Ergodentheorie
Transcript of Ergodentheorie
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Hykemhcghey`hn` Achcmxck axf Bhhciy§xogh
Zay`ob Yemh
1=#:9#9:11
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@cgalsvhyth`ogc`s
H`clh`xck 1
1 Hykem`t`§a 9
9 Mhy Hykemhcsat vec I`ybge 6
? Bhhciy§xogh 0
= Achcmxck mhs Hyekmhcsaths 9:
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@cgalsvhyth`ogc`s 1
H`clh`xck
M`h Hykemhcghey`h sxm`hy mas Lackth`vhygalhc mpcan`soghy _psh.nh n` naÕ. iht`hgxcksh`sh agysogh`cl`ogbh`sgheyh`soghc Nhgemhc#N`g`lfh m`hshy l§ass s`og h`c vec mhy Axssakh ghy txn saybhc Khsht mhykyeÕhc Taglhc §aqx`valhchy _at ihh`shc# [`y ihsog§af`khc xcs alse n`h`chy Felkh vec Txfallsvay`ailhc, mhyhc N`hlhy khkhc h`ch Becsac.h becvhyk`hyhc sell# Txkyxcmh l`hk maih` allhym`cks bh`ch Felkh vec xc.aig§ack`khc xcm klh`ogvhyh`lhc Txfallsvay`ailhc, secmhyc h`c sekhcacchsmpcan`soghs _pshn xcm Txfallsvay`ailhc, m`h n`g`lfh vec h`chy _hlis.aii`lmxck . m`h `nnhy xcm `nnhy `hmhy axf s`og shlis ackhhcmh `ym. mhfic`hy hymhc# _`cm macc kh`ssh Veyaxsshtxckhc hyf §xll, gaihc m`h.sh Txfallsvay`ailhc §agcl`ogh H`khcsogafhc `h xcaig§ack`k xcm `mhc`sog
vhyh`lhc Txfallsvay`ailhc#Nac bacc s`og m`h _hlisaii`lmxck `h mas Vhygalhc vec h`chy I`hchveyshllhc, m`h kh§aykhy xymh xcm cxc `h `lm `c h`chn kh`sshc Yaxnghyxn`hk# Als Txfallsvay`ailhc b§ecch nac macc mhc Axfhcgalseymhy I`hch tx vhysog`hmhchc, axfh`cacmhy felkhcmhc Th`zxcbhc §aglhc#Ca§xyl`og s`cm m`hsh macc c`og xcaig§ack`k, mhcc mhy Axfhcgalsey mhyI`hch tx h`chn ihs`nnhc Th`zxcb ihs`nn shgy egl, e s`h s`ogbxyt maccaog axfgalhc b§ecch# ]yetmhn bacc nac 'hcc nac m`h `l.mh I`hch cxy als naghna`soghs Khmacbhchwzhy`nhc ihyaogh) caogxchcml`og lackhy Flxkth` n` txf §all`khc Y`ogxcks`nzxlshc mayaxf sogl`h.
Õhc, e s`h s`og `n N`hl an nh`shc axfkhgalhc ga4 c§anl`og `c mhyN`h mhs Yaxnhs#Mas §ayh m`h Felkhyxck mhs I`ybge‐soghc Hykemhcsat, mhy `c Baz`hl 9ih`hshc hymhc sell# Txvey nxss mhy Ihky` mhy Hykem`t`§a hys h`cnalmhfic`hy hymhc, as chis th` Ih`sz`hlhc `c Baz`hl 1 khsoghghc `ym#[h`l m`h Ih`sz`hlh axs Baz`hl 1 tay kx mhc Kyxcmkhmacbhc mhy Hyke.m`t`§a vhymhxl`oghc, aihy bh`ch szhbabxl§ayh Achcmxck mhs Hykemhc.saths l`hfhyc, ellhc `y xcs `c Baz`hl ? n` h`chy acmhyhc Achcmxckihsog§af`khc# Hs hymhc Bhhciy§xogh ihgacmhl, f §xy m`h myh` shgy `chy.hssach 'xcm v`hllh`og §xihyyasoghcmh) Hykhic`ssh zy§ashc`hy hymhc#
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1 Hykem`t`§a 9
1 Hykem`t`§a
Hs sh` `n felkhcmhc `nnhy 'Ω, A, Z ) h`c [agysogh`cl`ogbh`syaxn xcmύ 4 Ω Ω h`ch nhssiayh Aii`lmxck#
Mhfic``ec 1#1 '@cvay`act)# [`y chcchc h`c Hyh`kc`s A ∇ A `cvay`ac,falls ύ ∙1'A) > A k`l xcm mhfic`hyhc @ als m`h Ϗ.Alkhiya mhy `cvay`achcHyh`kc`ssh4
@ 4>
A ∇ A 4 ύ ∙1'A) > A
#
Mhfic``ec 1#9 'NaÕyhxh)# M`h Aii`lmxck ύ 4 Ω Ω chcchc `y naÕ.yhx, falls Z 'ύ ∙1'A)) > Z 'A) f §xy allh A ∇ A k`l#Nac chcc 'Ω, A, Z , ύ ) macc h`c mpcan`soghs _pshn#
Mhfic``ec 1#? 'Hykem`t`§a)# @s ύ naÕyhx xcm Z 'A) ∇ r:, 1~ f §xy allhA ∇ @ 'm`h Ϗ.Alkhiya mhy `cvay`achc Hyh`kc`ssh `s Z .y`v`al), se chcchc`y ύ hykem`sog#
Xn cxc tx vhymhxl`oghc, as `y g`hyn` §xihygaxz mhfic`hy gaihc,ihyaoghc `y dht th` Ih`sz`hlh f §xy hykem`sogh Fxcb`echc#
Ih`sz`hl 1#=# _h` c ∇ C, c > 1# [`y shllhc xcs macc h`c c.Hob vey
xcm `mhc`fit`hyhc hs n` mhn Kyxcmyaxn Ω > T%'c)# [`y ellhc xcscxc h`ch Aii`lmxck mhfic`hyhc, m`h vec h`chy Hobh `c h`ch acmhyh Hobhaii`lmh#_h` maf §xy b ∇ r1,###,c ∙ 1~ xcm ύ 4 Ω Ω, w w " b 'nem c)#Xn h`chc benzlhhc [agysogh`cl`ogbh`syaxn tx hygalhc, §aglhc `yA > 9Ω xcm als Z m`h Klh`ogvhyh`lxck axf Ω#Macc k`l4
ύ `s hykem`sog kk]'b, c) > 1#
Ihh`s# _h` kk]'b, c) > i 3 1# Macc k`i hs h`c A ∇ A n` Z 'A) %∇ r:, 1~xcm ύ ∙1'A) > A# N` A > r:, i, 9i,###,c ∙ i~ k`l c§anl`og ύ ∙1'A) > Axcm Z 'A) > 1
i%∇ r:, 1~# ύ `s alse c`og hykem`sog#
_h` cxc kk]'b, c) > 1# ύ ga cxy h`ch Iagc xcm maghy felk axs ύ ∙1
'A) >A shs A > ∈ emhy A > Ω# Mas gh`Õ, mass @ Z .y`v`al `s xcm sen` ύ hykem`sog `s#
Ih`sz`hl 1#8# Acsa selog h`c c.Hob tx ihyaoghc, bacc nac khcaxsekx h`chc Byh`s chgnhc# Mhc `mhc`fit`hyhc `y cxc n` mhn @chyvallΩ > R:, 1) xcm mhfic`hyhc xcs als Aii`lmxck h`ch Myhgxck Ya 4 Ω Ω,w w " a 'nem 1)#_h` h`hy A > I'Ω) xcm Z mas LhihskxhnaÕ#G`hy k`l4
Ya `s hykem`sog a `s `yya`ecal#
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1 Hykem`t`§a ?
