Franz Boas Sapir

7/29/2019 Franz Boas Sapir

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Edward Sapir

Franz Boas

International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 10, No. 1. (May, 1939), pp. 58-63.

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58 I N T E R N A T I O N A L J O U R N A L O F A M E R I C A N L I N G U I S T I C S VOL. X

EDWARD SAPIR t

With the death of Edward Sapir whichoccurred on the fourth of February passedaway one of the mopt brilliant scholars inlinguistics and anthropology of our country.Born in Germany on January 26, 1884, hewas taken by his parents to America whenfive years old.

After obtaining the Bachelor's degree ofColumbia College in 1904, he continued inthe graduate school, devoting himself firstto the study of Germanics. Soon his interestsbroadened and he acquired knowledge in awide field of linguistics. This brought himinto contact not only with Semitic languagesbut also with the many languages of Ameri-can Indians and indirectly with anthro-pology.I n 1905, while still a student a t ColumbiaUniversity, he studied the language andcustoms of the Wishram, a tribe living onlower Columbia River. The grammaticalresults of this investigation were pub-lished in the Handbook of American IndianLanguages, while the texts appeared as thesecond volume of the Publications of theAmerican Ethnological Society.

I n 1906, while still a t Columbia, he madea study of the language of the TakelmaIndians of Oregon, planned as part of thegeneral Handbook of American IndianLanguages published by the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology. The grammar resultingfrom these studies showed his understandingfor unusual forms of linguistic expression.In 1907 and 1908 he went to Californiawhere he undertook linguistic field studiesamong the Yana Indians, the results of whichwere published in 1910 by the University ofCalifornia. Later on he returned to thissubject in 1922, 1923, and 1929. After a yearhe came back to Columbia University, wherehe obtained the degree of Doctor of Philo-sophy. Even before this he was called to the

University of Pennsylvania, where he wasinstructor from 1908-1910 and where hepublished the Takelma Texts on which hisgrammar was based. While in Philadelphia,he had the opportunity to study Paiutewith a native resident in that city, theresults of which were not published until1931, the first thorough study of one of theimportant languages of the ShoshonianGroup. This led to a careful comparison ofNahuatl and Southern Paiute, published bythe Socihth des Amkricanistes of Paris in1913 and 1915.

In 1910 he was called to Ottawa t o organizeanthropological work under the auspices ofthe Geological Survey which had carried onincidental anthropological work under thedirection of GeorgeM. Dawson. His principalwork in Canada related to the natives of t hewest coast of Vancouver Island and to theAthapascan tribes. Particularly the latterwere the center of his attention for manyyears and his own studies as well as, in lateryears, those of his students constituted muchof what we know about this widely scatteredgroup. After the first few years, largelyowing to the World War, interest of theCanadian government in anthropological andlinguistic matters waned and he accepted acall to the University of Chicago in 1925, firstas associate professor of anthropology, thenin 1927 as professor of anthropology andgeneral linguistics. I n 1931 he received a callboth to Columbia and Yale Universities, andaccepted the call to Yale, where he servedas professor of anthropology and linguisticsuntil his death.

Only his outstanding field studies can bementioned here. He summarized his generalviews on linguistics in his excellent shortbook "Language", 1921, which undoubtedlyhas had a strong influence on linguisticscience. His interest was primarily historical,


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and with a phenomenal knowledge of a widefield of facts he combined a rare intuition.The strictness of phonetic methods and thegeneral adoption of phonemic principles inthe study of primitive languages are largelydue to him. His attempts of elucidatingearlierrelationships of American languages amongthemselves and with Asiatic languagesshow his interest in the historical problem.It is still doubtful how far earlierrelationshipscan be reconstructed, but the problemremains with us and will always challengeour attention. His last published paper onglottalized consonants in a number of langu-ages and the application of his results toIndo-European are brilliant examples of hismethods.The presence of a Gwabo native fromWest Africa in the United States gave himthe opportunity to make a careful study ofthe musical pattern of the language. Thegrammar which he worked out in cooperationwith Dr. George Herzog still awaits publica-tion.His anthropological publications are lessnumerous, but important. The linguisticmaterial collected by him contains, naturally,much anthropological information, but healso paid attention to more general problems.Such are embodied in his papers on "Termsof Relationship and the Levirate," on "TimePerspective in Aboriginal American Cul-tures," on "Culture, Genuine and Spurious".In later years his interest was centered onproblems of personality.His early death has deprived us of one ofthe leaders in both linguistic and anthro-pological thought. Those who knew himpersonally, his willingness to give liberally ofhis knowledge and ideas, will miss hirnkeenly.His work will live not only in his writingsbut also in the students he has trained andamong whom he has established methods ofconscientious painstaking work.

