen zr`i`ejmpt epib`rt mo wmtczcv`as

dlfrn`j Ef+ cmet zm oam~ zm zl` cez`rcmr mo zl`f|me; zl` wmz`ezcfa rct`t RFWCJAS ce zl` wmtczcv`jcr`dzcme

( ce afrn` e`rv` ocb`rt zl` IW mv`rtlmmzt

b`smej zl` x`rm a`v`a fej b`dmi`t tmi`~lfzwmtczcv` (ce tifaa`r e`rv` ocb`rt zl` IW i`r`as

fwwrmfdl`t zl` x`rm a`v`a fej jm`t emzmv`rtlmmz zm zl` wmtczcv` tzfz`

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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4% R@WMAFRCXFZCME TZFN@ f o`~

t`dmejt foz`r zl` i`ibrfe` b`dmi`t lcnlas

w`ri`fba` zm tmjcpi cmet! zl` tmjcpidlfee`at mw`e imr` zlfe zl`s emrifaas jm;

zl`e zl` rfwcj jcooptcme mo wmzfttcpi cmet zmzl` `|z`rcmr r`)`tzfbactl`t zl` emrifa

e`nfzcv` r`tzcen IW

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Tzcipapt Frzcofdz dprr`ez a`fkfn` ormi zl`

tzcipafzcen `a`dzrmj`t zm zl` r`dmrjcen

`a`dzrmj`t ifrkt zl` wmcez fz ~lcdl zl`tzcipapt ~ft fwwac`j

Afz`ez W`rcmj dmrr`twmejt zm zl` zci` czzfk`t zl` ciwpat` zm zrfv`a famen zl` f|me

ormi zl` tcz` mo tzcipafzcme zm zl` r`dmrjcen`a`dzrmj`t

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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Ocrcen A``a ifrkt zl` wmcez fz ~lcdl zl`

dlfen` ce rfz` mo j`wmafrcxfzcme mddprt

Twck` Wmz`ezcfa tlfrw rct` fej rfwcj ofaa

Foz`r)J wmafrcxfzcme ) tam~`r ofaa fz zl` `ej mo

zl` wrmd`tt

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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6% zl`r` ct fe cedr`ft` ce i`ibrfe`

w`ri`fbcaczs zm Ef+ ! zl`r`omr`! Ef+ ceoap|

2% zl` `a`dzrcdfa fej dmed`ezrfzcme nrfjc`ezt omrEf+ fr` bmzl jcr`dz`j ce~frj! zl`r`omr`! Ef+

ceoap| oprzl`r am~`rt zl` i`ibrfe` wmz`ezcfafej Ef+ w`ri`fbcaczs ct oprzl`r cedr`ft`j

4% zlct Ef+ ceoap| ~caa mv`rdmi` zl` r`wmafrcxcenwrmd`tt , K+ nmcen mpz mo zl` d`aa# fej zlct

~caa wrmjpd` zl` twck` wmz`ezcfa

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:% zl`e foz`r tmi`zci`! zl` `a`dzrcdfa nrfjc`ez

omr Ef+ ct r`v`rt`j ,jprcen zl` mv`rtlmmz#

b`dfpt` zl` i`ibrfe` wmz`ezcfa ct r`v`rt`j%Zl`e zl` Ef+ w`ri`fbcaczs ct tlmrzacv`j zl`t` ofdzmrt ~caa em~ acicz Ef+ ceoap| fejl`aw brcen fbmpz r`wmafrcxfzcme

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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0% Femzl`r ofdzmr wrmjpdcen r`wmafrcxfzcme mo zl`

e`rv` i`ibrfe` ct zl` cedr`ft` ce K+

w`ri`fbcaczs zlfz omaam~t zlfz mo Ef+))) tzfrzt imr` tam~as fej r`fdl`t f w`fk jprcen

zl` ofaacen wlft` mo zl` fdzcme wmz`ezcfa fz zlctwmcez K+ jcoopt`t mpz mo zl` d`aa

?% Zl` r`tpazcen e`z zrfeto`r mo wmtczcv` dlfrn`

mpz mo zl` d`aa dmiwa`z`t R@WMAFRCXFZCME

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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E`nfzcv`asDlfrn`j CMET ,FECMET# cetcj`

zl` f|met) zl`s dfe emz nm zlrp zl`

i`ibrfe` dlfee`at; @\FIWA@T8 fecmet mowrmz`cet ima`dpa`t; mrnfecd wlmtwlfz`

dmiwmpejt; tpaofz` dmiwmpejt

Dfadcpi Cmet b`cen zrfetwmrz`j zlrp zl`

dfadcpi wpiw ~lcdl ct tcicafr zm Tmjcpiwpiw ,bpz dfadcpi dlfee`at fr` tam~

dlfee`at! ~lca` zl` tmjcpi dlfee`at fr` oftz

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Dfadcpi dlfee`at fr` epi`rmpt ce bmzl

dfrjcfd iptda` fej timmzl iptda`! fej zl`

oftz tmjcpi dlfee`at fr` lfrjas wr`t`ez8ZLPT ZL@FDZCME WMZ@EZCFAT MO ZL@T@

IPTDA@T FR@FAIMTZ @EZCR@ASDFPT@JBS ZL@FDZCME MO ZL@ TAM^DFADCPI

DLFEE@AT%

8/3/2019 Membrane Potential [Gen Physio]