Ihh`s# Ya `s `nnhy naÕyhx, xcaig§ack`k vec a ∇ ':, 1)#_h` a > z
qn` z ∇ T, q ∇ C# Mhfic`hyh macc p` > `z
q'nem 1), t` > `z
q" 1
9q
'nem 1) f §xy ` > 1,###,q xcm man` macc
A >
q`>1
Rp`, t`)
Hs k`l Y∙1a 'A) > A xcm Z 'A) > 1
9# Maghy `s Ya c`og hykem`sog#
_h` cxc a %∇ Q xcm h`c θ 3 : veykhkhihc# Macc hw`s`hyhc n,c,b ∇ C
n` n > c xcm |na ∙ ca ∙ b| < θ, eyaxs n` i > 'n ∙ c)a ∙ b felk,mass m`h Nhckh I > rbi nem 1 4 b ∇ C:~ m`og `c R:, 1) l`hk '`c mhn
_`cch, mass dhmhy Zxcb axs R:, 1) naw`nal h`chc Aisacm vec θ tx mhnc§aogshc Zxcb `c I ga)# _h` cxc A ⊉ R:, 1) `cvay`ac xchy Ya# Dht§aglh nac f §xy θ 3 : h`ch Fxcb`ec f ∇ O 'R:, 1)) n` f ∙ 1A1 < θ# Macchyg§al nac n` mhy @cvay`act vec A
f Yca ∙ f 1 < 9θ
f §xy allh c# [h`l f sh`k `s xcm m`h ei`kh H`khcsogaf axf h`chy Nhckh k`l,m`h m`og `c R:, 1) l`hk, k`l
f Y ∙ f 1 ≭ 9θ '1)
f §xy allh ∇ ':, 1)# Nac hyg§al n` f 'w) > 1:
f 'w) mf ∙
1:
f ') m
1
>
1:
1:
f 'w) ∙ f ') m
mw
xcm macc n` mhy NaÕyhxh mhy Yea`ecsaii`lmxck
f ∙
1:
f ') m
1
>
1:
1:
f 'w) ∙ f 'w " nem 1) m
mw
≭ 1:
1: |f 'w) ∙ f 'w " nem 1)| m mw
≭
1:
1:
|9θ| m mw > 9θ, '9)
eih` `y f §xy m`h xchyhc Th`lhc hys m`h Myh`hobs.Xcklh`ogxck xcm macc'1) khcxt gaihc# Mhsh`hyhc gaihc `y n` mhy Ihm`ckxck, m`h `yacfacks f §xy f khfeymhy gaihc 1
:
|f 'w) ∙ 1A'w)| mw < θ
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1 Hykem`t`§a =
axog m`h Xcklh`ogxck
1: f ') m ∙
1: 1A') m
< θ
xcm sen` sogl hÕl`og 1:
1:
f ') m ∙ Z 'A)
mw >
1:
f ') m ∙ Z 'A)
1
< θ# '?)
N` '9), '?), mhy Myh`hobsxcklh`ogxck xcm mhy Ihm`ckxck f §xy f hyg§al nac
1A ∙ Z 'A)1 ≭ 1A ∙ f 1 "
f ∙
1:
f ') m
1
" 1
:
f ') m ∙ Z 'A)
1
< =θ
f §xy dhmhs θ 3 :# [hcc dht Z 'A) ∇ ':, 1) k`l, se k`i hs h`chc Ihyh`ogn` zes``vhn NaÕ `c R:, 1), `c mhn mhy @chkyacm |1A'w) ∙ Z 'A)| h`chczes``vhc [hy acc`nn# Felkl`og `s macc
1A ∙ Z 'A)1 3 :#
[§agl nac θ blh`c khcxk, se hyg§al nac h`chc [`mhyszyxog# Mhncaog `s @ Z .y`v`al xcm Ya hykem`sog#
Ihvey `y cxc tx mhn Hykemhcsat bennhc, ihh`shc `y h`c Lhnna,mas `y sz§ahy iyaxoghc hymhc#
Lhnna 1#6 'Nhssiaybh`)# _h` ύ naÕyhx xcm f 4 'Ω, A) 'Y, I'Y))nhssiay# Macc `s f khcax macc @ .nhssiay, hcc f ύ > f `s#
Ihh`s# Hs sh`
Zy`n$ 4> rf 4 Ω Y 4 f 'A, I'Y)).nhssiay, /f 'Ω) < ∓~
m`h Blassh mhy Fxcb`echc n` cxy hcml og v`hlhc [hyhc# Dhmh m`hshy
Fxcb`echc ga h`ch Mayshllxck
f >c
b>1
ab1Ab ,
ih` mhy a` > a d > : f §xy allh ` > d k`l xcm m`h Ab‐s zaayh`sh m`sdxcbs`cm# N` m`hshy Mayshllxck felk
f `s @ .nhssiay ύ ∙1'f ∙1'I)) > f ∙1'I) f §xy allh I ∇ I'Y)
ύ ∙1'
d∇D A d) >
d∇D A d f §xy allh D ⊉ r1,###,c~# '1)
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1 Hykem`t`§a 8
G`hyvec axskhghcm, th`khc `y cxc m`h ihgaxzhh §Aqx`valhct `c th`_ogy`hc#
„ > “ Hs k`l ύ 'Ab) > Ab f §xy allh b ∇ r1,###,c~# Man` felk m`yhbf ύ > f #
„> “ _h` d ∇ r1,###,c~ ihl`hi`k xcm π ∇ ύ ∙1'A d)# Macc k`l n` f ύ > f
cb>1
ab1Ab ύ 'π) >c
b>1
ab1Ab'π)#
[h`l `y `sshc, mass ύ 'π) `c A d `s, gaihc `y axf mhy l`cbhc _h`h cxyceog a d# Hs felk a d > a d1Ad'π), emxyog π ∇ A d sh`c nxss#_h` cxc d `h hihc, aihy π ∇ A d# Nac ga macc `hmhy
cb>1
ab1Ab ύ 'π) >
cb>1
ab1Ab'π),
eih` m`h yhogh _h`h mhc [hy a d ga# Hs felk ύ 'π) ∇ A d#@cskhsan `sshc `y alse, mass ύ ∙1'A d) > A d f §xy allh d ∇ r1,###,c~ k`l#[h`l m`hsh Nhckhc m`sdxcb s`cm, felk '1)#Allkhnh`c gaihc `y tay bh`ch Fxcb`ec, m`h cxy hcml`og v`hlh [hyh ga,meog f §xy dhmh Fxcb`ec f hw`s`hy h`ch Felkh f c, m`h khkhc f becvhyk`hy#Hs k`l
l`nc∓
f c > f xcm f c ∇ Zy`n$ f §xy allh c ∇ C# '1)
[`y th`khc m`h §Aqx`valhct `hmhy `c th` _ogy`hc#
„> “ Falls f @ .nhssiay `s, se hw`s`hy h`ch Felkh f c n` '1), ih` mhy
axog allh Felkhckl`hmhy @ .nhssiay s`cm# [h`l `y mhc _at f §xy zy`n``vhFxcb`echc ihyh`s ih`hshc gaihc, felk
f c ύ > f c f §xy allh c ∇ C#
[`y n§xsshc cxy ceog th`khc, mass s`og m`hsh H`khcsogaf axog axf mhcKyhcthy §xihyyakhc l§ass# _h` maf §xy π ∇ Ω# Macc k`l
'l`n f c ύ )'π) > l`n f c'ύ 'π))
> l`n f c'π) '9)
„> “ _h` cxc f ύ > f # Macc hw`s`hy `hmhy h`ch Felkh f c n` '1)