February 1939 FRANZOASColumbia University

SAF'IR t 69BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EDWARD SAPIR.

1907Religious Ideas of the Takelma Indians of South-western Oregon. Journal of American Folk-

Lore, Vol. 20, pp. 33-49.Notes on the Takelma Indians of SouthwesternOregon. American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 9,pp. 251-275.Preliminary Report on the Language and Mytho-logy of the Upper Chinook. IEd., Vol. 9,pp. 533-544.1908

Herder's "Ursprung der Sprache". Modern. Philo-logy, Vol. 5, pp. 109-142.

1909Takelma Texts. University of Pennsylvania, TheMuseum, Anthropological Publications, Vol. 2,pp. 1-263.Wishram Texts, together with Wasco Tales andMyths (collected by Jeremiah Curtin). Publi-cations of the American Ethmlogical Society,Vol. 2, Leyden. pp. xv, 314.1910

Song Recitative in Paiute Mythology. Journcsl ofAmerican Folk-Lore, Vol. 23, pp. 45.5472.Yana Texts, together with Yana Myths. (Collectedby Roland B. Dixon). University of CaliforniaPubliccatwns in Americcln Archaeology andEthnology, Vol. 9, pp. 1-235.

Some Aspects of Nootka Language and Culture.American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 13,pp. 15-28.The Problem of Noun Incorporation in AmericanLanguages. Ibid., Vol. 13, pp. 250-282.The History an d Varieties of Human Speech.Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 79, pp. 45-67.1912

Language and Environment. Americctn Anthro-pologist, N.S., Vol. 14, pp. 226-242.The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon.Handbook of American Indian Langwcgea,Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40,part 2, pp. 1-296.The Indians of t he Province [of British Columbia].(I n: British Columbia, itsHistory, People, Com-merce, Industries, and Resources; London,Sells Ltd.), pp. 135-140.


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60 INTERNATION AL JOUR NAL OF AMERICAN LING UIST ICS VOL. XThe Indians of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Mani-toba. (I n The Prair ie Provinces, London,Sells Ltd.).Review: A. A. Goldenweiser: Totemism, an Ana-lytical Study. Psychological Bullet in, Vol. 9 ,pp. 454-461.Review : Franz Boas : Kwakiutl Tales. CurrentAnthropological Literature, Vol. 1, pp. 193-198.Review: Carl Stumpf: Die Anfiinge der Musik.Current Anthropological Literature, Vol. 1,pp . 275-282.

1913A Note on Reciprocal Terms of Relationship inAmerica. Ame rican Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 15,pp. 132-138.A Tutelo Vocabulary. Ib id . , Vol. 15, pp. 295-297.Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a Study in Uto-Aztekan, Part I. Journal de la Sociktd desAmt i can i s t ee de Par i s , N.S., Vol. 10 , pp. 3 7 9 -4 2 5 .A Girls' Puberty Ceremony among the NootkaIndians. Tra nsa ction s of the Ro ya l Society ofCanada, 3rd Series, Vol. 7 , pp. 67-80.Review: Carl Meinhof :Die Sprachen der Hamiten.Curre nt Anthropological Literature, Vol. 2,pp. 21-27.Review: Erich M. von Hornbostel: Uber ein aku-stisches Kriterium fiir Kulturzusarnmenhiinge.Current Anthropological Literature, Vol. 2 ,pp. 69-72.Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin Languages of Cali-fornia. American Anthropologist , N.S., Vol. 15,pp. 617-646.