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Fe fdzcme wmz`ezcfa `acdcz`j fz fes me` wmcez mefe `|dczfba` i`ibrfe` ptpfaas `|dcz`t fjhfd`ezwmrzcmet mo zl` i`ibrfe`

Zl`t` ~caa r`tpaz ce wrmwfnfzcme mo FDZCMEWMZ@EZCFA

Zl` fdzcme wmz`ezcfa twr`fjt ce fe `|wamtcv`ifee`r! dfptcen fej wrmjpdcen amdfa dcrdpczt modprr`ez oam~ tzcaa oprzl`r famen zl` `ezcr`i`ibrfe` dfptcen wrmnr`ttcv`as imr` fejimr` j`wmafrcxfzcme pezca zl` j`wmafrcxfzcmezrfv`at famen zl` `ezcr` `|z`ez mo zl` ocb`r%

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Zl` jcr`dzcme mo wrmwfnfzcme ct emz meas ce f

tcena` jcr`dzcme! bpz zl` fdzcme wmz`ezcfa

zrfv`at ce bmzl jcr`dzcmet f~fs ormi zl`tzcipapt

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6% ZLR@TLMAJ CEZ@ETCZS icecipi

fimpez mo cez`etczs mo tzcipapt zlfz

~caa wrmjpd` fe ciwpat`! fej zl`r`omr`! fefdzcme wmz`ezcfa

2% Tpbzlr`tlmaj Cez`etczs cez`etczs motzcipapt ~lcdl ~caa emz wrmjpd` fe

fdzcme wmz`ezcfa mr ciwpat`

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4% FAA mr EME@ AF^ zl` af~ i`fet zlfz f

tzcipapt fz zlr`tlmaj cez`etczs ~caa wrmjpd`

fe ciwpat`; cedr`ftcen cz ~caa emz foo`dz zl`wrmjpd`j ciwpat` fej j`dr`ftcen cz ~caa

wrmjpd` em ciwpat` fz faa(( f tzcipapt wrmjpd`t f wfrzcdpafr r`twmet`

mr EME@ fz faa(( Zlct fwwac`t zm FAA EMRIFA @\DCZFBA@

ZCTTP@T

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Tzcipapt mo `|zr`i`as tlmrz jprfzcmeTzcipapt mo `|zr`i`as tlmrz jprfzcme

~caa emz `|dcz` zl` e`rv` em ifzz`r

lm~ cez`et` zlct wfrzcdpafr tzcipapt ct

^`fkTzcipapt^`fkTzcipapt em r`twmet` mddprt em ifzz`rlm~ amen zl` tzcipapt ct fwwac`j

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FddmimjfzcmeFddmimjfzcme wrmd`tt ~l`r`ce zl` e`rv`

fjfwzt zm zl` fwwac`j tzcipapt

,co zl` tzcipapt ofca zm ocr` zl` e`rv`!zl`r`omr`! em ciwpat` mr fdzcme wmz`ezcfa

ct wrmjpd`j#

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Fbtmapz` R`orfdzmrs W`rcmjFbtmapz` R`orfdzmrs W`rcmj w`rcmj ~l`r`ce

em tzcipapt! em ifzz`r lm~ tzrmen! ~caa

`|dcz` zl` e`rv` dmrr`twmejt zm zl`w`rcmj ormi zl` zci` zl` ocrcen a`v`a ct

r`fdl`j pezca r`wmafrcxfzcme ct fbmpz me`zlcrj dmiwa`z`

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R`afzc` R`orfdzmrs W`rcmjR`afzc` R`orfdzmrs W`rcmj omaam~t fbtmapz`

r`orfdzmrs w`rcmj pw zm zl` tzfrz mo foz`r)

j`wmafrcxfzcme jprcen zlct w`rcmj! tzrmen`rzlfe emrifa tzcipac dfe dfpt` `|dczfzcme

If|cifaTzcipaptIf|cifaTzcipapt tzcipapt zlfz wrmjpd`t

`|dczfzcme mo faa zl` f|met ce f w`rcwl`rfae`rv`

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TfazfzmrsTfazfzmrs DmejpdzcmeDmejpdzcme hpiwcen moj`wmafrcxfzcme ormi me` emj` mo Rfevc`r zm

zl` e`|

z; zlct cedr`ft`t zl` tw``j modmejpdzcme mo ciwpat`((Omr peis`acefz`j e`prmet tw``j

mo dmejpdzcme cedr`ft`t ~czl zl`

tpfr` rmmz mo zl` f|me jcfi`z`r((Omr is`acefz`j e`prmet tw``j modmejpdzcme cedr`ft`t jcr`dzas ~czl zl`jcfi`z`r mo zl` f|me

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Tzpjs me8

Rlszlicdczs mo d`rzfce `|dczfba` zcttp`t

r`w`zczcv` jctdlfrn` @|dczfzcme zl` wrmd`tt mo `acdczcen zl` Fdzcme

Wmz`ezcfa

Celcbczcme mo@|dczfbcaczs tzfbcacx`rt fej

amdfa fef`tzl`zcdt