xcm mhy txs§atl`oghc H`khcsogaf, mass f c ύ > f c f §xy allh c ∇ C k`l#Xn m`h Nhssiaybh` tx th`khc, iyaxoghc `y m`h @cvay`act mhy Nhckh
rπ ∇ Ω 4 l`n f c'π) ∇ I~
f §xy ihl`hi`kh Nhckhc I ∇ I'Y)# Mas Xyi`lm m`hshy Nhckh xchy mhy Ai.i`lmxck ύ `s
rπ ∇ Ω 4 l`n f c ύ 'π) ∇ I~,
m`h mxyog '9) klh`og mhy ei`khc Nhckh egch mas ύ `s#
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9 Mhy Hykemhcsat vec I`ybge 6
9 Mhy Hykemhcsat vec I`ybge
[`y ellhc cxc axskhghcm vec mhy Fxcb`ec ύ xcm h`chy chxhc Aii`lmxckf h`ch Felkh vec Txfallsvay`ailhc mhfic`hyhc xcm Becvhykhctaxssakhc §xihymhc N`hlhys m`hshy Felkh yhhc#_h` maf §xy ύ naÕyhx xcm f 4 Ω Y h`ch nhssiayh Aii`lmxck# Mhfic`hyh
W c'π) > f ύ c'π) xcm _ c >c∙1b>:
W b f §xy allh c ∇ C:#
Ihvey `y xcs dht mhc Hykemhcsat acshghc, ihh`shc `y txhys h`cG`lfslhnna#
Lhnna 9#1 'Naw`nal.Hykemhclhnna)# _h` W : ∇ L1'Z )#
_hth N c > naw r:, _ 1,###,_ c~ , c ∇ C# Macc k`l
H RW :1rN c3:~^ ≨ : f § xy allh c ∇ C#
Ihh`s# _h` b ∇ C: xcm b ≭ c, macc k`l N c'ύ 'π)) ≨ _ b'ύ 'π))#Amm`hy nac axf ih`mhc _h`hc W :, se hyk`i s`og
W : " N c ύ ≨ W : " _ b ύ > _ b"1
xcm man` axog
W : ≨ _ b"1 ∙ N c ύ f §xy b > :,###,c#
[h`l W : m`hsh Xcklh`ogxck f §xy allh b > :,###,c hyf §xll, bacc nac axf mhyyhoghc _h`h axog mas Naw`nxn i`lmhc xcm hyg§al
W : ≨ naw r_ 1,###,_ c~ ∙ N c ύ# '1)
Mhsh`hyhc k`l
rN c 3 :~o ⊉ rN c > :~ ∠ rN c ύ ≨ :~ ⊉ rN c ∙ N c ύ ≭ :~ # '9)
N` '1) hyg§al nac f §xy mhc Hyayxckshy
H RW :1rN c3:~^ ≨ H R'naw r_ 1,###,_ c~ ∙ N c ύ )1rN c3:~^#
[h`l axfkyxcm mhy @cm`baeyfxcb`ec `n Hyayxckshy se`hse N c 3 :
k`l, bacc nac naw r_ 1,###,_ c~ mxyog N c hyshthc, as
H RW :1rN c3:~^ ≨ H R'N c ∙ N c ύ )1rN c3:~^
hyk`i#Als c§aogshs l§ass nac m`h @cm`baeyfxcb`ec hk xcm ga mamxyog masHykhic`s `hmhy cxy caog xchc aikhsog§at, mhcc caog '9) `s axf mhyNhckh rN c 3 :~o egchg`c N c ∙ N c ύ ≭ : # [`y gaihc alse `cskhsan
H RW :1rN c3:~^ ≨ H RN c ∙ N c ύ > H RN c^ ∙ H RN c ύ > :#
Mhy lhth Axsmyxob `s klh`og :, h`l ύ naÕyhx `s xcm maghy mhy Hyay.
xckshy vec N c iht§xkl`og Z klh`og mhn iht§xkl`og Z
ύ
`s#
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9 Mhy Hykemhcsat vec I`ybge ;
_at 9#9 'I`ybge)# @s ύ hykem`sog xcm f > W : ∇ L1'Z ), se k`l
1
c
c∙1b>:
W bc∓
∙∙∙ H RW :^ Z .fas s`oghy
Ihh`s# [h`l @ Z .y`v`al `s, `s H RW :^ h`ch Vhys`ec mhs ihm`ckhc Hyay.xckshyhs H RW :|@ # [`y th`khc mhsgali m`h Becvhykhct khkhc H RW :|@ #_h` egch Ihsogy§acbxck mhy Allkhnh`cgh` H RW :|@ > : Z .fas s`oghy 'fallsc`og, khgh §xihy tx W c > W c ∙ H RW :|@ , man` k`l macc H RW :|@ > :Z .fas s`oghy)#Hs ilh`i tx th`khc, mass
1
c
c∙1
b>: W b
c∓
∙∙∙ : Z .fas s`oghy k`l#
_hth matx
T > l`n sxzc∓
1
c_ c,
h`hy sh` θ 3 : xcm F > rT 3 θ~# Hs `s T ύ > T xcm man` `sT caog mhn Nhssiaybh`slhnna 1#6 @ .nhssiay, alse `s T ∙1'I) ∇ @ f §xyallh I ∇ I'Y) xcm man` `csihsecmhyh axog f §xy I > 'θ, ∓^, emxyogT ∙1'I) > rT 3 θ~ > F ∇ @ felk#_hth cxc
W θc > 'W c ∙ θ)1F _ θc > W θ: " ### " W θc∙1N θc > naw r:, _ θ1,###,_ θc~ F c > rN θc 3 :~ #
Hs k`l macc F 1 ⊉ F 9 ⊉ ### xcm
∓c>1
F c >
sxzb∇C
1
b_ θb 3 :
>
sxzb∇C
1
b_ b 3 θ
∠ F#
Alse k`l F c ↑ F # N` W : als Nadeyach hyg§al nac mxyog nadey`s`hyhBecvhykhct H RW θ:1F c ^
c∓∙∙∙ H RW θ: ^# Axs mhn Naw`nal.Hykemhclhnna
felk H RW θ:
1F c
^ ≨ :, maghy k`l axog f §xy mhc Kyhcthy
: ≭ H RW θ: ^ > H R'W : ∙ θ)1F ^
> H RW :1F ^ ∙ H Rθ1F ^
> H RH RW :|@ 1F ^ ∙ θZ RF
> ∙θZ RF ,
eyaxs felk : ≨ Z RF Z RF > :#N` θ : s`hg nac, mass Z RT 3 :^ > : `s# Man` `sshc `y
l`n sxzc∓
1
c
_ c ≭ : Z .fas s`oghy#
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9 Mhy Hykemhcsat vec I`ybge 7
[hcc `y dht ceog th`khc, mass axog
l`n `cf c∓
1
c_ c ≨ : Z .fas s`oghy
k`l, s`cm `y fhy`k# [`y mhfic`hyhc matx W c > ∙W c f §xy allh c ∇ C:,
_ c >c∙1b>:
W b, T > l`n sxzc∓
1
c_ c
xcm se h`hy# H`ch acalekh Veykhghcsh`sh l`hfhy macc Z RT 3 :^ > :xcm sen` axog
Z Rl`n sxzc∓
∙1
c_ c 3 :^ > Z Rl`n `cf c∓ _ c < :^ > :#