Notes on Chasta Casta Phonology and Morphology.Un iver sity of Pen nsy lvan ia, AnthropologicaPubl icat ions, Vol. 2, pp. 271-340.Indian Tribes of the Coast [of British Columbia].Cana da and i t s Provinces, Vol. 21, pp. 313-346.

Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a Study in UtoAztekan, Part 11. American Anthropologist 'N.S., Vol. 17, pp. 98-120, 306-328.Reprinted in Journal de la Socidtd des Amdri -mn i s t e s de Par i s , N. S., Vol. 11 , pp. 443-488.Abnormal Types of Speech in Nootka. GeologicalSu rv ey of Ca nada, Memoir 62, AnthropologicalSeries 5, pp . 1-21.Noun Reduplication in Comox, a Salish Languageof Vancouver Island. Geological Survey ofCanada, Memoir 63, Anthropological Series 6 ,pp. 1-53.

The Na-dene Languages, a Preliminary Report.American Anthropologist , N.S., Vol. 17, pp. 5 3 4 -558.A Sketch of t he Social Organization of the NassRiver Indians. Geological Su rv ey of Can ada ,Bulletin 19 , Anthropological Series 7, pp. 1-30.Notes on Judeo-German Phonology. Jewi sh Quarterly Review, N.S., Vol. 6, pp. 231-266. The Social Organization of the West Coast Tribes. Tra nsa ction s of the Ro yal Society of C ana da,Series 3, Vol. 9, pp. 355-374.Corrigenda to Father Morice's "Chasta Costs, andthe Dene Languages of th e North." AmericanAnthropologist , N.S., Vol. 17, pp. 765-773.

Terms of Relationship and the Levirate. AmericanAnthropologist , N.S., Vol. 18, pp. 327-337.Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture,A Study in Method. Geological Su rve y of Ca nad a,Memoir 70, Anthropological Series 13 , pp. 1-87.Review :English-Yiddish Encyclopedic Dictionary,edited by P. Abelson, New York. Jewi shQuarterly , Vol. 7, pp. 140-143.

1917The Position of Yana in the Hokan Stock. Univer -si ty of C alifo rnia Publication s in Amer ican

Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 13 , pp. 1-34.The Hokan and Coahuiltecan Languages. In ter-national Journa l of A me rica n Linguist ics,Vol. 1, pp. 280-290.A Note on the First Person Plural in Chirnariko.In terna t ional J o u m l of Am er ican L ingui s ti c s ,Vol. 1, pp. 291-294.Review : 0.Pfister : The Psychoanalytic Method.Dia l , Vol. 6 3, pp. 267-269.Do We Need a "Superorganic" ? American Anthro-pologist, N.S., Vol. 19 , pp. 441-447.Linguistic Publications of the Bureau of AmericanEthnology, a General Review. InternationalJou rna l of Am erican Linguist ics, Vol. 1, pp. 76-81 .Review: C. C. Uhlenbeck: Het Passieve Karaktervan he t Verbum Transitivum of van het Ver-bum Actionis in Talen van Noord-Amerika.International Jou rna l of A merica n Linguist ics,Vol. 1, pp. 82-86.Review: C. C. Uhlenbeck: Het IdentificeerendKarakter der Possessieve Flexie in Talen vanNoord-Amerika. International Jou rna l of Am e-rican Linguist ics, Vol. 1, pp. 86-90.Review: S. Freud: Delusion and Dream. Dial ,Vol. 63, pp. 635-637.


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1918Yana Terms of Relationship. Un iver si ty of Ca li-fornia Publ icat ions i n American Archaeologyand Ethnology , Vol. 13, pp. 153-173.Representative Music. Musical Quarter ly , Vol. 4,pp. 161-167.Kinship Terms of the Kootenay Ind ians. Ame r i c an Anthropologist , N.S., Vol. 20, pp. 414-418. Review: S. Butler: God the Known and God the Unknown. Di al , Vol. 64, pp. 192-194.

1919Review: C. Wissler: The American Indian. N e wR e p b l i c , Vol. 19, pp. 189-191.Corrigenda and Addenda to W. D. Wallis: Indo-germanic Relationship Terms as HistoricalEvidence. American Anthropologis t , N.S., Vol.

