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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

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It is the term that describes written and

spoken communications ; a generalization

of the concept of conversation with

modalities and contexts.

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Discourse analysis (DA) is a general termfor a number of approaches to anal zing

written! vocal! or sign language use or an

signi"cant event

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Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical

within a text or sentence that hold a text togethe

and gives it meaning# It is related to the broader

concept of coherence.

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A cohesive text is created in man di$erent

wa s# %here are "ve general categories ofcohesive devices that create coherence in

texts& reference! ellipsis ! substitution! lexi

cohesion andconjunction.

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'eference&

%he taxi driver with the pronoun he ortwo girls with the

*ere he comes! our award+winning host###It,s -ohn doe!"

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.llipsis

(A) where are ou going/

(0) to town

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1ubstitution

which ice+cream would ou like/

I would like the pink one

where one is used instead of repeating ice+

cream."

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2oherence

It is what makes a text semanticall meaningf

has much to do with the general world knowledge#

3anc & %hat4s the telephone #

'on & I4m in the bath #

3anc & 5# 6 .

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1peech events

conversation

debate

interview

discussion

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%here are three criteria in an speech

event&

+ %he roles of the speaker+hearer and

relationships !+ %he topic of conversation!

+ %he setting or context.

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2onversational Interaction

A conversation is an activit where participants

take turns at speaking # 7articipants wait until

one speaker indicates that he has "nished bsignaling a completion point.

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Strategies of participation in conversational

interaction

+ 'udeness !

+ 1h ness !

+ *olding the 8oor ( no pauses ! use connectors !

use hesitation markers,

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The Co operative !rinciple

9ake our conversational contribution such as isre:uired ! at the stage which it occurs ! b theaccepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange#

+ uantit

+ ualit+ 'elation+ 9anner