Ihnhybxck 9#?# Xn tx sb`tt`hyhc, `h mhy Hykemhcsat ackhacm hymhcbacc, khghc `y txy§xob tx Ih`sz`hl 1#=# G`hy b§ecch nac '`c mhn Fall, masskk]'b, c) > 1 `s) als Aii`lmxck f m`h @mhc`§a §aglhc xcm §xymh maccn` mhn Hykemhcsat m`h Becvhykhct
1
c
c∙1
b>:
ύ b'π)c∓
∙∙∙c ∙ 1
9
Z .fas s`oghy
hygalhc# Nac b§ecch f ca§xyl`og ceog acmhys mhfic`hyhc xcm §xymh chxhHykhic`ssh ihbennhc# Meog xn `ybl`og `chyhssach Axssakhc tx hygal.hc, hymhc `y xcs vec mhn Ih`sz`hl l§eshc n§xsshc xcm xcs h`chy acmhyhc]ghna`b `mnhc#
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? Bhhciy§xogh 0
? Bhhciy§xogh
H`c Bhhciyxog `s h`c Axsmyxob mhy Feyn
a: "i:
a1 "i1
a9 "i9
a? " ###
,
eih` m`h a` xcm i` ca§xyl`ogh Taglhc sh`hc# F§xy a1, a9,### l§ass nac maccceog mhc [hy ∓ tx# @s macc ih` h`chn Bhhciyxog h`c ab > ∓, ses`cm m`h Taglhc a`"1 xcm i` n` ` ≨ b c`og nhgy vec @chyhssh#Xn ihl`hi`k lackh Bhhciy§xogh ihsshy mayshllhc tx b§ecchc, sogyh`ihc
`y sa mhy ei`khc Vay`ach
a: "i:|
|a1"
i1|
|a9"
i9|
|a?" ###
xcm ihsogy§acbhc xcs macc axf Bhhciy§xogh n` i` > 1 f §xy allh ` ∇ C:#Mamxyog `ym m`h Txeymcxck t`soghc yhhllhc Taglhc xcm Bhhciy§xoghcm`hshy Feyn h`cmhx`k . i`s axf felkhcmh Axscagnh4 F§xy ya`ecalh Taglhck`i hs c§anl`og th` vhysog`hmhch Bhhciyxog.Mayshllxckhc, h`l
a: "
1|
|a1 " ### "
1 |
|ac xcm a: "
1|
|a1 " ### "
1 |
|ac ∙ 1 "
1|
|1
m`h klh`ogh Tagl ihsogyh`ihc# Nac vhyh`ciay g`hy, `nnhy m`h l`cbh May.shllxck tx ihcxthc# Axskhghcm vec m`hshy Bhhciyxog.Mayshllxck vecyhhllhc Taglhc, bacc nac dhmh Tagl axs mhn @chyvall R: , 1) mxyog kh.cax h`ch Felkh 'a1, a9,###) `mhc`fit`hyhc, eih` `y f §xy ya`ecalh Taglhcπ ∇ Q ∠ R:, 1) n`
π >1|
|a1" ### "
1 |
|ac
ac m`hshy _hllh ab > ∓ f §xy allh b 3 c shthc#
Ihnhybxck ?#1# [as xcs cxc `chyhss`hy, s`cm H`khcsogafhc mhy Felkh'a1, a9,###), hcc nac h`c π txf §all`k xcm klh`ogvhyh`l axs Ω > R:, 1)t`hg xcm a1, a9,### hcszyhoghcm §agl, semass mhy Bhhciyxog mhy a`‐sπ mayshll# Maf §xy n§xsshc `y hysnal bl§ayhc, `h nac axskhghcm vecπ m`h a`‐s hyg§al# [h`l s`og maf §xy macc h`ch Aii`lmxck ficmhc `ym, m`hh`c i`ssoghc mhy Aii`lmxck Ya axs Ih`sz`hl 9#6 §agchl, ihbennhc `ylacksan `hmhy Ihtxk txy Hykemhcghey`h#
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? Bhhciy§xogh 1:
Axskhghcm vec h`chy Tagl π ∇ R:, 1) §xymh nac n` a1 > 1π
m`h ihshTagl a1 ficmhc, hcc mhcc 1
π∇ C §ayh, as allkhnh`c c`og mhy Fall `s#
Mhsgali ihcxt nac a1 >
1
π#N` mhn yhsl`oghc ]h`l mhs Bhhciyxogs nxss nac acsogl`hÕhcm ceog m`hTagl 1
π∙ 1
π mayshllhc, hlogh ca§xyl`og `hmhy `c R:, 1) `s# Mas _oghna
`s `hmhy masshlih4 Bhgyhy i`lmhc, aiyxcmhc, m`h Tagl als c§aogshs a`ihcxthc xcm n` mhn Yhs h`hynaoghc caog mhn _oghna#Xn m`hshc _aogvhygal ellhc `y cxc feynal`s`hyhc#
Mhfic``ec ?#9# Hs sh`
] 4 Ω Ω ] 'π) >
1π
∙ 1π
π > :
: secs
m`h Aii`lmxck, m`h caog dhmhn _ogy` mhy Bhhciyxogmayshllxck mhcYhs ack`i, mhy ceog mxyog m`h h`hyhc Iy§xogh maykhshll hymhc nxss#
Mhfic``ec ?#?# Hs sh` a 4 Ω C
a'π) >
1π
π > :
∓ secsac'π) > a'] c∙1'π))
m`h Aii`lmxck, m`h als [hyh m`h tx §aglhcmhc Beht`hchc ga#
[`y hymhc sz§ahy shghc4 m`h Aii`lmxck ] `s hykem`sog 'hcc nac h`c
zasshcmhs [agysogh`cl`ogbh`snaÕ Z §agl)# Mhy Ihh`s maf §xy `s c`ogkhyamh h`cfaog xcm ihc§e`k h`c zaay H`khcsogafhc, m`h `y ac m`hshy_hllh ihgacmhlc ellhc#_h` `n Felkhcmhc `nnhy π ∇ R:, 1)#
Lhnna ?#=# Hs k`l f § xy allh c ∇ C 4
π >1 |
|a1'π)" ### "
1 |
|ac∙1'π)"
1 |
|ac'π) " ] c'π)#
Ihh`s# F§xy π > : `s a1'π) > ∓ xcm sen` mhy kacth Bhhciyxog > :#F§xy π ∇ ':, 1) ihh`shc `y m`h Axssakh n` @cmxb`ec §xihy c#
F§xy c > 1 `s m`h Axssakh
π >1
a1'π) " ] 'π)>
1
1π
" 1π
∙ 1π
>
1
' 1π
)> π
ehcs`ogl`og agy# [`y b§ecchc `n felkhcmhc alse acchgnhc, mass m`hAxssakh f §xy c k`l# [hcc `y macc th`khc, mass s`h axog f §xy c " 1 k`l,s`cm `y fhy`k#Hs `s alse
π >1 |
|a1'π)
" ### "1 |
|ac'π)
"1 |
|ac"1'π) " ] c"1
'π)
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? Bhhciy§xogh 11
tx ihh`shc# Maih` vhyhcmhc `y m`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck xcm sh.thc s`h f §xy π h`c# Hs ilh`i macc tx th`khc, mass