21, pp. 318-328.

Nass River Terms of Relat ionship. Ame r i c an Anthropologist , N.S., Vol. 22, pp. 261-271. Review: R. H. Lowie: Primitive Society. Fre e man, Vol. 1, pp. 377-379.Review: R. H. Lowie: Primitive Society. N at i on ,V O ~ .111, pp. 46-47.Review: R. H. Lowie: Primitive Society. Dirnl,Vol. 69, pp. 528-533.Review: J. Alden Mason: The Language of theSalinan Indians. Internat ional Journal ofAmerican Linguis t ics , Vol. 1, pp. 305-309.

1921The Life of a Nootka In dian. Queen's Quarter l?~,Vol. 28, pp. 232-243, 351-367.The Musical Foundations of Verse. Journal ofEngl i sh and Gernbanic Phi lology , Vol. 20,pp. 213-228.Language, an Introduction t o the Study of Speech.New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company.pp. vii, 258.A Character istic Penutian Form of Stem. In t e r -nat ional Jour nal of Am erican Lingu is t ics , Vol. 2,pp. 58-67.A Supplementary Note on Salinan and Washo.International Journ al of Am erican Lingu ist ics,Vol. 2, pp. 68-72.Review: W. A. Mason: A His tory of t he Art ofWriting. Fre e man, Vol. 4, pp. 68-69.Review: H. B. Alexander: Latin American [Nytho-logy]. N a t i o n , Vol. 112, pp. 888-890.Review of Vols. 3, 11, 12, of The Mythology of AllRaces. Di al , Vol. 71, pp. 107-111.Review: W. H. R. Rivers: Instinct and the Un-conscious. F ~ e e m a n ,Vol. 5, pp. 357-358.

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Sayach'apis, a Nootka Trader. (I n AmericanIndian Life, edited by Elsie Clews Parsons),pp. 297-323.Vancouver Island Indians. Article in Encyclopaediaof R eligio n and Ethic s, edited by JamesHastings, Vol. 12, pp. 591-595.The Fundamen tal Elements of Northern Yana.Univers i ty of Cal i fornia Publications i n Amcri -can Archaeology and Ethn olog y, 5701. 13, pp. 215-234.Review: American Indian Life. Dial , Vol. 73,pp. 568-571.

A Note on Sarcee Pottery. Ame r i c an Ant hropo-logist, N.S., Vol. 25, pp. 247-253.A Type of Athabaskan Relative. InternationalJou rna l of America,n Linguist ics, Vol. 2, pp. 136-142.The Phonetics of Haida. Ib i d . , Vol. 2, pp. 143-158.Text Analyses of Three Yana Dialects. Univers i tyof Cal i fornia Pz~bl icat ions n Am erican Archae-ology and Ethnology, Vol. 20, pp. 263-294.The Algonkin Affinity of Yurok and Wiyot KinshipTerms. Journal dt. la Sociktd des Anbdricanistesde Paris, N.S., Vol. 15, pp. 36-74.With Hsu Tsan Hwa: Two Chinese Folk-Tales.Jour nal of American Fo lk-L ow , Vol. 36,pp. 23-30.

With Hsu Tsan Hwa : Humor of the Chinese Folk.Ibid. , Vol. 36, pp. 31-35.Review: C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards: TheMeaning of Xeaning. Fre e man, Vol. 7, pp. 572-573.Review :Truman Rlichelson :The Owl Sacred Packof the Fox Indians . Internat ional Journal ofAme r i c an L i ngui st ic s , Vol. 2, pp. 182-184.Review: C. G. Jung: Psychological Types.Fre e man, Vol. 8, pp. 211-212.

The Grammarian and His Language. AmericanM e r c u r y , Vol. 1, pp. 149-155.Culture, Genuine and Spurious. Ame r i c an J ournalof Sociology, Vol. 29, pp. 401-429.Personal Names among the Sarcee Indians.Am erican Antitropologist, N.S., Vol. 26, pp. 108-119.Racial Superiority. M e norah J ournal , Vol. 10,pp. 200-212.The Rival Whalers, a Nitina t Story (NootkaText with Translation and Grammatical Ana-lysis). International Jou rna l of America n L in -guist ics, Vol. 3, pp. 76-102.