1 |
|a1'π)" ### "
1 |
|ac'π) " ] c'π)>
1 |
|a1'π)" ### "
1 |
|ac'π)"
1 |
|ac"1'π) " ] c"1'π)
k`l# [`y vhyklh`oghc g`hy dht cxy ceog m`h lhthc ]h`liy§xogh xcm hygal.hc se
1 |
|ac'π) " ] c'π)>
1 |
|ac'π)"
1 |
|ac"1'π) " ] c"1'π)#
F§xy ] c'π) > : `s macc ac"1'π) > a'] c'π)) > a':) > ∓# Nac ga g`hyalse axf ih`mhc _h`hc 1
ac'π)#
F§xy ] c'π) > : `s
1
ac"1'π) " ] c"1'π)>
1
a'] c'π)) " ] '] c'π))
>1
1] c'π)
" 1] c'π)
∙ 1] c'π)
>
1
' 1] c'π)
)> ] c'π)#
[`y mhfic`hyhc cxc th` kacttagl`kh G`lfsfxcb`echc q'π) xcm z'π), m`h
ai h`chn c: ∇ C syhck neceec aogshc# zc'π)qc'π)
`s h`ch kxh C§aghyxck
f §xy π, hcc c kyeÕ `s# AxÕhymhn k`i hs h`c zaay H`khcsogafhc mhyFxcb`echc `c Txsannhcsz`hl n` hcml`og lackhc Bhhciy§xoghc, m`h `yhys ihh`shc xcm xcs macc tx Cxth naoghc ellhc#
Mhfic``ec ?#8# N` z∙1'π) > 1, z:'π) > :, q∙1'π) > : xcm q:'π) > 1mhfic`hyhc `y yhbxys`v f §xy allh c ∇ C
zc'π) > ac'π) zc∙1'π) " zc∙9'π) xcm qc'π) > ac'π)qc∙1'π) " qc∙9'π)#
Lhnna ?#6# F § xy allh c ∇ C: k`l
zc∙1'π)qc'π) ∙ zc'π)qc∙1'π) > '∙1)
c
#
Ihh`s# [`y th`khc m`hs `hmhy n` @cmxb`ec §xihy c#@s c > : se felk
z∙1'π)q:'π) ∙ z:'π)q∙1'π) > 1 » 1 ∙ : » : > '∙1):
m`yhb# _h` m`h Axssakh alse f §xy c y`og`k# Axskhghcm mavec th`khc `y dht, mass s`h axog f §xy c"1 k`l, mhcc n` H`cshthc mhy Yhbxys`ecsfeynhlvec zc'π) xcm qc'π) felk
zc'π)qc"1'π) ∙ zc"1'π)qc'π)
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? Bhhciy§xogh 19
> zc'π)'ac"1'π)qc'π) " qc∙1'π)) ∙ 'ac"1'π) zc'π) " zc∙1'π))qc'π)
> zc'π)qc∙1'π) ∙ qc∙1'π)qc'π) > ∙'∙1)c > '∙1)c"1,
eih` s`og ac"1 zc'π)qc'π) hkb§xythc l`hÕ xcm nac `c mhy lhthc Th`lhm`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck khcxt ga#
Ihnhybxck ?#;# Xn mas c§aogsh Lhnna tx ihh`shc `s hs zyab`sog,hcc nac m`h hwzl`t`h Feyn mhy hyshc zaay zc'π)‐s xcm qc'π)‐s bhcc#Xn ]h`lh mhs Ihh`shs §xihys`ogl`oghy tx naoghc, sogyh`ihc `y ef acsa ac'π) xcm feynhc h`chc Axsmyxob mhy Feyn ac'] 'π)) nh`s m`yhbtx ac"1 xn# N` m`hshc Vhyh`ciayxckhc gaihc `y
z∙1'π) > 1 q∙1'π) > :
z:'π) > : q:'π) > 1 z1'π) > 1 q1'π) > a1
z9'π) > a9 q9'π) > a9a1 " 1
z?'π) > a?a9 " 1 q?'π) > a?a9a1 " a? " a1#
Nac bacc ca§xyl`og f §xy qc'] 'π)) m`hshlihc Feynhlc vhyhcmhc, hcc nacm`h @cm`ths mhy a`‐s maih` allh xn 1 hyg§eg# _hlihs k`l axog f §xy zc'] 'π))#_e `s txn Ih`sz`hl z?'] 'π)) > a=a? " 1#
Lhnna ?#7# F § xy c ≨ 1 xcm : ≭ ≭ 1 k`l
1 |
|a1'π)" ### "
1 |
|ac∙1'π)"
1 |
|ac'π) " >
zc'π) " zc∙1'π)
qc'π) " qc∙1'π)#
Ihh`s# Axog m`hsh Axssakh ihh`shc `y `hmhy zhy @cmxb`ec §xihy c#F§xy c > 1 felk
1
a1'π) " >
z1'π) " z:'π)
q1'π) " q:'π)m`yhb mxyog H`cshthc#
[`hmhy chgnhc `y ac, mass m`h Axssakh f §xy c y`og`k sh` xcm th`khc m`h
Y`og`kbh` mhy Axssakh f §xy c " 1# Mas gh`Õ, mass `y1 |
|a1'π)" ### "
1 |
|ac'π)"
1 |
|ac"1'π) " >
zc"1'π) " zc'π)
qc"1'π) " qc'π)
th`khc n§xsshc#[h`l ab"1'π) > ab'] 'π)) k`l, l§ass s`og m`h l`cbh _h`h axog als
1 |
|a1'π)"
1 |
|a1'] 'π))" ### "
1 |
|ac'] 'π)) "
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? Bhhciy§xogh 1?
sogyh`ihc, eyaxf nac m`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck achcmhc bacc# Nachyg§al
1
a1'π) " zc'] 'π)) " zc∙1'] 'π))
qc'] 'π)) " qc∙1'] 'π))
> zc"1'π) " zc'π)qc"1'π) " qc'π)
,
c`nn axf ih`mhc _h`hc mhc Bhgyhy, nxl`zl`t`hy macc n` ih`mhcChcchyc xcm benn axf
a1' zc"1'π) " zc'π))'qc'] 'π)) " qc∙1'] 'π)))
"' zc'] 'π)) " zc∙1'] 'π)))' zc"1'π) " zc'π))
> 'qc"1'π) " qc'π))'qc'] 'π)) " qc∙1'] 'π)))#
Axsnxl`zl`t`hyhc xcm m`h Klh`ogxck axf m`h ]hynh n` 9, xcm egch axfh`lhc, iy`ck xcs tx mhc felkhcmhc ? Klh`ogxckhc4
a1 zc"1'π)qc'] 'π)) " zc'] 'π)) zc"1'π) > qc"1'π)qc'] 'π)) '1)
a1 zc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " a1'π) zc'π)qc'] 'π)) '9)
" zc'π) zc'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc∙1'] 'π))
> qc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " qc'π)qc'] 'π))
a1 zc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " zc'π) zc∙1'] 'π)) > qc'π) " qc∙1'] 'π))# '?)
[hcc allh ? Klh`ogxckhc agy s`cm, s`cm `y n` mhn Ihh`s fhy`k#[`y ihk`cchc man`, '1) tx th`khc zhy @cmxb`ec §xihy c#F§xy c > 1 gaihc `y
a1 z9'π)q1'] 'π)) " z1'] 'π)) z9'π) > q9'π)q1'] 'π))
a1a9a9 " 1 » a9 > 'a9a1 " 1)a9,
as ca§xyl`og agy `s#Xn m`h Axssakh f §xy c " 1 tx th`khc, hymhc `y m`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxssh.txck f §xy c∙1 xcm c ihcxthc# Xn maih` s`oghytxshllhc, mass m`h Axssakh
f §xy 9 axfh`cacmhy felkhcmh c k`l, th`khc `y mhc @cmxb`ecsacfack ceogf §xy c > 9# M`h Feynhl g`hyf §xy laxh
a1 z?'π)q9'] 'π)) " z9'] 'π)) z?'π) > q?'π)q9'] 'π))
a1'a?a9 " 1)'a?a9 " 1) " a?'a?a9 " 1)
> 'a?a9a1 " a? " a1)'a?a9 " 1)
xcm `s hihcfalls agy# Xn cxc mhc _ogy` vec c ∙ 1 xcm c tx c " 1 txnaoghc, n§xsshc `y
a1 zc"9'π)qc"1'] 'π)) " zc"1'] 'π)) zc"9'π) > qc"9'π)qc"1'] 'π))
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? Bhhciy§xogh 1=
th`khc# H`cshthc mhy Yhbxys`ecsfeynhlc f §xy zc xcm qc l`hfhy g`hy
a1'ac"9 zc"1'π) " zc'π))'ac"9qc'] 'π)) " qc∙1'] 'π)))
"'ac"9 zc'] 'π)) " zc∙1'] 'π)))'ac"9 zc"1'π) " zc'π))
> 'ac"9qc"1'π) " qc'π))'ac"9qc'] 'π)) " qc∙1'] 'π))),
as caog Axsnxl`zl`t`hyhc xcm h`chy bxythc Xnfeynxck se axss`hg4
a9c"9'a1 zc"1'π)qc'] 'π)) " zc'] 'π)) zc"1'π))
"a1 zc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " zc∙1'] 'π)) zc'π)
"ac"9'a1 zc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " a1 zc'π)qc'] 'π))
" zc'π) zc'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc∙1'] 'π)))
> a9c"9qc"1'π)qc'] 'π)) " qc'π)qc∙1'] 'π))"ac"9'qc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " qc'π)qc'] 'π)))#
Cxc s`cm hkhc mhy @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck '1) m`h xchysy`oghchc ]hy.nh klh`og xcm fallhc hk# §Xiy`k ilh`i
ac"9'a1 zc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " a1 zc'π)qc'] 'π))
" zc'π) zc'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc∙1'] 'π)))
> ac"9'qc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " qc'π)qc'] 'π))),
eyaxs nac mxyog B§xythc vec ac"9 '9) hyg§al# Fhychy `s '?) hyf §xll mxyogm`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck '1), m`h da axog agy `s, sefhyc `y mhc @c.mxb`ecssogy` vellt`hghc b§ecchc, hloghy da §aqx`valhc tx '9) `s# [`yn§xsshc alse cxy ceog '9) ihh`shc xcm s`cm fhy`k#[`y ihh`shc '9) n` @cmxb`ec §xihy c# F§xy c > 1 `s macc
a1 z9'π)q:'] 'π)) " a1 z1'π)q1'] 'π)) " z1'π) z1'] 'π)) " z9'π) z:'] 'π))
> q9'π)q:'] 'π)) " q1'π)q1'] 'π))
a1a9 " a1a9 " 1 > a1a9 " 1 " a1a9
ehcl`ogl`og hyf §xll xcm f §xy c > 9 `s
a1 z?'π)q1'] 'π)) " a1 z9'π)q9'] 'π)) " z9'π) z9'] 'π)) " z?'π) z1'] 'π))
> q?'π)q1'] 'π)) " q9'π)q9'] 'π))
a1'a?a9 " 1)a9 " a1a9'a?a9 " 1) " a9a? " a?a9 " 1
> 'a?a9a1 " a? " a1)a9 " 'a9a1 " 1)'a?a9 " 1)
a?a99a1 " a9a1 " a?a99a1 " a9a1 " a?a9 " a?a9 " 1
> a?a99a1 " a?a9 " a9a1 " a?a99a1 " a9a1 " a?a9 " 1
hihcfalls agy# Hs ilh`i alse mhy @cmxb`ecssogy` axf c"1, ih` mhn nac
`hmhy §agcl`og veykhg `h i`sghy# Nac sht m`h Yhbxys`ecsklh`ogxckhc
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? Bhhciy§xogh 18
h`c xcm feyn axf ih`mhc _h`hc se xn, mass nac m`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxs.shtxck ihcxthc bacc# Hs k`l
a1 zc"9'π)qc'] 'π)) " a1 zc"1'π)qc"1'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc"1'] 'π)) " zc"9'π) zc'] 'π))
> qc"9'π)qc'] 'π)) " qc"1'π)qc"1'] 'π))
ac"9ac"1'a1 zc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " a1 zc'π)qc'] 'π))
" zc'π) zc'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc∙1'] 'π)))
" a1 zc'π)qc∙9'] 'π)) " a1 zc∙1'π)qc∙1'] 'π))
" zc∙1'π) zc∙1'] 'π)) " zc'π) zc∙9'] 'π))
" ac"9'a1' zc"1'π)qc∙9'] 'π)) " zc∙1'π)qc'] 'π)))
" zc∙1'π) zc'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc∙9'] 'π)))
" ac"1'a1' zc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " zc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)))
" zc'π) zc∙1'] 'π)) " zc'π) zc∙1'] 'π)))
> ac"9ac"1qc"1'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " qc'π)qc'] 'π))
"qc'π)qc∙9'] 'π)) " qc∙1'π)qc∙1'] 'π))
" ac"9'qc"1'π)qc∙9'] 'π)) " qc∙1'π)qc'] 'π)))
" ac"1'qc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " qc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)))#
[`hmhy s`cm m`h xchysy`oghchc ]hynh caog @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck klh`og#Hs ilh`i h`ch chxh Feynhl §xiy`k, m`h nac axf ac"1. xcm ac"9.]hynh xc.hyh`lhc bacc, emxyog m`hsh ih`mhc Klh`ogxckhc hcshghc4
a1' zc"1'π)qc∙9'] 'π)) " zc∙1'π)qc'] 'π))) '=)
" zc∙1'π) zc'] 'π)) " zc"1'π) zc∙9'] 'π))
> qc"1'π)qc∙9'] 'π)) " qc∙1'π)qc'] 'π))
a1 zc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " zc'π) zc∙1'] 'π)) > qc'π)qc∙1'] 'π))# '8)
[§agyhcm '8) mxyog m`h @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck '1) k`l, n§xsshc `y '=)mxyog 'm`h veyhys lhth) @cmxb`ec th`khc#_h` alse `hmhy c > 1, macc k`l