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With Marius Barbeau: Folk Songs of FrenchCanada. New Haven, Yale University Press.pp. xxii, 216.Sound Patterns in Language. Language, Vol. 1,PP. 37-5 1.~ h e ~ o k a nffinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua.Part I. American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 27,pp. 402-435. Part 11. Ibid., Vol. 27, pp. 491-527.Memorandum on the Problem of an InternationalAuxiliary Language. Romanic Review, Vol. 16,pp. 244-256.Pitch Accent in Sarcee, an Athabaskan Language.Journal de la SociBB des Ambicanistes de Paris,N.S., Vol. 17, pp. 185-205.Review : P. Radin: Monotheism among PrimitivePeoples. Menorah Joumzal, Vol. 11, pp. 524-527.Review: Les Langues du Monde, par un groupe delinguistes sous la direction de A. Meillet etMarcel Cohen. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 40,pp. 373-375.

1926A Chinookan Phonetic Law. International Journalof American Linguistics , Vol. 4, pp. 105-110.Philology. Article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica,The Three New Supplementary Volumes,Thirteenth Edition, Vol. 3, pp. 112-115.Review : Ludwig Lewisohn: Israel. MenorahJournal, Vol. 12, pp. 214-218.

Speech as a Personality Trait. American Journalof Sociology, Vol. 32, pp. 892-905. [Reprintedfrom Mental Health Bulletin, Illinois Society forMental Hygiene, December 1926.1Language as a Form of Hum an Behavior. EnglishJournal, Vol. 16, pp. 421-433.Anthropology an d Sociology. ( In The SocialSciences and their Interrelations, edited byW. F. Ogburn and A. Goldenweiser), Chapter 9,pp. 97-113.

The Unconscious Pat terning of BBhavior in Society.(In The Unconscious, a Symposium, ed. byEthel S. Dummers, New York, Alfred A.Knopf), pp. 114-142.Review : Jean Piaget : The Language and Thoughtof the Child. New Republic, Vol. 50, pp. 350-351.1928

Observations on the Sex Problem in America.American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 8,pp. 519-534.

Review: The Book of American Negro Spirituals,edited by James Weldon Johnson. Journal ofAmerican Folk-Lore, Vol. 41, pp. 172-174.

Religions and Religious Phenomena. (I n Man andhis World, edited by Baker Brownell, NewYork, D. Van Nostrand), Vol. 11, pp. 1-33.With Charles G. Blooah: Some Gweabo Proverbs.Africa, Vol. 2, pp. 183-185.A Study in Phonetic Symbolism. Journal ofExperimental Psychology, Vol. 12, pp. 225-239.Male and Female Forms of Speech in Yana. ( InDonum Natalicium Schrijnen, ed. by St. W. J .Teeuwen, Nijmegen-Utrecht). pp. 79-85.The Status of Linguistics as a Science. Language,Vol. 5, pp. 207-214.Central and North American Languages. Articlein the Encyclopedia Britannica, FourteenthEdition, Vol. 5, pp. 138-141.Review : Franz Boas: Anthropology and ModernLife. New Republic, Vol. 57, pp.-278-279.

What is the Family Still Good For? AmericanMercury, Vol. 19, pp. 145-151.Totality. Language Monograph, published by theLinguistic Society of America, No. 6, pp. 28.

With Leslie Spier: Wishram Ethnography. Uni-versity of Washington Publications in Anthro-pology, Vo1. 3, pp. 151-300.The Southern Paiute Language: Southern Paiute,A Shoshonean Language; Texts of the KaibabPaiutes and Uintah Utes; Southern PaiuteDictionary. Proceedings of the American Aca-demy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 65, pp. 1-296,297-536, 537-730.

1931The Concept of Phonetic Law as Tested in Primi-

tive Languages by Leonard Bloomfield. (I nMethods in Social Science, A Case Book,edited by St ua rt A. Rice), pp. 297-306.Notes on the Gweabo Language of Liberia.Language, Vol. 7, pp. 30-41.The Function of an International Auxiliary Lan-guage. Psyche, No. 44, pp. 4-15.Communication. Article in the Encyclopaedia ofthe Social Sciences, Vol. 4, pp. 78-81.Custom. Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 658-662.Dialect. Ibid., Vol. 5, pp. 123-126.Fashion. Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 139-144.


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1932With Morris Swadesh: The Expression of theEnding-Point Relation in English, French,and German. (Edited by Alice V. Morris.)

Language Monographs , published by the Lin-guistic Society of America, No. 10, pp . 1-125.Group. Article in the Enc yclo pae dia of the SocialSc iences , Vol. 7, pp. 178-182.Cultural Anthropology and Psychiatry. J ourna lof Abno mnal and Social Psycholo gy, Vol. 27,pp. 229-242.

Language. Article in the En cyclo pae dia of theSoc ial Sc iences , Vol. 9, pp. 155-169.La RBalitB Psychologique des Phonhmes. Journ al dePsychologie, XXXe AnnBe, pp. 247-265.

Personality. Article in the Enc yclo pae dia of theSoc ial Sc iences , Vol. 12, pp. 85-87.Hittit e Hapatis "Vassal" and Greek h E 6 6 ~ .Language, Vol. 10, pp. 274-279.The Emergence of the Concept of Personality in aStudy of Cultures. Jou rna l of Social Psychology ,Vol. 5, pp. 408-415.Symbolism. Article in the Enc yclo pae dia of theSoc ial Sc iences , Vol. 14, pp. 492-495.

1935A Navaho Sand Painting Blanket. Ame r ic anAnthropologist, N. S., Vol. 37, pp. 609-616.

Kire6a, a Karian Gloss. Jou rna l of the Am erica nOriental Soc ie ty , Vol. 56, p. 85.Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of theNorthern Origin of th e Navaho. Ame r ic anAnthropologist, N. S., Vol. 38, pp. 224-235.Greek dmicopai, a Hittite Loanword, and itsRelatives. Language Vol. 12, pp. 175-180.Hebrew 'argciz, a Philistine Word. Journal of theAme rican Oriental Soc ie ty , Vol. 56, pp . 272-281.Tibetan Influences on Tocharian, I. Language,Vol. 12, pp. 259-271.

SAPIR 63Hupa Tattooing. Kroeber Anniversary Volume,pp. 273-277.Review: D. Westermann and Ida C. Ward: Prac-tical Phonetics for Stud ents of African Lan-guages. Ame rican Anthropologis t , N. S., Vol. 38,pp. 121-122.

Hebrew "helmet," a Loanword, and its Bearingon Indo-European Phonology. Jo ur na l of theAmerican Oriental Soc ie ty , Vol. 57, pp. 73-77.The Contribution of Psychiat ry to an Understand-ing of Behavior in Society. Ame r ic an J ourna lof Sociology, Vol. 42, pp. 862-870.Hittite s iy an ta and Genesis 14 :3. Ame r ic anJou rna l of Sem itic Languages and Literatures,Vol. 55, pp. 8 6 8 8 .Review: James A. Montgomery and Zellig S.Harris: The Ras Shamra Mythological Texts.Language , Vol. 13, pp. 326-331.

1938Why Cultural Anthropology Needs the Psychia-trist. Psy c h ia t ry , Vol. 1, pp. 7-12.Glottalized Continuants in Navaho, Nootka, andKwakiutl (with a Note on Indo-European).Language , Vol. 14, pp. 248-274.

With Morris Swadesh: Nootka Texts - Tales andEthnological Narratives with GrammaticalNotes and Lexical Materials. W i l l i a m D w i g htW h i t n e y S e r i e s, Linguistic Society of America,University of Pennsylvania, pp. 334.Review: Zellig S. Harr is: A Grammar of t hePhoenician Language. Language , Vol. 15,pp. 60-65.Unpublished Manuscripts

Navaho Texts. I n advanced stage of preparation.Hupa Texts. In advanced stage of preparation.Sarsi Texts. In advanced stage of preparation.Kutchin Texts. In advanced stage of preparation.An Elementary Navaho Grammar. In preparation.

Franz Boas Sapir

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