a1' z9'π)q∙1'] 'π)) " z:'π)q1'] 'π))) " z:'π) z1'] 'π)) " z9'π) z∙1'] 'π))
> q9'π)q∙1'] 'π)) " q:'π)q1'] 'π))
a9 > a9#
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? Bhhciy§xogh 16
F§xy c > 9 `s
a1' z?'π)q:'] 'π)) " z1'π)q9'] 'π))) " z1'π) z9'] 'π)) " z?'π) z:'] 'π))
> q?'π)q:'] 'π)) " q1'π)q9'] 'π))
a1''a?a9 " 1) " a?a9 " 1) " a? > a?a9a1 " a? " a1 " a1'a?a9 " 1)
hihcfalls hyf §xll# Acalekh Veykhghcsh`sh ih`n _ogy` axf c " 1 l`hfhymacc sogl`hÕl`og
qc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) > a1 zc'π)qc∙1'] 'π)) " zc'π) zc∙1'] 'π)),
as caog @cmxb`ecsveyaxsshtxck '1) k`l, alse `s m`h Axssakh ih`hshc#
Xn mhc Hykemhcsat axf Bhhciy§xogh achcmhc tx b§ecchc, nxss ]
hykem`sog sh`c# [hcc nac als [agysogh`cl`ogbh`snaÕ mas Lhihcskxh.NaÕβ §agl, sogh`hy m`hs allhym`cks sogec ac mhy NaÕyhxh, mhcc `c m`hshnFall k`i hs h`ch Nhckh A ∇ R:, 1), f §xy m`h β'] ∙1'A)) > β'A) k`l#§Xihylhkhc `y xcs hysnal, `h ] ∙1 xcm allkhnh`c ] ∙c axsshghc# Maf §xyihcxthc `y felkhcmh Mhfic``ec4
] ∙cRw, p) > rπ ∇ R:, 1) 4 w ≭ ] cπ < p~ f §xy : ≭ w < p ≭ 1#
Hs hyk`i s`og
] ∙1Rw, p) >∓
b>1
1
b " p,
1
b " w
,
] ∙cRw, p) >∓
b1>1
###∓
bc>1
1|
|b1" ### "
1 |
|bc " w,
1|
|b1" ### "
1 |
|bc " p
f §xy khyamh c xcm
] ∙cRw, p) >∓
b1>1
###∓
bc>1
1|
|b1" ### "
1 |
|bc " p,
1|
|b1" ### "
1 |
|bc " w
f §xy xckhyamh c#Txy§xob txy Hykem`t`§a4 ] `s c`og hykem`sog xchy β#
Ihh`s# [§aglh A > R:,19), macc k`l β'A) >
19 xcm n`
] ∙1'A) >∓b>1
1
b " 1%9,
1
b
hyk`i s`og β'] ∙1'A)) >
∓b>1
1
b∙
1
b " 1%9#
Acsa m`hsh _xnnh cxc hwab tx ihyhogchc, sog§athc `y 1b"1%9
f §xy
b ≨ 8 n` 1b
ai xcm hygalhc se
β'] ∙1'A)) 3=
b>1
1
b∙
1
b " 1%93
1
9#
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? Bhhciy§xogh 1;
Hs nxss alse h`c acmhyhs [agysogh`cl`ogbh snaÕ ihcxt hymhc# [`ymhfic`hyhc maghy mas KaxÕ.NaÕ4
Mhfic``ec ?#0# Hs sh`
Z 'A) >1
lek9
A
1
1 " wmw f §xy A ∇ IR:, 1)#
[`y nh`chc i`s txn Hcmh mhs Baz`hls shs mas KaxÕ.NaÕ, sefhyc vecZ khyhmh `ym#
_at ?#1:# ] `s naÕyhx xchy Z #
Ihh`s# [`y b§ecchc Z '] ∙1'A)) > Z 'A) f §xy allh A ∇ IR:, 1) ihh`shc,`cmhn `y m`h Axssakh f §xy allh Hlhnhch h`chs Hythxkhcmhcspshns th`khc#
[`y vhyhcmhc g`hy rR:, a) 4 : < a ≭ 1~ xcm hygalhc n` ] ∙1 `h h`hyeihc
Z '] ∙1R:, a)) >1
lek9
∓b>1
1b
1b"a
1
1 " wmw#
M`h `c mhy _xnnh axfaxoghcmhc @chkyalh bacc nac h`cfaog l§eshc4 1b
1b"a
1
1 " wmw > lek
1 "
1
b
∙ lek
1 "
1
b " a
> lek1 "a
b∙ lek1 "
a
b " 1#
Xn maih` m`h lhth Klh`ogxck tx th`khc, ihcxt nac lek a ∙ lek i >lek'a
i), hcmh axf ih`mhc _h`hc m`h Hwzechc`alfxcb`ec ac xcm hyg§al
'1 " 1b
)
'1 " 1b"a
)>
'1 " ab
)
'1 " ab"1
),
as mxyog Axsnxl`zl`t`hyhc felk# Hs `s
lek1 "a
b∙ lek1 "
a
b " 1 >
ab
a
b"1
1
1 " w
mw
xcm1
lek9
∓b>1
ab
ab"1
1
1 " wmw >
1
lek9
a:
1
1 " wmw > Z 'R:, a))#
_at ?#11# M`h Ϗ.Alkhiya mhy `cvay`achc Hyh`kc`ssh
@ 4>
A ∇ A 4 ] ∙1'A) > A
`s Z
.y`v`al#
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? Bhhciy§xogh 17
Ihh`s# [`y mhfic`hyhc hysnal f §xy a1,###,ac ∇ C 4
∆c 4> ∆a1,###,ac 4> rπ ∇ R:, 1) 4 a1'π) > a1,###,ac'π) > ac~
xcm
χ') 4> χa1,###,ac') 4>1|
|a1" ### "
1 |
|ac∙1"
1 |
|ac " #
[`y khghc g`hy dht alse c`og nhgy vec h`chy Tagl π axs xcm becsyx`hyhcman` macc m`h a`‐s, secmhyc khghc vec fhshc [hyhc a1,###,ac axs#[h`l ∆c mas I`lm vec R:, 1) xchy χ `s, k`l β'∆c) > ±'χ'1) ∙ χ':)),eih` mey " shg, falls c khyamh `s xcm ∙, hcc c xckhyamh `s# F§xy: ≭ w < p ≭ 1 felk n` mhc shlihc Veyth`oghc `h ih` β'∆c) 4
β'] ∙c
Rw, p) ∠ ∆c) > ±'χ'p) ∙ χ'w)),
as m`yhb axs mhc Bhhciy§xoghc χ':), χ'1) xcm mhc Bhhciy§xoghc `cmhy Vhyh`c`kxck vec ] ∙c axf _h`h 1; felk# @cskhsan gaihc `y man`
β'] ∙cRw, p)|∆c) >χ'p) ∙ χ'w)
χ'1) ∙ χ':)#
Mhfic`hy nac zc xcm qc f §xy m`h a1,###,ac acalek tx mhc zc'π) xcm qc'π),se hyg§al nac acalek tx Lhnna ?#7
χc
') >zc " zc∙1
qc " qc∙1,
as `y vhyhcmhc, xn
β'] ∙cRw, p)|∆c) >
zc " pzc∙1
qc " pqc∙1∙
zc " wzc∙1
qc " wqc∙1 zc " zc∙1
qc " qc∙1∙
zc
qc
>
' zc " pzc∙1)'qc " wqc∙1) ∙ ' zc " wzc∙1)'qc " pqc∙1)
'qc " pqc∙1)'qc " wqc∙1)
qc' zc " zc∙1) ∙ zc'qc " qc∙1)qc'qc " qc∙1)
> qc'qc " qc∙1)p' zc∙1qc ∙ zcqc∙1) " w' zcqc∙1 ∙ zc∙1qc)
' zc∙1qc ∙ zcqc∙1)'qc " wqc∙1)'qc " pqc∙1)
> 'p ∙ w)qc'qc " qc∙1)
'qc " wqc∙1)'qc " pqc∙1)
tx hygalhc# [h`l g`hy dht
qc'qc " qc∙1)
'qc " wqc∙1)'qc " pqc∙1)
≨qc'qc " qc∙1)
'qc " qc∙1)9
>qc
'qc " qc∙1)
≨1
9
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? Bhhciy§xogh 10
xcm
qc'qc " qc∙1)
'qc " wqc∙1)'qc " pqc∙1) ≭
qc'qc " qc∙1)
q9c >
qc " qc∙1
qc ≭ 9
khlhc, `s mhy Fabey `nnhy t`soghc 19
xcm 9# Hs felk
1
9β'A) ≭ β'] ∙c'A)|∆c) ≭ 9β'A)
hys cxy f §xy @chyvallh A > Rw, p), aihy n` mhy §Xihylhkxck, mass mas kacthaxog f §xy h`hyh @chyvallh fxcb`ec`hy xcm m`h Vhyh`c`kxck macc hihc.falls m`h Xcklh`ogxckhc hyf §xll, f §xy allh Hlhnhch axs IR:, 1)#[h`l m`h M`ogh mhs KaxÕ.NaÕhs cxy [hyh t`soghc 1
9lek9xcm 1
lek9ac.
c`nn, k`l
β'A)
9lek9≭ Z 'A) ≭
β'A)
lek9f §xy A ∇ IR:, 1)#
N` mhc ih`mhc Mezzhl.Xcklh`ogxckhc sogy§acbhc `y dht Z '] ∙cA|∆c)h`c# Axs mhc ih`mhc Xcklh`ogxckhc
Z '] ∙c'A) ∠ ∆c)
Z '∆c)≨
β'] ∙c'A) ∠ ∆c)lek9
β'∆c)9lek9>
1
9β'] ∙c'A)|∆c) ≨
1
=β'A)
xcmZ '] ∙c'A) ∠ ∆c)
Z '∆c)≭
β'] ∙c'A) ∠ ∆c)9lek9
β'∆c)lek9> 9β'] ∙c'A)|∆c) ≭ =β'A)
felk1
=Z 'A) ≭ Z '] ∙cA|∆c) ≭ =Z 'A)#
_h` dht A h`c Hyh`kc`s n` Z 'A) 3 : xcm ] ∙1'A) > A# Macc felk n`mhy l`cbhc _h`h mhy ei`khc Xcklh`ogxck 1
=Z 'A) ≭ Z 'A|∆c) xcm n` mhy
yhoghc _h`h 1=
Z '∆c) ≭ Z '∆c|A), h`l axs ] ∙1'A) > A `cmxb`v f §xy allh
c ∇ C ] ∙c
'A) > A felk#Man` hyk`i s`og1
=Z 'H ) ≭ Z 'H |A)
f §xy Hlhnhch H h`chs Hythxkhcmhcspshns vec IR:, 1)# [h`l m`hsh Xcklh`.ogxck f §xy allh H ∇ IR:, 1) k`l, nxss s`h `csihsecmhyh axog f §xy H > Ao
khlhc, as tx1
=Z 'Ao) ≭
Z 'A ∠ Ao)
Z 'A)> :
f §xgy# Hyke `s Z 'Ao) > : xcm Z 'A) > 1#
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= Achcmxck mhs Hyekmhcsaths 9:
= Achcmxck mhs Hyekmhcsaths
N` ?#1: xcm ?#11 `sshc `y dht, mass ] hykem`sog `s# [as f §xy Axssakhcl`hfhy cxc mhy Hykemhcsat vec I`ybge5Xn `gc §xihygaxz achcmhc tx b§ecchc, iyaxoghc `y h`ch nhssiayh Ai.i`lmxck f ∇ L1'Z )# N` mhy b§ecchc `y macc axf m`h Z .fas s`oghyh Bec.vhykhct
l`nc∓
1
c
c∙1b>:
f '] b'π)) >
1:
f 'π)
1 " πmπ
sogl`hÕhc#
Ihnhybxck =#1# M`h Z .fas s`oghyh Becvhykhct `nzl`t`hy axog β.fas s`.oghyh Becvhykhct, h`l Z xcm β m`h shlihc Cxllnhckhc gaihc#
Tx ihaoghc `s ceog, mass nac ih`sz`hlsh`sh n` f > a'π) f §xy mhc b.hc_xnnacmhc
f '] b'π)) > a'] b'π)) > ab'π)
hyg§al# [`y fackhc khcax n` m`hshy Fxcb`ec ac xcm hygalhc mas hyshvec mhc myh` vhyszyeoghchc Hykhic`sshc#
'`) Hs k`l Z .fas s`oghy
l`nc∓
1
c
c
b>1ab'π) >
1
lek9 1
:
a1'π)
1 " πmπ ≨
1
9lek9 1
:
1
π∙ 1 mπ > ∓,
eih` `y 1 " π mxyog 9 xcm 1π
mxyog 1π
∙ 1 aikhsog§at gaihc#Mas ay`gnh`sogh N`hl mhy ab‐s m`vhyk`hy alse Z .fas s`oghy khkhcXchcml`og#
'``) Als c§aogshs chgnhc `y xcs f > 1ra1'π)>n~ vey xcm hygalhc
l`nc∓
1
c
cb>1
1rab'π)>n~ >1
lek9
1:
1r 1π>n~
1
1 " πmπ,
eih` 1π
> n π ∇ ' 1n"1
, 1n
^ `s# Mamxyog `s m`h yhogh _h`h
>1
lek9
1n
1n"1
1
1 " πmπ >
1
lek9
lek'1 " w)
1n
1n"1
,
as s`og mxyog Lekay`gnhckhshth xcm khsog`obhs Hyh`hyc als
>1
lek9lek
1 " 1
n
1 " 1n"1
>
1
lek9lek
'n " 1)9
n'n " 9)
sogyh`ihc l§ass# M`hs `s m`h yhla`vh G§axfikbh` mhy Tagl n `c mhy
Bhhciyxogmayshllxck#
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= Achcmxck mhs Hyekmhcsaths 91
F§xy n > 1 hyg§al nac h`ch G§axfikbh` vec ha :, =18# Cxc matxh`ch h`cfaogh Fyakh4 [`h g§axfik y` m`h 1 ac mhy hyshc _hllh mhy
Bhhciyxogmayshllxck axf5M`h [agysogh`cl`ogbh` maf §xy `s shlisvhys§acml`og
β'rπ 4
1
π
> 1~) > β''1%9, 1)) >
1
9#
Cxc y` m`h 1 ac hyshy _hllh alse g§axfikhy axf als mxyogsogc`l`og#[`y `sshc maghy, mass m`h a`‐s c`og klh`ogvhyh`l s`cm#N` mhn saybhc Khsht mhy kyeÕhc Taglhc g§ah nac g`hy alse c`ogsacfackhc b§ecchc#
'```) Als lhths ihyaoghc `y f > lek a1'π)# G`hy ihsak mhy Hykemhc.
sat, mass
l`nc∓
1
c
cb>1
lek ab'π) >1
lek9
1:
lek a1'π)
1 " πmπ
k`l# F§xy m`h yhogh _h`h ihbennhc `y n` mhn @chkyal 1%b1%'b"1)
11"π
mπ `h eihc
1
lek9
∓b>1
1b
1b"1
lek b
1 " πmπ >
1
lek9
∓b>1
lek b lek'b " 1)9
b'b " 9)#
[hcmhc `y acsogl`hÕhcm axf ih`mhc _h`hc m`h Hwzechc`alfxcb`ecac, se hyk`i s`og l`cbs
l`nc∓
'hcb>1 lek ab'π))
1c > l`n
c∓'a1'π) » ### » ac'π))
1c ,
alse mhy Kyhcthy mhs khenhy`soghc N`hls mhy a1'π),###,ac'π)#Yhogs gaihc `y n`
h∓
b>1 lek b lek'b"1)9
b'b"9)
1lek 9
>∓b>1
'b " 1)9
b'b " 9)
lek blek 9
h`ch yhhllh Tagl# Xn tx th`khc, mass mhy Axsmyxob as§aogl`og bec.
vhyk`hy, sog§athc `y mas xyszy§xckl`ogh @chkyal ai4 1:
lek a1'π)
1 " πmπ ≭
1:
lek1
πmπ >
π " π lek
1
π
1
:
< ∓,
eih` nac f §xy π : caog L‐Gesz`al th`khc bacc, mass π lek 1π
khkhc : becvhyk`hy#M`h yhhllh Tagl `s ihbacc als Bg`cog`ch.Becsach xcm ihy§akha 9, 678#Mas khenhy`sogh N`hl mhy ab‐s becvhyk`hy alse fas s`oghy khkhcm`hsh Becsach#
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L`hyaxy 99
L`hyaxy
RI`l68^ Zay`ob I`ll`ckslhp# Hykem`o ]gheyp acm @cfeyna`ec # Og`oake,1068#
RBlh:7^ Aog`n Blhcbh# [agysogh`cl`ogbh`sghey`h # Na`ct, 9::7#
RNH11^ ]genas [aym xcm Nacfyhm H`cs`hmlhy# Hykem`o ]gheyp # T§xy`og,Cey`og, 9:11#
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Hyblíyxck txy Iaoghleyayih`
@og vhys`oghyh, mass `og m`h Ayih` shlissícm`k ackhfhy`k, c`og acmhyh``k füyZyüfxcksthobh veykhlhk, allh ihcxthc Qxhllhc xcm G`lfsn`hl ackhkhihc, se`höyl`ogh xcm s`cckhníÕh T`ah khbhccth`ogch gaih#
Gaccevhy, UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU